DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A FOLDABLE PICNIC TABLE

BY

ADEYEMO ADEDAYO DAMILARE

MARTIC NO:- 15/30GD019

A FINAL YEAR PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE

DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG) IN MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING,

UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN, NIGERIA.

MARCH 2021
 CERTIFICATION

The undersigned certify that this project report prepared by ADEYEMO ADEDAYO

DAMILARE with Matric no 15/30GD019 Titled: Design and Fabrication of a foldable Picnic

Table meets the requirement of the Department of Mechanical Engineering for the Award of

Bachelor of Engineering (B.ENG) Degree in Mechanical Engineering.

Dr. T.K Ajiboye Date

(Project Supervisor)

Dr. Date

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

EXTERNAL EXAMINAR Date

 DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to GOD ALMIGHT for HIS unfailing grace, strength and provision in all area,

am graceful. I also delicate this to Mr S.A Adeyemo and late Mrs M.O Adeyemo, and my siblings,

Adetayo, Oluwatosin, Adetayo, and friends who supported me one way or the other , for their

selfless effort towards the aim of getting a degree and towards the success of this project. The Lord

will bless and you will eat the fruit of your labor.
 ACKNOWLEGEMENT

I appreciate God for his grace and mercy I have receive to be able to start a degree and even this

project and He seeing me through and for all He provided.

I want to appreciate the effort of to Mr S.A Adeyemo and late Mrs M.O Adeyemo, and my siblings,

Adetayo, Oluwatosin, Adetayo in all possible ways they extended their love to me, so this project can

be executed.

I am highly appreciative of the effort of my supervisor Dr. T.K Ajiboye effort..

My appreciation also go to my friends who play a part in making this, to be a success today.
 ABSTRACT

Idea to design and fabricate a foldable chair is come solving a problem usually experience before

and after picnic experience, this gives a task and a title for this project. To design and fabricate

this foldable chair it must be able to make use of materials available in market , compare with the

other design that a fixed and not movable. To make sure the idea to design

and fabricate the foldable chair is not used and in old idea, the information about current

design for foldable chair must search or get from the internet. Form there the information

and idea to design and fabricate a foldable can be created. It includes many things about

foldable chair design that wanted to know. Whole of the project involve various methods

like the concept design, the designing and also the fabrication process. Beside that in this

project can bring a motivation and experience to conduct the various type of machine,

train to work under the pressure, and also soft skill ability like time management,

planning the task, negotiation skill and sell.

 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

From campground to crab shack to suburban backyard, the picnic table is so ubiquitous that it is nearly

invisible as a designed object, that it is nearly invisible as a designed object. (place journal). Yet this

ingenious form a structurally bolted frame that unites bench seats and table into a sturdy package has

remained largely unchanged since the 1930s. (place journal).

Picnic table set been part of furniture, varies in different design, size and shape. Furniture are

important essentials in our daily life, which are found almost in everywhere ranging from

wooden chairs, tables, cabinet, stool etc. It use can’t be over looked but rather considered and

improve to increase the satisfaction we get from it.

Picnic table are mostly fixed, that is stationary objects intended to support human activities such

as seating, as shown in fig 1., while furniture in general support activities like sitting (e.g., chairs,

stools, and sofas), eating (e.g., tables), sleeping (e.g., beds), etc.
 Fig 1

Furniture has been a common piece of art that has been from ancient time, and are generally

made of wood and less frequently of metals, and below are list of furniture images and display of

the artistic use to beautify them, alongside basic chairs design, other type of household furniture

Fig.2 (shutterstock, n.d.)

Fig.3 (Designs, n.d.)

Fig.4

(macrovector, n.d.)
 Furniture varying in term of size,shape, operation etc, depending on it purpose, of which

certain features will need to be considered for it to serve it purpose. For example table and desk

are design to be able to carry and withstand the weight of what that will be place on it, likewise

the chairs and stools, to carry the weight of the human sitting, some are in-turn use for

decoration, some to store things eg cupboard, cabinets, shelves, some for comfort. Furniture can

be use for various purposes and the required properties suitable for such purpose will need to be

possessed by the product for it to be able to carry out it function.

The important of furniture having been alighted, it has been found that over the years the

about from a furniture been able to serve it purpose, certain features are still been demanded to

put into consideration and to be design to serve it purpose. One of which this project is addressed

by design and fabrication of a foldable picnic table.

Folding chair was a common piece of furniture from the ancient times (Tachmatzidou,

Folding furniture: From design to production, 07-2019). Archeological evidence of folding chair

applications was spread across the Mediterranean region from 13th century. (Tachmatzidou,

Folding furniture: From design to production, 07-2019).

The furniture became widespread during the Middle Ages, during 15th and 16th centuries the

folding chair had several modifications including the addition of headrests (Tachmatzidou,

Folding furniture: From design to production, 07-2019). In the United States, an early patent of

folding chair was made by John Cham, in 1855. By 1947, Fredric Arnold created the first folding

chair with a framework made from aluminum with fabric strapping for the seat and back. During

the decade of 1950 folding chair production was increasing with more than 14,000 chairs per day

(Tachmatzidou, Folding furniture: From design to production, 07-2019). Nowadays hard plastic

is the dominant material along with metal and wood (Schulz, 2012).
 The relevant of this project been more projected, by the statistic that shows, that space, i.e

apartment space have been on high demand due to the population of people in cities, Fig 4,

reveal this, and this in return will increase the need to have furniture design in a way to suit the

limited small available and still in itself serve the purpose it was fabricated for.

Fig.4 (Talia Serrano Salazar,Lucía Aspizua Sáez, 2014)

This project tend, channel the design to need to ease usage of furniture: table and chair

precisely in picnic, outing, campaign, by the design of a furniture set that offers good value, in

term of comfort, functionality, portability and space management.

1.1 Statement of Problems

Furniture been a very important and with the address of space, portability, in view, there are very

limited design that address this problem, despite the various invention and modification in

design, alongside increase in manufacturing companies, over the years. Although materials other
than wood, metals and alloys have been developed and use due to their toughness, and light

weight, due to cost value, but still some of the designs have been narrowed to server certain

function and activities. In addition most design lack multi-purpose and infrequent use for various

purpose and activities.

1.2 Aim and Objectives

1.2.1 Aim

The Major Aim of this project is to Design and Fabricate a Foldable Picnic Table, with

affordable, light material, and wood is the selected material.

1.2.2 Objectives

The objective of this project are:

 Designing a simple and workable mechanism for a Foldable Picnic Table

 Use of light material to make it portable

 Use of available and cost effective material

 Design a product that can also be use as bench

 Also have a design that can optimize the use of space, packable

 Use of simple mechanism to prevent sophisticated motion and working principle.

 The design should be suitable to convert to a bench

 The design should be handy

1.3 Limitation

The limitation notice in while carrying out this project, is that the stability of the design will only be

achieve if the whole sit is use, that is four people need to sit on it, this make it not really effective

in term of optimizing space, when it just one or two persons sitting on it, because it still takes the
space of 4 sit, whereas it just two sit we want to make use of. Also sorting a simple mechanism

that will not be sophisticated, in order not to increase number of parts and weight.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 INTRODUCTION

Over ages furniture were design to serve the purpose of sitting, relax, comfort and other basic

functionaries, and as time passes need for same furniture to serve it function and still be of possess

features like weight, portability etc are then fused in. Increase in population and factor like economic

have lay demand on efficient use of material, space and this made space-saving techniques and furniture

imperative.

Historic reports place the appearance of folding furniture back to 15th-13th BC. (Tachmatzidou,

Folding furniture: From design to production, 07-2019). Research papers, studies and books have been

written about folding principles (Greevenbroek, 2018), design methods ( (Jackson, 2011), materials

(Wagner, 2018), and mechanisms (Maziar Asefi, n.d.), in order to have reference points to understand

and develop the best possible design solution.

Through the works of Thomas Cole painting around 1845, title A Pic-Nic Party, “a day in nature

for feasting, amusements, privacy amid masses, and freedom.”(place journal), as shown in fig below.
 Fig 2.1

The need

for comfort

during such

pleasant

moment of

relaxing is very important, this implies the need of picnic furniture and with another paint of Jerome P.

Thompson reveal same

activity of picnic but

with picnic table and

chair, one can see the

comfort the piece of

furniture bring compare

to mere sitting on

ground.
Fig 2.2

Over time various engineers, designers and manufactures has come up with designs, with the mind to

address one problem or the other and create confront, alongside aesthetic. Checking through history,

design has advance from not just fabricating a piece of table and chair, but rather a design of lightweight,

portability, and combine table and chair. In light of this a design of a detachable table and chair was

capture in Mount Hood National Forest, Oregon, image displayed below

Fig 2.3

2.1 DESIGN STAGES

In design, there are certain type of design, these are alighted in three types, which are Adaptive

design, Developed design and New design (Yousef Haik and Tamer Shahin). This project fall

under the Adaptive type of design. In which the design was carried out as an adaption to an

existing design with modification to solve the problems like portability, ease of transportation,

usually incur in the previous design.

In design, there are some basic processes step usually carried out to execute a projects design

of which a comprehensive listed is highlighted below, in their sequence as shown below

Identificatin of need and

demand

Definition of problem

Concept development

Synthesis

Optimization Analysis

Prototype Evaluation

Manufacturing/
Fabrication/
Construction

Fig.2.4

2.2 DESIGN HISTORY

In modern design, picnic table set have been found to be combine but still with the touch of it been

stationary, and the design of foldable table set have also advance over time. Around 1904 C.H.Nielsen

patent a “table capable of being cheaply made, which is portable and equipped with seats, preferably on

both sides, particularly designed and adapted for use in picnics and other gatherings of similar character

where temporary use only is required” ,one of his drawing showed a collapsed table nearly as its distant

counterpart, the 19th century picnic blanket.

(place journey) fig 2.5

This design feature have been seen to be produced throughout the 1920s, and has been seen in

places like Overland Park, the huge municipal automobile campground in Denver.

Modern design has been over the refinement of picnic table was eliminate the redundant

structural supports. Around 1918 Harold R. Basford patented the first drawing of the picnic table we

know it today,(patent journal), having address the structural support in previous design, in his design, and

also his design is foldable which is shown below

 Fig 2.6

Although Nielsen’s and Basford’s patents established the basic design principles, but they did not

include measurements (place journal). The national park service’s Table for public Auto Camp (1922),

first lais out dimensions of a picnic table, which including 2*4s and 2*6s for the frame and 2*12s for the

table and seats (place journal).

Fig 2.7
2.3. TYPE OF FOLADABLE DESIGN

Fig.2.3.1 pdf foldadble

D rest also are online for refe

2.4. BASIC PARTS PICNIC TABLE

 Table surface: This is made of wood and joined to the support with bolt and nut, so it can rest on

the chair frame.

 Sit surface: This is made of wood and joined to the support of the table, also having been joined

to the leg to hold it in place, with bot and nut

 Table support / Link: - This is made of metal to be able to retain the weight of objects to be place

on it and to be movable around a hook, support around the sit frame, to give support for the table,

alongside moving around the axis of the hook

 Chair support stand: - made of iron for firm support

 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

In this project, the idea is to design and fabricate an efficient foldable picnic table to

address the need of portability, light-weight and other basic stress incur using a stationary picnic

table. The picnic table model was design and fabricated by considering certain standard

measurement and drawings specified. In addition, the material selected for each component,

method of fabrication and assembling of various components prioritized.

In the execution of this project, the following are the listed progress carried out to assure this

project was carried out, fig 3.1. This project started with the sorting out a problem to solve and sorting out

solution and8 mechanism to address the problem. Sorting out the literature review and research work on

this project. This expose and give clue of various design of foldable furniture, this part was carried out

surfing the internet, few book and majorly brain storming to sort out a simple mechanism.

After gathering the relevant information, the project undergoes design process, starting from

sketch and verifying of dimension, solid modeling and engineering drawing using Solidworks software.

Then sorting out of material considering cost, weight, easy accessibility, then wood prototype was carried

out, then the fabrication process that is wood work was done.
3.1 PROJECT FLOW CHART

Identificatin of need and

demand

Definition of problem

Concept development

Synthesis

Optimization Analysis

Prototype Evaluation

Manufacturing/
Fabrication/
Construction

Fig.3.1
3.4 MODEL OF PICNIC TABLE

The project 3D design was carried out in Solidworks, below are the images of modeled picnic table and

sheet diagram with it’s dimension.

Fig 3.7

3.4 MATERIAL SELECTION

The materials used are obtained locally from the market; these materials will be selected based

on:

• Mechanical properties (strength, stiffness, durability etc),

• Availability,

• Cost,

• Serviceability,

• Maintainability,

• Ease of construction, repair and maintainability

3.5 DESIGN CONSIDERATION

The design consideration of the picnic table:

 The ease of fabrication of component parts

 The safety of the users

 A simple foldable mechanism

 The availability of material locally

 The cost of materials

3.6 ANTICIPATED BENEFITS OF THE DESIGN

The anticipated benefit of the this design include the following:

 Higher efficient compare to normal picnic table

 High cost efficiency

 Use of a simple mechanism, without need for technical know-how

 Use of simple yet efficient mechanism, with simple part and feel.

3.7 EQUIPMENTS

The equipment use during the fabrication of picnic table includes:

 Electric Table saw machine

 Welding machine (Arc welding)

 Hand saw

 Hammer

 Grinder Machine (Cutting Disk)

 Drilling machine
3.8 PICNIC TABLE PARTS DESIGN

The picnic table was designed and fabricated is to serve the functionality of a picnic table alongside,

making it portable, lightweight, transportable, and easy foldable. The model contains of the following

major components;

1.Table Face

2. Sit

3. Link

4. Sit-Support

3.9 FABRICATION

The fabrication of this project was carried out in the wood workshop, the below images display while in

operation of the fabrication of the picnic table

DESIGN ANALSIS

The design analysis was carried in Ansys, on the explicit module and below is the work flow of the

simulation.

 Explicit Dynamics

 Engineering Data

 Geometry

 Model

 Setup

 Solution

 Results

Engineering Data use:-

For the metal part AL 1100-O was use for the rod-stand and also for the ply-wood the data below

Material

Assignment AL 1100-O Ply-Wood

Nonlinear Effects Yes

Thermal Strain Effects Yes

Bounding Box

Length X 38. mm 460. mm

Length Y 320. mm 35. mm

Length Z 38. mm 330. mm

Properties
 Volume 4.6208e+005 mm³ 2.585e+006 mm³

Mass 1.2509 kg 1.9336 kg

Centroid X -253.99 mm 130.68 mm -271.32 mm -70.316 mm

Centroid Y -177.22 mm -11.805 mm

Centroid Z 186.5 mm -85.498 mm 50.502 mm

Moment of Inertia Ip1 10824 kg·mm² 19826 kg·mm²

Moment of Inertia Ip2 301.04 kg·mm² 56880 kg·mm²

Moment of Inertia Ip3 10824 kg·mm² 37258 kg·mm²

Statistics

Nodes 725 1399

Elements 448 3863

Mesh Metric None

Material Data

AL 1100-O

TABLE 22

AL 1100-O > Constants

Density 2.707e-006 kg mm^-3

 Specific Heat 8.84e+005 mJ kg^-1 C^-1

TABLE 23

AL 1100-O > Shock EOS Linear

Parameter
Gruneisen Coefficient Parameter C1 mm s^-1 Parameter Quadratic S2 s mm^-1
S1

1.97 5.386e+006 1.339 0

TABLE 24

AL 1100-O > Steinberg Guinan Strength

Initial
Maximum Derivative Melting
Yield Hardening Hardening Derivative Derivative
Yield Stress dG/dT G'T Temperature
Stress Y Constant B Exponent n dG/dP G'P dY/dP Y'P
Ymax MPa MPa C^-1 Tmelt C
MPa

40 480 400 0.27 1.767 -16.69 2.608e-003 946.85

TABLE 25

AL 1100-O > Shear Modulus

Shear Modulus MPa

27100

Ply-wood

TABLE 26

Ply-wood > Constants

Thermal Conductivity 3.24e-004 W mm^-1 C^-1

 Specific Heat 1.68e+006 mJ kg^-1 C^-1

Density 7.48e-007 kg mm^-3

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 6.9e+006 C^-1

Resistivity 1.1e+009 ohm mm

TABLE 27

Ply-wood > Tensile Yield Strength

Tensile Yield Strength MPa

38.1

TABLE 28

Ply-wood > Tensile Ultimate Strength

Tensile Ultimate Strength MPa

56.1

TABLE 29

Ply-wood > Isotropic Elasticity

Temperature
Young's Modulus MPa Poisson's Ratio Bulk Modulus MPa Shear Modulus MPa
C

6300 0.245 4117.6 2530.1

TABLE 30

hy > Isotropic Secant Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

Reference Temperature C
 100

Geometry:- The geometry was modelled in Solidworks and exported in a igs file format

Model:- the simualation setup was done in this part, from material definition, mesh, setting

boundary conditions etc.

Total Equivalent Elastic

Object Name Equivalent Stress
Deformation Strain

State Solved

Scope

Scoping Method Geometry Selection

Geometry All Bodies

Definition

Type Total Deformation Equivalent Elastic Strain Equivalent (von-Mises) Stress

By Time

Display Time Last

Calculate Time History Yes

Identifier

Suppressed No

Results

Minimum 0. mm 9.1807e-009 mm/mm 4.9815e-005 MPa

Maximum 1.6901e-004 mm 6.8134e-007 mm/mm 1.8318e-002 MPa

Minimum Occurs On Solid

Maximum Occurs On Solid

Minimum Value Over Time

Minimum 0. mm 0. mm/mm 0. MPa

Maximum 0. mm 9.5478e-009 mm/mm 8.6818e-005 MPa

Maximum Value Over Time

Minimum 0. mm 0. mm/mm 0. MPa

Maximum 1.6901e-004 mm 6.8134e-007 mm/mm 1.8318e-002 MPa

Information

Time 1.0055e-004 s

Set 21

Integration Point Results

Display Option Averaged

Average Across
No
Bodies

FIGURE 2

Model (B4) > Explicit Dynamics (B5) > Solution (B6) > Total Deformation
 TABLE 19

Model (B4) > Explicit Dynamics (B5) > Solution (B6) > Total Deformation

Time [s] Minimum [mm] Maximum [mm]

1.1755e-038 0. 0.

5.1392e-006 7.0404e-006

1.0123e-005 6.6524e-006

1.5107e-005 9.8614e-006

2.0091e-005 1.2722e-005

2.5075e-005 1.4261e-005

3.0059e-005 2.1565e-005

3.5043e-005 2.3484e-005
 4.0027e-005 2.9783e-005

4.5012e-005 3.7067e-005

5.0708e-005 4.5555e-005

5.5692e-005 5.376e-005

6.0676e-005 6.3536e-005

6.566e-005 7.4576e-005

7.0644e-005 8.5914e-005

7.5628e-005 9.7855e-005

8.0612e-005 1.1059e-004

8.5596e-005 1.2366e-004

9.058e-005 1.3766e-004

9.5564e-005 1.53e-004

1.0055e-004 1.6901e-004

FIGURE 3

Model (B4) > Explicit Dynamics (B5) > Solution (B6) > Equivalent Elastic Strain
 TABLE 20

Model (B4) > Explicit Dynamics (B5) > Solution (B6) > Equivalent Elastic Strain

Time [s] Minimum [mm/mm] Maximum [mm/mm]

1.1755e-038 0. 0.

5.1392e-006 5.5099e-007

1.0123e-005 2.9223e-007

1.5107e-005 3.8604e-007

2.0091e-005 4.9982e-007

2.5075e-005 2.9597e-007

3.0059e-005 5.2619e-007

3.5043e-005 3.5086e-007

4.0027e-005 3.1239e-007

4.5012e-005 5.1253e-007

5.0708e-005 3.3802e-007
 5.5692e-005 5.2321e-007

6.0676e-005 3.34e-010 3.9695e-007

6.566e-005 3.4593e-009 4.2942e-007

7.0644e-005 4.2794e-009 5.2071e-007

7.5628e-005 4.9527e-009 4.9213e-007

8.0612e-005 5.4544e-009 5.7104e-007

8.5596e-005 6.6546e-009 5.7537e-007

9.058e-005 7.9299e-009 6.0364e-007

9.5564e-005 9.5478e-009 6.3187e-007

1.0055e-004 9.1807e-009 6.8134e-007

FIGURE 4

Model (B4) > Explicit Dynamics (B5) > Solution (B6) > Equivalent Stress
 TABLE 21

Model (B4) > Explicit Dynamics (B5) > Solution (B6) > Equivalent Stress

Time [s] Minimum [MPa] Maximum [MPa]

1.1755e-038 0.

5.1392e-006 3.4713e-003

1.0123e-005 1.8411e-003

1.5107e-005 2.5137e-003

2.0091e-005 3.2446e-003

2.5075e-005 3.47e-003
0.
3.0059e-005 3.9544e-003

3.5043e-005 4.6349e-003

4.0027e-005 5.4424e-003

4.5012e-005 6.3279e-003

5.0708e-005 7.206e-003

5.5692e-005 8.4324e-003
 6.0676e-005 2.4353e-005 9.6646e-003

6.566e-005 5.8102e-005 1.0747e-002

7.0644e-005 8.6818e-005 1.179e-002

7.5628e-005 6.4426e-005 1.2785e-002

8.0612e-005 6.1868e-005 1.3824e-002

8.5596e-005 6.2129e-005 1.5044e-002

9.058e-005 5.3801e-005 1.6174e-002

9.5564e-005 5.5608e-005 1.7271e-002

1.0055e-004 4.9815e-005 1.8318e-002

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Parts Description

4.1.1 Table Frame and Top

The frame is designed with the length of 110 mm, width of 40 mm, height 8mm. The frame as

shown in Figure 4.1 was made of ply-wood material, best known as China product. The frame was

constructed through cutting and nailing on the material according to the designed dimensions.
Fig 4.1 Table frame and top

4.1.2. Chair

The chair is designed with the length of 41.30 mm, width of 32.7 mm, height 8mm. The chair as

shown in Figure 4.2 was made of ply-wood material, best known as China product. The chair was

constructed through cutting and nailing on the material according to the designed dimensions.
Fig. 4.2

The complete assembly is shown below

4.2 Production Operation
Table 4.1: the sequence of operation for fabrication

Operation Sequence Machine/Tools Used Parts

Measuring and Marking out Chalk/tempering marker, Try All components

Square, Punch, Measuring

tape.

Cutting Out Electric Table saw machine, Ply-wood, Body frame, Metal

Hand saw cutting disc, grinding Pipe

machine.

Drilling Drilling machine Iron pipe.

Joining of parts Electric arc welding, Bolt and Table Frame and Top, Iron

nuts, Sets of spanners and pipe, Sit frame and top,.

washers, nails and hammer

Surface finishing Sand paper. The edges and surface of the

plywood

Spraying painting Paint, brush and spraying All parts were sprayed so as to

machine. reduce the rate of corrosion

and give an attractive

appearance.

4.4 Result and Discussion

The fabrication of the foldable picnic was made on the basis of a simple machine design knowledge to

design the parts such as table frame and top, sit frame and top, the iron pipe with the use of standard

equipment and requirement.

The use of locally available materials aids the fabrication of the picnic table with minimum cost

affordable for small scale farmers.

Calculations of stress, strain was done.

From the calculated results obtained. It was observed, that the design and the material selected can

withstand the and average human weight.

The calculated stress, strain the frame and top using steel material AL 1100-O and ply-wood with

maximum yield strength of 480 MN/m2 and tensile strength 38.1MN/m2 gave the values below

Type Total Deformation Equivalent Elastic Strain Equivalent (von-Mises) Stress

Minimum 0. mm 9.1807e-009 mm/mm 4.9815e-005 MPa

Maximum 1.6901e-004 mm 6.8134e-007 mm/mm 1.8318e-002 MPa

The selection of materials for the picnic table was done based on it availability in the market.
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION

The foldable picnic table was designed and fabricate using available locally sourced materials which

leads to reduction in the price and was found to be satisfactory. The selection of four iron pipe

mechanism was effective and simple to fabricate. The mechanism uses works about the axis of the

iron pipe in place of using a hydraulic which will increase the cost and weight. The cost of

fabrication was cheaper compared to a static picnic table and transportation cost in the market. The

estimated cost of the project is N7 0, 000 and requires less skilled farmers to operate and maintain.

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

The following recommendations are hereby made for future modification work on the Picnic table

1. Use of metal-alloy which are of low weight and high strength, to contribute to reduction in the

weight.

2. It was observed that with the use of plywood is may not be able to endure it quality over time

when expose to excess and extreme weather condition .

3. The use of CNS machine to be cut metallic part accurately and ease stress
 References
Benhabib, B. (n.d.). Manufacturing Design, Production, Automation, and Integration.

Designs, H. F. (n.d.). 70+ Wooden Dining Chair Designs at low cost. Retrieved from Youtube:
https://www.google.com/search?client=ms-android-lge&sxsrf=ALeKk00bX-
CoaQXKQrYieTznTn1DeEiIRA:1619709582361&q=design+of+chairs&tbm=isch&chips=q:design+o
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