the review of metaphysics a philosophical quarterly DECEMBER 1080 | VOL. XXXIV, No. 2 | ISSUE No. 134 $5.00 DOUGLAS SCHRADER The Folatanary Delp of See Ivor ecuene The Ontaogy of Decres, Dick HOWARD Kents Pcl Thy: Th Vi MARVEY C. MANSFIELD, JR. Merc o Arista: Fedo, M slp etc cts THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF AESTHETICS ‘THE JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH SOCIETY OF AESTHETICS. seas amy arora ‘nheran ther anita geers ee yon oe ie ociavua pope tray fa ons onae ‘urn pros £1500 UK E2.00, US 3400) p ‘Sig une u(x 400, 0881002) Oxford University Press Journals Press Road, Neasden, London NWI000D broek Pesca gaaeua The Phenomenology of Gurwitsc}The British Society of Phenomenology 1981 ocr EE Fe ecu am Teen thamernmecmnerenae fxecutvecommivee Fic ire rr et ts Ses ane Reece garners ee, a, eRe Conependetor France Woon ah tener Conarpndet regan rescore mien Corespondet tor Germany Coveondet tr Ameren Perit eas xs Conetondant ter aus Estrin Boa (SES eta peters ec cant RSA Re Si thea sgt eh, © Thre Ser ranonensony Pubshedytlgh& ocd es oe) isin echo Egan Pity Madngton ane Sane inert, Toso, ance TB LP Step 3 Contents = Bio : ew ‘bogashy: Some RcenGarntach rice Articles ‘Guise Cate Agate Pr Eup, yatta Siegen unten Arsenio, Mourie Nanson Pager na Curiae. ty Osborne a ‘SFPD mney leastons abarscton by Gibon Yall ander A Simons Discussion urn Paget ond estat Theos. by oe Nas Book Reviews Gumtac: Human Encarta Sot Wo by aera Seabee ‘on Gurisch Let. Pepi es FagorTHE BRITISH JOURNAL OF AESTHETICS ‘THE JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH SOCIETY OF AESTHETICS Single sues 50 (Uk C408 U0 cb Oxford University Press Journals Press Road, Neasden, London NW10000 Contemporary Studies in Philosophy id the Human Sciences ‘Associ tars Hugh) Siverman: Oot Kal Ni Gone, on ere Oe Instn pra hesafe rh Soci or Penny N12 2. M81 Preface: “Gurwitschean Phenomenologizing””* ‘The sove teas been chosen in the hope thatthe exes of pronouncing song wih ls argraph ef comment mig ina ‘Sota ofthe edo Conte Phenomena whch wel ‘Semple in Gavia’ thought and inthe coment of se Dot stitailscememarpinal fran xo number fsodsan'paenon: Enologts who at, sler decades, pistol devoted to anesome stctrne or stbewsae preoccupied wih tracing Pocnoenolgy ino he Engharapeating. word, where We ataly most ane ‘Garwitsch waran ssc, but no means ash one. From he ‘utc okedabo caewhrefor sprain ac aubmited ony fe Sty ofthe mans emsten Resvng he oul foes riven he smd ~~in hs own mors adance he probs Sn js ate thus ban with examine, and hen owe pena inp toimprove opr the hou of Huser he Goa Scher, ‘Hbeger Carer ccs the wings below ome fiends and Soden sndsomc of hi nds and tees ht ter know 0 The to im i sume spt: He mould bave ben pled fo er Phonomenol ging tis se going co ‘uring he cine a eatin North Ameria, Garth scr 0 have been ead ar mos an merous of Huai han os « eave oninerand, heater respect, merely fcuedon the robes of perception and thoi Comal wiih har some bs inte tooks pubbabed daring his et amc Te FeldofComumens Psu, Baguesne Unser Fes, 196 snd Suds In Phonomenolny and Prciolgy (Evanston, Nonhweterm Uatversty Press 16 Tors GurwigeRDiblogphy dough 973, ee LfeWord ond Conc sy Essays fortron Gurmtach (ed Lester Embre, Evanson Il. Nerinwestrs Gntry Bree 199), Bos Huser studs hae ro: freed and ponhumous works cf Gurmisch hve appeared, tht Excoumtred fale dy sun have ade comedy What ncn san erga devcioped Comte Phenomenology enor fing acta fe, the Hanan Sdenecy, immed snd once ISS Faesen terol of etn. Somehave een spent he Newt "Garwiech, but soy revel iat he unos apres some problematic wee at a im hema om tert a ‘RurwMaricacw our hemanton sky that more of Garwinehwill be seen in coming yeas. (A list of eecent writings ono ignicanty ising Gurwitech's thovpht is appended t0 ths Pelace- Copses of {Gurwisch’s Nachlass may be consulted by qualified scholar inthe ‘Genter for Advanced Research in Phenomenology at Southern Meth ‘dst University, inthe Silverman Phenomenology Cester at Duguesre {University and inthe Soviawissenschattches Archiv tthe Universtat Konstan) “The presents ofthe Joural of he Bish Soci for Phenomon ‘logy sie fom an inguiy after a place to publish the papers from the ‘Sexblon on Gurwitsch in elation fo Meriau Ponty of the colegta Phaenomenologicum held in Perugia during 197%, 1 thank Jacques Taminiax, Director of the Collegium that summer, for his help i stranging that "Gurwitich Day Lthank Wolfe Mays for letting 3 Con fern forthe peblestion of tree esas expand tel nto special se. thank Ms. Pep Birmingham fr bibhopraphiceflorts nd. Carol Davi land Her saffin the Duquesne Pilosophy Department fr cereal asi tance. Readers, eto, and authors stall hank Alice Gurwitsh for {the montageon the cover showing her husbandt Brandeis the 0s, at the Graduate Faculty of the New Schoo! inthe “s, atthe time of ‘Wansiton Worm Beri to Pars eu 1933) and whl emeritus (1972) and ‘teompnied by Husserl tp sph), Goldstein (bot Hight), andanate tohimrelf about the Epoon the marpn of Marginal Consciousness. Lester Embree Prasburgh, Oster 1980 “Bape tees anesthe te ences Sy Bictlaedhadherfccbbachicanta sZoswkSACsg ocho graphy: Some Reet Crna Co tr ghey Gt ees Ty: Gn Ft etn ile esa Tory and BerouePomy' Concept of Intentional” Man i heer tems oreo mem FEE rumen nse oe of a, Era ec rtatremioueeen' ee ea ae emer acy eee Sere a a = ae = = ew reece eet 0 asectarian pe fe Fee a ccm teerpnmote, se ee ee en ty, whi. Hee ey ne cman emg Tne Sea ee ane Amy Fr pa mera Be cence erence Anes alee al ie Guat compen Sse nent ree se eh Pt To erin in hm. JegH tencnrnsnnnsPsptan eens Yo Sen mytmenetemtteeaty Qari ‘Nisan. “oui Nam eggs ConceptofCanioaes Reahin dg ener en ape of Spin Sees Ae A i a RRPRCIASE AICS nna tenancy 3 PO mee of Pay a Thay of Sen, Ma ad Wal. V8 {Sin wg temas te Wt A Grin Renkin she fl ry auc Ca siccnn 0 Aon Mpa incl for Benoa at iO he eS Rt ay Ree a esa Th ryJs he Sait for Pesan. Nl 2No.2.May Gurwitsch’s Case against Husserl’s Pure Ego HERBERTSPIEGELDERG 1. The Paradox of Gurl’ Discentfrom Huser The immediate purpose of thisstuy ito discuss ctitally one ofthe ‘major paradoxes in Gurwisch’s elation to Huss: hs salto setept Huss’ conception ofthe pure eg Infact, Gurwisch nat nly refed to follow Hise when he made his epology the soener store of hs transcendental phenomenology; he even took the opposing course by ‘verting toa poston whi Huse Had taken in eppontion to Pal [Natorpin the fst edition of hit Logial Imesguins before eho ‘developed the program of his transcendental phenomenology. How eat {is disent be understood inthe ease of one ofthe mot outspokeh advocates of Huse transceadental and corsttuve phenomerstony, including the phenomenological eduction, who as lle Ti Introduction 1a his Sues n Phenomenology and Paycholoy hd teat Armed is decision aa young student “to devote hse and work tothe continuation nd expanson of Husser!s phenomenology (p. XV) std ‘who had teafimed “the Cartesian and Howeriin principles ovet ‘gaint existentiatsm inal ts varieties" (p, XIX)? However Ihave an even mare serious concern than accounting for this paradon: Huset's ieteasing nistence om the absolute ean of {he pare ego and Guritsh's equalynsistest denial ots perhaps the ‘ost striking case ofa asic disagreement betmeen two leaing phenom ‘nologsts. This could easily spell criss, not Io sy senda fo Phenomenological epistemology. ‘But | am not only interested in phenomenological apologetics. My ultimate objective isto clear the way fora fret phenomenologal exploration ofthe exsting self that can avon hs embossing salem ‘Obviously tissnot yet the pace to pursue beyond ft hat “To.me itis amatter of deep regret that my hopes on ellos for & symposium on Gurwitse'sertuc of Husteas ep and his ov hos pologcal conception of consciousness did not materlze ering hs ifcime. 1am sadly aur tata posthumous snd one sided docu st the subject without Gurwitsch’s Ive prsence cannot do jute to is cease. AU least Alexandre: Métaua’ in hie Oret piper om “Aron ‘Gurwise’s Now-epologsal Conception of Conscoutess™ has pres 104ented the development of Gurwitch’s nos-gologica theory ffom an Theomplee duals toa more rigorous and unitary" detrne much more fly then wasknown btore. Cricaldseasion of Gurwitse’s position {an be found nan excurus of Eduard Morbach's Dar Problem des Tekin ‘dr Phanomenologe Husers» Much as these Mumiating ties have done for an understanding of the genes of Huseis egobgy and ‘Gurwisch’ssnteepolgy, a ful confrontation between these positions hsnot yetbeen undertaken. 2. Gurwisch's Casein te“ Phenomenology of Thematis nde Pure Ego" ln his disertaton sued “Studs About Relations of Gestalt “Theory and Phenomenology” Gurwtsch sated his postion wit regard torHosser's pure ego several ies expt. The fst eceuring sm a ‘accion emited "Actus! and Inactual Consciousness ~The Cogito" reads pancibatonelapurecge nucle ype span sorbate tape woot Eee oemnn eomemeion tries A similar statement ofthis position ocuts atthe endof Chapter 3, “On the Thematic Modications and Attention”: “The phenomeno logically faithful desrption fo attentional modifications] does not finda pareegowhichivesin the eopitations(p. 366; Studies p25). “The lost chapter, ended “Outlines of a Phenomenology of the Pate Ego”, contains the following formulation ‘ete ones ay bess oun STE In view of Gurwiteh’s uncompromising opposition to Huser’ lfimationol the pare egoin the Ida, there an} ay toecone thet ‘ews, for stance as relering to ifrent phenomena? Honestly 1 do hotace it Clearly Gurwitsh gd not ean tocontess merely hs personal Inabty to ind Hussed's pue eg. He imped that mas objectively 10simpossible for every ral phenomenolgit wo find it, because there seat such thing Ts thee at least a chance to understand the negative result of “Gurvisch's seach compared with Hossrl' pretended sues? Cor zinly one hae a consider the contest for Gurwisehs aur. Hsprimary ‘jective inthis investigation, sucessful and convincing at ha, Waste Steady of thematic consciousness and especially of the srutre of the {hema eld inthe ne light a gestalt psjehoogy.Thisoientatio also ‘dominates his phenomenological studies "A complete understanding and ctical appraisal ofthe reasons for GGurwiseh's critica of Huset's wes woul gute a point by post ommentary on isarguments, Shor oft, thee way of subi for iti be to focus on Gurwitsch's "Summary ofthe “Analyses of the ‘Attentional Modifications "atthe end of histhied analongest chapter on ‘othe Attentional Modification and Attention” (19). n which Renter pets attenion s.asvies of moifeaons ofthe themaic consciousness "Assording tothe traiinal view of sttention shred by ser and Pinder it leaves ts lrg i self unchabged whe Muminting By | "tum various areas of Thi traveling beam ioerpeted an poream ssuing tom ape go, Now Gute pues that is aly SB based on pestle theory hive proved that Huwers underyng ‘sumption incorrect and thal te atennal modibeatons change the ‘ery object of attention (nova nis very srt. Consoquet there ‘Eno pase fora merely duminting function of atention asin rom a ee. ‘But even if sch an analysis shoud deprive Hussrt's nd Pinder's eseription of attention of ts foundation, wuld this ivabidate the phe ‘mena consciousness tention aa elective ut roma phenomenally {ven eld? However mistaken hs iew may be sto the acta achieve ‘tent of attention, this atleast how we enperience the phenomenon of ation and esc ofthe role ofthe ego in cesing However granting Gurwitsch spew interpretation of the attention ‘modieations of the thematie conscounnes a not depend om special [cts tention, does his prove thatthe much more dresticachevemenis ‘of thematic eonssousaess as described by Gurwisch are not related to suena gg sou ee enn rong for some point of rg for these modibeatlons athe organiing abject? {Garwitch' negative nmower need not be the lest Word O0 This Open avestion 3. Gurwinch’s Non gological Conception of Consciousness and Sane's Transcendence of the Eo. ‘Gurwitsh’s second aril in English published in 194 in the fst volume of Philosophy and Phonomenologiea Research (9p. 32538) ‘cated he tile A Non ological Conception of Consciousness” While 106,—_— te adjective “now-esplogial” appears here forthe fist ime, perhaps in tallest sorts stearon bi ology in the Caresian Medatons espe Gurwtsch formelsted his non-egolopis conception ef con Shosencseven more explicit a 960 in the Introduction to his Sadis lt Phenomenology itso propositions a licaemrne eater ea “The artis begins wih report ebut Huse wo concep tons eee rm ss elt othe Logie Invests othe GinslanMctaion,. Tass flowed bya cones acount of ares Sze 88 the Recherches phowphiquton “Te Teaseendenee aie Gaps A Shech of Presomenshel Desesion"y in which Grins ids “complete vndationof Huser position tbe fist GG tthe Log esigaon,alough eventually hs own 200- SE te fom Surucs hoses i the tarscenden eg anew Ri Consued by yehscon: Nevertheless Guru's semua of Sore ce against Hse worth emining for is own ke, 48 {Kipued fom Sues orn shh {ane Gscosed sy apoter invest paragraph of his account Gurvitch restates Sates com tenon the fe pear amscniental eo cnt be ound. an ‘Shum acs ae coped as they are experienc unless one adopts the Toto ofseiscon with epadtothem or stance neang Book Acar orf oeof etoroy earns fot aig Fsinanynay elated oan gor='The podid not apes tall. NOego ‘ieee tettinany mode eames hater Noe Gears ary TWkene tothe expurencng sjestegn. Alcs are persona om the standpoint of Huset's facar my gue i response (0 Sarr argument adopted by Curwisch woul be: Granting tht ia Sur everyday vg sgt shed (gered) theego ister presen skis conpltesesouné of the phenomenal sition? Bossi tation 0 very ay Thema conscousessprecioe the uns prsene ine bacground or arial eld of omsonusess, Sopeebistowhat piven ante horizon of our consiousen? More speuzay What ely going om when we sre completly abba *Biltscinted by our tang? What exacycabnopion Eset the ite tht the eg ey no means sen bat rater taspond ro te {oul locaton tothe objective word tothe extent tat tives in ad Misa with and sect Ths Becomes even cerer when tn emufcacon sunsecessfa when me are =p pusedor repelled bythe text and canot understand Doss this ow thatthe ego 07present even in our most outgoing occupations? fll answer to such {fuestons woul of course equie&full edged phenorsenology of el ttunspostl Tithe next paragraph Gurwitsch, again reporting Sate, stats that “ahere ino place forthe pure o wanscendetal ep, sine there nO function left hich it might sesame" Inthe eusontary way of thinking te function impute for the go was to constate nity smong th Scattered mental facts. But ater showing that ths function hasbeen taken over by the intentional as Sarte and Gurwitch conchae tt “the hypothesis ofthe transcendental epotomsout to be que sles sho ti arument wold ded ke goo se he were nothingbuta hypothesis Useless hypotheses havenopacsin scence and ven Fess In Scene phenorenotgy. Bat what the eB0 8 phen= ‘omenoa tat can be inspected as Huse assets? What hs usefulness ‘or uselessnes to do with pretended presence in World im which cording to Sate, thete fs anghow too much that "de top", begin ring wih Being enol Ansbow. it woeld not be to hard to show oer possible and actual uses ofthe ego, forinstance neh context 4. The Puzzle Abou Gurwiuch's Apparent Silence on Huser Case forthe Pare Ego Certainly Guritschhassatadhis own evidence forthe nn cBo}g- Buti Hegel has succumbed t0 the optimism of wih he stands sscused, there a certain inevitability inthe ertage of formations of ‘ie problem of Others — inthe lrzst sense the problem of socaity — which Hepel has established: ether pluaism is monim Geeused, lapsed or concealed or ee pluralism i historical dct In ine, wha Hegel has bequeath wo stn the sharpest and mos sig tern the ‘2 of al philosophical ossrosds eter one starts wth the Whole and So accounts for its parts or one can account for othiag: ether one stats ‘withthe soil and so iuminates is eements or soca romain ele. ‘ally fogitivesether the "Ti part ofthe "we or the Other fred to ‘phantom, That the Hegelof this secount ea one-sided even distorted porta ofthe philosopher snot apresing concer, The soe shot what Hegel thought or aught bt rather what various form, hs bequct ususisor hasbeen ten tobe. Kierhegaar’s Hegel, Marns Hegel orcvea the Hegel ofthe early Dewey an George H. Mead urea safc insofar as they uncover or restive the ining of Hepes tought Forte Moment, thea, lam suggesting tat at emesps from Hegel's ew of realty that reality so tht the human elements the sca preset themeties othe piloopher i the fora of one vast quest {Gan the indus generate he socal, ors kot the ese tate ney conception ofthe inividual already pesupposes the socal? this pot ne but several questions, itmust be aid atthe one vas question ‘tic {refered appears in Heelan terms tobe shout et The I Wtorases the question about the satus ol the" aleady nthe wo Skdging ruck nd questions barraged with ne conics andbeteyol 4 socal world supposedly founded on sorte sort of errant sand Tefactor love. Wenced nol be reminded Hobbes From the phenomenological perspective understood the broadest ‘usserlan terns, the socials beth a termina a quo a's feast (quem, Aca staring” point or inguin. the soci the world ales there” the habitat of the individual with Others; a the end or sit inguiys the social the philosophical domain of puzsement soot te Sct of intrsabjectivt.I'the ordinary social worldin whch ve ‘ur daly ves taken for granted by the human beings who inhabits the essentially unproblematic background spans which specie rok lems of any kin emerge, the plosoper, in Hegean aon “vcs ‘he world in such away that what hs Been termed the “background” which harbors he “esscatally unproblematic” become self pris for investigation, inded, a central ieee for inguity But the phenome nologst ia philosopher with a diference: Hosea inguiy takes he ‘oti ofa “sating™ pont fr both ation and rection as itera problematic for all fundameatatphlosopbicl work: The "allerence™ Fretween the tradition of German idealism and Hesetan phenome: nology i ultimately that the entre sto eputes between pinoy teal ‘realism and wdeaism canot resolve the guerton which commoners indivduasrase about the eal any moc than they can sats teconen ingpilosopherswhocarty onthe Jebate. The reason forthe descock ih ‘phenomenological terms, s that commonsense wary shout exchanging ‘what ean contol for fancy but untried alternative: philwopher athe Sametime, seem to want ether to anchor common see by Pubs t ‘orto page is aveté witha rancendental-spectic™ The pheno logical ask i 1 reconstruct both the candor othe onary sed te sophistication of asia election. Some Swit suggestions follow fs thse intoductory but necessary rematks for understanding they ie which Aron Gurwitsch has approached he natute ofthe sah. Athos Thal Keep in mind the ene range of penomennogical work done fe lm, Usha concentate for present purposes on Gurwiocrs heey Encounsersn te Social Word 16Areas atoning ofmyinmediatnere sinebeln ta gute ea antec heer ‘Sisal Easiness So Word eel sien he ce rsnontl eens poet "Saperfoun ofthat work tscomernnce aad dearest he 1 Earl ep eS ia Gare a ee tretis anny tees oan i Carchot eee eet) imicarauniyofnenionsc he ncesreay cee iii henry fe monte au hur Couey Secln, Sanedt ol Manet ven eno ooh hc tntsicr honor usc tapnne Hatching ews S's er na png ne sis Gur cme inant Tee heehee ml ie oftunan Exner Worry beeen Fp arene ie tne ti mewn sins tay whiney mee ere pinion sprecnicrafhn nto here Slncepn Isis a esr peers asso a fale Curinsrscuch nets cared Se tate SS acme ssn or tsoean an eS Carer Gama ha panel ncenione sich stort Sigrcpc owl wel snd ancy nea ent ak Intl, en te en oy ll ot co Ronlghetciges eet ‘Human Encouics ote Socal World onains a csi diine- sondencenetsind ofaprosaorensneain geet bute ison tr our mnt mera oecal nceocra te tate dation ke math ephedra sae scapateputniyea ctor ante arto nea Scene mater Sain Gotah se sty farprseA ston ans whet have rsa sean se ‘ecm tie Crs aca Ta ae {ootton fom Gurion tae a el. Hees oC og atest ere oe cere Eres ant corsa ahoasey pore =e pee eres Seabees tact erent ase hit See nre coma’ Gan iuerm se Tenstarbataise nls riott eerememgeea ge Seto aieeaihaeeene Bi Raeaaeraseercsaemecerei Se ean tac, 7SBIR gato ate Seca eam ar greta ‘Tobe ne papas cpl’ ner awesome ‘cae hte dan U's me. pn Soe Tir chaihoiae aa eh aheaaiennt are We ae pore ose the “eee” whch Hieron phenomenology mals pny ppc and arate ae Exam aires Goats eta nay wae competes pal ep oy ton wa seee imitof socal can canematincs ThepoosesseeT Salen of Oxcans absent Dont end ane ask ‘carat inte saad ee senna ae Phisopiers =i poems ae tee Prov eeprcsca empl sates ofa, So mpi ek Fenton supenenon “en on ges 8 Gliea ta Shum toa conchae haat ste cee a es San be puply “nga in plc week ee Fore man be nlaraedge cotta ie a Sone ern fe pes heist anne nee ee tral emetic com ae rs ‘tite: y pension matey ow el nendeerson ee theres The end ges of Gane charge a ee iced dors deus emerson Te pemenoes Ise wih te parca fh fone wi we es Covered oes et pay ibe hg ee fatont bt moc fanoneny na eavtene ara tes Ee Snr moi! dialer hes saat Stealer mgenrl emits “Typing a act rind ec pan of each taj mote fom bhutan cn ir ope eaiteibe emer Inretogchogh Aled Scat hel sina sew, tough ke sinter Carter Sansa Gene ae "ate we te ee st amare fom cat SESESE spel Stee a What. then, does the proper movement, {rom ‘below to “on high’ require? With tis question we come tothe spine of Gurwacs 18concpion of phenomenology There are several ways of expining hs Stn by aetang an xpontion os slglnce and departre fom the ll resi of Homee?s wansendenal pcromenolgy, Eeiminng Guise interne voivencnt inthe concrete Spies oF Gas pryobgy the work of Gelb and Golstcn, his esearch In {fpcatimaeratcaljobicms, i Gallean phys and the history of ‘Recess meres inthe imetigations of Paget, and in sl ther Sater. But tus hod fast ose scene a proceed ong a {fret cous et ws turn tothe method which Curesch empiys im Human Encounters noe Socal Worl. be ages of hat work has he nove rom “bea om high a he hook phenomendlgis ina {Sipe more specie thn would be demanded 6 an sutor® genes Fivlosphial remain or etiok Is Hamar Ecouners en example Uf phenomenological werk, erst sbout he problems of phenomen= ingeal mor Even te ater should be thats abour, the dc Sinattheabourphenomensogical? Above sl the ilerencebrwecn elon" nd“ high cated in'8 aincinely penomerological | propose some dee answers to these questions, ts not ica miss the phenomenolgieal point fone attends solely to the various thinkers whom Gurwitech consider nthe book (Cassie, Viekandt, ‘Tonnes, Lowith, Weber, among ether) of to the spect problems ddresed: inference by analogy, the Other, utensils situation, rae, sorely, and soo, The thinkers are important, the problems are important, and what Gurwisch has o say about both fs valuable, More ‘aluble sill however, the pot of dongall ths: examining he eas {ofthese thinkers and these problems. I sonsidee that pont toe the ‘Sscrimnaion ofthe esenilcifrence of philosophical levels which peta tothe pilosphicl work af such hikers Caster, Scheler, lind Heidegger The pornt at which cach of ese piksepers picks uphs problem and proceed with te sxamintion fo inte smportance to ‘Garwitsh for tishis mason in Homan Encounters-—soTbclieve —t0 sleplay the varios phcsophical strata n terms of which the problems of Soctaty ean be pursued Proceeding frm "om high may lead To dias troasresute in certain instances, ut betwen the “below” the "om high resides vast realm which requires clrteation. A second sense of ‘on high” becomes apaent, frit ennot be said that Case, Sele, and Heidegger al ond in he same fashion proceed plosopbicaly Irom “omg ather,Gunwitichshows trough ana not trough methodological attack — that Heidegger's analysis of Daseln can be brought into more specified view by considering some protiens of Gestalt theory, neurological pathology that his desertion of tens may be enriched in unsuspected waye y introducing into the analyte of the uns the ndings of some ofthe eminent investigators concerned ‘win brainnjared patents; that Daten, tel andstuation may abe 19 eee — ee ee Aereapproached by way of the concept of “horizon”, The lesson to be learned eres ot thatenichment aes place wherever more and more Philoophers or disciplines are inrodueed, but that to stk withthe {Example of Heidegger the analy ol Dasein nd ie mip tvcive ‘ments constitutes evel of phlosephial exploration which, phenom nolopicaly speaking, fourded on mote primal achievements of Co Sloues sd that he ite legitimate andvauabledeseripsons teed ‘St such notion as lens and station already presupone tention lity of eonscouses. Taken ss "hospi sathvopology the da Eripoons which Heidegger presents of wees and sitatton ae clement ‘ofa language which may be sorrety spoken but whose syns reins ‘examined. For Gurwitsh, philosophical snthropology (to whch existentialism maybe aed) snot self'susaining. The problem not that ts tsulsare ‘thou valor even that they ae ephemeral i hat thei source wi Wither by beng apt off nt sperati, each of which pychologt Sally infected. However enticing the products of piosopical an ology maybe, Gurwitch warn, to Bevome entranced withthe atthe {Exper of fendamental philosophy = the philosophy wk makes ‘Phlosopbical anthropology ponsble — is to endanger the practice st Dhilosephy In an essay wetenn the Iter part of hs carer, Gurmisah Says Sots eumatactecrs neon ietan acento Cie ee Phenamenlog arch anne tombe” Tat ston ent ca nha spre hort Sa a pe a ae Sty" vance ane genta ahy ste ei wht tritclondnonsehcaie trate ates eal at ‘toe Sonu este deaghebh hepa Scpeenldisendare uppers enprbeente: eases ‘lication ofthe silanes and diflerences between the potion the tment nem asin Roser semaines Wie the tamer ucston wa mero ea atc Dhl etn of pte han bra unto ang eee chrnion ine he sverand te panned oe whe ‘Seay men tc pen Cpa a aot yee Sci Fic i ts Sen eee mec eta top ele la aver we Foe ‘lls Hm Satie uenon cape sete ep may Be labeled an “epistemological” question, one toe resolved by 0iouphers, The orhopedissurgon sequel by virwe of hisprofs= careigencadabrokenbone:hets not, bysitucofkncling responsible ‘Breuiminng he stato tha bone sea tca™ object veal wood ‘Shhough tere ave significant sferenesDetween he exams, may eee thatthe sealgst, ike the surgeon, i ot professionally ected sul the philosophers responses Iemay Be that the tafnicatafrenexbetucen my examplescalfora fllsealeives- fon in cs hink they do On isons however am going Get dnctet of tions in favor nother et rn then, tothe Sasof reat as aed rom below" “The raat of Huser’ phenomenology snot only nits turn to hedge of mentionaltybutaso nis ascsment ofthe sical role ‘epicmelogy a the hey to soy comprehensive pilsopy of human Skoetence oine ways_—and we se sapects of ose weet work n Glovischsthoogit-- phenomenology nat east oes aeriquect Sista epistemology Perhaps One ofthe pont of conc between nerall congenial pliouopheaneighors-~ phenomenology andNeo Extdan Syston Fluserls movement beyond the Baie ite of ‘Shine pation of Hermann Cohen” "Reaiy™ approached “trom Bowie primordial domain in bih pre-pesiative elements af hotwilter be ensnuntered se conmaed experienc ate o be found ay" approoced om below nthes nar aude” upended ts unre Punsaingy anatomaed and cay” approached “tom ‘Slows no longer the snp “cognitive” realm which epstemolopss Ive wanglover lovingly dpataoasybutrthers es, clumps omettings whine presentatne sspest cls for 8 new phiosopical ‘ngon fis subtctysnot ob obsered by th atonal ange of ‘jcc and cbs: primary an secondary chretersts, andthe con. ent banter of tat igcethcentry ane ear mh struck a deal ‘Shoe and oll swou scm, between pstsophy and frat “Tiequesion "tome" ain he ncn op ote condons which make experience posible ut the cst which the ques thon ast Gurh's ormoltion in Human Encounters aso paral the queston becomes Felis of soc kind re posible? Poblcmatc n'a dative form The ave ent "le tea” preven vat dows ts tealty consist Of” bu stead How i posible that reais of thi Kind presen themselvern ue experince ads the Ingest sone form "esl"? The epistemological question, tion. Lips concen the owed of eal the phenomenalogeal questi Soncerm the poi ofthe res r sr Troe waned mance ean of eb {o'saiisonlepntemologea ng cxpecly evident inthe sil ‘Gmc. Te “jet i'you" ad sade andes" The ity Si'pronouns becomes the promine of new way of formulating whet mateaiton simply cals “reality”. The way of philosophical questioning Which asks "Flow sponsible that. Is as datintne of phenomets ‘logy a the formulation "What dos iimean tsa. ischuacersic fof ess Continental voices. The ditlerence betwen the wo lormlations teaays an al divergence inthe very Placement of philoopty snd fommon sense. Resonant wilh Gunwitts assesment Of the tater Schut’s viewing ofa aiferen but enentally continuo pilosophieat ‘Scene Shute whites: “Wilh ver ew exceptions, wlgar pragma dock ot consider the problems the constitution ofconscod fe avared "he notion of an go agen or homo abe from Which 2 genes mos ofthe waters start. For the most part, pragmatism hereto, Jatt ‘common-sense description ofthe atiade of man within the wold of ‘working in daly ie, but at piosophy investigating the presppost ‘ons of sucha sation" ‘Vlg pragmatism’ has itssrength: Schutz no means driest mean ty or ssi proponent: Noy sya adie of Jame, Dovey, and Mead is he uying to sideswipe what they std for 106 recess) to understand sample but Obra fs that we tare 9 common word and at efetvey win tcstins eter subse, ton nor anexpleaton othe phiowphial comprehension te pitt veryday life Ait tbe asked" Whichcomes isi comon ene the Blilosphical understanding of", we mut answer” Batis in ine ‘ay se their mother wt, but not sve hh to thet own motets. Ths problem of primacy at se in pheaomencogyfenor one of chnowaly bat inthe language of Gurwiteh, one of-actse= The word sera > Gurwitchsthoup, though we esnnot analyte Ustascoy forthe ‘moment, that aces fo reality tot posed In clase epee logic trms, metal places sin he arena of dees wih aye sntered on intrsbjectity. For fe are teense tm pursing & ‘Phenomenalgy of presuppositions, we come wo the quction “How eit Fosiblethatreaitysintrbject, thn thi wero aso $Ethe universal ectievement ofthe human realy" Andit ats pmt {hat we may begin oaimpse the Guach rath tat the formule tion: “Does the social costiute the Tada Othe other Way round?" none whih rests on the socllcrof casa epistemology ae Imctphyss So lng aston pomerlsuldrasapon he formation ‘ofthe question, they contol he philosophical mansern which the ss posed Let me say that as ones the problem of nero of Others is pecited in terms the enero of ssl ua at ‘only wlth problem remain ureolved (scandal plsopy but far morse, bth the pcnpher andthe sx sscauhwilltse that thetcis wich remains tobe resedorehe what there wastote resales Inthe fst plow. The srowd may ink thatthe decorate sets deserves or doesnot dsc the ma for ht atone ute ‘chan been in bt, So te eptemologat ayo ay noha Sokal m2tis protien; there sno gumsaying he fact, however that ety has ebiSttackedsTisone ofthe sehisement of Garuitch in urea ‘Sento to sho tate rubiof wealy” and "epemoloy" feSome rms of pitsphicl excision uns» phemomendigy of tee wu J imovencn fom bet is ade pose The ‘Sie inthe naromer seme sto the Othrnalargerseme however ecu an ination ofthe primary of consciousness In what may ‘Scone es paradail concen fora pinoy commonly noe at Solon te phenomenological speach to conscnes ars he irom below" ste of bestowing “walt upon felon oman fngs—aeaiy” ved frm on high Cains wes incon a le ee ‘Sjvcasaeecrelse tn st hai ote procs xrays Te peepee cere Ae SEEN esos paca ioteraton erator “The Helin crossoad has proved to be a product of knowledge snd reality, of canst epistemology and metas, of modern pas Iatcs which isso entrenched inthe "natural atte” that can to Tonger remember what i sought to explain. In flunan Encounter: {Gurwich gives us nether «phenomenology ofthe socal work nor an Sccount of what sucha phenomenology regutes: stead, he provides ranscendentl clue to soca which t once tamed Heel and Other ger, Eeptions ofthe same objec rom diferent pots af ew would fave tomatic senses wherein thne predict oly inieted inthe fs Perception are gen dicey and pape mre determinaely They may Sho contain predicates which did ot igure In theft percep st a ‘huss asin perception a an objet Ofeven afte ere pear ons} canbe sd toe inadequate" in that anexpication ofits corer through acs of thot would edn incomplete Knowledge of he features ofthe object Iwi cll this inadequacy “epistemic naleqocy inorder odstingunh tom another inadequacy wh shal dacs, ‘namely, the nadequaty which pereptionhasdue wo isting percep {trough appearances or adembration which Tl al “apparel inadequagy ‘The second way of understanding Gurwischs dfiion of the ocma concerns the appetrance-imensio ofthe noes, Hust as most nothing abou hs dimeralon ofthe nowy Teas, whe Bs count ofthe aubrational nature of perception anos lyin toc cms. However, in scton 132 of fdes he stings fe focmatiesene from he“ noemati nun the omerteinp sides thea“hind of abstract form that dels nthe cma, Aste ull sues, Hasse mentions asecond concept of “obetin he how os deter tenes", which takes to scout th “how of ts odes uf gente (der Wiesner Gegebeneisnesen). | What Huser means ete which Sofrelevaneouscomesoutmore ulate terion 1330 fry. ‘There Huser notes a decency i hi treatment ofthe fl oes ‘nace. He points to something Inthe noma which spe the sas perssined” inthe perceived a prcehed" a way eter than athe Eniot ispecies and which the noematc orca nt ust ol he pprehcoson moment ofthe fal noes bata he apprehended lec ata. This isthe made of appearance othe perypctal sdbeston st {he perceived objeto ft redctes Cea changes athe lee data corespond to changes inthe soca, memati Changes hehe Bote ane wih ane to owt tree chan the ‘objet is perceived ay having wth respet fous. ln-eitnge ped ter fda, Huser anayaed tis meron ofthe nectar ‘The following ccount rts rom tone wings “The est way of pesenting thi cmenson ofthe nemasthoughan cxample, Cetus mapine that we oe eated atone cod olson eas {ular able ooking ttt, none colonia and tha a the phenomenological epchd Resting on ot perception wey thi peeing there table’ which brown’ Sod tn Fon akines e's Ths b 4 doripton of the noemaie ens, the singe sooty, aris serving to sgl the change of meaning the won Sacer ns.consequence ofthe phenomenological epoché, and generally indeatng that we are now talking about a "phenomenon of." In front of me! ‘Seotes he “orientation” ofthe object which so belongs to the noem Sto the noemanc sense int tullnes although sts nots predicate ifthe object per se, but san jective determination of the iteation. In Suton, the table isexpesenced tobe one having many otber predicates fot drt given, foristance, atleast fouregs an underside which has ome colour or other et. Such pedieates make up the implicit moments ofthe noematic sens Let ws concentate now on whats visible tous ofthe table from our siting postion, We suppose this tobe only ts top surface. Huser ells ths aide” (See) ofthe object * If we walked around the table we ‘would experience a coatiauumt of sides. Now lt us suppose that We se Tromourseated postion, butinsacha way that tistilonly the topafthe lable thats vile, nonew determinations ofthe table coming into view. During our movement the same sie sien, and the shape ofthe side, ite ofthe tale top is experienced to renain unchanged. Yet, some thing changes. I our mena lances properly directed we ay note, or ample, that as we rse the angles formed by the let and ght edges of the table ipandisarege seem oget smal”, and hat, tom our stand Ingposton thle and ight edgesscem me"parael than belo. These lunges ate not experienced to be change inthe able seh, i the “Side, but inthe mode of givenness ofthe side, Huse calo a ode of gvenness of aside an “aspect” (Aspe). or a. "perspective" "Aspects" ae adunbrations onthe aocmatie side of enscousoes,” i re corelative to the (apprehended) Hye data om the moet ie, Te, to the netic adumbrations.* We are not wsually aware of these petipectval changes, but ofthe unchanged side or of our objective ange inoricataton with eapettoan object, However, sch changes in frientation are not the same es the perspetval changes, although, Sscording to. Huser, changes in ovlenation are necessary given fivough Such perspecival adumbations,” as ate things themselves. From ths poison, Iwillolten lero perspetal adumbration ofan ‘object (or fa objets leatre) aan “appearance” or asa" perspectva sppearance™" What I have ciled “epistemic inadequacy” concerns the objec: simensio ofthe noe, and it has ts bassin the contrast between what igvand what ot, actualy pen ina pereption. Uimately, however, this inadequacy eoneerm the contrast Between what comes fo venness ina finite numberof neematie senses pertaining to one ting aod the idea" of the complete pvenness of that thing since ncording to Huser no faite number of perceptions could even sequently bring & thing to givenness in the campltches ofits actaly The oncept of {he thing which determines this inadequacy hen, 8 that of things ‘consisting of indefinitely many determinations 29‘What call “apparent nadequacy” dos nt concern he nso pletenessof whats gen compared to what could be pve orto the Lia ‘Sr what could be pen), 6 oes epistemic inadequacy concer an inaequsy ofthe appearance of wmething with repectto whit given through that appearance. This contrast not between the ext ad Implict moments ofthe nocmate ems, ete aspects of the object simenson of the nozma, but Between that dimension and the appt ance-dimension. As Taras [kpow, Huser doesnot formulate a cept ‘ot “appearentialinalequacy" per se, although a numberof hs analyses limply such a concept and fequre i Defoe dcfaing appearenal ‘inadequacy, will dsexssone ofthese analyses, “This analysis occurs in section 4. eas. the ist two paragraphs ofthe section, Huse explains what 1 have called "epiatn inaie fquacy", connecting swith perspectviy His acount dell on the Manter in which fren perspectval sppearances bring to gerne “iferen determinations ofa hing. Then in the third parsgraph he ‘iscasses what Take to concern appearential inadequacy. ith the Same determination enecenary enn dierent sppestincnone ot whic can aim pronty over the others a ing the getermination in 30 “absolute form, Les ivngatas i really ists ‘To explain hn assertion, Hussrl contrasts refectve perceptions of experiences with straight Torwatd perceptions of things (immanent transcendent petception) He notes tha the relive perception of 2 experience ko snadequate, nthe sense that the whole ofan expe "enge cannot be prceved nits completeness Thissso because we only Sricy perceive the "aon" phave of an enpriene ado aot pecan those ofits phases which are retained in memory and those which are MO longer retained. But this inadequacy, Husserl mina, snot the same ssthe inadequacy of tanseendet perception, fr unlike the perception ‘of spatial objets he peeepion of experenesis ot perception thous “ppearanecs = Viewing an experience refectvey,-l nave before me a aso: thas no sides whit might present themehes pow in hit way, 'ndnow in that that which there nthe seeinglook there absolute ‘wih all its qualities, ts ntensty, and so forth Hel contest this Wit the pereepdon of ila tse. I appreuch or move sway onthe ‘iotin, oF listen tot om outside the concer hal the sume fone would be zien through diferent appearances. But "(ao ay of appearing claims to rank as ving is data absolutly, although a eran pe appearing as normal within the compass of) praca ners; Nasa ‘Era advantage: athe concert hal at height spo, Lear the tone "sel assy soundh" But hi, Huser expat alter Eenerale ingto al gvennessof things, oly ponistoa kindof secondary abject ation of the thing’ "(Df we were to hold tothe "normal fa a Sppearanee asthe one and only form andeutaway llth thermic 0so appease othe seme of he greme ofthe hing sea iiatone ‘Win Haers xampe in mind, tober thatthe pont heres sox tas aps sparc ini pre crt eet ot Shah Sara nul phe aug a may fete Sor tn append nt pen oe determinations ‘Nena al? Rater he pont that mo sppenance mot even he “own appeaianc, cin riya ut ging whatever tina tds grew ealy itl” conten oat Sppcnte tic getha cnn aiogh aves ay TRAP win dosti iy dos taner ceo La CoSitnotenenn fe Conca ou fhe sk of sng with one lame conktsjehde inte ktctapne aiken ne fot tha oe sx vary on we spr ti ton Theoretically, then, any form of appearance might become so reparded with espect 10 Some intrest or other. To be sue, something about certain appearance fons io best suit a particule interest and Huser alvayy seems 0 think of thisintemms ofthe completeness of pheanessor those determing. tins mest relevant to that interest), but shat something, by ise, does ot confer on that appearance ay special Value in contas fo any othet posible appearance ris trom teinfret lone tat the value dense. ‘The resul of atibucing this vale Is the “secondary objetifeation” of which Hassel writes However this may be, Ido not think that Hussed's analyses suf. fcently deal withthe phenomenon which nerd them. the cam Stance of thinking, wien perceiving vomething under certain conditions, ‘thatone then has this something "isall and asit bist, nhesease that ‘one is perceiving it crety, without the mediation of an appearance. | believe hatasecondconcepiofperceptualinadequacy isrequiredto deal ‘ith this phenomenon, an inadequacy having Is locus in appearances, Und whichis not reoiable nto amatier of epistemic inadequacy. ‘To present my objection to Hassel’ ccount Iwill employ ae example Soppone we te looking ta ecangulr door frm few yards ‘ays which when closed, torent in ou ront-parall pane. Sip pose ne do ot change our potion whe welook ait. Wheter the door [Sclosed,halfopen, or fly open, we persive tobe retangula Tal {hese postions the, rectanglaeacomponent othe noemaie sense Despite the diferent poston of the door the angles where the sides eet the top and bottom are perceived to be pall 2 age the ies. [Now when e we the door orested in ou nator plan, we may be inlined to tink thatthe “look” ofthe door’ shape i ete shape ‘ally Nook thats that hare how rectangslarty Wook In contest {o ts, we ma think that the look ofthe rectangular shape a anyother ‘vienttion isnot the tue fook of rectangular. We may then go ontconsider th ater loos a appearances ofthe shape, and conser the fbemer look a not being an appearance He thon wonder how ts that, ro matte what onettion te door has, we sil sce the Gor to rectangular, we might sty tha the various “appearance tooks"somehw fefer us to the Wue look and that we sce through thers (crondary ‘Objection. Let we consider ths materia terms the appara: and objctdimensions ofthe neem ‘When we ay that inl but one orientation the look of he shapes notthe tuelook, our word "ok" docs not reer toate orientation el ‘hich may be considered par ofthe nematic sense, We ae sferingt the “shape” ofthe appearance, Aso, although i ue that when frente in out tonto pari! plan, more determinations ofthe dor may come into view, tts enriching the noemate sense that enichinent in determination doesnot constitate the corrects ofthe “ight ook, “Thote sof couse, anther “enrichment” which dos take Pct a9 Ne oor swings from an open toa closed poston, Ths eth ites in “fullness ofthe readtnof Ihe dor which reaches tauaximam when the ‘oor is elsed. OF the door? Thats ot core. The door int exper enced to increase in breath, bu to remain the same in that resp The ‘ange i not one inthe noematic senge, but the appearance, THs ‘maximal flles ofthe appearance ges together mith he correctness of the shape ofthe appearance. But neither of thew i 4 mater ofthe ocmati sense I'someone were to thik thatthe maximally fll ed correctly shied “appearance was, in fot not an appearance all bt the shape given zee, that person would aot ean tht the font surface ofthe door isgiven wit the maxim numberof determinations sinc) given, whether this relative to a cetin interest or not Rather, the person would mean that he fok nd the acts ene and that he Fumes jst he tte elieve that ima analysis could be developed for other aspects ‘of spatial abject. In each case it could be shown as here, that What Provides the basis forthe norm character ofthe nial appearance and thus, what provides the orientational center for eascondary objects ‘on, hasitsocus inthe appearance andnotia the noemtc see, The forectness ofthe ook ofsomethingsootan este alu. Fullness of the appearance is nota fulliment a empty ttentons at east not na epistemic sense. The door fo example, seen and known sl slongtohe Fectangular so thatthe masimally fl appearance doe ot bing with dn increase in knowledge or a conbemtion of somthing “metely intense “Tocomtnue the analysis, we sce that itis uit conceivable that one ‘ofthe looks ofthe she ofthe door eter than the one of the om Pallet wncatation, say of haleopen door, could be the ot for Someone. Ofcourse we would be surprised i when We asked s person to draw the shape of rectangular door tht person dew te do he efwhat semed tous to be 45 degree perspective. That might be suprising. ‘uti is not impossible, Such a person would surely see objects very “tery than we do, With ths possibilty ia mind, and folowing the ats os tas, wean > 2 0p at he ‘othing nic to any ofthe appearances (looks) which gives any one them phony over the ther as giving tbe shape the door us "real {toks Theorticay, any look could Become the norm. No doubt theres ‘Siething about the maximal appearance which allows it become the ‘om, bat that someting alone does not constitute a norm. The value ne fom outside, Whether the ringing about of secondary object tho a patcularwayin hisease ca ls be attbuted to a incest temo, and, io, what sense of “interest” is nsolved va question we tomo take the tm to prev her. It tallest in some sense, 1 fdoube shat ca cognitive one Let us now apply this discussion of perceptual inadequacy tothe ‘suck tuned st the ginning ofthis casty. When Gurwisch uses the ‘ord “adumbration” in connection with the perceptual noes be Tefersing tothe perpestval appearances which ae scussed above? Tt be were, ten Hs would be presenting theory whic contrary Hisser’, ecouse in scl that a material hing "the sptematially ‘organized tality oft perceptual appearances of noemata” he Would othe referring fo what Hussed would conser the thing “sel”, but Father to what fuser calls an "Apparent" An Appaenc the et tingum of “aspect (and not “side which would esl when ating s Seen fom allsdes in such away that each sie is given only once. The ‘Apparens pertains tothe sppearanceinersion ofthe nowt. uss ‘hie ita “mere mage" anda “between ject” (Znschengegersand Tehken) One tact which mightlead someone think tha tisis what {Gurwitsch refering to his telerence Io Huet tens when he ‘employs the word "adumbration" An examination of the pasages Fefered 0, however, shows that in she Huss is writing about the pespectval appearances As far as [ko Hussel never uses the Word Paschatung™ to rler othe poem sense, but wes eal (0 el 1 the perspectnal appearances. However, from the way, Gurwisch ‘explains what fe is eering to with the teh “adumbraton ts quite lear that he iaiends to be dscussiog what Huser cals the noematle Scase.In ac, Im not aware of any pare where Gurwiseh analyzes the Sppearance-dimenson af the noema- In dscsing™admbrations be ‘ypealy refers to such things as how a thing “presents sl fom der ‘ei sides and “in vaiouy orientations” When he does thi, tis lear thar itis the thing peesenting elt through a de (and nt teh the perspectval appearance ofthat ie), and itis the entation of te hing {Gnd no the perspectival appearance through which that orientation ven) thats the focus of Gunma sinterest. By cling noemaic Senses or thei components 135 sdumbrations”Grwisch seems to have wanted to sree the conkinty of his thought with that of Hussrl Although Guresch was manifest aware that oe {pplication of Gest heory 'o phenomenology went beyond Hse Ad not, in my opinion, suthlenty call attention to th fact that he fumcept of adumbraion was que dierent from Taser et Gurwitsch, he vibe side of surg san “adumbvaton” (rea pe figuring”) because the very way its for us in our experience of qualify cterences othe thing's ater unsen ses and thsi ay be'said that the other sides ate experentily therefor uy tough “preiuring” sie (or“present themscvesto through it 43 usw would expres i). Although this idea may seem to to be someon lkeady present in user's writings itisnever really crstaled in them ‘Gurwitsh's contribution wast heratize to develop and to provide a acount, On the bas of he dea, Gurwisch can lim that “the systematically organized totality of ts perceptual appearances in doing soe seems tobe doing “noting ore than hing noes account of what Huse says when he writes that at Aa}talyexang ‘object indicates. the sistem of evidences relating tothe object ad ‘oelonging together in such a mannce that they combine to make op one \thoushpethaps an infinite) tual evidence. Ths would bean absolutly Berit evidne. which woul na present the object uf respect bral. Doss Guritsch dear from Huse when refersto the nocmatc sean an Sppenane> scemy tb coe se Doo hse “conreteensvous appearance todscrge Grwitas cone. lion f te nematic sense. that fr Huser? Hawes woh fled the noemate seme an “Erchenang only ance and en tea Seems oll attention tots am ool unger a aia tes ‘Also, heals the norman am aba for tat se the ‘era. Furthermore, Huser aythat "inthe domain fone pore io, afte abstracting fom the character of perce a somethng ‘ying inthe noes prior to al expliating and conceptual tiking the sense ofthe object (Gepenstandsain). th thnesense Digan fas ‘Perepion which changes rom perisn to pscepion (ace ek Pst othe same thing) to be astacted ttiely fon tof the Deteived object ay such" Finly. Host ays ha he mace sees isthe correlate spec of th ose ing and ot tases) ‘Moment of te full ness.” Al thi sts inde hat abough toy seem icn ot eptin pen ool ata Perspectval component inthe fllprcpteal noma, Huon nee fonceved of the noematie senses beng sche i it If this ss, there would seem tobe some basis for the cain that Gurwitsch’siterpretacon ofthe noema (nore precely, the osm sense) difers from Huset's conception (and Fleas interpretation) 16someniat in the way that Dreyfus elins. Move important than who gees or disagrees with who, ofcourse, isthe babe of the comest ‘Harecteriatton ofthe noematic vente of perecpton. The investigations Gove concerning the appearentia inadequay of peexption indate thatthe noematie sense is nosensuous ent. Consider our examples Df the tones volume and door’ shape. Since neither ofthese can be ‘ented with any of the perspectval modes of appearance through ich they ae necessarily given “themseles", one cannot ask what the ‘olume othe tone sound lite ia tslf or what the doors shape oks Like Insel and expect om answer in terms of aspecifie sensuous appearance. ‘They are ust that of which we are comers a8 tenucl fall hei {rus senseous appearances The are the same as what we could be fonsiou of ina nonsensows way (but nota themselves presen), for ste he er shape apn, nd 0 hat hey ms be ‘Ssetially non-sensoous. Pace University 1. Ren, Solonan, ests Comp of te Nowra" Elson a ec a! Ex pra Re awe Cay fee Neem Rech x Pnamenaagy Val (93) pp 138 . fh abd Crue Te Gent Psy, New Stoo fr Socal Rese, Rie aa gyseoeee sla a rear ea a ta sae a XXIV, pp. 411 — 12 Thin note was writen 9 fw yout afer he 8 parame te ft tbe dace: beng mae a & ens soe gare oo eee: ceemepi seas 8———— 6 Mena abt, lt po 20 oS er Mara Eee se Se yt nto at 8 Giceeet ralisatincmmanmeteeesas SB foc pve tae arog free a acee i eaireters al oscars eset rsdn wep 3am The Dnt The Philosophical Quarterly Contents of Vola 3, No. 12, Api 1881 \WitgenetsinonEpstemi Pivy Jack Temkin Eau of Opporaney Mice avn Lbs Patil ofthe Tent of Isceriles “red Chel? aman Ris fe Peat Sots iona Ts Myer "A Resniderton of Rass Early Onli! ‘evelopment DA Gratis A Pen for Moi! Tsoey ‘ns Noreen ogra’ Dre aed Danas “eal Moses "Sino, An Inodeton 0 he Phbnophy of Language Mare Meine Booxs Recaven Ealied inthe Une of St Andes by an Era Board, Oran: LIS Strano Ecce Elin Stein Rts Reve Bo” Antony Fuse ibe orth Sos Pilxophcl Cb byte Unvesiy o St Anders Annual Sascipins Invite e500 (1500) Frstutons £12.00 $2040) Aecordes cd eat wih be hurls Manas, Sctish Aches Pres, Li, 55 Montgomery Stet EDINBURGH EM? SX, Seoand 19oa Bish Sey fr Penman. ok 12No 2, Ma 81 Piaget and Gurwitsch ‘OSBORNE WIGGINS. Jnr. Jean Paget has himsl writen approving of Aton Gur agoropriaon of bs work, The appotng relrenee mighand ietons of Phasophy, (1971151) oper ihn low coment Faget sharply cseing “ihe tons of + phils po Chol)" and phenomena, bcats fi earent Prominent area hs main target. The phcnomenoogat on upon whe Fiat focuses are thao ttenionaiy and meaning gta thats, experimental pycoiogy tas no garel eh pose Poyehlogy regarding the rely of tena and eanog The {are concerns rater the manners in which me can ace le ttowiege often: Paosophsppchlogo he phenomena ‘are belive such eater tobe scene ough Pepe tol Singin ititonof came whiscnioepchoomry pon consoled enpertpent without appesing to iepecon Yott ‘order to demonstrate the aseements avaiable to the phenomenchogst ‘ho wishes to understand entonsty sd meaning ante Had of 3 seme gente pryenology. Paget weno Garvie ots ‘acstn ts pags Paget hs jot med hatte preg an 40) wel shel ght o imentonaiy even wen Re Sayan tote {SrminologyThenberes, agement ems Sa fey a ct et ‘Set i NetWare ‘semitone spf pate 1. vow of the blistering eritiims Paget lodges aginst Gurwitsh’s “French-speaking colleagues” (primary Sart and Merten: Ponty), this postive remark high ruse indeed. Piaget is correct tink in ccing to Gurwitech’s references to and uses of his psychological investigations a attempt tous A cs Phenomenological ans: What I wa to crops ints ey hoe Oe i that most ofthe phenomenolopal these for which Guratch [Sought support were clsry defined and aseptedy him Before ae iseguzed much knowledge of Piaget work (Embree, 1072 ti), | M0