Earthquake –Resistant

Structures

Size of Earthquakes
Earthquake Measurements

Dr. Anis Shatnawi

Dept. of Civil Engineering
Lecture # 5

“or “Size””

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 Common Earthquake
Measurements
“Size” –
 strength of shaking, or Intensity,
Magnitude, and Seismic Moment,

Amplitude of seismic waves (or Energy).

Arrival times reading for earthquake location.

 The timing of arrival of P, S and other waves at a
station.
 Basis for constructing travel time curves.
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Magnitude and Intensity

Intensity
 Describe How Strong Earthquake Feels to Observer– rated to MMI
scale from I to XII.
 Determined from the intensity of shaking and amount of damage
caused by the earthquake on nature, ground, structures and
human.
 It is a descriptive scale reflects the degree of destroy or damage
caused by a certain earthquake.
 Qualitative assessment of the kinds of damage done by an
earthquake.
 Different in Different countries.
 Can be determined on the basis of historical record.
 Depends on Geology, distance to earthquake, strength of
earthquake, and type of structure.
 Depends on Human perception (observations, opinion, and
sensitivity)..
 Drawback: inefficient in uninhabited area.
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 Magnitude and Intensity
Intensity: determined by the amount of damage
caused on nature, ground, human or structures.

 U.S. uses “Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale

(MMI) or (MMS): Terms- I (low) to XII (high).
 Japan uses JMA Scale, I-VII.
 Europe sometimes uses Rossi-Forel, I to X.
The Rossi–Forel scale was one of the first seismic scales to reflect
earthquake intensities. Developed by Michele Stefano Conte de Rossi of
Italy and François-Alphonse Forel of Switzerland in the late 19th century,
it was used for about two decades until the introduction of the Mercalli
intensity scale in 1902.
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Summary: Intensity Scale

How Strong Earthquake Feels to Observer
Depends On:
 Distance to Quake.

 Geology.

 Type of Building.

 Observer!

Varies from Place to Place.

 Modified Mercalli Scale from I to XII.

INTENSITY AND ACCELERATION I 1

log a  
when I = 7 then, log a = 2 or a =100 cm/sec2 = 0.1g,
3 2
when I = 10.5 then log a = 3, or a =1000 cm/s2 = 1g 6

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 Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale and
related PGA (peak ground acceleration)
I Not felt Detected Not felt PGA= UBC97
only by 0.001g Zone= 0
sensitive
instruments
II Scarcely Felt Felt by few 0.002g 0
felt especially at rest
on upper
floors
III Weak, Standing Felt 0.005g 0
Hanging autos rock noticeably
object slightly indoors by
swing few
IV Widely Doors and Felt indoor 0.01g 1
observed, furniture by many;
many rattle outdoors by
waken at few
nights 7

V Strong Window panes Felt by PGA= UBC97

break; objects most; 0.02g Zone=
may fall and people 1
doors swings awake
VI Slightly Small objects Felt by all, 0.05g 1
damaging fall; Falling many
plaster and frightened
chimneys and run
outdoors
VII Damaging Noticed by Everybody 0.1g 2
to buildings drivers frightens
varies. and runs
outdoors
VIII Heavily Furniture and Difficult to 0.2g 3
damaging, monument stand,
Falling overturned. drivers
walls, Mud ejected disturbed
chimneys…
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IX Destructive, Waves seen on General PGA= 0.5 g UBC97
building shifted ground and panic; some Zone=
from ground cracked; buildings 3
foundations columns fall, damage
Pipes break
X Very Small objects Destruction 1g 4
destructive, fall; ground of most
cracked, rails Masonry
bent, landslides and frame
structures
XI Devastating Total Many 2g 4
with few destruction of Injuries and
structures bridges and deaths
remain standing weak buildings,
rails bent,
landslides
XII Complete Total Waves seen 5g 4
destruction destruction of on ground,
all buildings objects fly
on air!

Modified Mercalli PGA =

Intensity Scale 0.001g

0.002g

0.005g

0.01g

0.02g

0.05g
0.1g

0.2g

0.5g

1g

2g

5g

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 Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale

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Rossi–Forel Intensity scale: I to X

The 1873 version of the Rossi–Forel scale had 10 intensity levels:
I. Microseismic tremor. Recorded by a single seismograph or by seismographs of the same model, but not by
several seismographs of different kinds. The shock felt by an experienced observer.

II. Extremely feeble tremor. Recorded by several seismographs of different

III. Feeble tremor
IV. Slight tremor.
V. Moderate tremor.
kinds. Felt by a small number of persons at rest.
Felt by several persons at rest. Strong enough for the direction or duration to be
appreciable.
Felt by persons in motion. Disturbance of movable objects, doors, windows, cracking of
ceilings.
Felt generally by everyone. Disturbance of furniture, ringing of some bells.

VI. Strong tremor.
VII. Very strong tremor.
VIII. Damaging tremor.
IX. Devastating tremor
X. Extremely high intensity
tremor.
General awakening of those asleep. General ringing of bells. Oscillation of chandeliers,
stopping of clocks, visible agitation of trees and shrubs. Some startled persons leaving
their dwellings.
Overthrow of movable objects, fall of plaster, ringing of church bells. General panic.
Moderate to heavy damage buildings
Fall of chimneys. Cracks in the walls of buildings
Partial or total destruction of buildings
Great disaster, ruins, disturbance of the strata, fissures in the ground, rock falls from
mountains.

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 A comparison of
various seismic
intensity scales used
worldwide.

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Measuring Earthquakes
Seismogram is visual record of arrival time and magnitude of shaking
associated with seismic wave. Analysis of seismogram allows
measurement of size of earthquake.

 Magnitude:
 Related to earthquake total energy Released.
 Quantitative measurement of the amount of energy
released by an earthquake.
 Depends on the Size (volume) of the fault that breaks.
 Determined from Seismic Records.
 Instrumental.

 Logarithmic.

 Open Scale.
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Measurement of earthquake size
Magnitude
 Richter Scale: (logarithmic scale)
 Magnitude- based on amplitude of the waves.
 Related to earthquake total energy.
 Instrumental.
 Logarithmic
 Open scale with No upper limit.,
but so far, from (–3 to 9.5).

Seismic Moment Magnitude:

Standard magnitude scale that is completely independent of
the type of instruments. It depends on what is called
Seismic Moment. It is based in principle of torque.
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Magnitude Scale ML
Richter introduced the measurement in 1932
Originally defined for southern California
using a specific type of instruments
(Wood-Anderson torsion Instruments) –
ML (Local Magnitude)

Based on “order of magnitude idea”, and

therefore logarithmic.
Open Scale. No upper limit.
Extended for measuring magnitude of
earthquakes anywhere using different
instruments, i.e., Moment Magnitude (Mw). 18

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Seismic Moment Magnitude Mw
The best way to quantify the size of an EQ is to determine its
Seismic Moment, Mo, which is a very difficult task.
Thus, it is desirable to have a measure of earthquake size that is
much simpler to make. For example, using the amplitude of a
single seismic phase, such as P wave.
Unfortunately, the amplitude of various wave phases will vary
greatly from instrument to instrument as they are
frequency dependent. This limitation aside, measurements
based on wave amplitude are still very useful because of their
simplicity.
The concept of earthquake magnitude, a relative- size scale
based on measurements of seismic phase amplitudes, was
developed by K. Wadati and C. Richter in the 1930s, over 30
years before the first seismic moment was calculated in 1964.

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Types of Earthquake Magnitudes

 ML - Local (or Richter) magnitude
 MS - Surface wave magnitude
 MB or mb - Body wave magnitude
 MW - Seismic Moment Magnitude
Period Range
ML Local magnitude (California) regional S and 0.1-1 sec
surface waves
mb Body wave magnitude teleseismic P waves 1-5 sec

Ms Surface wave magnitude teleseismic surface 20 sec

waves
Mw Moment magnitude teleseismic surface > 200 sec
waves 20

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 Summary: Richter Scale
 Richter Scale
 Amplitude scale is logarithmic (10-fold increase for every whole
number increase).
Amplitude Scale: 1  0.001 mm; 2  0.01 mm ; 3  0.1mm ; 4 1mm; 5 
10mm ; 6  100mm; 7  1 meter ; 8  10m…….etc.
 Earthquake Energy: Each whole number represents a 32 to 33-
fold increase in Energy;
log E = 1.8 ML +12 Energy E in ergs = 10-7 Joule
Energy difference between 4 and 6
log E = 2.4 mb +5.8 means 1000 times @ 332.

log E = 1.5 Ms +11.4

 Drawbacks:
 Based on Antiquated Wood-Anderson Seismographs.
 Measurement Past Magnitude 7.0 ineffective – Requires Estimates. 21

Local Magnitude, ML
Logarithmic value of maximum
amplitude (m = 1x10-6 m) registered
at a distance of 100 km from epicenter.
station
A
M L  log
Ao
A = Max. event amplitude in m =10-6m
Ao = Distance correction factor = 0.001 mm at a distance of 100 km

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 A
M L  log
Ao

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Local Magnitude and Energy

We feel ML = 1.5 to up.
ML = 4.5 start damage from experience !
Energy, E, released by the earthquake in
Jouls is log E = 1.8 ML +12
Energy E in
log E = 2.4 mb +5.8 ergs = 10-7 Joule
log E = 1.5 Ms +11.4
Each increase in one value of ML produce
approximately 32 to 33 times of energy!

An erg (short for ergon, a Greek word meaning "work") is

a unit of energy and mechanical work equal to 10−7
joules. 24

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Earthquake Magnitude
M5

M6

M7

Each increase in one value of ML produce

approximately 32 to 33 times of energy! 25
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A
M L  log
Ao

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 Summary: Local Magnitude of Earthquake

 Magnitude
 Richter scale measures the magnitude of an earthquake,
based on seismogram independent of intensity.
 Amplitude of the largest wave produced by an event is
corrected for distance and assigned a value on an open-
ended logarithmic scale.
 The general equation for Richter Magnitude is:

ML = log10A(mm) + (Distance correction factor)

Here A is the amplitude, in millimeters, measured directly from

the photographic paper record of the Wood-Anderson
seismometer, a special type of instrument. The correction
distance factor comes from a table given by Richter (1958).
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ML = log10A(mm) + [3 log10[8 t (sec)]-2.93] 28

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Richter’s Local Magnitude
Right side diagram (Nomogram)
demonstrates how to use Richter's
original method to measure a
seismogram for a magnitude estimate.
After you measure the wave amplitude
you have to take its logarithm and scale
it according to the distance of the
seismometer from the earthquake,
estimated by the S-P time difference.
The S-P time, in seconds, makes t. The
equation behind this nomogram, used
by Richter in Southern California, is:

ML = log10A(mm)

+[3 log10[8 t (sec)]-2.93]

[Distance correction factor]
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Surface Wave Magnitude

Richter’s local magnitude does not distinguish between different
types of waves.
At large distances from epicenter, ground motion is dominated by
surface waves.
Gutenberg and Richter (1936) developed a magnitude scale based
on the amplitude of Rayleigh waves.

Surface wave magnitude: Ms = log10A + 1.66log10 +2

A = Maximum ground displacement in micrometers.
= Distance of seismograph from the epicenter, in degrees.
Surface wave magnitude is used for shallow earthquakes.

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mb

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Body Wave Magnitude

For deep focus earthquakes, reliable measurement of amplitude of
surface waves is difficult.
Amplitudes of P-waves are not strongly affected by focal depth.
Gutenberg (1945) developed a magnitude scale based on the amplitude
of the first few cycles of P- waves, which is useful for measuring the
size of deep earthquakes.

Body wave magnitude: mb = log10A – log10T +0.01  + 5.9

A = Amplitude of P-waves in micrometers.
T = Period of P wave.
= Distance of seismograph from the epicenter, in degrees.
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 unfamiliar units.

Where, Mo is the seismic moment.

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Seismic - Moment Magnitude

A Seismograph Measures Ground Motion at One
Instant But ------
 A Really Great Earthquake Lasts Minutes.
 Releases Energy over Hundreds of Kilometers.
 Need to Sum Energy of Entire Record.
 Moment magnitude scale based on seismic moment
(Kanamori, 1977-1979) and doesn’t depend upon
ground shaking levels.

 It’s the only magnitude scale efficient for

any size of earthquake.
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Seismic Moment
It leads to what is so called also seismic
moment magnitude:
Moment  Rock rigidity  Fault area  slip distance
M o  Ad
2
and moment magnitude  M w  log M o  16
3
Energy  Moment
20000

Mo in dyne-cm (note: dyne = 106 kN)

 in dyne/cm2
A in cm2
d in cm 43

Moment Magnitude
 Moment-Magnitude Scale
 Seismic Moment = Strength of Rock x Fault Area x
Total amount of Slip along Rupture
M0 =  A D
Moment Magnitude

Mw = 2/3 x [log10M0 (dyne-cm) –16]

 Measurement Analysis requires Time.

Mo in dyne-cm (note: dyne = 106 kN)

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 (Rate of occurrence)
Descriptor Magnitude Range Frequency per Year

Great 8.0 or more 1

Major 7.0-7.9 18
Strong 6.0-6.9 120
Moderate 5.0-5.9 800
Light 4.0-4.9 6200
Minor 3.0-3.9 49000
Very Minor 2.9 or less Thousands per year

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Frequency of earthquakes
(Rate of occurrence)

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 Suitability of different magnitude scales are as following:

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Richter Scale: Related to intensity

 ML=1 to 3: Recorded on local
seismographs, but generally not felt
 ML= 3 to 4: Often felt, no damage
 ML= 5: Felt widely, slight damage near
epicenter
 ML= 6: Damage to poorly constructed
buildings and other structures within 10's
km
 ML= 7: "Major" earthquake, causes serious
damage up to ~100 km (recent Gujarat
earthquake).
 ML= 8: "Great" earthquake, great
destruction, loss of life over several 100
km
 ML= 9: Rare great earthquake, major
damage over a large region over 1000 km
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 Richter Scale: Related to intensity
In 1956, Richter proposed a simple relationship between
magnitude and epicentral intensity given by

Where, Io = MMI scale from 1 to 12.

Based on data of Californian

earthquakes
The equation was derived by comparison of magnitude and
epicentral intensity data of Californian earthquakes.

This relationship could vary from region to region. For e.g.,

Street and Turcotte in 1977 proposed a magnitude intensity
relation specific to North-eastern North America, given by

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Seismic Energy
Both the magnitude and the seismic moment are related to the amount of energy
that is radiated by an earthquake. Dr. Gutenberg and Richter 1956), developed a
relationship between magnitude and energy. Their relationship is:

log E = 1.8 ML +12

Energy E in
log E = 2.4 mb +5.8 erg = 10−7 Joules
log E = 1.5 Ms +11.4
Energy ES in ergs from the surface wave magnitude Ms. ES is not the total
``intrinsic'' energy of the earthquake, transferred from sources such as gravitational
energy or to sinks such as heat energy. It is only the amount radiated from the
earthquake as seismic waves, which ought to be a small fraction of the total energy
transferred during the earthquake process.
An erg (short for ergon, a Greek word meaning "work") is a unit
of energy and mechanical work equal to 10−7 joules. 50

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 Local Magnitude - Seismic Energy correlation

Gujarat (2001)

Size of an earthquake using the Richter’s Local Magnitude Scale is shown on the left hand side of the figure
above. The larger the number, the bigger the earthquake. The scale on the right hand side of the figure
represents the amount of high explosive required to produce the energy released by the earthquake.
This figure was produced in cooperation with the US Geological Survey,
and the University of Memphis private foundations 51

Earthquake Effects :
1. Ground Shaking
2. Differential ground settlement
3. Direct Movement of structures
(rigid, semi-rigid and flexible)
4. Structural Collapse
5. Falling objects
6. Land and Mud slides
7. Floods from dams
8. Surface Faulting
9. Liquefaction
10.Fires
11.Tsunamis
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 65
1957 Alaska

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 69

Earthquake Hazards

Dr. Anis Shatnawi

Dept. of Civil Engineering
Lecture #5+

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 Major Hazards of Earthquakes
 Ground Motion: Shakes structures causing
them to collapse.
 Structural Movement /and or Collapse.
 Liquefaction: Conversion of formally stable
cohesionless soils to a fluid mass, causing
damage to the structures. Loss of shear
strength and shear stiffness of underlying soil.
 Landslides: Triggered by the vibrations.
 Fire : Indirect result of earthquakes triggered
by broken gas and power lines.
 Tsunamis: large waves created by the
instantaneous displacement of the sea floor
during submarine faulting. 71

Damage Due to Earthquakes

Earthquakes have varied effects, including changes in
geologic features, damage to man-made structures and
impact on human and animal life.
 Earthquake Damage depends on many
factors:
 The size of the Earthquake.
 The distance from the focus of the earthquake.
 Geology and the properties of the materials at the
site.
 The nature of the structures in the area.
 Seismic Risk: Hazard, Exposure and Vulnerability.
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 Ground Shaking
Frequency of shaking differs for different seismic waves.
 High frequency (Short period) body waves shake low
buildings more.
 Low frequency (Long period) surface waves shake high
buildings more.
Intensity of shaking also depends on type of subsurface material.
Unconsolidated materials amplify shaking more than rocks do.
Buildings respond differently to shaking depending on
construction styles, materials.
Wood – if more flexible, holds up well.
Earthen materials, unreinforced concrete -- very vulnerable to
shaking.
73

Earthquake Destruction: Ground Shaking

Collapse of Buildings

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 Earthquake Destruction: Ground Shaking
Image of Bachau in Kutch region of Gujarat after earthquake

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Earthquake Destruction: Ground Shaking

Building design: Buildings that are not designed for

earthquake loads suffer more

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Earthquake Destruction: Ground Shaking

Causes failure of lifelines

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Earthquake Destruction: Landslides

Landslides
Often induced by shaking – whole
mountain side can slide down.

Made worse by high pore pressure

(rainfall).

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 Earthquake Destruction: Landslides

79

Earthquake Destruction: Liquefaction

Flow failures of structures are caused by loss of shear

strength and shear stiffness of underlying soil.

Liquefaction

80
Nishinomia Bridge 1995 Kobe earthquake, Japan

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Earthquake Destruction: Liquefaction

Sand Boil: Ground water rushing to the surface

due to liquefaction

Liquefaction

Sand blow in mud flats used for salt production southwest of

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Kandla Port, Gujarat

Earthquake Destruction: Liquefaction

Lateral Spreading: Liquefaction related phenomenon.

Liquefaction

Upslope portion of lateral spread at Budharmora, Gujarat 82

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 Earthquake Destruction: Liquefaction

Lateral spreading in the soil beneath embankment causes the

embankment to be pulled apart, producing the large crack down the
center of the road.

Cracked Highway, Alaska, 1964

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Earthquake Destruction: Liquefaction

Liquefied soil exerts higher pressure on retaining

walls, which can cause them to tilt or slide.

Liquefaction

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 Earthquake Destruction: Liquefaction

Increased water pressure causes collapse of dams.

Liquefaction

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Earthquake Destruction: Fire

Earthquakes sometimes
cause fire due to broken
gas lines, contributing to the
loss of life and economy.

The destruction of lifelines and

utilities make impossible for
firefighters to reach fires started
and make the situation worse
eg. 1989 Loma Prieta
1906 San Francisco
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 Earthquake Destruction: Tsunamis

Tsunami (津波)
Tsunamis can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms
and vertically displaces the overlying water.
The water above the deformed area is displaced from its equilibrium
position. Waves are formed as the displaced water mass, which acts
under the influence of gravity, attempts to regain its equilibrium.
Tsunami travels at a speed that is related to the water depth -
hence, as the water depth decreases, the tsunami slows.
The tsunami's energy flux, which is dependent on both its wave
speed and wave height, remains nearly constant.
Consequently, as the tsunami's speed diminishes as it travels into
shallower water, its height grows. Because of this effect, a tsunami,
imperceptible at sea, may grow to be several meters or more in height
near the coast and can flood a vast area. 87

Earthquake Destruction: Tsunamis

Tsunami (津波)
Sometimes misnamed seismic tidal waves.
May be generated when large volume of water
displaced by submarine (large body) faulting on
water.
Propagates at ~800 km/hr, slightly slower than
a jet plane.
May be generated in South America and
propagates to Japan to cause damages.
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 Earthquake Destruction: Tsunamis

Tsunami – cont’d
May be undetectable in open ocean.
Amplifies when wave gets on
continental shelf.
Amplifies further when a bay (or harbor)
has the same resonance characteristics.
May run up to 100 m

89

Tsunami
Tsunami Movement: ~600 mph in deep water
~250 mph in medium depth water
~35 mph in shallow water

 The tsunami's energy flux remains nearly constant.

 Thus, if depth of water decreases, then the wave speed
decreases and the wave height increases to keep
tsunami's energy constant., 90

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 Earthquake Destruction: Tsunamis

The tsunami of 3m height at Shikotan, Kuril Islands,

1994 carried this vessel 70 m on-shore. The waves have
eroded the soil and deposited debris.

91

Geomorphological Changes
•Geomorphological changes are often caused by an earthquake:
e.g., movements--either vertical or horizontal--along geological
fault traces; the raising, lowering, and tilting of the ground
surface with related effects on the flow of groundwater;
•An earthquake produces a permanent displacement across
the fault.
•Once a fault has been produced, it is a weakness within the rock,
and is the likely location for future earthquakes.
•After many earthquakes, the total displacement on a large fault
may build up to many kilometers, and the length of the fault may
propagate for hundreds of kilometers.

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 Example List of Major Historic Earthquakes

Year Location Deaths Magnitude

1556 China 5,30,000 8.0
1906 San Francisco 700 7.9
1960 S. Chile 2,230 9.5
1964 Alaska 131 9.2
1976 China 7,00,000 7.8
1985 Mexico City 9,500 8.1
1989 California 62 7.1
1995 Kobe 5,472 6.9
2001 Gujarat, India 1,00,000 6.9
Many Others! 93

LIST OF SOME SIGNIFICANT EARTHQUAKES IN JORDAN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD

Max. Historical Moment Magnitude = 7.8 at 748 A.C.

Year Month Day Lat Long Magnitude
Year Month Day Lat Long Magnitude
759 BC 0 0 33.200000 35.700000 7.6 1896 6 29 34.000000 33.000000 7.1

64 BC 0 0 36.200000 36.100000 7.5 1900 1 5 35.200000 33.200000 6.3

1903 3 29 32.200000 35.400000 5.6
31 BC 0 0 32.000000 35.500000 6.5
1903 3 29 32.200000 35.400000 5.2
19 0 0 33.000000 35.500000 7.1
1907 6 10 33.710000 35.410000 4.8
33 0 0 32.000000 35.500000 7.4
1907 6 22 33.700000 35.400000 5.1
37 0 0 36.000000 36.000000 6.2
1907 7 22 33.710000 35.410000 5.3
48 0 0 30.000000 35.200000 6.5
1910 7 10 33.820000 35.930000 5.1
112 0 0 31.500000 35.500000 6.5
1913 11 13 33.020000 35.720000 4.2
306 0 0 33.000000 35.000000 7.5
1918 9 29 35.240000 36.110000 6.6
342 0 0 34.700000 32.200000 7.2
1919 8 19 35.230000 34.700000 5.1
348 0 0 34.000000 35.000000 7.4
1921 4 20 34.000000 33.000000 5.3
363 5 19 31.000000 35.500000 6.5
1921 4 21 33.000000 35.500000 4.2
419 0 0 33.000000 35.500000 6.1
1922 4 2 34.730000 34.800000 5.6
502 8 22 33.000000 34.800000 7.6
1922 5 0 33.000000 35.500000 4.0
525 5 29 36.000000 36.000000 7.4
1923 2 27 32.700000 35.400000 4.5
634 0 0 32.500000 35.500000 6.9 1924 2 18 34.420000 33.950000 6.1
748 0 0 32.000000 35.500000 7.8 1924 2 27 32.710000 36.220000 5.2
853 0 0 33.000000 35.500000 6.8 1924 6 9 35.200000 33.300000 4.9
991 4 5 34.000000 36.000000 7.1 1924 9 13 30.800000 35.500000 5.0
1033 12 5 32.500000 35.500000 7.0 1925 3 16 33.410000 36.220000 4.2
1047 0 0 31.000000 35.500000 6.5 1927 7 11 32.100000 35.500000 6.3
1068 3 18 30.000000 35.000000 7.3 1927 7 17 31.600000 35.400000 4.7
1105 12 24 32.000000 35.000000 6.3 1927 9 24 30.400000 34.100000 4.8
1114 11 20 36.000000 36.000000 7.3 1927 12 12 34.500000 34.000000 5.2
1138 10 11 36.500000 37.500000 7.7 1928 1 18 32.000000 35.500000 4.4
1157 8 15 35.000000 36.500000 7.8 1928 2 3 32.000000 35.800000 4.2
1160 0 0 32.000000 35.500000 6.3 1928 2 9 34.730000 34.700000 4.7
1170 6 29 35.500000 36.500000 7.7 1928 2 22 32.000000 35.500000 5.1
1202 5 20 33.700000 35.900000 7.5 1928 8 5 32.500000 35.710000 4.2
1212 5 2 30.000000 35.000000 6.8 1928 9 13 30.800000 35.500000 4.8
1222 5 11 34.500000 33.000000 6.9 1928 11 4 32.000000 35.500000 4.4
1260 0 0 32.500000 35.500000 6.5 1929 3 24 32.000000 35.500000 4.2
1269 0 0 32.000000 35.000000 6.5 1929 4 26 32.800000 36.500000 4.0
1287 3 11 34.500000 36.500000 6.7 1929 5 28 35.040000 36.440000 4.2
1293 1 0 31.000000 35.500000 6.0 1930 3 7 32.750000 36.520000 4.7
1408 12 29 36.000000 36.400000 7.7 1930 3 7 34.110000 32.150000 4.2
1458 11 12 31.000000 35.500000 6.5 1930 5 21 32.000000 35.500000 4.7
1491 4 25 35.000000 33.000000 7.1 1930 7 25 34.110000 32.150000 4.2
1546 1 14 32.000000 35.500000 7.4 1930 9 14 34.640000 36.640000 4.7
1588 1 5 30.000000 35.000000 6.5 1930 11 16 34.110000 32.150000 4.2

1656 2 0 34.500000 36.000000 7.3 1930 11 18 34.430000 36.650000 4.7

1937 6 26 34.720000 32.670000 4.2
1759 10 30 33.100000 35.600000 6.6
1937 10 12 31.500000 35.510000 4.2
1759 11 25 33.700000 35.900000 7.4
1940 1 27 32.800000 35.210000 4.7
1796 4 26 35.500000 36.000000 6.6
1940 7 24 34.500000 34.500000 5.8
1822 8 13 36.700000 36.500000 7.5
1940 9 2 32.000000 35.500000 4.7
1834 5 23 32.000000 35.500000 6.5
1837 1 1 33.000000 35.000000 7.4
1940
1941
9
1
14
20
34.640000
35.200000
36.640000
33.600000
4.2
6.1
94
1872 4 3 36.400000 36.400000 7.2

47
LIST OF SOME SIGNIFICANT EARTHQUAKES IN JORDAN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD

Year
Max. Recorded Moment Magnitude = 7.3 at 1995
Month Day Lat Long Magnitude Year Month Day Lat Long Magnitude
1977 8 17 32.200000 35.410000 4.5 1993 8 6 28.292000 34.934000 4.5
1978 1 30 34.672000 33.835000 4.5 1993 8 6 28.366000 33.869000 4.0
1978 8 8 32.810000 35.320000 4.2 1993 8 6 28.181000 34.354000 4.0
1979 2 11 31.060000 35.580000 4.1 1993 8 7 28.572000 34.485000 4.3
1979 3 23 31.600000 35.330000 4.1 1993 8 7 28.910000 34.792000 4.0
1979 4 23 31.162000 35.509000 5.1 1993 8 9 28.778000 34.702000 4.5
1979 8 14 33.596000 34.560000 4.3 1993 8 13 28.906000 34.730000 4.7
1979 11 15 33.560000 34.620000 4.2 1993 8 20 28.568000 34.782000 4.7
1980 5 3 29.580000 32.560000 4.4 1993 8 21 28.709000 36.981000 4.0
1981 11 9 34.400000 35.940000 4.6 1993 8 22 29.077000 37.088000 4.4
1981 11 24 33.000000 35.660000 4.5 1993 8 28 32.887000 38.762000 4.3
1982 1 13 32.570000 35.620000 4.4 1993 9 5 28.845000 34.744000 4.2
1982 3 11 33.160000 33.830000 4.3 1993 9 6 27.896000 32.956000 5.4
1982 3 23 27.950000 34.370000 4.8 1993 9 6 27.966000 35.428000 4.5
1982 5 23 31.590000 35.550000 4.7 1993 9 6 27.609000 35.485000 4.6
1982 5 25 32.350000 35.530000 4.7 1993 9 9 28.145000 33.198000 4.6
1982 10 30 27.630000 33.820000 4.7 1993 9 12 28.315000 34.735000 4.6
1982 12 19 34.890000 34.060000 4.7 1993 9 13 28.324000 35.589000 4.5
1983 1 21 29.200000 34.700000 4.6 1993 9 13 31.631000 35.721000 4.0
1983 0 23 29.070000 34.840000 4.0 1993 9 20 28.628000 34.427000 4.7
1983 1 25 28.960000 35.010000 4.6 1993 9 25 28.234000 35.453000 4.3
1983 1 30 29.070000 34.840000 4.0 1993 10 3 29.041000 37.252000 4.7
1983 1 31 29.950000 34.630000 4.4 1993 10 10 28.830000 34.766000 4.2
1983 1 31 29.470000 34.640000 4.7 1993 10 17 29.587000 34.249000 4.1
1983 1 31 28.520000 34.170000 4.7 1993 10 18 27.472000 33.870000 4.8
1983 1 31 28.870000 35.010000 4.2 1993 10 20 28.858000 34.583000 4.4
1983 1 31 29.770000 34.890000 4.4 1993 10 21 29.687000 35.623000 4.6
1983 1 31 29.820000 33.890000 4.7 1993 11 1 28.687000 35.388000 4.1
1983 2 1 29.690000 35.010000 4.3 1993 11 3 28.477000 34.364000 4.3
1983 2 1 29.550000 35.120000 4.4 1993 11 3 28.621000 36.023000 4.1
1983 2 2 29.090000 35.030000 4.4 1993 11 7 28.674000 34.737000 4.3
1983 2 3 29.180000 34.760000 5.0 1993 11 8 28.812000 34.727000 4.9
1983 2 3 29.210000 35.050000 4.9 1993 12 4 28.525000 34.556000 4.6
1983 2 3 29.170000 34.630000 4.6 1994 8 6 33.891000 35.799000 4.1
1983 2 3 29.260000 34.770000 5.2 1994 8 19 28.464000 34.736000 4.1
1983 2 3 29.540000 34.870000 4.6 1995 2 26 27.629000 34.523000 4.6
1983 2 4 29.190000 35.020000 4.7 1995 4 6 27.095000 34.722000 4.1
1983 2 4 29.400000 34.900000 4.3 1995 5 14 28.360000 34.505000 4.9
1983 2 4 29.500000 34.890000 4.3 1995 6 9 28.810000 34.678000 4.1
1983 2 5 29.850000 34.490000 4.4 1995 11 22 30.277000 33.949000 4.1
1983 2 5 29.000000 35.000000 4.4 1995 11 22 28.758000 34.628000 7.3
1983 2 6 30.060000 34.330000 4.4 1995 11 22 29.197000 34.858000 4.9
1983 2 7 29.390000 34.620000 4.4 1995 11 22 28.908000 34.822000 4.6
1983 2 8 29.340000 35.000000 4.7 1995 11 22 29.228000 34.863000 4.9
1983 2 9 29.350000 34.740000 4.6 1995 11 22 29.344000 35.320000 5.3
1983 2 9 29.090000 34.790000 4.4 1995 11 22 28.449000 34.695000 5.1
1983 2 10 28.940000 34.740000 4.6 1995 11 23 29.273000 34.762000 5.4
1983
1983
2
2
10
10
28.900000
29.380000
35.600000
34.840000
4.5
4.6
1995
1995
11
11
23
23
29.042000
29.074000
35.040000
34.863000
4.7
4.0
95

LIST OF SOME EARTHQUAKES IN JORDAN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD

Year Month Day Lat Long Magnitude Year Month Day Lat Long Magnitude
1999 6 18 28.297000 34.662000 4.0
2009 8 25 34.730000 32.970000 4.9
1999 6 30 34.332000 32.134000 4.1
1999 7 11 28.215000 34.674000 4.0
2009 9 16 34.720000 33.150000 4.8
1999 7 29 34.527000 32.706000 4.4 2010 2 4 36.190000 32.110000 4.2
1999 7 29 34.619000 32.668000 4.1 2010 3 7 36.670000 36.190000 4.1
1999 7 31 28.105000 35.219000 4.5
2010 3 9 33.460000 34.740000 4.2
1999 8 7 28.993000 34.847000 4.1
1999 8 11 34.625000 32.965000 4.0 2010 7 15 28.940000 34.810000 4.4
1999 8 11 34.778000 33.138000 4.1 2010 7 27 35.030000 33.150000 4.2
1999 8 12 34.612000 33.009000 4.4 2010 11 14 36.580000 36.020000 5.0
1999 8 12 34.632000 33.036000 4.9
1999 8 12 34.783000 33.031000 4.0
2010 11 16 33.140000 35.370000 4.2
1999 8 13 34.571000 33.017000 4.4 2010 12 20 35.200000 38.600000 4.6
1999 8 13 34.671000 33.030000 4.1 2011 1 1 32.640000 35.580000 4.2
1999 8 13 34.571000 33.017000 4.1
2011 1 4 34.830000 33.800000 4.0
1999 8 14 34.757000 33.279000 4.0
1999 8 17 34.872000 32.561000 4.8 2011 2 14 34.630000 32.930000 4.0
1999 8 17 34.667000 33.058000 4.0 2011 2 20 27.860000 34.040000 4.5
1999 8 19 34.756000 32.965000 4.1 2011 3 2 33.920000 34.040000 4.1
1999 8 23 34.776000 33.041000 4.0
2011 3 17 35.660000 36.280000 4.2
1999 8 24 35.046000 33.695000 4.0
1999 8 26 34.982000 33.253000 4.0 2011 3 26 34.410000 32.190000 4.5
1999 9 2 34.342000 32.734000 4.0 2011 6 15 34.410000 32.790000 4.2
1999 10 5 29.028000 34.866000 5.0
2011 8 7 32.530000 34.520000 4.4
1999 10 28 30.391000 35.036000 4.8
1999 10 29 35.092000 32.764000 4.3
2011 12 4 33.180000 35.510000 4.0
1999 10 29 34.679000 32.234000 4.4 2012 1 30 27.710000 34.180000 4.8
1999 10 29 34.679000 32.234000 4.1 2012 3 9 34.790000 32.510000 4.1
1999 11 18 27.658000 34.525000 4.5
2012 3 17 34.270000 33.150000 4.0
1999 11 25 34.588000 33.082000 4.1
1999 12 6 34.616000 33.036000 4.0 2012 4 4 36.950000 37.090000 4.5
1999 12 24 28.418000 35.043000 4.1 2012 5 3 36.040000 33.730000 4.2
1999 12 3 29.297000 34.842000 4.8 2012 5 9 34.590000 32.830000 4.6
1999 12 19 29.643000 35.284000 4.5
2012 5 11 34.250000 34.170000 5.8
2000 1 14 32.300000 32.522000 5.1
2000 1 17 28.754000 34.792000 4.0 2012 5 17 34.540000 33.320000 4.1
2000 2 22 32.351000 32.200000 5.6 2012 6 10 27.710000 34.100000 4.3
2000 2 28 32.946000 32.565000 5.3
2012 7 14 36.950000 36.720000 4.1
2000 3 8 28.874000 34.886000 5.0
2000 4 6 28.822000 34.915000 4.9 2012 7 28 34.840000 34.370000 4.6
2000 4 8 34.671000 32.970000 5.6 2012 10 8 29.260000 35.060000 4.1
2000 4 21 33.614000 33.443000 5.1 2012 10 18 34.960000 33.940000 4.0
2000 4 23 34.647000 33.240000 4.8
2012 12 1 34.380000 32.080000 4.0
2000 5 9 28.350000 33.132000 4.4
2000 5 10 28.622000 32.731000 4.5 2012 12 24 29.923000 35.151000 4.5
2000 5 15 34.504000 36.004000 4.0
2000 6 8 34.482000 32.003000 4.8
2000 6 15 31.358000 33.673000 4.9
2000 6 25 28.011000 32.575000 4.9

96

48