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Indefinite Integration
Key Takeaways

Integration:

If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are continuous functions of 𝑥 such that 𝑔′ 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 , then the

function 𝑔 is called anti – derivative (or primitive or integral) of 𝑓 w.r.t 𝑥 .

𝑑
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 ⟺ ‫ 𝑥 𝑔 = 𝑥𝑑 )𝑥(𝑓 ׬‬+ 𝑐 , 𝑐 ∈ R
𝑑𝑥

Here , 𝑓 𝑥 ∶ integrand

𝑥 ∶ variable of integration

𝑐 ∶ constant of integration
 Key Takeaways

List of Formulas:

𝑛
𝑥 𝑛+1
න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1

1
න 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶, 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑥

1
න 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥
 List of Formulas

න 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶

න sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶

න cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶

න tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln sec 𝑥 + 𝐶 = −ln cos 𝑥 + 𝐶

නcot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln| sin 𝑥 | + 𝐶

න sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶

න cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cosec 𝑥 + 𝐶

නcosec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶

න sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
 𝑥 𝑥
Evaluate: න cos 2 − sin2 𝑑𝑥
2 2

A sin 𝑥 + 𝑐

B cos 𝑥 + 𝑐

C cot 𝑥 + 𝑐

D tan 𝑥 + 𝑐
 𝑥 𝑥
Evaluate: න cos 2 − sin2 𝑑𝑥
2 2

Solution:

𝑥 𝑥
න cos 2 − sin2 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 As ‫׬‬cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2

= sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
 𝑥 𝑥
Evaluate: න cos 2 − sin2 𝑑𝑥
2 2

A sin 𝑥 + 𝑐

B cos 𝑥 + 𝑐

C cot 𝑥 + 𝑐

D tan 𝑥 + 𝑐
Key Takeaways

Integration by Substitution (Change of independent variable):

➢ If 𝐼 = ‫𝑥 𝑔 𝑓 ׬‬ ⋅ 𝑔′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Put 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑡 & 𝑔′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡

𝐼 = ‫𝑡𝑑 𝑡 𝑓 ׬‬
 ln 𝑥 2
Evaluate: ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

Solution:

ln 𝑥 2
Let 𝐼 = ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 Let ln 𝑥 = 𝑡 ln 𝑥
𝑥 A 𝑥
+𝑐

1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝐼 = ‫𝑡 ׬‬2 𝑑𝑡 𝑥
ln 𝑥 3
B 3
+𝑐
𝑛+1
𝑡3 ‫𝑥 =𝑥𝑑 𝑛 𝑥 ׬‬ + 𝑐, 𝑛 ≠ −1
= +𝑐 𝑛+1
3
C 𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 𝑐

ln 𝑥 3
∴𝐼= +𝑐
3 2
D 𝑥 ln 𝑥 +𝑐
 Evaluate: ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬3 sin 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥

sin 𝑥 4
A 4
+𝑐

cos(𝑥 4 )
B −
4
+𝑐

sin 𝑥 4
C −
4
+𝑐

D −𝑥 cos(𝑥 4 ) + 𝑐
 Evaluate: ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬3 sin 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

Let 𝐼 = ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬3 sin 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 Let 𝑥 4 = t

⇒ 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
1
𝐼 = ‫ ׬‬sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
4

cos 𝑡
=− +𝑐
4

cos 𝑥 4
∴𝐼=− +𝑐
4
 Evaluate: ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬3 sin 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥

sin 𝑥 4
A 4
+𝑐

cos(𝑥 4 )
B −
4
+𝑐

sin 𝑥 4
C −
4
+𝑐

D −𝑥 cos(𝑥 4 ) + 𝑐
 Fundamental Formulae of Integration

➢ ‫׬‬tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | sec 𝑥 | + 𝑐

➢ ‫ ׬‬cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln sin 𝑥 + 𝑐

𝜋 𝑥
➢ ‫ ׬‬sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 | +𝑐 or ln tan + +c
4 2

➢ ‫ ׬‬cosec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln |cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 | +𝑐

= −ln |cosec 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 | +𝑐

𝑥
= ln tan +c
2
 Integrals of the form ‫ 𝑥𝑎 𝑓 ׬‬+ 𝑏 𝑑𝑥

1
• ‫ ׬‬cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐

1
• ‫ ׬‬sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑎 cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐

1
• ‫ ׬‬sec 2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 tan(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐

1
• ‫ ׬‬cosec 2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑎 cot 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝑐

1
• ‫ ׬‬sec 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 tan 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝑐
➢ ‫ 𝑥𝑑 ⋅ 𝑥 𝑓 ׬𝑘 = 𝑥𝑑 ⋅ 𝑥 𝑓 ⋅ 𝑘 ׬‬, 𝑘 is a constant.
‫ ׬‬sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝑐

Example: ‫ ׬‬2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ‫ ׬‬sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐 ‫ 𝑥 𝑒 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬+ 𝑐

‫׬‬cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
➢ ‫𝑓 ׬‬1 𝑥 ± 𝑓2 𝑥 ± ⋯ ± 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =

‫𝑓 ׬‬1 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 ± ‫𝑓 ׬‬2 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 ± ⋯ ± ‫𝑥𝑑 ⋅ 𝑥 𝑛𝑓 ׬‬

Example: ‫ 𝑥(׬‬2 + 𝑒 𝑥 − cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 𝑑𝑥 + ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬− ‫׬‬cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥3
= + 𝑒 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
3
Example:

3
4 2
1. ‫ ׬‬4𝑥 5 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 6 𝑥 6 + 3 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+1
‫= 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬ 𝑛+1
+ 𝑐, 𝑛 ≠ −1
2
2
= (𝑥 6 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑐 3
3
𝑎𝑥
‫ = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑎 ׬‬ln 𝑎 + 𝑐 , 𝑎 > 0 , 𝑎 ≠ 1
𝑥 𝑥
2𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 3
2. න 𝑑𝑥 =න 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 5 5

3 𝑥
2/5 𝑥 5
= 2 − 3 +𝑐
ln 5 ln 5
 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate: ‫׬‬
sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥

Solution:
𝑑𝑥 sec 𝑥−tan 𝑥
‫׬‬ =‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥 (sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥)(sec 𝑥−tan 𝑥)
sec 2 𝑥 − tan2 𝑥 = 1

sec 𝑥−tan 𝑥 ‫ ׬‬sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 | +𝑐

=‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
sec2 𝑥−tan2 𝑥

sec 𝑥−tan 𝑥
=‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
1

= ln sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 − ln | sec 𝑥 | + 𝑐

 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate: ‫׬‬
sin2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥

Solution:

𝑑𝑥 (sin2 𝑥+cos2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

‫׬‬ =‫׬‬
sin2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 sin2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥

= ‫(׬‬sec 2 𝑥 + cosec 2 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

= tan 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 + 𝑐
 𝑥
Evaluate න 555 . 55𝑥 . 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥
55
A ln 5 3 +𝑐 B
5𝑥
55 . ln 5 3
+𝑐

5𝑥
55
C D
𝑥
3 +𝑐
55 . ln 5 3
+𝑐
ln 5

5𝑥
Solution: 𝐼 = න 55
𝑥
⋅ 55 ⋅ 5𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥

5𝑥
Let 55 =t
5𝑥 𝑥
⇒ 55 (ln 5) ⋅ 55 (ln 5) ⋅ 5𝑥 ⋅ ln 5 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
5𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑡
⇒ 55 ⋅ 55 ⋅ 5𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 = 3
ln 5
5𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 55
=න = +𝑐 = ln 5 3
+𝑐
ln 5 3 ln 5 3
 Find the value of න tan3 2𝑥 sec 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution: 𝐼 = න tan3 2𝑥 sec 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 tan3 2𝑥 sec2 2𝑥

A 3
+ tan 2𝑥 + 𝑐 B 2
− sec 2𝑥 + 𝑐
Let sec 2𝑥 = 𝑡
⇒ 2 sec 2𝑥 tan 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 sec3 2𝑥 sec3 2𝑥 sec 2𝑥
C 3
− sec 2𝑥 + 𝑐 D 6
−
2
+𝑐

= න tan2 2𝑥 (sec 2𝑥 tan 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= න(sec 2 2𝑥 − 1) (sec 2𝑥 tan 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝑡2 − 1
=න 𝑑𝑡
2

𝑡3 𝑡
= − + 𝑐 Put, 𝑡 = sec 2𝑥
6 2

sec3 2𝑥 sec 2𝑥
= − +𝑐
6 2
 2𝑥 3 − 1
The integral න 4 𝑑𝑥 ,is equal to ___. (here 𝑐 is a constant of integration)
𝑥 +𝑥
JEE Main April 2019

𝑥 3 +1
A ln
𝑥2
+𝑐

1 𝑥 3 +1
B 2
ln
𝑥2
+𝑐

𝑥 3 +1
C ln
𝑥
+𝑐

2
𝑥 3 +1
D
1
ln +𝑐
2 𝑥3
 2𝑥 3 − 1
The integral න 4 𝑑𝑥 ,is equal to ___. (here 𝑐 is a constant of integration)
𝑥 +𝑥
JEE Main April 2019
3
2𝑥 − 1
Solution: 𝐼 = න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4 + 𝑥
= ln 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 − 2 ln 𝑥 + c
3 3 3
4𝑥 + 1 − 4𝑥 + 1 + 2𝑥 − 1
𝐼=න 𝑑𝑥 𝑥4 + 𝑥
𝑥4 + 𝑥 = ln +𝑐
4𝑥 3 + 1 2 𝑥3 + 1 𝑥2
=න 4 𝑑𝑥 − න 4
𝑥 +𝑥 𝑥 +𝑥 𝑥3 + 1
= ln +𝑐
4𝑥 3 + 1 2 𝑥3 + 1 𝑥
=න 4 𝑑𝑥 − න
𝑥 +𝑥 𝑥 𝑥3 + 1
Let 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 = t
⇒ (4𝑥 3 + 1 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
=න − 2න
𝑡 𝑥

= ln 𝑡 − 2 ln 𝑥 + c
 2𝑥 3 − 1
The integral න 4 𝑑𝑥 ,is equal to ___. (here 𝑐 is a constant of integration)
𝑥 +𝑥
JEE Main April 2019

𝑥 3 +1
A ln
𝑥2
+𝑐

1 𝑥 3 +1
B 2
ln
𝑥2
+𝑐

𝑥 3 +1
C ln
𝑥
+𝑐

2
𝑥 3 +1
D
1
ln +𝑐
2 𝑥3
Integration of Some Special Functions: Substituting 𝑥 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃 in 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2

Some Important Substitutions: = 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 tan2 𝜃

Expression Substitution = 𝑎2 sec 2 𝜃

𝑎−𝑥
𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑥 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃 or 𝑎 cot 𝜃 Substituting 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 2𝜃 in
𝑎+𝑥

𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃 or 𝑎 co𝑠 𝜃
𝑎−𝑎 cos 2𝜃
𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 or 𝑎 cosec 𝜃 =
𝑎+𝑎 cos 2𝜃
𝑎−𝑥 𝑎+𝑥
or 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 2𝜃
𝑎+𝑥 𝑎−𝑥 1−cos 2𝜃
=
1+cos 2𝜃

2 sin2 𝜃
=
2 cos2 𝜃

= tan2 𝜃 = tan 𝜃
Integration of Some Special Functions:
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
➢ න = sin−1 + 𝑐
𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑎

𝑑𝑥 𝑥
➢ න = sin−1 + 𝑐
𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑎

𝑑𝑥 1 −1
𝑥
➢ න = tan +𝑐
𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
➢ න = sec −1 + 𝑐
|𝑥| 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎
Integration of Some Special Functions:

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
➢ න = ln |𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | + 𝑐 ➢ න = ln |𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐
𝑎2 + 𝑥2 𝑥2 − 𝑎2

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎+𝑥
➢ න = ln |𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | + 𝑐 න =
➢ 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 2𝑎 ln +𝑐
𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑎−𝑥

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥−𝑎
➢ න = ln +𝑐
𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 2𝑎 𝑥+𝑎
 2𝑥
Find න 𝑑𝑥
1 − 4𝑥
Solution:
Let 2𝑥 = 𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
2 𝑥
2 𝑥 න = sin−1 + 𝑐
න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑎
1 − 4𝑥 1 − 2𝑥 2 ⇒ 2𝑥 ln 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 1 ⇒ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
=න × ln 2
ln 2 1 − 𝑡2

1 𝑑𝑡
= න
ln 2 1 − 𝑡2

sin−1 𝑡
= +𝑐
ln 2

sin−1 2𝑥
= +𝑐
ln 2
 𝑒𝑥 − 1
Find න 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 − 1

Solution: 𝑑𝑥
න = ln |𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑡 − 1 𝑑𝑡 𝑥2 − 𝑎2
𝑒 −1 Let 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
න 𝑑𝑥 = න
𝑒 2𝑥 − 1 𝑡2 − 1 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑡 𝑑𝑥
𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 න = sec −1 𝑥 + 𝑐
=න −න |𝑥| 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
𝑡2 − 1 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡2 − 1

𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
=න −න
𝑡2 − 1 𝑡 𝑡2 − 1

= ln 𝑡 + 𝑡 2 − 1 − sec −1 𝑡 + 𝑐

= ln |𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 − 1| − sec −1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
Key Takeaways

Integration by Parts (Product Rule):

If 𝑢 & 𝑣 are two functions of 𝑥, then

𝑑𝑢
‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑣 ׬ 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑣 ⋅ 𝑢 ׬‬− ‫׬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑑 𝑣 ׬‬ Product Rule
𝑑𝑥
 ILATE Rule for integration:

𝑑𝑢
‫𝑢 ׬‬. 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑣 ׬‬− ‫׬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑑 𝑣 ׬‬
𝑑𝑥

The choice of 𝑢 & 𝑣 is usually decided by ILATE rule:

➢ I - Inverse Trigonometric function

➢ L – Logarithmic function Function which comes

later is taken as
Integrable.
➢ A – Algebraic function

➢ T – Trigonometric function

➢ E – Exponential function
 −1
Find න𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥2 𝑥 1
A 2
⋅ tan−1 𝑥 − + tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2

𝑥 1
B 2
⋅ tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
2

𝑥2 𝑥
C 2
⋅ tan−1 𝑥 − + 𝑐
2

𝑥2
D 𝑥 ⋅ tan−1 𝑥 +
2
tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
 −1
Find න𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

න𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
‫ 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑣 ⋅ 𝑢 ׬‬න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − න න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 𝐷 𝑑𝑥

𝑑
= tan−1 𝑥 න 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − න tan−1 𝑥 ⋅ න 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑥2 −1
𝑥2 𝑥2 −1
1 (𝑥 2 + 1) − 1
= . tan 𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑥 = ⋅ tan 𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑥
2 2(1 + 𝑥 2 ) 2 2 (1 + 𝑥 2 )

𝑥2 1 𝑑𝑥
= ⋅ tan−1 𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑥
2 2 1 + 𝑥2

𝑥2 1
= ⋅ tan−1 𝑥 − 𝑥 − tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2
𝑥2 𝑥 1
= ⋅ tan−1 𝑥 − + tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2 2
 −1
Find න𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥2 𝑥 1
A 2
⋅ tan−1 𝑥 − + tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2

𝑥 1
B 2
⋅ tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
2

𝑥2 𝑥
C 2
⋅ tan−1 𝑥 − + 𝑐
2

𝑥2
D 𝑥 ⋅ tan−1 𝑥 +
2
tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
Find නln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , where 𝑥 > 0

𝑥2
A 𝑥 ⋅ ln 𝑥 −
2
+𝑐

𝑥2
B 2
⋅ ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑥
C 2
⋅ ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐

D 𝑥 ⋅ ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐
 Find නln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , where 𝑥 > 0

Solution: නln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
‫ 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑣 ⋅ 𝑢 ׬‬න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − න න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= න1 ⋅ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 𝐷

𝑑
= ln 𝑥 න 1 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 − න ln 𝑥 ⋅ න 1 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

1
= 𝑥 ⋅ ln 𝑥 − න ⋅ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑥

= 𝑥 ⋅ ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐
Find නln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , where 𝑥 > 0

𝑥2
A 𝑥 ⋅ ln 𝑥 −
2
+𝑐

𝑥2
B 2
⋅ ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑥
C 2
⋅ ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐

D 𝑥 ⋅ ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐
Find න𝑥 2 ⋅ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

A −𝑥 2 ⋅ cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐

B 𝑥 2 ⋅ cos 𝑥 − 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐

C −𝑥 2 ⋅ cos 𝑥 − 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐

D −𝑥 2 ⋅ cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐

 Find න𝑥 2 ⋅ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 ⋅ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑣 ׬ 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑣 ⋅ 𝑢 ׬‬− ‫׬‬

𝑑𝑢
‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑑 𝑣 ׬‬
𝑑𝑥
𝐷 𝐼

= 𝑥 2 ‫ ׬‬sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ‫ ׬‬2𝑥 ⋅ ‫ ׬‬sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑥 2 − cos 𝑥 − 2 ‫ ⋅ 𝑥 ׬‬− cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2 ‫ ⋅ 𝑥 ׬‬cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑢 𝑣

= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 ⋅ ‫ ׬‬cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ‫ ׬‬1 ⋅ ‫ ׬‬cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 ⋅ sin 𝑥 − ‫ ׬‬sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 2 − cos 𝑥 + 𝑐 = −𝑥 2 ⋅ cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐

Find න𝑥 2 ⋅ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

A −𝑥 2 ⋅ cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐

B 𝑥 2 ⋅ cos 𝑥 − 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐

C −𝑥 2 ⋅ cos 𝑥 − 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐

D −𝑥 2 ⋅ cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐

Key Takeaways

Some Special Integrals :

න 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑐

Proof : Applying by- parts

‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬+ ‫ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ‫𝑢׬‬. 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑣׬‬− ‫׬‬

𝑑𝑢
‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑑 𝑣׬‬
𝑑𝑥

𝑣 𝑢
𝑑
= 𝑓 𝑥 ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬− ‫׬‬ 𝑓 𝑥 ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬+ ‫ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

= 𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑒 𝑥 − ‫ 𝑓 ׬‬′ 𝑥 . 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

= ‫ 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬+ 𝑓′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑐
Integration of the form ‫ 𝑥𝑎 𝑒 ׬‬sin 𝑏𝑥 , ‫ 𝑥𝑎 𝑒 ׬‬cos 𝑏𝑥 :

𝑒 𝑎𝑥
⇒ ‫ 𝑥𝑎 𝑒 ׬‬sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑎2 +𝑏2

𝑒 𝑎𝑥
⇒ ‫ 𝑥𝑎 𝑒 ׬‬cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑎2 +𝑏2
 2𝑥
1 + sin 2𝑥
Evaluate : න 𝑒 1 + cos 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

A 𝑒 2𝑥 tan 2𝑥 + 𝑐

B 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐

1 2𝑥
C 2
𝑒 tan 𝑥 + 𝑐

1 2𝑥
D 2
𝑒 cos 𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐
 2𝑥
1 + sin 2𝑥
Evaluate : න 𝑒 1 + cos 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
1+sin 2𝑥
‫ 𝑒 ׬‬2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ‫ 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬+ 𝑓′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑐
1+cos 2𝑥
1 1+sin 𝑡
= ‫𝑡𝑒 ׬‬ 𝑑t
2 1+cos 𝑡

1 1+sin 𝑡
= ‫𝑡𝑒 ׬‬ 𝑡 𝑑t
2 2 cos2
2

𝑡 𝑡
1 1 2 sin cos
𝑡 2 2
= ‫𝑒׬‬ 𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑑t
2 2 cos2 2 cos2
2 2

𝑡
1 sec2 𝑡
𝑡 2
= ‫𝑒׬‬ + tan 𝑑t
2 2 2
𝑡
1 𝑡 sec2
𝑡 2
= ‫𝑒׬‬ tan + 𝑑t
2 2 2
 2𝑥
1 + sin 2𝑥
Evaluate : න 𝑒 1 + cos 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Solution: 1 𝑡 𝑡 sec2
𝑡
2
= ‫𝑒׬‬ tan + 𝑑t
2 2 2

Let 2𝑥 = 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 =
2
𝑡
1+sin 2𝑥 1 𝑡 sec2
⇒ ‫ 𝑒 ׬‬2𝑥 1+cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
2
‫𝑡𝑒 ׬‬ tan
2
+
2
2
𝑑t
1 𝑡
= 𝑒 𝑡 tan + 𝑐
2 2

1
= 𝑒 2𝑥 tan 𝑥 + 𝑐
2
 2𝑥
1 + sin 2𝑥
Evaluate : න 𝑒 1 + cos 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

A 𝑒 2𝑥 tan 2𝑥 + 𝑐

B 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐

1 2𝑥
C 2
𝑒 tan 𝑥 + 𝑐

1 2𝑥
D 2
𝑒 cos 𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐
 𝑥−1
Evaluate : න 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2

𝑒𝑥
A 𝑥
+𝑐

𝑒𝑥
B −
𝑥
+𝑐

𝑒𝑥
C −
𝑥2
+𝑐

𝑒𝑥
D 𝑥2
+𝑐
 𝑥−1
Evaluate : න 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2

Solution:
𝑥−1
‫𝑥𝑒 ׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 ‫ 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬+ 𝑓′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥2

𝑥 1
= ‫𝑥𝑒 ׬‬ − 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥2

1 1
= ‫𝑥𝑒 ׬‬ + − 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥2

𝑒𝑥
= +𝑐
𝑥
 𝑥−1
Evaluate : න 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2

𝑒𝑥
A 𝑥
+𝑐

𝑒𝑥
B −
𝑥
+𝑐

𝑒𝑥
C −
𝑥2
+𝑐

𝑒𝑥
D 𝑥2
+𝑐
 1
Evaluate: න൛ln ln 𝑥 + }𝑑𝑥
ln 𝑥 2
Solution: Given,
1
𝐼 = න൛ln ln 𝑥 + }𝑑𝑥 Let ln 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡
ln 𝑥 2
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1
= න 𝑒𝑡 ln 𝑡 + 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
1
Now , after adding and subtraction of
𝑡
1 1 1
= න 𝑒 𝑡 ln 𝑡 + − + 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡

1 1 1
= න 𝑒 𝑡 ln 𝑡 + 𝑑𝑡 + න 𝑒 𝑡 − + 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
1
= 𝑒 𝑡 ln 𝑡 − +𝑐 න 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑡

1
= 𝑥 ln ln 𝑥 − +𝑐
ln 𝑥
Integrals of some special functions

න 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑐 Where D and I denotes differentiable and

integrable function.
𝐷 𝐼

Note :

If 𝑒 𝑓 𝑥
is there instead of 𝑒 𝑥 , then take 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑡
 1 𝑥+1
The integralන 1 + 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ,is equal to:
𝑥
JEE Main 2014
1
𝑥+
A (𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥 +𝑐

1
𝑥+
B (𝑥 − 1)𝑒 𝑥 +𝑐

1
C −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥+𝑥 + 𝑐

1
D 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥+𝑥 + 𝑐
 1 𝑥+1
The integralන 1 + 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ,is equal to:
𝑥
JEE Main 2014
Solution:
1 𝑥+1
𝐼 =න 1+𝑥− 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
Taking 𝑥 common from it
1 1 𝑥+1
= න 𝑒 𝑥+𝑥 + 𝑥 1 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2

𝑓 𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥

As we know that,

න 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑐

1
= 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥+𝑥 + 𝑐
 1 𝑥+1
The integralන 1 + 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ,is equal to:
𝑥
JEE Main 2014
1
𝑥+
A (𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥 +𝑐

1
B (𝑥 − 1)𝑒 𝑥+𝑥 + 𝑐

1
C −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥+𝑥 + 𝑐

1
D 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥+𝑥 + 𝑐
 Key Takeaways

Integrals of some special functions

1 2 1−1 𝑥
න 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑥 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 2 𝑎 sin 𝑎 + 𝑐

Proof: 𝐼 = න 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 Let 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃

𝑎2 1 + cos 2𝜃 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 2
න 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = න 𝑑𝜃
2 As we know that,
𝑎2 𝑎2 cos 2𝜃 = 2 cos 2 𝜃 − 1
= 𝜃 + sin 2𝜃 + 𝑐
2 4

𝑎2 1
= 𝜃 + 𝑎 sin 𝜃 . 𝑎 cos 𝜃 + 𝑐
2 2

1 𝑥 1
= 𝑎2 sin−1 + 𝑥 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
2 𝑎 2
Integrals of some special functions
1 1
න 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 2 𝑎2 ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑐

1 1
න 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 + 𝑐
2 2
 3 − ln2 𝑥
Evaluate: න 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑒 − 3
<𝑥<𝑒 3
𝑥
Solution: Given,
3 − ln2 𝑥
𝐼=න 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑒 − 3
<𝑥<𝑒 3
𝑥
1
Let ln 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑥
So , according to the formula;

1 1 𝑥
න 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑥 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 2 𝑎2 sin−1 𝑎 + 𝑐

2
=න 3 − 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

1 3 𝑡
= 𝑡 3 − 𝑡 2 + sin−1 +𝑐
2 2 3

1 3 ln 𝑥
= ln 𝑥 3 − ln2 𝑥 + sin−1 +𝑐
2 2 3
 Some special integrals.

Type - 1

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
න Or න Or න 𝑄 𝑑𝑥 Where Q denotes quadratic
𝑄 𝑄

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
න Or න 2
Or න 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 2
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

Express quadratic = Perfect square + Some constant

𝑏 2 𝑏2
⇒ 𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 𝑎 𝑥 + +𝑐−
2𝑎 4𝑎
 Some special integrals.

Type - 2 𝐿
න 𝑑𝑥 Or න 𝐿 𝑑𝑥 Or න 𝐿 𝑄 𝑑𝑥 Where L & Q denotes Linear and quadratic .
𝑄
𝑄
(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞) 𝑑𝑥
න Or න Or න(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞) 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 2
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

Express linear = 𝐴( differential coefficient of quadratic ) + 𝐵

⇒ 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 𝐴 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝐵
Follow the steps to solve this kind of problems.
𝑑𝑄
⇒𝐿=𝐴 +𝐵
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑄
𝐿 𝐴 ⋅ +𝐵
𝑑𝑥
න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥
𝑄 𝑄

𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑥
= න𝐴 +𝐵න
𝑄 𝑄
 Some special integrals.

Type - 3

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
• න
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) (𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)
, න
(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞
1
𝐿1 𝐿2
or
1
𝑄 𝐿
Linear = 𝑡 2

Here Linear
Let 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 𝑡 2 is 𝐿2 or 𝐿

And express other terms in terms of 𝑡.

 Some special integrals.

Type - 4

𝑑𝑥
• න
(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞) (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
𝑑𝑥
𝐿 𝑄
1 1 1
Let 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = ⇒ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑡 Linear =
𝑡 𝑡2 𝑡

And express other terms in terms of 𝑡

Type - 5

𝑑𝑥
• න
(𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞) 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏

1 1
Let 𝑥 = ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑡2

And express other terms in terms of 𝑡

 Some special integrals.

𝑥−𝛼
Type - 6 • න
𝛽−𝑥
𝑑𝑥 OR න (𝑥 − 𝛼)(𝛽 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ‫𝑎 ׬‬2 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 format

Put 𝑥 = 𝛼 cos 2 𝜃 + 𝛽 sin2 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝛽 − 𝛼 sin 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝑥−𝛼
Type - 7 •න 𝑑𝑥 OR න (𝑥 − 𝛼)(𝑥 − 𝛽)𝑑𝑥 ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 − 𝑎2 )𝑑𝑥 format
𝑥−𝛽

Put 𝑥 = 𝛼 sec 2 𝜃 − 𝛽 tan2 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝛼 − 𝛽 sec 2 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

 𝑥
Evaluate: න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4 + 𝑥2 + 1

1 2𝑥 2 +1− 3
A 3
ln
2𝑥 2 +1+ 3
+𝑐

1 3+1+2𝑥 2
B 3
ln
3−1−2𝑥 2
+𝑐

1 2𝑥 2 +1
C 3
tan−1
3
+𝑐

1 2𝑥 2 −1
D 3
tan−1
3
+𝑐
 𝑥
Evaluate: න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4 + 𝑥2 + 1
Solution: 𝑥 Let 𝑥 2 = 𝑡
Given, 𝐼 = න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4 + 𝑥2 + 1
⇒ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
1 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑𝑡
= න 2 2
2 𝑡 +𝑡+1

1 𝑑𝑡 1
= න Put, t + = 𝑧
2 2 2
𝑡 + 1/2 + 3/4
⇒ dt = 𝑑𝑧
1 𝑑𝑡
= න
2 2
2 3
𝑧 +
2
1 2 𝑡+1/2
= .
1 2
tan −1 𝑧
+ 𝑐 = 2. tan−1 3ൗ
+𝑐
3ൗ
3 2
2 3 2

1 2𝑥 2 +1
= tan−1 +𝑐
3 3
 𝑥
Evaluate: න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4 + 𝑥2 + 1

1 2𝑥 2 +1− 3
A 3
ln
2𝑥 2 +1+ 3
+𝑐

1 3+1+2𝑥 2
B 3
ln
3−1−2𝑥 2
+𝑐

1 2𝑥 2 +1
C 3
tan−1
3
+𝑐

1 2𝑥 2 −1
D 3
tan−1
3
+𝑐
 1
Evaluate: න 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1

Solution: 1
න 𝑑𝑥 1 1
(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 Let 𝑥 + 1 = ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑡2

Also, 𝑥 𝑥 + 1 + 1 =
1
−1
1
+1 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 𝑥 + 1 + 1
𝑡 𝑡

1 1 1−𝑡+𝑡 2
= 2 − +1 =
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡2

1
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑡
න =න 𝑡2
(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 1 𝑡2 − 𝑡 + 1
𝑡 𝑡2

− 𝑑𝑡
=න
𝑡2 − 𝑡 + 1
 1
Evaluate: න 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1

Solution: 1 1
න
1
𝑑𝑥 = න
− 𝑑𝑡 Let 𝑥 + 1 = ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑡2
(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑡2 − 𝑡 + 1
𝑑𝑥
∵න = ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑐
𝑎2 + 𝑥 2
− 𝑑𝑡
=න 3
2
∵𝑎=
2 2
1 3
𝑡−2 + 2

1
= − ln 𝑡 − + 𝑡2 − 𝑡 + 1 + 𝑐
2

1 1
Put 𝑥 + 1 = ⇒ 𝑡 =
𝑡 𝑥+1

1 1 𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
= − ln − + +𝑐
𝑥+1 2 𝑥+1
 𝑥−2
Evaluate: න 𝑑𝑥
3−𝑥

Solution: 𝑥−𝛼
𝑥−2 න 𝑑𝑥 OR න (𝑥 − 𝛼)(𝛽 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
න 𝑑𝑥 𝛽−𝑥
3−𝑥
Put 𝑥 = 𝛼 cos 2 𝜃 + 𝛽 sin2 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝛽 − 𝛼 sin 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Let 𝑥 = 2 cos 2 𝜃 + 3 sin2 𝜃

𝑥 = 2 + sin2 𝜃

⇒ 𝑥 − 2 = sin2 𝜃

⇒ 𝑥 − 2 − 1 = sin2 𝜃 − 1

⇒ 𝑥 − 3 = − cos 2 𝜃

⇒ 3 − 𝑥 = cos 2 𝜃
 𝑥−2
Evaluate: න 𝑑𝑥
3−𝑥

Solution: 𝑥−2 sin2 𝜃

න 𝑑𝑥 = න sin 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3−𝑥 cos2 𝜃 ⇒ 3 − 𝑥 = cos 2 𝜃

Let 𝑥 = 2 cos 2 𝜃 + 3 sin2 𝜃

2
= න 2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = −4 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 + 6 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝑥 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
= න 1 − cos2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

sin 2𝜃
=𝜃− + 𝑐 = 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝑐
2

sin 𝜃 = 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝜃 = 3 − 𝑥

= sin−1 𝑥−2 − 𝑥−2 3−𝑥+𝑐

= sin−1 𝑥−2 − 𝑥−2 3−𝑥 +𝑐

Key Takeaways

𝑥2±1
Integrals of the form ‫׬‬ :
𝑥4+𝑘𝑥2+1

Divide Numerator & Denominator by 𝑥 2

1 2
𝑥2 + −2
2 1 1 𝑥2
𝑥 + 1 1 + 2 𝑑𝑥 1 + 2 𝑑𝑥 1
𝑥 𝑥
න
𝑥4 + 𝑘𝑥2 + 1
𝑑𝑥 = න
1
=න
1
𝑥2 +
𝑥2
2
𝑥 +𝑘+ 2 2
𝑥 + 2+𝑘 1 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥− +2
𝑥

1 1
Let 𝑥 − = 𝑡 ⇒ 1 + 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑥 𝑥2

𝑥2 + 1 𝑑𝑡
න 𝑑𝑥 = න 2
𝑥4 2
+ 𝑘𝑥 + 1 𝑡 + 2 + 𝑘

Note : Coefficient of 𝑥 4 & constant must be same.

 𝑥2±1
Integrals of the form ‫׬‬ :
𝑥4+𝑘𝑥2+1

Divide Numerator & Denominator by 𝑥 2

1 2
1 1 𝑥2 + −2
𝑥2
𝑥2 − 1 1 − 2 𝑑𝑥 1 − 2 𝑑𝑥 1
න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑥 =න 𝑥 𝑥2 +
𝑥4 + 𝑘𝑥2 + 1 1 1 𝑥2
2
𝑥 +𝑘+ 2 2
𝑥 + 2+𝑘 1 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥− +2
𝑥
1 1
Put 𝑥 + = 𝑡 ⇒ 1− 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑥 𝑥2

1
1 − 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
න 𝑥2 =න
2 𝑡 2 − 2 + 𝑘
1
𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2 + 𝑘

Note : Coefficient of 𝑥 4 & constant must be same.

 1 − 𝑥2
Evaluate: 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥
න

Solution: න 1 − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
𝑥4 − 𝑥2 + 1

1 1
−1 1− 2
2 𝑥
=න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − න 2 𝑑𝑥
2 1 1
𝑥 + 2−1 𝑥+𝑥 −2−1
𝑥

1 1
𝑥+ =𝑡 ⇒ 1− 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑥 𝑥2

𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥−𝑎
= −න 𝑑𝑥 = − න 2 𝑑𝑥 ∵න = ln +𝑐
𝑡2 − 3 𝑡2 − 3 𝑥2 −𝑎 2 2𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎

1 𝑡− 3
=− ln +𝑐
2 3 𝑡+ 3
1
1 1 𝑥+ − 3
Put 𝑥 + =𝑡 =−
2 3
ln 𝑥
1 +𝑐
𝑥 𝑥+ + 3
𝑥
 1 − 𝑥2 𝑚 𝑚
If න 𝑥4
𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑥 1 − 𝑥2 + 𝐶, then 𝐴 𝑥 equals :
JEE Main Jan 2019

1
A −
27𝑥 9

1
B −
3𝑥 3

1
C 27𝑥 6

1
D
9𝑥 4
 1 − 𝑥2 𝑚 𝑚
If න 𝑥4
𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑥 1 − 𝑥2 + 𝐶, then 𝐴 𝑥 equals :
JEE Main Jan 2019
Solution:
1 − 𝑥2 𝑚
න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑥 1 − 𝑥2 +𝐶
𝑥4

taking 𝑥 2 common:
1
−1
𝑥2
න 𝑑𝑥 = − ‫ 𝑡 ׬‬2 𝑑𝑡 Let
1
− 1 = 𝑡2
𝑥3 𝑥2
1
𝑡3 ⇒− 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
=− +𝑐 𝑥3
3
3
1−𝑥 2
=− +𝑐
3𝑥 3

1
⇒𝐴 𝑥 =− ,𝑚 = 3
3𝑥 3
𝑚 1
⇒ 𝐴 𝑥 =−
27𝑥 9
 1 − 𝑥2 𝑚 𝑚
If න 𝑥4
𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑥 1 − 𝑥2 + 𝐶, then 𝐴 𝑥 equals :
JEE Main Jan 2019

1
A −
27𝑥 9

1
B −
3𝑥 3

1
C 27𝑥 6

1
D
9𝑥 4
 Key Takeaways

Integration Using Partial Fraction

𝑓 𝑥
Let is a rational expression, to integrate we apply method of partial fractions.
𝑔 𝑥

Here degree of Numerator should be less than degree of Denominator.

Example:

𝑥−1 𝑥−1
=
𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6 𝑥−2 𝑥−3

𝑎 𝑏
= + , 𝑎 , 𝑏 are constants
𝑥−2 𝑥−3
 Key Takeaways

Integration Using Partial Fraction

𝑥−1 𝑎 𝑏
(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)
= + , 𝑎 , 𝑏 are constants
𝑥−2 𝑥−3

Method 1:

𝑥−1=𝑎 𝑥−3 +𝑏 𝑥−2

Computing the co-off

𝑎+𝑏=1 ⋯ 𝑖
Solving, 𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = 2
−3𝑎 − 2𝑏 = −1 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖
 Key Takeaways

Integration Using Partial Fraction

𝑥−1 𝑎 𝑏
(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)
= + , 𝑎 , 𝑏 are constants
𝑥−2 𝑥−3

Method 2:
𝑥−1 𝑎 𝑏
= +
(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3) 𝑥−2 𝑥−3

For 𝑎, put 𝑥 = 2 in L.H.S except at 𝑥 − 2

2−1 =𝑎 2−3 +0
𝑎 = −1
For 𝑏, put 𝑥 = 3 in L.H.S except at 𝑥 − 3
3−1 =0+𝑏 3−2 +0
𝑏=2
𝑥−1 −1 2
= +
𝑥−2 𝑥−3 𝑥−2 𝑥−3
Integration Using Partial Fraction

Case 1 :

When Denominator is product of non - repeated linear factors.

𝑓 𝑥 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3 𝐴𝑛
= + + + ⋯+
𝑥−𝑎1 𝑥−𝑎2 𝑥−𝑎3 ⋯ 𝑥−𝑎𝑛 𝑥−𝑎1 𝑥−𝑎2 𝑥−𝑎3 𝑥−𝑎𝑛

Here 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 , ⋯ 𝐴𝑛 are constants.

Integration Using Partial Fraction

𝑓 𝑥
Let is a rational expression, to integrate we apply method of partial fractions.
𝑔 𝑥

If degree of 𝑓 𝑥 is greater than or equal to 𝑔 𝑥 :

Divide 𝑓 𝑥 by 𝑔 𝑥

𝑓 𝑥 𝑝 𝑥
Express =ℎ 𝑥 +
𝑔 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥

and degree of 𝑝 𝑥 is less than degree of 𝑔 𝑥 .

Integration Using Partial Fraction

Case 2:

When Denominator is product of linear factors , some of which are repeating.

𝑓 𝑥 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴𝑘 𝐵1 𝐵2 𝐵𝑛
= + + ⋯+ + + +⋯+
(𝑥−𝑎)𝑘 𝑥−𝑎1 𝑥−𝑎2 … 𝑥−𝑎𝑛 𝑥−𝑎 (𝑥−𝑎)2 𝑥−𝑎 𝑘 𝑥−𝑎1 𝑥−𝑎2 𝑥−𝑎𝑛

Here 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 ⋯ 𝐵𝑛 are constants.

Example:

3𝑥−2 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
2 = + 2 + +
𝑥−1 𝑥+1 𝑥+2 𝑥−1 𝑥−1 𝑥+1 𝑥+2
 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5
Evaluate: න 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 − 1
න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6

𝑥−1
=න 𝑥+1 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6

𝑥2 𝑥−1
= +𝑥+න 2 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 6

𝑥−1 −1 2
= +
(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3) 𝑥−2 𝑥−3

−1 2
න + 𝑑𝑥 = − ln 𝑥 − 2 + 2 ln 𝑥 − 3 + 𝑐
𝑥−2 𝑥−3

𝑥2
⇒ + 𝑥 − ln 𝑥 − 2 + 2 ln 𝑥 − 3 + 𝑐
2
 2𝑥 − 1
Evaluate න (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 ∶

2𝑥 − 1
Solution: Given, 𝐼=න 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 2)

2𝑥−1 𝑎 𝑏𝑥+𝑐
= +
(𝑥+1)(𝑥 2 +2) (𝑥+1) (𝑥 2 +2)

Linear quadratic
2𝑥 − 1 = 𝑎 𝑥 2 + 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑥 + 1

To find co-efficient put, 𝑥 = −1, we get

−3 = 3𝑎 ⇒ 𝑎 = −1
Compare co-efficient of 𝑥 2 on the both side
⇒𝑎+𝑏=0∴𝑏 =1
Compare constant term on the both side
⇒ 2𝑎 + 𝑐 = −1 ∴ 𝑐 = 1
 2𝑥 − 1
Evaluate න (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 ∶

2𝑥−1 𝑎 𝑏𝑥+𝑐 1 𝑥+1

Solution: = + =− +
(𝑥+1)(𝑥 2 +2) (𝑥+1) (𝑥 2 +2) 𝑥+1 𝑥 2 +2

2𝑥 − 1 1 𝑥+1
න 2
𝑑𝑥 = න − 𝑑𝑥 + න 2 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥+1 𝑥 +2

𝑑
Put, 𝑥 + 1 = 𝜆 𝑥2 + 2 + 𝜇
𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝑥 + 1 = 𝜆(2𝑥) + 𝜇

Upon comparison
1
⇒𝜆= &𝜇 =1
2

1
2𝑥 − 1 1 (2𝑥) + 1
න 𝑑𝑥 = න − 𝑑𝑥 + න 2 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑥+1 𝑥2 + 2

2𝑥 − 1 1 𝑥 1
න 𝑑𝑥 = න − 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑥+1 𝑥2 + 2 𝑥2 + 2
 2𝑥 − 1
Evaluate න (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 ∶

2𝑥 − 1 1 𝑥 1
Solution: න 2
𝑑𝑥 = න − 𝑑𝑥 + න 2 𝑑𝑥 + න 2 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥+1 𝑥 +2 𝑥 +2

Put, 𝑥 2 + 2 = 𝑡

⇒ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
⇒ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
2

2𝑥 − 1 1 2
1 −1
𝑥
න 𝑑𝑥 = − ln 𝑥 + 1 + ln 𝑥 + 2 + tan +𝑐
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 2) 2 2 2
Integration of trigonometry function
𝑑𝑥
න
𝑎 + 𝑏 sin2 𝑥

𝑑𝑥
න
𝑎 + 𝑏 cos 2 𝑥

𝑑𝑥
න
𝑎 cos2 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐 sin2 𝑥

Multiply Numerator and Denominator by sec 2 𝑥

Substitute tan 𝑥 = 𝑡
 Integration of trigonometry function

𝑑𝑥
න
𝑎 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥

𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 tan 1 − tan2
න 2 2
𝑎 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 = 2 𝑥 ; cos 𝑥 = 2 𝑥
1 + tan 2 1 + tan 2

𝑑𝑥
න
𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑥
Convert sin 𝑥 & cos 𝑥 in terms of tan
2

𝑥
Substitute tan =𝑡
2
Key Takeaways

Integration of trigonometry function

𝑝 cos 𝑥 + 𝑞 sin 𝑥 + 𝑟
න 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑑
𝑖 Write Numerator = 𝐴 (Denominator) + 𝐵 Denominator + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥

where 𝐴 , 𝐵 & 𝐶 are constants

𝑝 cos 𝑥 + 𝑞 sin 𝑥 + 𝑟 = 𝐴 𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐 + 𝐵 −𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑁𝑟 𝑑𝐷𝑟 𝑑𝐷𝑟 𝐶 Dr denotes denominator

න 𝑟 = 𝐴න + 𝐵 න + න
𝐷 𝐷𝑟 𝐷𝑟 𝐷𝑟 N r denotes Numerator

(𝑖𝑖) Compare coefficients on both sides.

Integration of trigonometry function

cos 𝑥 ± sin 𝑥
න 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 sin 2𝑥

Step 1. Put ‫ ׬‬Numerator = 𝑡

If 𝑁 𝑟 = cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 If 𝑁 𝑟 = cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥

𝑡 = ‫ ׬‬cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑡 = ‫ ׬‬cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑡 = sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 𝑡 = sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥

𝑡 2 = sin 𝑥 ± cos 𝑥 2

𝑡 2 = sin2 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥 ± 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

𝑡 2 = 1 ± sin 2𝑥

Step 2. Convert sin 2𝑥 in terms of 𝑡

 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate න
1 + sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Solution: 𝐼=න 2 tan
2
1 − tan2
2
1 + sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 = 2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = 2 𝑥
1 + tan 2 1 + tan 2

𝑑𝑥
=න
2 tan 𝑥/2 1 − tan2 𝑥/2
1+ +
1 + tan (𝑥/2) 1 + tan2 (𝑥/2)
2

𝑥
Let tan = 𝑡 ⇒ 1 × sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
2 2 2
𝑥
sec 2 2 𝑑𝑥
= න 𝑥
2 + 2 tan 2

𝑑𝑡
=න
𝑡+ 1

= ln |𝑡 + 1| + 𝑐

𝑥
= ln tan + 1 + 𝑐
2
 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃
If න
8 − sin 2𝜃
𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎 cos −1
𝑏
+ 𝑐, then the ordered pair 𝑎, 𝑏 is:
JEE Main Feb 2021

A 1 ,3

B 3 ,1

C 1 ,1

D −1 , 3
 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃
If න
8 − sin 2𝜃
𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎 cos −1
𝑏
+ 𝑐, then the ordered pair 𝑎, 𝑏 is:
JEE Main Feb 2021
cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃
Solution: න 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎 cos−1 +𝑐
8 − sin 2𝜃 𝑏

𝑑𝑡 Let sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = 𝑡

⇒𝐼=න
8− (𝑡 2 − 1)
⇒ cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
⇒𝐼=න On squaring, 1 + sin 2𝜃 = 𝑡 2
9 − 𝑡2

𝑡
⇒ 𝐼 = sin−1 + 𝑘
3

𝜋 𝑡
= − cos −1 + 𝑘
2 3

𝜋 sin 𝜃+cos 𝜃
= − cos −1 +𝑘
2 3

sin 𝜃+cos 𝜃
⇒ 𝐼 = − cos−1 +𝑐
3

⇒ 𝑎 = −1 & 𝑏 = 3
 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃
If න
8 − sin 2𝜃
𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎 cos −1
𝑏
+ 𝑐, then the ordered pair 𝑎, 𝑏 is:
JEE Main Feb 2021

A 1 ,3

B 3 ,1

C 1 ,1

D −1 , 3
Key Takeaways

Reduction Formulae(Trigonometric):
න tan𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑛 ≥ 2

Let : 𝐼𝑛 = න tan𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න tan2 𝑥 tan𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let tan 𝑥 = 𝑡

= න(sec 2 𝑥 − 1) tan𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡

= න sec 2 𝑥 tan𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − න tan𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= න sec 2 𝑥 tan𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝐼𝑛−2

𝑡 𝑛−1
= න 𝑡 𝑛−2 𝑑𝑡 − 𝐼𝑛−2 = − 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑛−1

tan𝑛−1 𝑥
⇒ 𝐼𝑛 + 𝐼𝑛−2 =
𝑛−1
Key Takeaways

Reduction Formulae(Trigonometric):

න tan𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑛 ≥ 2

tan𝑛−1 𝑥
⇒ 𝐼𝑛 + 𝐼𝑛−2 =
𝑛−1

𝐼𝑛 = න cot 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑛 ≥ 2

cot𝑛−1 𝑥
𝐼𝑛 + 𝐼𝑛−2 = −
𝑛−1
Reduction Formulae(Trigonometric):

න sin𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑛 ≥ 2

−cos 𝑥 sin𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1

𝐼𝑛 = + 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑛 𝑛

𝐼𝑛 = න cos𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑛 ≥ 2

sin 𝑥cos𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1

𝐼𝑛 = + 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑛 𝑛
Reduction Integrals:

To reduce integral into similar integrals of order less than or greater than
the given integral , thus simplifying the integral until it can be evaluated.

➢ Apply integration by parts

Trigonometric Reduce 𝐼𝑛 → 𝐼𝑛−2

Non - trigonometric Reduce 𝐼𝑛 → 𝐼𝑛−1 ( generally )

 Let 𝐼𝑛 = න tan𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑛 > 1 . If 𝐼4 + 𝐼6 = 𝑎tan5 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 5 + 𝑐, where 𝑐 is
constant of integration , then the ordered pair (𝑎, 𝑏) is equal to :
JEE Main 2017

1
A − ,1
5

1
B 5
,0

1
C 5
, −1

1
D − ,0
5
 Let 𝐼𝑛 = න tan𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑛 > 1 . If 𝐼4 + 𝐼6 = 𝑎tan5 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 5 + 𝑐, where 𝑐 is
constant of integration , then the ordered pair (𝑎, 𝑏) is equal to :
JEE Main 2017
Solution: 𝐼𝑛 +𝐼𝑛−2 =
tan𝑛−1 𝑥
𝑛−1

Put 𝑛 = 6

tan5 𝑥
𝐼6 + 𝐼4 =
5

𝐼4 + 𝐼6 = 𝑎tan5 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 5 + 𝑐

1
∴𝑎= , 𝑏=0
5
 Let 𝐼𝑛 = න tan𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑛 > 1 . If 𝐼4 + 𝐼6 = 𝑎tan5 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 5 + 𝑐, where 𝑐 is
constant of integration , then the ordered pair (𝑎, 𝑏) is equal to :
JEE Main 2017

1
A − ,1
5

1
B 5
,0

1
C 5
, −1

1
D − ,0
5