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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Main Campus
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING

(CE 224)
OUTPUT NO. 2 FOR FINAL TERM
DIFFERENT TYPES
OF
ADMIXTURES
Submitted by:
RYAN D. SALADORES
BSCE 2-A
MTh 1:00-2:00 AM
Submitted to:
ENGR. ANACLETA DAGAAS
ADMIXTURES
➢ An admixture is a material other than water, aggregates, cementitious
materials, and fiber reinforcement, used as an ingredient of a cementitious
mixture to modify its freshly mixed, setting, or hardened properties and that is
added to the batch before or during its mixing. Admixtures modify the
properties of concrete or mortar to make them more suitable for the work at
hand, or for economy, or for such other purposes as saving energy (ACI
212.3R). ASTM C260, ASTM C494, ASTM C1017 are standard specifications
covering chemical admixtures.
15 DIFFERENT TYPES OF ADMIXTURES
1) Water Reducing Admixtures

2) Retarding Admixtures
3) Accelerating Admixtures
4) Air entraining concrete admixture
5) Pozzolanic Admixtures
6) Damp-proofing Admixtures
7) Gas forming Admixtures
8) Air detraining Admixtures
9) Alkali Aggregate Expansion Inhibiting Admixtures
10) Anti-washout Admixtures
11) Grouting Admixtures
12) Corrosion Inhibiting Admixtures
13) Bonding Admixtures
14) Fungicidal, Germicidal, Insecticidal Admixtures
15) Coloring Admixtures
1. Water Reducing admixtures
➢ Water reducing admixtures, the name itself defining

that they are used to minimize the water demand in a
concrete mix. Workability is the important property of
concrete which is improved with the addition of water but
if water is added more than required the strength and
durability properties of concrete gets affected. In addition
to increase in workability it also improves the strength of
concrete, good bond between concrete and steel, prevents
cracking, segregation, honeycombing, bleeding etc. Water
reducing admixtures are also called as plasticizers and
these are classified into three types namely plasticizers, mid-range plasticizers
and super plasticizers. Normal plasticizer reduces the water demand up to 10%,
mid-range plasticizers reduce the water demand up to 15% while super
plasticizers reduce the water demand up to 30%. Calcium, sodium and ammonium
lignosulphonates are commonly used plasticizers. Some of the new generation
super plasticizers are acrylic polymer based, poly carboxylate,
multicarbovylatethers etc.
Water reducing admixtures can be categorized into different types based on their
composition and performance characteristics. Here are some of the common types:
1. Regular Plasticizers or Low Range Plasticizers: These admixtures reduce the

water content in concrete and improve workability without significantly affecting
setting time or early strength development.
2. Superplasticizers or High Range Water Reducers: Superplasticizers offer a
higher degree of water reduction compared to regular plasticizers. They provide
excellent workability and flowability to concrete mixes while maintaining high

strength.
3. Retarding Water Reducers: These admixtures not only reduce water content but
also delay the setting time of concrete. They are useful in situations where
extended workability or placement time is required.
4. Accelerating Water Reducers: Accelerating water reducers are designed to
speed up the setting and early strength development of concrete, making them
suitable for cold weather conditions or when a rapid construction schedule is
desired.
5. Water Reducing and Retarding Admixtures: These admixtures combine the
benefits of water reduction and retarding properties. They reduce water content
while extending the setting time of concrete.
6. Water Reducing and Accelerating Admixtures: This type of admixture
combines water reduction with accelerating properties, allowing for both
improved workability and faster strength development in concrete.
Water reducing admixtures offer several advantages in concrete construction. Here are some
potential advantages of using water reducing admixtures:
1. Improved Workability: Water reducing admixtures enhance the workability of

concrete by reducing the amount of water required to achieve a desired consistency.
This allows for easier placement, better flow, and improved finishing characteristics.
2. Increased Strength: By reducing the water-cement ratio, water reducing admixtures
can contribute to increased compressive strength of concrete. This can result in stronger
and more durable concrete structures.
3. Enhanced Durability: Water reducing admixtures can improve the durability of
concrete by reducing the permeability of the material. This helps to minimize the
ingress of moisture, chemicals, and other harmful substances, thereby enhancing the
longevity of the concrete.
4. Reduced Shrinkage and Cracking: By optimizing the water content and improving
the hydration process, water reducing admixtures can help reduce shrinkage and
minimize the risk of cracking in hardened concrete.
5. Increased Construction Efficiency: The use of water reducing admixtures can lead to
increased construction efficiency by improving the pumpability and workability of the
concrete. This can result in faster concrete placement, reduced labor requirements, and
overall time savings.
2. Retarding Admixtures
➢ Retarding admixtures slow down the rate of

hydration of cement in its initial stage and increase the initial
setting time of concrete. These are also called as retarders and
used especially in high temperature zones where concrete
will set quickly. The quick setting in some situations may lead
to discontinuities in structure, poor bond between the
surfaces, creates unnecessary voids in concrete etc. Retarders
are useful to eliminate this type of problems. Commonly used
retarding admixture is calcium sulphate or gypsum. Starch,
cellulose products, common sugar, salts of acids are some
other retarders. Most of water reducing admixtures are also
acts as retarding admixtures and they are called as retarding plasticizers.
Different types of retarding admixtures can include:
1. Type B (Retarding Admixtures): These admixtures are specifically designed to slow

down the setting time of concrete. They help extend the workability of the concrete and
provide more time for placement and finishing.
2. Type D (Water Reducing and Retarding Admixtures): These admixtures not only
retard the setting time of concrete but also reduce the water-to-cement ratio. This results
in improved compressive strength while maintaining workability.
3. Organic Retardants: Organic retardants can include substances such as unrefined
calcium, sodium, ammonium salts of lignosulfonic acids, hydroxycarboxylic acids, and
carbohydrates.
4. Inorganic Retardants: Inorganic retardants can include compounds like oxides of lead
and zinc, phosphates, magnesium salts, fluorates, and borates.
Retarding admixtures offer several advantages in concrete construction. These include:
1. Workability Retention: Retarding admixtures, also known as concrete retarders,

delay the setting of cement while acting as efficient water-reducers. They enhance
workability retention in concrete mixes, which is particularly useful in situations
requiring extended working time.
2. Temperature Flexibility: These admixtures enhance the workability of concrete
mixes in both low and high-temperature conditions. This feature is especially
beneficial for projects that demand prolonged hot-workability periods.
3. Complex Concrete Placements: Retarders are advantageous for complex
concrete placements or grouting tasks. They help in achieving special
architectural finishes and compensating for the accelerating effect of high
temperatures on initial setting time.
4. Improved Finishing: By reducing the rate of slump loss and extending working
time, retarding admixtures enhance the finishing characteristics of concrete. This
is especially valuable when dealing with challenging aggregate properties or
gradations that impact concrete finishing.
5. Setting Time Control: Retarders delay the initial hydration rate of cement,
thereby extending the setting time of cement paste. This feature is beneficial in
scenarios where concrete needs to be transported over long distances, as well as
in grouting applications such as oil wells.
3. Accelerating admixtures
➢ Accelerating admixtures are

used to reduce the initial
setting time of concrete. They
speed up the process of initial
stage of hardening of concrete
hence they are also called as
accelerators. These
accelerators also improves the
strength of concrete in it early
stage by increasing the rate of
hydration. Earlier hardening of
concrete is useful in several
situations such as early
removal of formwork, less period of curing, emergency repair
works, for constructions in low temperature regions etc. Some of
the accelerating admixtures are triethenolamine, calcium formate,
silica fume, calcium chloride, finely divided silica gel etc. Calcium
chloride is the cheap and commonly used accelerating admixture.
There are different types of accelerating admixtures used in concrete construction to

increase the rate of hydration and shorten the setting time. Some common types include:
1. Calcium Chloride (CaCl2): Calcium chloride is one of the most commonly used
accelerating admixtures. It is added to concrete mixes to accelerate the early
stages of hydration, resulting in faster setting and early strength development.
2. Type C Admixtures: Type C admixtures, as defined by ASTM C494, are specifically
designed as accelerating admixtures. They are formulated to provide rapid
strength development and early setting characteristics to concrete mixes.
3. Other Accelerating Admixtures: In addition to calcium chloride and Type C

admixtures, there are various other chemical compounds available as accelerating
admixtures. These may include compounds such as calcium nitrate,
triethanolamine, and sodium nitrite, among others.
Accelerating admixtures offer several advantages in concrete applications. Here are some
potential advantages of using accelerating admixtures:
1. Early Strength Development: Accelerating admixtures increase the rate of early

strength development in concrete. This allows for earlier removal of formwork,
reducing the required period of curing and advancing the time that a structure can be
placed in service.
2. Cold Weather Concreting: Accelerating admixtures can partially compensate for the
retarding effect of low temperatures during cold weather concreting. They help promote
proper hydration and strength development even in colder conditions.
3. Time Savings: By accelerating the setting and hardening process, accelerating
admixtures help shorten the overall construction schedule. This can lead to time savings
and increased productivity on the construction site.
4. Improved Efficiency: Faster setting and early strength gain provided by accelerating
admixtures allow for more efficient construction operations. It enables faster formwork
striking and demoulding, facilitating the progress of construction activities.
5. Flexibility in Construction Scheduling: The use of accelerating admixtures provides
flexibility in construction scheduling. It allows for faster turnaround times and enables
construction to proceed more quickly, especially in time-sensitive projects or during
emergency repair works.
4. Air entraining admixtures
➢ are one of the most important inventions in

concrete technology. Their primary function is to
increase the durability of concrete under freezing
and thawing conditions. When added to concrete
mix, these admixtures will form millions of non-
coalescing air bubbles throughout the mix and
improves the properties of concrete. Air
entrainment in concrete will
also improve the workability of concrete, prevents segregation and

bleeding, lower the unit weight and modulus of elasticity of concrete,
improves the chemical resistance of concrete and reduction of cement or
sand or water content in concrete etc. Most used air entrainment
admixtures are vinsol resin, darex, Teepol, Cheecol etc. These admixtures
are actually made of Natural wood resins, alkali salts, animal and vegetable
fats and oils etc.
Air-entraining admixtures are additives used in concrete to create small and stable air
bubbles within the mix, improving its durability and resistance to freeze-thaw cycles.
Here are some common types of air-entraining admixtures:
1. Vinsol Resin-Based Admixtures: These admixtures are derived from natural

wood resin and are commonly used to generate a stable and well-distributed
system of air bubbles in concrete mixes. Vinsol resin-based admixtures enhance
the freeze-thaw resistance of concrete.
2. Synthetic-based Admixtures: Synthetic air-entraining admixtures are
formulated using surfactants and synthetic materials. They are effective in
producing a uniform distribution of air voids in concrete, contributing to
improved durability and workability.
3. Wood Resin-Based Admixtures: Admixtures derived from wood resins, such as
pine-based products, are used to entrain air in concrete mixes. These admixtures
create a network of tiny air bubbles that enhance the concrete's resistance to
damage from freezing and thawing cycles.
4. Lignosulfonate-Based Admixtures: Lignosulfonate-based air-entraining
admixtures are derived from lignin, a natural polymer found in wood. These
admixtures enhance the workability of concrete mixes and improve their
resistance to freeze-thaw damage by creating a stable air void system.
Air-entraining admixtures offer several advantages in concrete construction. Here are

some of the benefits of using air entraining admixtures:
1. Improved Durability: Air entraining admixtures enhance the durability of

concrete by increasing its resistance to freeze-thaw cycles. The microscopic air
bubbles created by these admixtures act as pressure relief valves, allowing the
expansion and contraction of water during freezing and thawing without
damaging the concrete.
2. Increased Workability: Air entraining admixtures improve the workability of
concrete, making it easier to place and finish. The air bubbles act as lubricants
between the aggregates, reducing the water and sand requirements and
improving the overall workability of the concrete mix.
3. Reduced Shrinkage and Cracking: The presence of air bubbles in the concrete
reduces the potential for shrinkage and cracking. The entrained air provides
internal voids that allow the concrete to accommodate volume changes caused by
temperature variations and drying shrinkage, resulting in a more crack-resistant
concrete.
4. Enhanced Cohesion: Air entraining admixtures promote cohesion within the
concrete mix, reducing the risk of segregation and bleeding. The air bubbles help
to distribute the cementitious materials more evenly, improving the overall
cohesion and homogeneity of the concrete.
5. Improved Freeze-Thaw Resistance: Air entraining admixtures significantly
increase the resistance of concrete to freeze-thaw damage. By reducing the
amount of water available for freezing and expanding, the admixtures help
prevent the formation of internal stresses and potential cracking.
5. Pozzolanic Admixtures
➢ Pozzolanic admixtures are used to

prepare dense concrete mix which
is bets suitable for water retaining
structures like dams, reservoirs
etc. They also reduce the heat of
hydration and thermal shrinkage.
Best pozzolanic materials in
optimum quantity gives best
results and prevents or reduces
many risks such as alkali aggregate
reaction, leaching, sulfate attack
etc. Pozzolanic materials used as
admixtures are either natural or
artificial. Naturally occurring Pozzolanic materials are clay, shale, volcanic
tuffs, pumicite, etc. and artificial pozzolans available are fly ash, silica fume,
blast furnace slag, rice husk ash, surkhi etc.
There are different types of pozzolanic admixtures used in concrete

construction. Some common types of pozzolanic admixtures include:
1. Natural Pozzolans: Natural pozzolans are naturally occurring materials that

possess pozzolanic properties. Examples include volcanic ash, tuffs, pumicites,
calcined diatomaceous earths, opaline cherts, clay, and shales. These materials
require further grinding and calcining to activate their pozzolanic properties.
2. Fly Ash: Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion and is one of the most
commonly used pozzolanic admixtures. It is a fine powder that reacts with calcium
hydroxide in the presence of moisture to form compounds with cementitious
properties.
3. Silica Fume: Silica fume, also known as microsilica, is an ultrafine pozzolanic
material produced as a byproduct of silicon and ferrosilicon alloy production. It is
highly reactive and can significantly improve the strength, durability, and
workability of concrete.
4. Rice Husk Ash: Rice husk ash is obtained from the burning of rice husks and is
considered a pozzolanic material. It can be used as a partial replacement for
cement in concrete mixes, offering enhanced strength and durability properties.
5. Metakaolin: Metakaolin is a highly reactive pozzolan derived from the calcination
of kaolin clay. It is characterized by its fine particle size and high alumina content,
which contribute to improved strength, durability, and workability of concrete.
6. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS): GGBFS is a byproduct of iron

production in blast furnaces. It is a granular material that reacts with calcium
hydroxide to form cementitious compounds, contributing to the strength and
durability of concrete.
Pozzolanic admixtures offer several advantages in concrete construction. Here are some
of the benefits of using pozzolanic admixtures:
1. Improved Strength and Durability: Pozzolanic admixtures, such as fly ash, silica
fume, and metakaolin, can enhance the strength and durability of concrete. They
contribute to the formation of additional cementitious compounds, resulting in
increased compressive strength and improved resistance to chemical attack,
abrasion, and weathering.
2. Reduced Heat of Hydration: Pozzolanic admixtures have the ability to reduce the
heat generated during the hydration process of cement. This is particularly
beneficial in large concrete placements or in situations where controlling
temperature rise is essential to prevent cracking and ensure long-term durability.
3. Enhanced Workability: The addition of pozzolanic admixtures can improve the
workability and cohesiveness of concrete mixes. They act as fillers, reducing the
water demand and improving the flowability and handling characteristics of the
concrete.
4. Increased Resistance to Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (ASR): Some pozzolanic
admixtures, like fly ash, can help control alkali-aggregate expansion and mitigate
the risk of alkali-silica reaction (ASR). This helps to prevent cracking and
deterioration caused by the reaction between alkalis in cement and certain
reactive aggregates.
5. Environmental Sustainability: The use of pozzolanic admixtures, particularly
industrial by-products like fly ash and silica fume, can contribute to environmental
sustainability. These materials are often waste products from other industries and
can be used as a partial replacement for cement, reducing the demand for virgin
materials and lowering carbon emissions.
6. Cost Efficiency: Pozzolanic admixtures, especially natural pozzolans and
industrial by-products, are often available at lower costs compared to Portland
cement. Utilizing these admixtures as partial replacements for cement can lead to
cost savings in concrete production.
6. Damp-proofing Admixtures
➢ Damp proofing or water proofing admixtures are

used to make the concrete structure impermeable against
water and to prevent dampness on concrete surface. In
addition to water proof property, they also acts like
accelerators in early stage of concrete hardening. Damp
proofing admixtures are available in liquid form, powder
form, paste form etc. The main constituents of these
admixtures are aluminum sulfate, zinc sulfate aluminum
chloride, calcium chloride, silicate of soda etc. which are
chemically active pore fillers.
There are different types of damp-proofing admixtures used in concrete to prevent water
penetration and surface dampness. These admixtures include:
1. Waterproofing Admixtures: These admixtures reduce water penetration into

the concrete by blocking the larger pores. They often contain additives such as
soaps, butyl stearate, mineral oil, and asphalt emulsions.
2. Hydrophobic Admixtures: Hydrophobic admixtures are water-repellent
chemicals that create a barrier against water penetration. They are typically
derived from soaps, fatty acids, vegetable oils, or petroleum-based compounds.
3. Crystalline Admixtures: Crystalline admixtures react with water and underrated

cement particles to form insoluble crystals. These crystals fill the capillary pores
in concrete, reducing water penetration and enhancing the concrete's
waterproofing properties.
4. Pore Blocking Admixtures: Pore blocking admixtures, such as aluminum sulfate,
zinc sulfate, aluminum chloride, calcium chloride, and silicate of soda, act as pore
fillers. They help prevent water penetration by filling the capillary voids in the
concrete.
5. Integral Waterproofing Systems: Integral waterproofing systems involve the
use of a combination of admixtures, typically including waterproofing admixtures
and crystalline admixtures. These systems provide comprehensive and long-
lasting protection against water penetration.
Damp-proofing admixtures offer several advantages when used in construction projects.

These admixtures play a crucial role in making concrete structures impermeable to water
and preventing dampness on concrete surfaces. Here are some key benefits of using
damp-proofing admixtures:
1. Moisture Control: Damp-proofing admixtures help in reducing the rate of

moisture absorption into concrete. By preventing moisture ingress, they enhance
the durability and longevity of concrete structures.
2. Protection Against Water Damage: Damp-proofing admixtures create a barrier
that prevents water penetration and protects the concrete from water-related
damage such as cracking, spalling, and corrosion of reinforcement.
3. Improved Durability: By preventing water and moisture from entering the
concrete, damp-proofing admixtures help in preserving its structural integrity and
overall durability. They contribute to the long-term performance of the concrete.
4. Enhanced Freeze-Thaw Resistance: Damp-proofing admixtures can improve
the freeze-thaw resistance of concrete by reducing water absorption and
minimizing the damage caused by repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
5. Reduced Efflorescence: Efflorescence is the white crystalline deposit that forms
on the surface of concrete due to the migration of salts. Damp-proofing admixtures
can help in reducing efflorescence by preventing the movement of water and

dissolved salts through the concrete.
6. Cost Savings: Using damp-proofing admixtures can result in cost savings by
reducing the need for external waterproofing treatments or additional measures
to address moisture-related issues in concrete structures.
7. Gas forming Admixtures
➢ Aluminum powder, activated carbon,

hydrogen peroxide are generally used gas
forming chemical admixtures. When gas
forming admixtures are added, it reacts with
hydroxide obtained by the hydration of
cement and forms minute bubbles of
hydrogen gas in the concrete. The range of
formation of bubbles in concrete is depends
upon many factors such as amount of
admixture, chemical composition of cement,
temperature, fineness etc. The formed
bubbles helps the concrete to counteract the
settlement and bleeding problems.
Gas forming admixtures are also used to prepare light weight concrete. For settlement
and bleeding resistance purpose, small quantity of gas forming admixtures which is
generally 0.5 to 2% by weight of cement is used. But for making light weight concrete
larger quantity generally 100 grams per bag of cement is recommended.
Gas-forming admixtures used in concrete can include materials such as hydrogen
peroxide, aluminum powder, and activated carbon. These admixtures help generate gas
bubbles within the concrete mix, resulting in lightweight concrete with improved
workability and reduced density.
1. Hydrogen Peroxide: Hydrogen peroxide is a common gas-forming admixture

that releases oxygen gas when it comes into contact with water or other reactive
substances in the concrete mix. The released gas forms bubbles, contributing to
the lightweight properties of the concrete.
2. Aluminum Powder: Aluminum powder is another commonly used gas-forming
admixture. When aluminum powder reacts with water or alkaline solutions, it
produces hydrogen gas, which creates bubbles in the concrete mix. The generated
gas helps to reduce the density of the concrete and improve its workability.
3. Activated Carbon: Activated carbon can also be used as a gas-forming admixture
in concrete. When activated carbon is mixed with a strong acid, it releases carbon
dioxide gas. The released gas forms bubbles, resulting in lightweight concrete.
Gas forming admixtures offer several advantages in concrete construction. These

chemical additives react with the hydroxide generated during the hydration process,
creating tiny hydrogen gas bubbles throughout the cement mix. The benefits include:
1. Improved Workability: Gas forming admixtures cause a slight expansion of the

plastic concrete, enhancing its workability and making it easier to place and mold.
This improved workability allows for better consolidation and reduces the need
for excessive water content in the mix.
2. Enhanced Bonding: The gas bubbles created by gas forming admixtures increase
the surface area of the concrete, promoting better bonding between the cement
paste and aggregate particles. This improved bonding leads to increased strength
and durability of the concrete.
3. Lightweight Concrete: Gas forming admixtures are instrumental in producing
lightweight concrete. The gas bubbles reduce the density of the concrete, resulting
in a lightweight material that offers advantages such as reduced dead load,
improved thermal insulation, and easier handling during construction.
4. Resistance to Settlement and Bleeding: Gas forming admixtures help to prevent
settlement and bleeding in concrete. The gas bubbles act as internal voids,
reducing the settlement of solids and preventing the upward movement of excess
water to the surface of the concrete.
5. Improved Freeze-Thaw Resistance: The presence of gas bubbles in the concrete
helps to minimize the damage caused by freeze-thaw cycles. The entrapped air
provides space for the expansion of water upon freezing, reducing the risk of
cracking and deterioration.
8. Air detraining Admixtures
➢ Air-detraining Admixtures are used to remove

the excess air from the concrete voids.
Sometimes, the aggregates may release the gas
into concrete and air entrained is more than
required then this type of admixtures are
useful. Some of the mostly used air-detraining
admixtures are tributyl phosphate, silicones,
water insoluble alcohols etc.
Air detraining admixtures are essential in concrete applications to reduce the air content
in the mixture. There are different types of air detraining admixtures available. These
include:
1. Tributyl Phosphate: Tributyl phosphate is a commonly used air-detraining

admixture. It is effective in reducing the air content in the concrete mix by
destabilizing the air voids and allowing the air to escape.
2. Dibutyl Phosphate: Dibutyl phosphate is another type of air-detraining
admixture. It works by reducing the surface tension of the air bubbles in the
concrete, allowing them to collapse and be released.
3. Water-Insoluble Alcohols and Esters of Carbonic and Boric Acids: Certain
water-insoluble alcohols and esters of carbonic and boric acids can also act as air-
detraining admixtures. These compounds reduce the surface tension of the air
voids, facilitating the escape of air from the concrete.
4. Silicones: Certain types of silicones can serve as air-detraining admixtures. These
silicones reduce the air content in the concrete mix by destabilizing the air voids
and promoting the release of trapped air.
9. Alkali Aggregate Expansion Preventing Admixtures

➢ Alkali aggregate expansion in concrete is happened by the reaction of alkali
of cement with the silica present in the aggregates. It forms a gel like
substance and cause volumetric expansion of concrete which may lead to
cracking and
disintegration. Use of
pozzolanic admixtures
will prevent the alkali-
aggregate reaction and in
some cases air-entraining
admixtures are also
useful. Generally used
admixtures to reduce the
risk of alkali aggregate
reaction are aluminum powder and lithium salts.
There is limited specific information available on different types of alkali aggregate

expansion preventing admixtures. However, based on general knowledge, some
approaches and admixtures used to prevent alkali aggregate expansion in concrete
include:
1. Lithium Salts: The use of lithium salts as an admixture can help mitigate alkali
aggregate reactions. Lithium ions can modify the properties of reactive gels
formed by the reaction of alkalis with aggregates, making them non-expansive.
2. Blended Cements: Blended cements, such as those containing fly ash or slag, can
help reduce alkali aggregate expansion. These supplementary cementitious
materials react with alkalis and minimize the potential for expansive reactions.
3. Air-Detraining Admixtures: Air-detraining admixtures are used to remove
excess air from concrete mixes. While they do not directly prevent alkali aggregate
expansion, they can help create a denser and more impermeable concrete matrix,
reducing the potential for moisture ingress and alkali reactions.
The search results provide some information on the advantages of alkali aggregate
expansion preventing admixtures. Here are some potential advantages:
1. Inhibition of Expansion: Alkali aggregate expansion preventing admixtures can

help inhibit the expansion caused by alkali-aggregate reactions (AAR). By
mitigating the reaction between alkalis in the concrete and reactive components
in the aggregates, these admixtures can prevent or significantly reduce the
expansion and cracking of concrete over time.
2. Improved Durability: By preventing alkali aggregate expansion, these
admixtures contribute to the long-term durability of concrete structures. They
help maintain the structural integrity of the concrete and reduce the risk of
damage and deterioration caused by AAR.
3. Increased Service Life: The use of alkali aggregate expansion preventing
admixtures can extend the service life of concrete structures by preventing or
slowing down the deterioration associated with AAR. This can result in cost
savings by reducing the need for premature repairs or replacement of the affected
structures.
4. Compatibility with Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs): Some
alkali aggregate expansion preventing admixtures are compatible with
supplementary cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag. This compatibility
allows for the use of sustainable and environmentally-friendly materials in
concrete while still mitigating the risk of AAR.
5. Corrosion Prevention: By reducing the expansion and cracking of concrete, these

admixtures can help prevent the ingress of moisture and corrosive substances,
thus reducing the risk of corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete structures.
10. Anti-washout Admixtures
➢ Anti-washout admixtures are used in concrete

especially for under water concrete structure. It
protect the concrete mix from being washed out
under water pressure. It improves the cohesiveness
of concrete. This type of admixtures are prepared
from natural or synthetic rubbers, cellulose based
thickeners etc.
There are various types of anti-washout admixtures used in concrete to prevent

segregation and washout of cementitious materials in underwater or highly fluid
situations. The specific types of anti-washout admixtures may vary, but here are some
examples:
1. Cellulose Ether Derivatives: Cellulose ether derivatives, such as methyl cellulose

and hydroxyethyl cellulose, are commonly used as anti-washout admixtures. They
increase the viscosity of the concrete mix, reducing the risk of segregation and
washout.
2. Polyacrylamides: Polyacrylamides are synthetic water-soluble polymers that
can increase the viscosity of the concrete mix. They are often used as anti-washout
admixtures in underwater concrete applications.
3. Polyethylene Oxides: Polyethylene oxides are high molecular weight polymers

that can improve the cohesion and workability of the concrete mix. They help
prevent segregation and washout in situations where the concrete is subjected to
water flow or high fluidity.
4. Polyvinyl Alcohol: Polyvinyl alcohol is a water-soluble synthetic polymer that
can increase the viscosity of the concrete mix. It is commonly used as an anti -
washout admixture in underwater concrete construction.
5. Superplasticizers: Certain hydrophobic superplasticizers can also act as anti-
washout admixtures. These admixtures improve the workability and flowability
of the concrete mix while reducing the risk of segregation and washout.
Anti-washout admixtures offer several advantages in concrete construction, particularly

in underwater concreting or highly fluid situations. Here are some potential advantages
of using anti-washout admixtures:
1. Improved Workability: Anti-washout admixtures improve the workability of the

concrete mix, making it easier to place and handle. They enhance the flowability
and cohesiveness of the concrete, allowing for better consolidation and reduced
risk of segregation.
2. Reduced Segregation and Bleeding: Anti-washout admixtures help prevent the
segregation and bleeding of the concrete mix. They improve the stability of the
mix, reducing the separation of aggregates and water, and minimizing the risk of
water-rich bleed water on the surface.
3. Enhanced Cohesion: Anti-washout admixtures improve the cohesion between
the cementitious materials and aggregates in the concrete mix. This improved
cohesion contributes to a more uniform and homogeneous concrete with reduced
voids and potential for washout.
4. Increased Resistance to Washout: As the name suggests, anti-washout
admixtures help to prevent the washout of cementitious materials during
underwater concreting. They increase the stability of the mix, reducing the loss of
cementitious materials and maintaining the desired concrete properties.
5. Improved Durability: By reducing segregation, bleeding, and washout, anti-
washout admixtures contribute to the overall durability and long-term
performance of the concrete. They help maintain the integrity and strength of the
concrete structure, even in challenging conditions.
11. Grouting Admixtures
➢ Grouting admixtures are added to grout materials to

improve the grout properties according to the requirement
of grout. Sometimes, there is a need of quick set grout and
sometimes there is a need of slow set grout to spread into
deep cracks or fissures. Hence, different admixtures are
used as grout admixtures based on situation. Accelerators
like calcium chloride, triethanolamine etc. are used as grout
admixtures when the grout is to be set rapidly. Similarly
retarders like mucic acid, gypsum etc. are used to slow
down the setting time of grout. Gas forming admixtures like
aluminum powder is added to grout material to counteract the settle of
foundations.
Grouting admixtures encompass various types that serve specific purposes in

construction. However, specific details on different types of grouting admixtures are not
extensively covered in the search results provided. Nevertheless, based on the
information available, grouting admixtures can include:
1. Corrosion Inhibiting Admixtures: These admixtures help prevent corrosion in

the structure by inhibiting the electrochemical reactions that cause corrosion.
2. Bonding Admixtures: Bonding admixtures improve the bond strength between
old and new concrete surfaces, ensuring a strong and durable connection.
3. Coloring Admixtures: Coloring admixtures are used for aesthetic purposes to
add color to the grout, allowing for customization and design flexibility.
4. Water Reducing Admixtures: Water reducing admixtures reduce the water
content in the grout mix while maintaining workability, resulting in higher
strength and improved durability.
5. Miscellaneous Admixtures: This category includes various types of admixtures
used in grouting applications, such as workability admixtures to enhance
flowability and workability, damp proofing admixtures to reduce moisture

penetration, permeability reducing admixtures to improve the impermeability of
the grout, gas-forming admixtures to generate gas bubbles for lightweight
grouting, anti-washout admixtures to prevent segregation and washout, and
foaming admixtures to create foam for lightweight and insulating grout.
Grouting admixtures offer various advantages in construction projects where grouting is

required. These admixtures enhance the properties of grout mixes and improve the
performance of the final grouted structure. Here are some potential advantages of using
grouting admixtures:
1. Improved Flowability: Grouting admixtures can improve the flowability and

workability of grout mixes, making them easier to place and ensuring better
penetration into voids, gaps, or cracks. This enhanced flowability helps in
achieving complete filling and bonding in the grouted area.
2. Increased Strength and Durability: Admixtures in grout mixes can enhance the
strength and durability of the hardened grout. They can promote better adhesion,
reduce shrinkage, and increase compressive and bond strengths, resulting in a
more robust and long-lasting grouted structure.
3. Reduced Permeability: Certain grouting admixtures can decrease the
permeability of the grout, making it more resistant to water penetration, chemical
attacks, and environmental factors. This helps in improving the overall durability
and longevity of the grouted structure.
4. Enhanced Bonding: Grouting admixtures can improve the bond between the
grout and surrounding surfaces, ensuring a strong and reliable connection. This
enhanced bonding helps in preventing leaks, reducing the risk of structural
failures, and enhancing the overall performance of the grouted area.
5. Controlled Setting Time: Admixtures in grout mixes can help control the setting
time, allowing for sufficient time for placement and compaction while ensuring
timely hardening and curing. This controlled setting time facilitates proper
installation and ensures the desired properties of the grouted structure.
6. Specialized Properties: Some grouting admixtures offer specialized properties
such as rapid setting, high early strength, freeze-thaw resistance, chemical
resistance, or self-leveling characteristics, providing tailored solutions for specific
grouting applications and project requirements.
12. Corrosion Preventing Admixtures
➢ Corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete structure is

general and it is severe when the structure is exposed to
saline water, industrial fumes, chlorides etc. To prevent or
to slow down the process of corrosion preventing
admixtures are used. Some of the corrosion preventing
admixtures used in reinforced concrete are sodium
benzoate, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite etc.
Some common types of corrosion inhibiting admixtures include:
1. Calcium Nitrite-Based Admixtures: These admixtures contain calcium nitrite,

which acts as a corrosion inhibitor by forming a protective layer on the surface of
steel reinforcement, preventing the initiation and progress of corrosion.
2. Organic Corrosion Inhibitors: Organic corrosion inhibitors, such as amines and
phosphates, are often used as admixtures to inhibit the corrosion of steel
reinforcement in concrete. These inhibitors form a protective barrier on the steel
surface, reducing the corrosive action of chloride ions and other aggressive
substances.
3. Migrating Corrosion Inhibitors: Migrating corrosion inhibitors, also known as
migratory corrosion-resistant admixtures, penetrate the concrete and migrate to
the surface of embedded steel reinforcement. These admixtures form a protective
layer on the steel surface, reducing the corrosion rate and extending the service
life of the structure.
4. Hybrid Corrosion Inhibitors: Hybrid corrosion inhibitors combine multiple
corrosion inhibition mechanisms to provide enhanced protection against
corrosion. These admixtures may incorporate a combination of calcium nitrite,
organic inhibitors, and other corrosion-resistant compounds.
5. Other Corrosion-Inhibiting Admixtures: There are various other types of
corrosion-inhibiting admixtures available in the market, including admixtures
based on silicates, phosphates, and other proprietary formulations. These
admixtures function by either delaying the onset of corrosion or signi ficantly
reducing the corrosion rate of embedded steel reinforcement in concrete.
Corrosion-preventing admixtures offer several advantages in construction projects

where protection against corrosion is essential. Here are some potential advantages of
using corrosion-preventing admixtures:
1. Corrosion Protection: The primary advantage of corrosion-preventing

admixtures is their ability to protect embedded steel reinforcement from
corrosion. These admixtures create a protective barrier on the surface of the
reinforcement, preventing the ingress of corrosive substances such as chloride ions
and reducing the risk of corrosion.
2. Increased Durability: By inhibiting corrosion, these admixtures contribute to the
overall durability and longevity of concrete structures. They help maintain the
structural integrity of the reinforcement, extending the service life of the structure
and reducing the need for premature repairs or replacements.
3. Enhanced Structural Performance: Corrosion-preventing admixtures help
maintain the bond between the concrete and steel reinforcement, ensuring the
structural integrity and load-bearing capacity of the structure. This enhances the
overall performance and safety of the construction.
4. Cost Savings: By preventing corrosion and reducing the need for repairs or
replacements, the use of corrosion-preventing admixtures can result in cost
savings over the life cycle of the structure. It helps avoid the expensive and
disruptive process of repairing corroded reinforcement.
5. Compatibility with Other Admixtures: Corrosion-preventing admixtures can be
used in combination with other types of admixtures, such as water reducers or
superplasticizers, without compromising their effectiveness. This allows for the
optimization of concrete mix designs while providing corrosion protection.
6. Environmental Considerations: The use of corrosion-preventing admixtures can
contribute to environmental sustainability by extending the service life of
structures and reducing the need for resource-intensive repairs or replacements.
13. Bonding Admixtures
➢ Bonding admixtures are used

to create a bond between old
and fresh concrete surfaces.
In general, if fresh concrete is
poured over a hardened
concrete surface, there is a
chance of failure of fresh
concrete surface due to weak
bond with old surface. To
make the bond stronger,
bonding admixtures are
added to cement or mortar
grout which is applied on the concrete surface just before placing fresh
concrete. This type of admixtures are used for pavement overlays, screed
over roof provision, repair works etc. Bonding admixtures are water
emulsions and they are made from natural rubber, synthetic rubbers,
polymers like poly vinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate etc.
The types of bonding admixtures can include:
1. Water Emulsion Bonding Admixtures: These bonding admixtures are water

emulsions made from natural rubber or synthetic polymers. They are applied to
the concrete surface just before placing fresh concrete to enhance the bond
between the two layers.
2. Polymer-Based Bonding Admixtures: Bonding admixtures can be formulated with
compounds and materials such as polyvinyl chlorides, acetates, acrylics, or
butadiene-styrene co-polymers. These admixtures help improve the bond
between new/fresh concrete and old/set concrete.
Bonding admixtures offer several advantages in construction projects. These include:
1. Improved Bond Strength: Bonding admixtures enhance the bond strength

between old and new concrete surfaces. This ensures a strong and reliable
connection, reducing the risk of delamination or failure at the interface.
2. Enhanced Durability: The use of bonding admixtures can improve the durability
of concrete structures. By creating a robust bond, they help prevent the ingress of
moisture, chemicals, and other harmful substances that can deteriorate the
concrete over time.
3. Increased Structural Integrity: Bonding admixtures contribute to the overall
structural integrity of concrete elements. They help distribute loads more
effectively, reducing the risk of cracking, spalling, or other forms of structural
damage.
4. Compatibility with Various Substrates: Bonding admixtures are often
formulated to be compatible with different types of substrates, including concrete,
masonry, and metal. This versatility allows for effective bonding in a wide range
of construction applications.
5. Improved Aesthetics: Bonding admixtures can enhance the appearance of
concrete surfaces by minimizing the visibility of joints or repair areas. This results
in a more visually appealing and seamless finish.
6. Time and Cost Savings: The use of bonding admixtures can help accelerate
construction schedules by allowing for faster placement of new concrete on
existing surfaces. This can lead to time and cost savings in construction projects.
7.
14. Fungicidal, Germicidal, Insecticidal Admixtures
➢ To prevent the growth of bacteria, germs, fungus on

hardened concrete structures, it is recommended that
the mix should have fungicidal, germicidal and
insecticidal properties. This properties can be developed
by adding admixtures like polyhalogenated phenols,
copper compounds and dieledren emulsions etc.
These admixtures offer protection to concrete structures and promote longevity by

inhibiting microbial growth. Some common types of these admixtures include:
1. Fungicidal Admixtures: These admixtures are formulated to inhibit the growth

of fungi on concrete surfaces. They help prevent the development of mold, mildew,
and other fungal organisms that can cause aesthetic issues and potential health
hazards.
2. Germicidal Admixtures: Germicidal admixtures are designed to inhibit the
growth of bacteria and germs on concrete surfaces. They help maintain a hygienic
environment and prevent the spread of harmful microorganisms.
3. Insecticidal Admixtures: Insecticidal admixtures are used to deter or eliminate
insects and pests that may infest concrete structures. They help protect against
damage caused by termites, ants, and other insects that can compromise the
integrity of the concrete.
The advantages of fungicidal, germicidal, and insecticidal admixtures are not extensively
covered in the search results provided. However, based on general knowledge, here are
some potential advantages of using these types of admixtures:
1. Prevention of Microbial Growth: Fungicidal, germicidal, and insecticidal

admixtures help prevent the growth of fungi, germs, and insects on concrete
surfaces. This can lead to improved hygiene, reduced risk of health hazards, and a
cleaner environment.
2. Preservation of Aesthetics: These admixtures can help maintain the appearance
and cleanliness of concrete surfaces by inhibiting the growth of mold, mildew, and
other unsightly organisms.
3. Protection of Structural Integrity: By preventing the growth of harmful
organisms, these admixtures help protect the structural integrity of concrete.
They reduce the risk of damage caused by microbial-induced corrosion,
degradation, or weakening of the concrete.
4. Improved Longevity: The use of fungicidal, germicidal, and insecticidal
admixtures can contribute to the long-term durability and lifespan of concrete
structures. By inhibiting the growth of organisms that can cause deterioration, the
admixtures help maintain the integrity and functionality of the concrete over time.
5. Environmental Considerations: Some of these admixtures may have
environmentally friendly formulations and contribute to sustainable construction
practices by minimizing the need for chemical treatments or harsh cleaning
methods.
15. Coloring Admixtures
➢ Coloring admixtures are the

pigments which produce color
in the finished concrete. The
admixtures used to produce
color should not affect the
concrete strength. Generally
coloring admixtures are added
to cement in a ball mill, then
colored cement can be
obtained which can be used for
making colored concrete.
Different types of coloring admixtures are used to infuse concrete with color, either for
decorative purposes or to harmonize with the surroundings. While specific details on
different types of coloring admixtures are not extensively covered in the search results
provided, some common types can include:
1. Pigment-Based Coloring Admixtures: These admixtures contain pigments that

can be added to cement in a ball mill to produce colored cement. The colored
cement can then be used to make colored concrete.
2. Chemical Coloring Admixtures: Chemical coloring admixtures are used to
introduce color to concrete mixes. These admixtures do not affect the strength of
the concrete and are typically added to the mix during batching.
These advantages make coloring admixtures a popular choice for achieving aesthetically
pleasing colored concrete while maintaining the desired structural properties.
Reference: https://theconstructor.org/concrete/types-concrete-admixtures/5558/
www.concretenetwork.com/concrete/concrete_admixtures/types
https://constrofacilitator.com/retarding-admixture-advantages-types-and-
applications/
https://www.sika.com/en/knowledge-hub/concrete-admixtures-comprehensive-
guide.html
https://civilscoops.com/admixture/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0147651320308526

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CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING

15 DIFFERENT TYPES OF ADMIXTURES

1) Water Reducing Admixtures

1. Water Reducing admixtures

➢ Water reducing admixtures, the name itself defining

1. Regular Plasticizers or Low Range Plasticizers: These admixtures reduce the

excellent workability and flowability to concrete mixes while maintaining high

1. Improved Workability: Water reducing admixtures enhance the workability of

➢ Retarding admixtures slow down the rate of

Different types of retarding admixtures can include:

1. Type B (Retarding Admixtures): These admixtures are specifically designed to slow

Retarding admixtures offer several advantages in concrete construction. These include:

1. Workability Retention: Retarding admixtures, also known as concrete retarders,

➢ Accelerating admixtures are

There are different types of accelerating admixtures used in concrete construction to

3. Other Accelerating Admixtures: In addition to calcium chloride and Type C

1. Early Strength Development: Accelerating admixtures increase the rate of early

4. Air entraining admixtures

➢ are one of the most important inventions in

also improve the workability of concrete, prevents segregation and

1. Vinsol Resin-Based Admixtures: These admixtures are derived from natural

Air-entraining admixtures offer several advantages in concrete construction. Here are

1. Improved Durability: Air entraining admixtures enhance the durability of

➢ Pozzolanic admixtures are used to

There are different types of pozzolanic admixtures used in concrete

1. Natural Pozzolans: Natural pozzolans are naturally occurring materials that

6. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS): GGBFS is a byproduct of iron

➢ Damp proofing or water proofing admixtures are

1. Waterproofing Admixtures: These admixtures reduce water penetration into

3. Crystalline Admixtures: Crystalline admixtures react with water and underrated

Damp-proofing admixtures offer several advantages when used in construction projects.

1. Moisture Control: Damp-proofing admixtures help in reducing the rate of

can help in reducing efflorescence by preventing the movement of water and

7. Gas forming Admixtures

➢ Aluminum powder, activated carbon,

1. Hydrogen Peroxide: Hydrogen peroxide is a common gas-forming admixture

Gas forming admixtures offer several advantages in concrete construction. These

1. Improved Workability: Gas forming admixtures cause a slight expansion of the

8. Air detraining Admixtures

➢ Air-detraining Admixtures are used to remove

1. Tributyl Phosphate: Tributyl phosphate is a commonly used air-detraining

9. Alkali Aggregate Expansion Preventing Admixtures

There is limited specific information available on different types of alkali aggregate

1. Inhibition of Expansion: Alkali aggregate expansion preventing admixtures can

5. Corrosion Prevention: By reducing the expansion and cracking of concrete, these

10. Anti-washout Admixtures

➢ Anti-washout admixtures are used in concrete

There are various types of anti-washout admixtures used in concrete to prevent

1. Cellulose Ether Derivatives: Cellulose ether derivatives, such as methyl cellulose

3. Polyethylene Oxides: Polyethylene oxides are high molecular weight polymers

Anti-washout admixtures offer several advantages in concrete construction, particularly

1. Improved Workability: Anti-washout admixtures improve the workability of the

11. Grouting Admixtures

➢ Grouting admixtures are added to grout materials to

Grouting admixtures encompass various types that serve specific purposes in

1. Corrosion Inhibiting Admixtures: These admixtures help prevent corrosion in

flowability and workability, damp proofing admixtures to reduce moisture

Grouting admixtures offer various advantages in construction projects where grouting is

1. Improved Flowability: Grouting admixtures can improve the flowability and

12. Corrosion Preventing Admixtures

➢ Corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete structure is

Some common types of corrosion inhibiting admixtures include:

1. Calcium Nitrite-Based Admixtures: These admixtures contain calcium nitrite,