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COPPER IN
N-HETEROCYCLIC
CHEMISTRY
COPPER IN
N-HETEROCYCLIC
CHEMISTRY
Edited by
ANANYA SRIVASTAVA
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education
and Research, Guwahati, Assam, India
Elsevier
Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
© 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek
permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements
with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency,
can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical
treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In
using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of
others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products
liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products,
instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
ix
x Contributors
xi
Preface
xiii
xiv Preface
I wish to extend my deep appreciation to all the authors who have con-
tributed to this book and made this project possible. I also thank my family
for giving me the time, space, and freedom required to complete such an
enormous project.
Ananya Srivastava
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research,
Guwahati, Assam, India
CHAPTER 1
Copper-catalyzed synthesis
of aziridines
Contents
1 Introduction 1
2 Asymmetric nucleophilic addition to 2H-azirines 2
3 Reaction of aziridines and oxaziridines 6
3.1 Alkylation of nonstabilized aziridinyl-grignard reagents 6
3.2 Alkylation of aziridinylmethyl tosylate using grignard reagents 6
3.3 N-Functionalization of aziridines 7
3.4 Nitrogen radical cyclization reactions of oxaziridines 8
4 Cycloaddition reactions 9
5 Cyclization reaction/Baldwin rearrangement 11
6 Copper-catalyzed C–H amination reaction 12
7 Aziridination via intramolecular SN2 substitution 16
8 Aziridination of imines via carbene transfer 16
8.1 Aziridination of imines by diazocarbonyl derived carbenes 16
8.2 Sulfur ylide-mediated aziridination of imines 19
9 Aziridination of olefins via nitrene transfer 20
9.1 Iminoiodinanes as nitrene precursors 20
9.2 Sulfonamides, sulfamates, sulfonimidamides, hydroxylamine-o-sulfonic acid
(HOSA), o-arylsulfonylhydroxylamines, and n-tosyloxycarbamates as nitrene
precursors 33
Acknowledgments 40
References 40
1 Introduction
Aziridines, the smallest nitrogen-containing heterocycles, are an appealing
synthetic target since they are found in a number of natural products dis-
playing several biological activities [1]. Thus the antitumor and antibiotic
properties of some aziridine-containing natural products, including mitomy-
cin C [2], azinomycin B [3], maduropeptin [4], and FR-900482 [5], are well
known. As nitrogen analogs of epoxides, aziridines display similar reactivity
Copper in N-Heterocyclic Chemistry © 2021 Elsevier Inc.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821263-9.00001-1 All rights reserved. 1
2 Copper in N-heterocyclic chemistry
a ziridines. The use of chiral auxiliaries or, more effectively, the use of chiral
catalysts can control the stereochemical outcome of these nucleophilic ad-
ditions. A stereoselective addition of alkyl radicals to 2H-azirines 1 catalyzed
by copper salts was reported in 2004 by Somfai et al. [15] The use of trialk-
ylboranes is an efficient method for the generation of reacting radicals. The
importance of an additional Lewis acid, such as CuCl in these reactions,
could reveal a low increase of the diastereomeric ratio and varying effect
on the reaction yield, compared to the same reaction without activation of
2H-azirine 1 with CuCl (Scheme 1).
of oxaziridine 25, the radical in 29 can attack the aromatic ring, favoring
the formation of pyrrolidine 27 after regeneration of the copper(I) salt and
loss of acetaldehyde.
Scheme 10 Proposed mechanism for the intramolecular radical amine cyclization with
oxaziridines. Data from J. Aube, X. Peng, Y. Wang, F. Takusagawa, New copper(I)-catalyzed
reactions of oxaziridines: stereochemical control of product distribution. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
114 (1992) 5466–5467.
4 Cycloaddition reactions
Cycloaddition reactions are revealed to be some of the greatest tools for
the synthesis of heterocycles with atom economy [28], since these reactions
are desired to access natural products and pharmacologically active com-
pounds. Some scarce examples have appeared in the copper-catalyzed cyc-
loaddition reactions for the synthesis of aziridines. For instance, 1,3-dipolar
cycloaddition of nitrones affords heterocycles with intrinsic biological im-
portance [29]. In 2016, Aouadi et al. [30] reported the 1,3-dipolar cycload-
dition of (−)-menthone-based nitrone 31 with terminal alkynes 32 under
Cu(I)-catalyzed Kinugasa conditions (Scheme 11). Under these conditions,
the expected β-lactams from the known Kinugasa reaction are not formed,
and intermediate isoxazoline 33 rapidly rearranged into aziridines 34 and
35. This 1,4-migration, activated under thermal conditions, is most probably
due to the low thermal stability of the N–O bond in the 4-isoxazoline 33.
However, Cu(I)-species can also trigger the ring-opening rearrangement [31].
10 Copper in N-heterocyclic chemistry
Scheme 12 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of aryl azides to fullerene C60. Data from A.R.
Akhmetov, A.R. Tuktarov, U.M. Dzhemilev, Selective cycloaddition of aryl azides to fullerene
C60 in the presence of Cu(OTf)2. Russ. J. Org. Chem. 52 (2016) 118–120.
Scheme 14 C–H oxidative amination reaction. Data from Y. Yu, M. Li, Y. Zhang, Y. Liu, L.
Shi, W. Wang, H. Li, Construction of N-alkyl- and N-arylaziridines from unprotected amines
via C − H oxidative amination strategy. Org. Lett. 21 (2019) 904–907.
Copper-catalyzed synthesis of aziridines 13
As depicted in Scheme 22, the reaction mechanism may start with the for-
mation of a transient bis(dihydrooxazole)copper carbene complex 68. Reaction
of the former with imine 64 generates a copper-complexed azomethine ylide
69. This then undergoes either intramolecular ring closure to afford enantio-
merically enriched aziridine 66, or it may dissociate from the copper-ligand
complex to yield the azomethine ylide 70. Finally, this ylide 70 may then suffer a
dipolar cycloaddition with diethyl fumarate 71, generated from reaction of car-
bene complex 68 with ethyl diazoacetate 62, getting to the formation of racemic
pyrrolidine 67; or intramolecular cyclization to yield racemic aziridine 66.
Jørgensen et al. [47] also described the carbenoid transfer to α-imino esters
for the enantioselective synthesis of aziridines. N-Tosyl α-imino esters reacted
with trimethylsilyldiazomethane in the presence of a variety of chiral ligands,
such as BINAPs, bisoxazolines, and phosphino oxazoline ligands in the presence
of Cu(I) salts for the aziridination reaction. Several Lewis acids such as Sn(OTf)2,
Zn(OTf)2,Yb(OTf)2,AgSbF6 and CuClO4 were investigated; however, only the
combination of chiral ligands-Cu(I) catalyst gave high cis-diastereoselectivities
(1:10 to 19:1 cis/trans) and enantioselectivities (2% to 72% ee), and moderate
yields (24%–66%). It was possible to switch the diastereoselectivity of the pro-
cess by shifting the chiral ligand.While the combination of BINAP‑copper salts
as the catalyst gave chiral cis-aziridines, trans-aziridines could be obtained when
bisoxazoline‑copper salts as the catalyst in the aziridination reaction was used.
Entry Nitrene transfer agent Homogeneous catalyst Catalyst (mol%) Yield (%) References
1 TsN = IPh Cu(OTf)2 5–10 92 [53a]
2 TsN = IPh Cu(acac)2 5–10 95 [53b]
3 TsN = IPh Cu(MeCN)4ClO4 5–10 89 [53b]
4 TsN = IPh Poly(pyrazolyl)borate- 5 90 [54]
Cu(I) complexes
5 TsN = IPh Second generation 2.5–5 93 [55]
poly(pyrazolyl)borate-
Cu(I) complexes
6 TsNClNa Second generation 5 96 [55]
poly(pyrazolyl)borate-
Cu(I) complexes
7 TsN = IPh Fluorinated 5 99 [56]
tris(pyrazolyl)borate-
Cu(I) complexes
8 TsN = IPh 3,7-Diazabiciclo[3.3.1] 5 94 [57]
nonanone-Cu(II)
complexes
9 TsN = IPh β-Diketiminate Cu(I)- 5 75 [58]
lutidine complexes
10 TsN = IPh Salen Cu(II) complexes 2 94 [59]
Continued
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