Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Maurice Merleau-Ponty - Reading Notes and Comments on Aron Gurwitsch's The Field of Consciousness
Maurice Merleau-Ponty - Reading Notes and Comments on Aron Gurwitsch's The Field of Consciousness
MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY
Edited by Stéphanie Ménasé
Translated by Elizabeth Locey and Ted Toadvine
Editor’s Introduction
Merleau-Ponty’s research between the spring of 1959 and the autumn of 1960,
the period during which he began writing The Visible and the Invisible,1 is well
revealed by his handwritten reading notes on the work of Aron Gurwitsch’s
The Field of Consciousness.2
The comments which accompany these reading notes are often placed be-
tween brackets, and the principal subject of these critical comments is the in-
tellectualism of Husserlian phenomenology, insofar as it makes things into pure
objects of perception, without any reality of their own.3 If the thing is reduced
to being the object of perception, what guarantees its identity (in the sense of
being identifiable)? What guarantees that one is truly thinking something of
that thing, and that it is not a matter of a purely nominal imputation lacking
any objectivity whatsoever – that is, which would neither be based on nor re-
fer to any thing in particular? These reading notes pose the problem of the unity
of experience from the side of the object and the subject and raise a discus-
sion of the eidetic method in a very precise manner. They sketch the possibility
of an interrogation of the unity of perceptual experience such as Merleau-Ponty
announces it in Eye and Mind, where no perception would be named by the
thing: as speech speaks to me, the thing in its nature as worldly object – that
is, as spatial unity, as body in the world, as flesh of the world – arouses my
perception. These notes are in keeping with his research on a non-dualistic
philosophy such as is found in The Visible and the Invisible.
We have identified different levels of reading of this text. Merleau-Ponty
reads Gurwitsch, who reads phenomenology and Merleau-Ponty himself.
Sometimes agreeing with Gurwitsch’s criticisms of Phenomenology of Per-
ception,4 at other times Merleau-Ponty defends certain aspects of his philoso-
phy criticized by Gurwitsch. These reading notes allow one to appreciate
Merleau-Ponty’s critical distance with respect to certain ideas from Phenom-
enology of Perception with which he finds himself at odds when reading
174
Gurwitsch’s work. At this moment, Merleau-Ponty expresses explicitly the
theoretical necessity of choosing a new orientation in his work.
It seems to us that there is a link between Merleau-Ponty’s critique of ei-
detic method, the change of direction of his work between the spring of 1959
and the autumn of 1960, and his reading of Gurwitsch – who cites Merleau-
Ponty’s work and has a different perspective than Merleau-Ponty on the con-
tributions and impasses of phenomenology. This text by Gurwitsch appears
to be a critical catalyst and an important step in Merleau-Ponty’s search for
an indirect ontology.5
We have noted, for example, that Merleau-Ponty’s drafts for his book
project (which he had not yet abandoned in May of 1959) often include criti-
cisms of Phenomenology of Perception, and that the philosopher refers sev-
eral times in these drafts to his own reading notes on Gurwitsch.
Merleau-Ponty breaks free from the eidetic method which, according to him,
gives only noema or acts, that is, which turns being into an eidos or a pure
form. He calls into question any philosophy which reduces all problems to
essence, from which all resistances are erased; that is, any philosophy where
all ambiguity is verbal, or which defines the Ego as self-transparence and being
as pure positivity. Against the dualistic Husserlian opposition of noema and
existing thing, Merleau-Ponty proposes a transcendence as crystallization. In
a short note from the file for the book project, he writes: “Transcendence: the
idea that I am hollowing out of the horizon, being coming to itself starting
from its dispersion – instead of saying as Husserl does: the world is my ek-
stase, is my Sinngebung, centrifugal.” He reproaches the eidetic method for
proposing only intellectual systems rather than lived ones, while he himself
seeks a philosophy that gives access to the world.
In his book, Gurwitsch refers repeatedly to Merleau-Ponty’s work, prin-
cipally to Phenomenology of Perception. For example, Gurwitsch devotes
Chapter Five to “Merleau-Ponty’s Theory of Perceptual Organization.”6
Merleau-Ponty must have read the following criticism addressed to him by
Gurwitsch:
Stéphanie Ménasé
The Text
(1) What I say differs from the radical empiricism of James24 (cf. Mach25) who
supposes that “pure experience” is “neutral” between the psychic and the
physical; for me, it is not a question of neutrality, but of radical critique of
“psychic” and “physical.” James differs from Mach because for him the con-
text which determines membership in the “physical” or “psychic” is not the
point of view of the subject, but is itself also given with the pure experience
which never presents itself in the original neutrality.
The “figural moment”26 which makes a great many stars or a “crowd” ap-
pear to us is, Husserl says, an idioteron pros hêmas.27 I would say: it is an ex-
perience of field: multiplicity without colligation is only possible through the
field. For Gurwitsch: impossibility of an intuitionist philosophy which deferred
idealization: it is incorporated, he says, to the lived itself. I ground the cohe-
sion of form on the field – but to better define the field: a diacritical system?
a system of equivalences? All of these are intellectual and not lived equiva-
lents. There is no other definition of field than the description of perceptual
horizon, of the living system of the “vertical world.”
The experiments of Ternus28 on the stroboscopic movement of figure (in
these two presentations certain objectively identical points are not identified):
(Gurwitsch, p. 104) {FC 120–121} = perceptual identity is not identity of an
element, it is identity of a whole, identity for the look which scans the group-
ing and not for consciousness of synopsis, composing on the basis of points,
identity before the plane of the in-itself, identity of transcendence: the in-it-
self, the identical, the identifiable = result of carnal grasping of the whole in
its lateral unity, in its cohesion, and not first in relation to this cohesion.
Moreover: generality of something (generality which is essential to it, which
is not secondary or derived: one sees the cross moving toward the right, one
does not see two crosses from which one would derive by synthesis the gen-
eral cross common to the two visions. The “something” is general not in the
sense of the hen epi pollôn, but of a generality that is primary, originary, be-
fore the multiplicity.29 It is the generality of Wesen (verbal, active), of that
179
which west and acts. Like the world, this generality is before the one and the
multiple.
The notes of a melody “each one in the other” (Bergson).
Husserl distinguishes significations, Sachverhalt, things, perceptual noemas,
etc. This entire bifurcated description does not at all help us to understand the
life of consciousness. I see only slight differences between thing, perceptual
noema (thing under such-and-such aspect), Sinnendung, Sachverhalt, etc.30
Language and perceptual matrices (Gurwitsch, 147) {FC 177} in opposi-
tion to the algorithm – noema-thing split (148–150) {FC 178–181} – no longer
centrifugal consciousness but centripetal being (151) {FC 182–183} – idea-
tion, eidetic variation, for example coherence of eidos – [the] sound [is] ideal
for H., gestaltist for me (157–159) {FC 189–193} – the hinge essence (160–
161) {FC 193–195} – there is a leibhaft of the essence (158) {FC 191}.
(2) Absurdity is not non-sense. The “sense” defined by H. as propositional
unity (161–162) {FC 195–196} (and the antepredicative?)
Gurwitsch, like all rationalist-analytics, analyzes the Gestalthafte into “noe-
matic structures,” the thing into “references to other perceptions” [where are
these references? There are none: there is adumbration as cut-out from . . . as
integrated to a field] (165) {FC 202–203}. The eidetic method is responsible
for the intellectualism of H.: it is this method which causes perspectivism and
the open infinite of the thing, which are the contrary of an ideal truth, to be-
come unified. And that the problem “how can that which is open be there, crys-
tallized?” (problem of transcendence) is masked (166) {FC 204}. The possible
founded on the Wesen in the sense of eidos – instead of being founded on the
verbal Wesen, (167) {FC 205}. The notion of Weltmöglichkeit would be just
the opposite. Eidetic law imposing on incomplete, thus open, perceptions of
being. Is it essence which imposes this on them: essence, i.e., the principle of
identity? i.e., the possibility posed by nominal definition? (169) {FC 207–208}
In reality essence is an in-variant, i.e. it is a hinge and not a quiddity. It is a
“something” and not a positive then, even when it is a question of the essence
of the thing, the essence is divergence and not possession of a positive. The
incompleteness of the thing is not a positive signification, included in a posi-
tive essence, – it is incompleteness. P. 170: Found the evoked “possible per-
ceptions” on the sensible cohesion of the process (170) {FC 209} and on the
“typical structure” of possible modes of variation – Gurwitsch understands
that as “continuity” (a little like Bergson) [but continuity by fusion would never
take place without transcendence]. [The transition synthesis in H., founding
the implicit possible on the “I can” of the body, on the lived cohesion, is pre-
sented under the patronage of the eidetic vision, – of which it is the contrary.
Can one have eidetic vision of an essence which is essence of flux? Is there
an essence of flux if the flux is pre-intentional? Is the essence not to be con-
ceived here as experience of that which resists it? It will still be necessary to
account for the advent of the ideal (which I will do by language).] Then once
180
again (172) {FC 211}, the foundation of the unity is noematic: it is the noema
which causes the Einseitigkeit of the adumbration to be “both experienced and
overcome” (173) {FC 212}. [= a positive noematic ground is supposed by H.
as condition of the consciousness of incompleteness – Positivism – I am against
it, consciousness of incompleteness is not consciousness of completeness =
it is Offenheit. Concretely, moreover, impossible to compose the thing thus:
adumbrations + noema (aspect of the thing at an instant or for a sense) + the
thing itself. The adumbrations already have the value of “something,” the thing
remains oneiric. In a quale, there is as much reality as in a “thing.”]
The “references” to other possible perceptions understood as “anticipations.”
H. will say later Vorhabe. [H. does not see that the sensible world is movement
that is congealed, crystallized, but maintained in the thickness of Gestalthafte.]
[An organism is preserved time [temps en conserve].] Error of H.: to believe
that the identity of the thing results from the Einstimmigkeit of the appear-
ances (that is reflexive). It does not result from it, it precedes it. The unity of
the thing is not constructed on appearances: it is implicated in each partial
appearance, which would be other if it was not part of the thing (for example:
a sound as temporal being).
Gurwitsch: “the preeminent task of philosophy . . . accounting for objects
of every type and kind and for every conceivable sense of objectivity in terms
of subjectivity” (137) {FC 165}. (No).31
(3) Open infinity of perceptual process. Gurwitsch presents it as unful-
fillment here, – and in other places sees that there is no unfulfillment without
reference to a term that he then conceives as noematic. [In fact it is necessary
to have a term in order to have opening, but a term which would not be clo-
sure: it is the horizon.] [Gurwitsch does not see that, if the “thing” needed to
be prepared by this process where real and irreal change places, then there
would never be a “thing,” the zone of the real, of the sensible, would itself be
able to crystallize only by this same consciousness of “something” figured that
one would want to deduce from it.] Gurwitsch allows that the Einstimmigkeit
is more than non-contradiction, is “continuation” and Übergang. And that the
Gestalt had seen that, – had seen that better than Husserl. It is the “growth” of
the system “in accordance with its own style and type” (177) {FC 217} = “good
continuation” of the gestaltists, “Gestalt-coherence” (177) {FC 217}. The
Gestalt, finally, did not see that in the perception of the thing itself this coher-
ence is “open” and not “closed” (217) {FC 177}. “Each single perceptual
noema realizes in its own specific manner the whole noematic system” (178)
{FC 218}. (Against the idealism and dualism of Husserl) The thing is in each
noema, not potentially but actually. The potential “empty intentions,” around
the noematic core, are “context.”32
(4) The Abschattungen are “interwoven” [s’entrelacent] (180) {FC 221}.
Husserl juxtaposes the “originary presenting” and adequate “act,”33 – and the
“opening” of which it was a question above, without saying how they fit to-
181
gether. They cannot fit together because the opening is conceived negatively
(un-fulfillment).
“Account for the object in terms of subjectivity” (182) {FC 223} – Refuse
the idea of “presumptive” existence of the world founded on the possibility
of explosion and splitting up: such an explosion replaces the perceived with
its truth, which is the resistant core of the world, which is not presumptive
(doubtful, possible nonexistence) which is facticity-rationality.34
The world is not only plausible, it is certain in fact, only a doubt is con-
ceivable, there is “possibility in principle of Nichtseins” (Gurwitsch, 184) {FC
225}35 [this is linked to the positivism of “consciousness”]. Because the merely
presumptive existence of things is due to the fact that the perceptual process
is inexhaustible, open [the opening conceived negatively]. The infinite proc-
ess can however be conceived as the idea in the Kantian sense. The thing is
such an idea. [The very notion of the idea in the Kantian sense, – destined
to “close” the opening of the perceived thing, of the world, is in Husserl
Gegenabstraktion of the opening conceived negatively. The two notions are
destined to be superseded by that of horizon.] [The Kantian idea, as “subjec-
tive,” is solidary with the antinomous thought “objective” finitude-“objective”
infinity.36 It apparently supersedes it, but not truly, because the “subjective”
implies the objective.]
(5) Husserl clarifies his purely negative conception of the “opening” by
introducing the notion of the horizon: “unfamiliarity is a mode of familiar-
ity” (195) {FC 240}. The “references” are “recognition [prise de conscience]
. . . of the interior horizon” (196).37 The interior horizon is ambiguous, but this
is not pure indetermination: “As to the type itself which is realized, it is un-
ambiguous” {TCC 196; FC 242}.
The pure description: difficult: the phenomenologist alters the phenomenon
“by the sole fact that he raises questions” about it (198).38 It is the phenom-
enon that one must interrogate, not oneself – therefore: Befragung = to re-
perceive. The interior horizon: the possibilities which it opens do not entail
privilege in favor of one of them: which does not mean that they have equal
verisimilitude: it is not a question of verisimilitude: here these are pure
possibilities, without motives [motifs]. There it is the difference between “open
possibility” and “problematic possibility” (Husserl) Erf. und Urteil39 (199) {FC
246} [ field]. [A field: we do not know which shore it will be, but it will be a
shore. One would pass from the field to the being of metaphysics in saying:
there is a being of which the sole possibility is the reality, which is entirely
determined as soon as one states its scope of possibility.] [Generality then is
essential to the field structure]. The “open possibility” is not nothing. To be
sure of this, it is enough to think of what it excludes [Cf. my idea of history as
excluding certain solutions].
The phenomenon of horizon exists for the noetic side as well as for the
noematic side (i.e., the correlate of the horizon, the consciousness of horizon,
182
is “intertwining” [entrelacement] of Erlebnisse, for example of those which
give time. “One grasps and realizes a meaning, one apprehends an object”
(216) {FC 266}. The only role of the signs is to transmit a signification of
which they are not a part [this is contrary to the definition of poetry] [my idea
of presence, or of figured World = there is of that world only a poetic knowl-
edge]. For Husserl, in perception, hyletic elements are not signifiers [I reverse:
the very signifiers of language function as perceptual hylê]. The hyletic givens
enter into the definition of the thing itself because it is only a systematic link-
age of noemas. Husserl seems to attribute to the interpreting noesis (dualist
theory) interior horizon, the hyletic givens remain the same in two ambigu-
ous perceptions (mannequin-man).
Absurd to want to analyze a horizon in terms of noesis and noema, con-
sciousness of . . . and object. The horizon40 is not extension of the zone of clear
vision where these structures are realized: it is the milieu of these crystallized
structures, their pre-intentional Worin. The Erlebnisse separate from one an-
other and separate from their ob-ject starting with the horizon as concretion
of their explicit series and with corresponding “noemas.” The horizon is to
my here and now what my birth or my death is to my life: it is the total being
where differentiation arises and dedifferentiation falls back – Take seriously
this idea that the world is around me, not in front of me. The interior horizon
is organized: for example it is for a movement its “total configuration” [one
should add: marked not by an enveloping and exterior view, but by + + meet-
ing points of principal lines, supports or pivots of [the edifice]. The interior
horizon, which creates the unity of the perceptual noema, is cohesion of form,
reciprocity of qualification. (6) The “limitation” of the present perceptual
noema is due to its insertion in the interior horizon [therefore finally the thing
founded on consciousness of horizon].
It is necessary to reinterpret intentionality (228) {FC 284–285}. Un-
bestimmtheit bedeutet . . . Bestimmbarkeit fest vorgeschriebenen Stils” (Ideen,
p. 80).41 Interlocking (like in a plant) of perceptions in each other (226) {FC
281–282} corresponding to the cohesion of noematic form [but the noesis-
noema distinction is not compatible with this lived cohesion]. Every percep-
tion “supersedes itself” (Husserl).42
The “style” as solution beyond the implicit and the explicit (228) {FC 284–
285}. The explication, Gurwitsch says, does not change the explicated. Yes,
it does – It makes the thing caved out from Being (worin) pass into a thing
constituted by matter + Auffassung, etc. It is necessary to rework the very
notion of style as speech of being, and not human construction. Horizon = pos-
sibility (228) {FC 285}. Horizon and I can (which is [superior to]43 de facto
ability (229) {FC 286}.
Reflection in memory = one of these possibilities “each single appearance
thus realizes in its place the entire system” (230) {FC 288}. In order to con-
stitute the thing itself, it is necessary to have more than the Ineinander and
183
the formal cohesion of the Abschattungen: in addition, it is necessary that the
perceptions by which the thing presents itself be configurations of each other,
fulfillment of one another. And as fulfillment is never total or complete, it is
on the actual, carried out fulfillment that all our certitude about the thing and
being rests, i.e. on “contingency” (232) {FC 290}. Problem of perceptual
substantiality.
Husserl,44 “Per-ception” is “ex-ception” (Husserl, Ideen, 62;45 Erfahrung
und Urteil § 24 and 74) Ricoeur translation.
The passage from the present to the immediately-retained past conditions
the passage of an element, from the position of theme, to that of element of
thematic field, – which adds to the 1st the cohesion of material contents, the
continuity of context, a relation of “relevancy” – Phenomenal temporality is
the necessary but insufficient condition of every act of consciousness. This
does not contradict the fact that the identity of a musical phrase or a geometrical
theorem (referring back to a musical context or a geometrical system) in no
way consists in a remembrance of acts, that the context is not a temporal phe-
nomenon: it is a noematic phenomenon. No contradiction because, while a
necessary condition, temporality is not a sufficient condition of the act of
consciousness where the noema appears. The temporality of an act which
endures does not create the unity of the act: it comes entirely from the noema.
The temporality of acts of consciousness and the atemporality of noemas and
contexts are correlative and not contradictory.
Correlative? It is a relativist notion: no noema without phenomenal tem-
porality and vice versa. Only this eidetic analysis of correlations remains pro-
foundly unintelligible: because there is noematization of flux in reflection
and there are flowing noemas (Zeit). And the experience of temporal beings
(sounds), is the experience of a time which is not mine, but its own, primarily
(7) its own, constitutive of the unity of “noema” and indistinct from it, and
reciprocally in the sound my temporality sediments itself, I am the sound, that
is constitutive of hearing it, of its sensoriality. Before the “correlation” dis-
closed by the eidetic consciousness, there is therefore an inherence which
founds it, and which is the belonging of the two series to Being.
Cogito:
Musical note:46 The im Griffe haben47 emanates from the Ego (?)48 and it
emanates from it in the now. However, it is not focused on this now, but, across
it, on the entire note, retended and protended, the zones of pro- and re-tention
present a modification: noch im Griffe behalten.49 The correlative of this whole
im Griffe haben is the sole theme, the note. “Identity of the noema” (278) {FC
350}. Following from this identity, the im Griffe haben with its protentions
and retentions has the unity of an act. It is to this entire act that the form Cogito
184
belongs. The im Griffe behalten is absolutely distinct from simple retention:
the latter would retain only a marginal consciousness of what has just hap-
pened, without any activity of the Ego. Phenomenological time flows accord-
ing to rigid laws independent of the Ego (the present passes into the retained,
the retained into the retained of the retained, the retained of the retained into
the retained of the retained of the retained, and during this time the future
passes into the present). [But from whence comes this eidos of time? How is
it possible? From whence do we know that it should be this way? And because
this phenomenological flux is selbsterscheinung, how to juxtapose conscious-
ness of time and egological consciousness? Here the eidetic method reveals
itself as an obstacle to constitution, which requires the connection of “layers.”]
For Husserl, the zone of the Ego is the thematic zone, and the marginal zone
is without Ego.
For Gurwitsch one cannot maintain that the Ego can, all by itself, focus the
im Griffe behalten without any help coming from material contents; it is not
the Ego which produces the articulation. Thematic field – marginal zone which
produces these two dimensions. Gurwitsch accepts Sartre’s thesis on the non
Egological conception of consciousness and makes of im Griffe behalten and
of im Griffe haben not acts of the Ego, but noetic correlates of “theme” and of
“thematic field.” On the other hand, Gurwitsch is in agreement with Husserl
for composing the marginal zone of pure phenomenal temporality.
Coherence of form between elements of the theme; unity of context (unity
by “relevancy”) between these and the thematic field or between elements of
the thematic field.50 Purely temporal conjunction between the thematic field
(with its theme) and its margin: simultanity and succession of acts. Idea that
the theme is relatively independent of the thematic field, Pythagorean theo-
rem of its “position” as conclusion or as principle in relation to other propo-
sitions. [The theme is conceived as an essence. In reality, there is no definition
which could be primary. They are all equivalent.]
Gurwitsch considers the figure and ground structure as “specialization” of
“more general notions” of the theme and the thematic field (283) {FC 356–
357}. [Does not see that, in reality, it is the reverse: that we can understand
the intellectual context, the limitation of the intellectual intending, only by
the phenomenon of field as englobing theme and thematic field, by the phe-
nomenon of field as symbolic system and relation to Being. He does not at all
see that, in order to advance the problem a step, it is not enough to character-
ize the thematic field as implicit: implicit means nothing or means sedimen-
tation, that is, expression.] Gurwitsch claims that the figure is transferable just
as a proposition can appear in different contexts [Absurd: it is the ground (as
level) which makes the transposition possible. The theme has no sense with-
out this organization of field.] Gurwitsch attributes the solidity of the theme
to unity by formal coherence and makes it the condition of unity by “relevancy”
(284) {FC 358}. The thematic field gives a positional index to the theme by
185
perspective and orientation (287) {FC 361}. The theme = central noematic
nucleus; the thematic field (which gives “light,” “orientation,” “positional
index”) = noematic character. [Yes, the proposition, the Pythagorean theorem
are otherwise unified and more than the perceptual Etwas. But not the inven-
tive thought, where the Etwas is always transcendent. Gurwitsch does not see
that the very existence of an eidetic field, of thought, implies use of sedimen-
tation, poses the problem of the grounding of identification and the use he
makes of spatio-temporal structures as permanent analogy.]
To the thought that foresees the consequences of a proposition Gurwitsch
assigns the consciousness of “liberty to ‘go a step further.’ ”51 He analyzes this
consciousness, noetically, as that of a reference of the retained and protained
to the present as their originary mode, as that of a property in principle which
makes of every act either an actual or a potential cogito, either an actual or a
potential theme. [Gurwitsch does not realize that to “go a step” supposes in
thought an entire analysis, just as it does in space: it is not an efficacious act
of bare freedom, it is the use of the system of linguistic equivalencies without
which not only effectuation but even the initiative of “thinking” are not un-
derstood (as motor initiative): it is not first of all a question of identifying, it
is a question of deploying the space of consequences. Moreover: is the present,
as theme or noema, the originary mode? Is there not also an originarity of the
retained as retained which is irreducible?]
Solicitation of the Ego by the givens, with more or less force. [This very
idea, and that of the noise which keeps one from thinking, supposes a field
where perception and thought are rivals, a narrowness of thought.] The hori-
zon for H. is simply of the possible present, potential themes [but this misses
the essential: the analysis of the reality of this possible, – of sedimentation]
(292) {FC 367}, the contour, crystallized possible.
The field is a universal “formal invariant” (299) {FC 379}. (Why? Simple
fact? or essence?) [Anyway, if such is the field, this description of noema has
repercussions on that of “consciousness”.] The thematic field has “remote” re-
gions. [What can be meant by a remote thought?] (299) {FC 379} The context
continues on indefinitely, for example an arithmetical proposition refers to the
entire system of numbers. That is what makes an Einstellung (setting). This group
to which (8) a context refers is an “order of existence” (301) {FC 381}.
Objective time is the constitutive “relevancy”-principle of reality in gen-
eral (302) {FC 382}. “Not differently from phenomenal time, objective time
too has an horizonal structure” (305) {FC 385}. [What could an objective ho-
rizon be?] (Husserl, Erfahrung, § 38). We can “in principle” reopen the linked
retentions and rejoin by a continuous series a past and our present “however
empty and obscure the time-interval . . . might appear at the outset . . . . we
concatenate any segment of our past with any other segment and also with
the actual present” (305) {FC 385–386}. Due to “the possibility of such
concatenation,” there is a history of my life. [What does in principle signify?
186
Of what possibility is it a question? It is saying too much and too little; too
much: this continuity is never realizable, that is not only a de facto impossi-
bility, it is impossibility de jure, the present itself is lacunary, transcendent;
too little: the possibility in question is grounded on structure, hinges and set-
ting of my life. The horizons (and perspectivism) are not herds of individual
possibles. Time is an effective system, and not a source of Zeitpunkte simul-
taneously individual and pure noemas – Flaw of eidetic analysis.]
Gurwitsch the intersubjectivity of memory: someone recounting his or her
life, objective time where mine is already inserted receives this story, grows
larger and in consequence the space of our life grows larger in order to con-
tain the Umwelten of others even if they are located in “places” that we have
never seen. For Husserl, there is no spatial relation between objects except
when they coexist in objective time (Husserl, Erfahrung und Urteil, 182–
183).52 Thus through the objectification of time we have a single spatio-tem-
poral “order of existence:” the Lebenswelt (306) {FC 387}. [1) Is objective
space derived from objective time? Can there be temporality without spatiality?
Retention without a Ürstiftung of something that is spatial? 2) Is there good
reason to constitute the Lebenswelt as product of anterior layers (subjective
time-objective time-objective space Lebenswelt)? Or else are analysis and
reflection only means of distancing [d’écarter] (subjective time, objective time,
etc., in turn) to see how all that holds together? In this case Lebenswelt is not
constituted. No relations of eidetic priority – reflexive between the layers, or
between the “subjective” and the “objective:” there are rays of everything at
once in Presence.]
Objective time = die erste und Grundform, die Form aller Formen,53 the
presupposition of all unifying relations = all the Erscheinungen are Zeit
gebende, und zwar so, daß alle gegebenen Zeiten sich in eine Zeit einfügen
(307)54 (Erfahrung und Urteil, 191) [= are cut out in time.] H. declares that
objective time is die Form jeder möglichen Welt objektiver Erfahrung (ibid).55
What does he know of it? It is not because eidetic intuition gives time as in-
variance of the world and of experience that we can universalize in the name
of essences. That would be a simple nominal definition: I call world a whole
structured according to time. If we want more than nominal definition and
Wortbedeutung, we must add it, it is essential: “now, the world of fact of which
(9) I formulate the invariants is also model of Being because every being is
accessible to me only by my Erfahrung and it is operant in my experiential
contact with it.” This world as Being, the experience and the In der Welt Sein
as foundation of the idealization “world,” is the Lebenswelt, which thus is not
constituted, which is the source of the eidos world. The question: does phe-
nomenology entail the reversal from what is primary for us (Lebenswelt) to
what is primary in itself (in the essences, namely: the constitution of the sense
“world”)? This would be the very negation of phenomenology. There is no
sense in constituting the Lebenswelt: this is to destroy it.
187
Orders of autonomous existence:
For example, the imaginary and the real: “Excluded from reality are the prod-
ucts of imagination”56 (A. Gurwitsch, 307) {FC 388}: They are “quasi-world”
and “quasi-time” [first of all, why this imitation of the real by the imaginary
if it is autonomous? Then: are the boundaries of the real and the oneiric sharply
defined, or are they “in tatters”?57 Is the time of history and of myth “real” or
“imaginary”? The time of others?]. For Gurwitsch the eidê, being obtained
by free imaginative variation, are excluded from reality; they form systems
independent of reality and each other: “system of colors, of musical notes, the
number system, any system of geometry, or any multiplicity . . . in the math-
ematical sense” (310) {FC 390–391}: these are autonomous “worlds” which,
unlike imaginary ones, are “atemporal” problems of ideation. [The “system
of sounds” with its fixed dimensions (like the system of universal grammar
of which Husserl speaks in the LU)58 is in reality a cultural product (proof:
generalization of music – non-western music – there is no autonomy and
atemporality of the eidôn – there is another temporality. What philosophy must
recapture is not an eidetico-reflexive system, it is the cradle of every system:
the amorphous sound, containing all the possibilities of Bildung, existential
eternity, the active wesen, not as a destiny or a limit to our initiatives, but on
the contrary as an ens realissimum, the sound of Offenheit, gathering into it-
self the Unendlichkeit of Cartesian being.]
Existence, says Gurwitsch, does not confuse itself with contextual relations
which are not the noema, but only the “noematic characters” [correlation
between essentialism of the noema and conception of the existent as absolute
individual. Being is not a predicate: Kant]. Nevertheless: Existenz eines
Realen hat . . . nie und nimmer einen anderen Sinn als Inexistenz, als Sein
im Universum, im offenen Horizont der Raum-zeitlichkeit59 (323)60 “The world-
phenomenon is an extension of the theme-thematic field-structure in the form
this structure has in sense-perception” (Gurwitsch 324) {FC 406}61 [Yes and
No. Certainly not if the thematic field and the theme are conceived as noemas,
the implicit as the compressed actuality, the orders of existence as eidetic
systems. But in Husserl there is the Ineinander, the generalized Einfühlung,
the psychic as “other side” of the body.]
Gurwitsch cites Goldstein62 and his idea of biological existence as not be-
longing to anything that one can produce or observe in the body, – as an ex-
ample of orders of autonomous existence, of closed eidetic and noematic
systems. This is a bad (10) way to understand it: on the contrary, Goldstein
here gives the example of what the Quersein could be, the transversal being of
totality, its spectacle-being, its transcendence, its pivot being or Zwischensein,
not frontal, not of figure, but of field (325) {FC 407–408}. [The critique of
the organism by Ruyer63 is misunderstanding of this inter-being, interworld
being, inverse being. The access to what in this sense belongs to Sein des
188
Organismus (326, cited in Goldstein 244),64 it is also access to a method of
“models” of “symbols” (Gurwitsch, 326) {FC 408}, that Gurwitsch has only
the fault of confusing with the order of the eidôn. The method of models or of
systems makes explicit a Relevanz [the models are fixed configurations but
not “killed”: the model serves to note the divergences and is not positive in-
duction – Cf. physical theory]. [Stupid operationalism closes the model on
itself. To understand science as thought by divergence, negative thought]. To
reflect on the Relevanz, the “pertinence” = not belonging to the eidos but
belonging to a style, implication in a vortex, reference to a “level.”
Absurdity of the eidetic-thematic-reflexive method: a real is linked to space-
time, a proposition, no [there is a latent content of propositions, – where one
must not project all that absolute spirit would think of it, – but even so which
situates it in the history of culture]. Take account however of the meta-
historicity which sedimentation introduces. Gurwitsch: in spite of the diver-
sity of ontologies, there is all the same “unity by analogy” between them, cf.
Aristotle (Tricot, Aristotle Metaphysics, 1048).65 For Aristotle the principle
of analogy is substance, and all the other senses of being are derived: essence
and accident, truth and falsity, in potentiality and in entelechy. Gurwitsch does
not support this, but there is for him a problem of (on hê on); all the same,
it is necessary to distinguish the organic fact and the idea of the organism,
intramundane existence or entity and the world. Physics in the living is to the
entity what the organism is to being. Predications concerning designation are
the Existenzialprädikationen (Husserl, Erfahrung und Urteil, § 74) by oppo-
sition to the Wirklichkeitsprädikationen. And this genre of predications inter-
venes not only in the “real” world, but also in the imaginary quasi-world. Inside
of a fiction, a new play, there are “crossed-out,” unfulfilled anticipations.66 In
the real, the crossed-out does not become imaginary, but other possible real
therefore existence on nonexistence [is different] from reality on fiction. [And
the imaginary is not in a simple relation with the “real.”] When we have to
create real objects, we do not confront them with the concept of reality
(Husserl, Erfahrung und Urteil, § 74a). Similarly when we live in the imagi-
nary, imaginary objects are not given as such. Imaginary and real are phenom-
enally present only as coming and going. Without this, the existential indices
of the real and of the imaginary remain “implicit,” “mute” (330) {FC 413}.
[Hence]67 generalized ontology where real and imaginary are two provinces
and not in a relation of positive and negative, of what is and of what is “only
thought” – (11) Ontology of the Vorsein. In this ontology, it is the “play” which
informs us about the “world” and not necessarily the “world” which informs
us about the “play” as its “copy.” Like the play, the “world” is the invisible
on visible stage uprights. Simply put, in the world, signification descends all
the way into the visible, there is a principle of incarnation (significations sus-
ceptible to incarnation are of unlimited number) and the incarnation appears
total. The play on the other hand bares the existentials (that the world, in prin-
189
ciple, tends to ignore) and reveals that the “negative” is still a part of the
“world” – according to this it shows us, in the transparency of the quasi, the
very structure of the world. And philosophy is the reconquest of the world as
oneirism. The power of “irrealizing” oneself in the imaginary supposes at least
that one can live in the symbolic (which is not non-being). Speak not of an
ambivalence of the real and the imaginary: understand (true ambiguity) that
they are both cut from the same cloth: the cloth of Vorsein, of being that is
mute, syncretic, egocentric, prereflexive.
Gurwitsch: lived temporality is “inarticulated”68 [but for him this means:
reference to a canonical thetic consciousness, – and not impossibility of the
synthesis of time]. There are other inarticulated spheres: the body [that
Gurwitsch describes as consciousness of body, without warning us that it is
not a question of consciousness of facts but of a general consciousness by
divergence]. From there, Gurwitsch constitutes the apperception of myself as
existing in the world. Our consciousness of the world is intertwined with that
of the body which, itself, is in the world and stirs up acts of consciousness in
objective time and objective space and integrates them there. The nature of
consciousness “is not at all affected by this participation”69 “Bewußtsein, in
‘Reinheit’ betrachtet, (hat) als ein für sich geschlossener Seinzusammenhang
zu gelten . . . als ein Zusammenhang absoluten Seins, in den nichts hinein-
dringen, und aus dem nichts entschlüpfen kann” (Husserl, Ideen, §49, p. 93).70
[This autopositing, insertion into objective time by objectivating appercep-
tion, this subsumption of the (constituting) consciousness under itself, this
absolutely incomprehensible objectivation by it. It is instead a question as in
Ideen II,71 of an undivided coexistence of all, of an inherence to being.]
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
Notes