LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Caption Page No.

Fig. 1.1 Year-wise installed capacity of the wind energy 3

Fig. 1.2 Installed capacity of wind energy by different countries in 2018 3

Fig. 1.3 Share of top wind energy producing countries 4

Fig. 1.4 Installed capacity (MW) and generation (GWh) in India since 4
2014
Fig. 1.5 Share of installed wind energy capacity by major states in India 5

Fig. 3.1 Wind energy conversion system (WECS) 17

Fig. 3.2 Voltage ride-through requirements according to the E.ON 18

regulations
Fig. 3.3 (a) Classical actuator disk model with stream tube (b) pressure and 19
velocities at different positions on stream tube
Fig. 3.4 (a) Blade element (b) forces and velocities on an airfoil shape of a 21
blade element
Fig. 3.5 Turbine power (p.u.) at different pitch angle 23

Fig. 3.6 Turbine power (p.u.) at different wind speed 24

Fig. 3.7 Operating region of the turbine 25

Fig. 3.8 Type-1: Fixed-Speed (±1%) SCIG WECS 26

Fig. 3.9 Type-2: Semi Variable-Speed (±10%) WRIG WECS 27

Fig. 3.10 Type-3: Variable-Speed (±30%) DFIG WECS 28

Fig. 3.11 Type-3: Variable-Speed SCIG/SG WECS 29

Fig. 3.12 Type-5: Direct Grid-Connected Variable-Speed WRSG WECS 30

Fig. 3.13 Type-3 WECS with MPPT controller 30

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Fig. 3.14 Block diagram to show optimal speed command generation 31

Fig. 3.15 TSK fuzzy model 32

Fig. 3.16 MPPT controller using combination of extremum seeking and 33

sliding mode control
Fig. 3.17 Flow Chart showing MPPT Controller algorithm 34

Fig. 4.1 Schematic diagram of SMIB with DFIG 36

Fig. 4.2 Equivalent circuit of DFIG 37

Fig. 4.3 Modified equivalent circuit of DFIG 37

Fig. 4.4 Torque slip characteristics of DFIG at different rotor voltage 38

Fig. 4.5. Reactive power-slip characteristics of DFIG at different rotor 39

voltage
Fig. 4.6 Simulation scheme of Grid Connected DFIG-Wind Turbine 40
System
Fig. 4.7 Direct Torque Control-Rotor Side Controller (DTC-RSC) 44

Fig. 4.8 Direct Torque Control-Grid Side Controller (DTC-GSC) 46

Fig. 4.9 (a) Rotor side controller (RSC) and (b) Grid side controller (GSC) 47

Fig. 4.10 (a) Phasor diagram illustrating FMAC (b) MPPT characteristics 48

Fig. 5.1 Schematic Diagram of the Studied System 55

Fig. 5.2 Active Power (𝑝. 𝑢.) under Open-Loop Control with Step Wind 57
Speed Change
Fig. 5.3 Turbine Power Coefficient, 𝐶𝑝 (𝑝𝑢) under Open-Loop Control 58
𝑝𝑢

Case
Fig. 5.4 Active power under Open-Loop Control with during voltage-dip 58
disturbance
Fig. 5.5 Optimal and Actual Generator Speed with Wind Speed under 61
FMAC control

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Fig. 5.6 𝐶𝑝𝑝𝑢 (𝑝. 𝑢.) and powers with FMAC Control 62

Fig. 5.7 Stator Voltage of DFIG under FMAC Control 62

Fig. 5.8 DC-link Voltage and Rotor Reactive Power under FMAC Control 63

Fig. 5.9 Wind Speed (𝑚/𝑠) and Generator Speed 65

Fig. 5.10 𝐶𝑝𝑝𝑢 (𝑝. 𝑢.) and Powers under DTC Control 65

3
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Table Caption Page No.

Table 5.1 Modes the DFIG-WT System in Open Loop Case 57

Table 5.2 Selected Modes of the DFIG-WPG with FMAC control 60

Table 5.3. Modes of the DFIG-WPG with DTC control 64

Table 5.4. Comparison of the Selected Modes during FMAC and DTC 66
Control

4
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

DFIG-WT Doubly Fed Induction Generator based Wind Turbine system

WECS Wind Energy Conversion System
SMIB Single Machine Infinite Bus system
DAE Differential-Algebraic-Equations
ODE Ordinary-Differential-Equations
PMSG Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator
FRC Full Rated Converter
RSCC Rotor Side Converter Controller
GSCC Grid Side Converter Controller
TSR Tip Speed Ratio
MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking
𝐻𝑡 Turbine inertia constant

𝐻𝑔 Generator inertia constant

ω𝑡 Turbine angular speed

ω𝑟 Generator angular speed

θ𝑡𝑤 Shaft twist angle

ω𝐵 Base electrical speed

𝑃𝑡 Turbine power
𝑝𝑢

𝑇𝑠 Shaft torque

𝑇𝑒 Generator electrical torque

𝑇𝑡 Turbine torque

𝑐𝑑 Shaft damping coefficient

𝑘𝑠 Stiffness of the shaft

𝑉𝑤 Wind speed

ρ Air density
𝐴 Area swept by the turbine blades

5
𝐶𝑝 Power coefficient

𝐶𝑝 Per unit Power coefficient

𝑝𝑢

β Pitch angle
λ Tip-speed ratio
𝑉𝑑𝑐 DC link voltage

𝑉𝑠 Stator terminal voltage

𝑉𝑏 Infinite bus voltage

𝑋𝑇 Transmission line reactance

𝑋𝐶 Grid side converter transformer reactance

𝑃𝑒 Generator active power

𝑄𝑒 Generator reactive power

𝑉𝑑𝑐𝑅𝐸𝐹 Reference DC-link voltage across capacitor

𝑄𝑟𝑅𝐸𝐹 Reference rotor reactive power

𝑉𝑠𝑅𝐸𝐹 Reference stator voltage

𝑃𝑒𝑅𝐸𝐹 Reference active power

𝑇𝑒𝑅𝐸𝐹 Reference electromagnetic torque of generator

𝑇𝑒𝑅𝐸𝐹𝑚 Modified reference electromagnetic torque

𝑉𝑞𝑠, 𝑉𝑑𝑠, 𝑉𝑞𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑑𝑟 q-axis and d-axis stator and rotor voltages, respectively

𝐼𝑞𝑠, 𝐼𝑑𝑠, 𝐼𝑞𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑑𝑟 q-axis and d-axis stator and rotor currents, respectively

𝐶 Capacitance of DC-link capacitor

𝑓 Set of state equations
𝑔 Set of algebraic equations
ℎ Set of output equations
𝑦 Measurable output vector
−
𝑋, 𝑋 System state and predicted state vector
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑡 𝑝𝑢 Per unit value of the respective variable
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑡 𝑅𝐸𝐹 Reference value of the respective variable

6
7
 CONTENTS

List of Figures i

List of Tables iv

List of Abbreviations v

CONTENTS vii

ABSTRACT 1

Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 2-9

1.1. General 2
1.2. Background of wind energy 2
1.3. Thesis Objectives 8
1.4. Organization of Thesis 8

Chapter 2. LITERATURE SURVEY 10-16

2.1. Introduction 10
2.2. Literature Review 10
2.3. Inference Drawn out of Literature Review 15

Chapter 3. WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS 17-35

3.1. Introduction 17
3.2. Grid Code Requirements 18
3.3. Wind Power Extraction 19
3.4. General Formula of Turbine Power 22
3.5. Different Configurations of Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) 25
3.5.1. Type 1 WECS Configuration 26
3.5.2. Type 2 WECS Configuration 27
3.5.3. Type 3 WECS configuration 28
3.5.4. Type 4 WECS Configuration 28
3.5.5. Type 5 WECS Configuration 30
3.6. MPPT control methods for DFIG based WECS 30
3.6.1. Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) Control 31

8
 3.6.2. Power Signal Feedback (PSF) Control 31
3.6.3. Hill Climb Search (HCS) Control 32

Chapter 4. MODELING AND CONTROL OF DFIG-WPG 36-53

4.1. Introduction 36
4.2. Modeling of the SMIB with DFIG 39
4.2.1. Two-mass model of drive train and wind turbine 40
4.2.2. Generator 42
4.2.3. DFIG Controllers 43
4.2.4. Grid Integration Of The DFIG-WPG 50
4.3. DAE Model of the Studied System and Modal Analysis 50
4.3.1. Eigen-values and eigen-vectors 51

Chapter 5. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY AND SIMULATION RESULTS 54-67

5.1. Introduction 54
5.2. Schematics of the Studied System 54
5.3. Simulation Results and Discussion 55
5.3.1 Open loop Control Case 56
5.3.1.1 Modal Analysis in Open-Loop Case 56
5.3.1.2 Time Response Analysis in Open-Loop Case 57
5.3.2 Closed Loop Control Case 59
5.3.2.1 DFIG-WPG with FMAC Control Method 59
5.3.2.2 DFIG-WPG with DTC Control Method 63
5.3.3 Comparison of the Modes during FMAC and DTC Control 66

Chapter 6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 68

6.1. Conclusion 68
6.2. Scope of the Future Work 68

REFERENCES 69-74

PUBLICATIONS FROM THESIS 75