No.

6/3

SOUTH PACIFIC BOARD FOR

EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT

Marking
Schedule
2009

© South Pacific Board for Educational Assessment, 2009

26 McGregor Road, Box 2083 Government Buildings, Suva, Fiji.
Telephone: (679) 3309622, 3315600, 3302141 Fax: (679) 3302898, 3303635
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced by any means
without the prior permission of the South Pacific Board for Educational Assessment.
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QUESTION 1: LIVING WITH NATURAL HAZARDS (20 marks)
PART A: DEVELOPMENT OF HURRICANES. (3 marks)

1. The heat from the ocean heats the air immediately above it, air is warm, becomes light then rises.

2. In contrast to the sufficient heat and moisture supplied by the warm ocean (> 27 oC), there is a
lack of both (heat and moisture) on land which could not maintain the strength of the hurricanes
which therefore dies out.

3. Accept any ONE of the following:

- The regions for the development of hurricanes are located between 5o – 26o north and south.
- Hurricanes develop over warm ocean water (>80 oF or >27 oC).
- Within the tropics

PART B: TECTONIC PROCESSES (4 marks)

4. a) Transform/Conservative Plate Boundary

b) San Andreas Fault (USA), Alpine Fault (NZ), (or any other correctly named fault)
c) Passive

5. Divergent Plate Boundary - two plates move away from one another allowing the rising magma
to escape and solidify when it comes into contact with the sea water to form new seafloor;
seafloor spreading

6. Convergent Plate Boundary: the heavier plate subducts and where the two plates come into
contact the stick and slip action occurs which releases tremendous pressure to cause
earthquakes.

PART C: IMPACTS OF VOLCANIC HAZARDS (3 marks)

7. Volcanic ash is very light (less than 1/10th of an inch in diameter) and airborne which can be
carried away for kilometres for several days before it settles.

8. Any ONE of the following:

- Air pollution
- Poor visibility
- Bury and suffocate trees.

(Accept other possible answers)

9. The suspended volcanic ash causes poor visibility, the pilot cannot see clearly and may crash the
helicopter; breathing problem.

(Accept other possible answers)

PART D: HAZARD MAP (3 marks)

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10. To make the public aware of areas that are dangerous to live in during or after an extreme natural
event such as a volcanic eruption or an earthquake.

11. Most settlements are away from the active crater, none within the high hazard zone and few on
the moderate hazard zone.

12. Accept any ONE of the following:

- recreational activities, for example – mountaineering, skiing, camping, researching on
volcanic issues etc;
- fertile soil from weathered lava flow and ash;
- it is their traditional land and they have nowhere else to live.

(Accept other possible answers)

PART E: MINIMISING THE IMPACTS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES (7 marks)

13. a) Strategies (Any THREE of the following)

- proactive, readily available warning systems monitoring and informing the concerned
population of the cyclone development, route, strength, etc;
- evacuate from coastal low-lying area to higher grounds;
- educate the public on the appropriate preparedness for the cyclone, for example, adequate
supply of food and drinks to last for more than 3 days, radio, torch with batteries, candles or
lamps, secure houses like use of shutters;
- appropriate and improved building design to withstand the strong wind etc;
- prediction;
- use of satellite photographs.

b) Effectiveness in developing countries

- there is an improvement in the warning system and it is generally effective as long as they
exist and people listen to them;
- some are able to evacuate from low-lying areas to higher grounds but with very low-lying
atolls, there is no choice – not effective, e.g. atolls of the Pacific;
- some people are not willing to evacuate to higher grounds for one reason or another;
- with more educational programmes through the media by NGOs and governmental
departments, the public are made aware of the kind of preparedness needed – effective;
- being poor in developing countries means the inability to have secure houses, adequate
supply of food and water etc, therefore the lack of these vital facilities increases the impacts
of the cyclones.

(Accept other possible answers)

Marking Criteria
Mark by ‘impression marking’ on a 5-point scale:
7 marks: Very good. Three strategies are well explained and realistically evaluated, the response
reads well, and good use is made of specific examples. Both parts of the response are
answered well, or one answered very well and the other adequately.
5 marks: Adequate. Both parts are answered adequately or one part is answered well and the
other only briefly. One or two specific examples are use to illustrate the answer.
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3 marks: Two or three valid points are made, but the response is generally too vague and
inadequate. There are no specific examples.
1 mark: One valid point is made
0 mark: Not attempted, or the answer is totally irrelevant
QUESTION 2: USE AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES
(20 marks)
PART A: WORLD’S WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION (4 marks)

1. Any ONE of the following:

- Available water per person is highest in Latin America and lowest in Europe.
- Available water for each person decreases throughout each region.

(Accept other possible generalisation)

2. Decreasing amount of available water.

3. Any ONE of the following:

- high population growth means greater pressure on the available water and less water for
everyone;
- poor and unwise waste disposal methods contaminates water supplies;
- increasing mismanagement and wasting of water;
- large areas of Asia are deserts or semi-deserts or suffer from drought in summer.

(Accept other possible answers).

4. North America (by analysing the pattern of decrease in all regions) (the only answer)

PART B: FACTORS AFFECTING WATER DISTRIBUTION (3 marks)

5. Any ONE of the following:

- evaporation is greater then runoff;
- runoff is less than evapotranspiration.

(Accept other possible generalisation)

6. Any ONE of the following:

- Deforestation and Desertification leave the soil bare thus increasing evaporation and runoff;
- overgrazing by cattle and goats;
- over-cultivation.
- burning

7. Any of the following:

- Large area of Latin America is at the equatorial area with great heat and low pressure which
causes heavy convectional rainfall at the ITCZ;
- Southern Chile and Argentina experience heavy orographic rainfall from onshore westerlies;
- Northern and Eastern South America experience rainfall from onshore trade winds.

(Accept other possible answers)

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PART C: EFFCTS OF WATER USE (3 marks)

8. Agriculture (No other answers)

9. Any ONE of the following:

- More water is used in agriculture in China which explains why China still has a very
agriculturally-based economy, whereas the US’s emphasis is on industries.
- China has a larger portion of its population working in (dependent on) agriculture than the
USA.
- China uses more water in agriculture because its principal crop is rice, which needs irrigation.

(Accept other possible answers)

10. Any ONE of the following:

- there are a number of dams outside Port Lincoln to conserve water for farmers;
- a water pipeline.

PART D: WATER SCARCITY AND STRESS (3 marks)

11. 4 – 0.46 = 3.54 million (the unit and exact figure should be given to score)

12. Any ONE of the following:

- more public awareness on using water responsibly and education of people by government
departments and NGOs at community, national, region and international level;
- slower rate of population growth.

(Accept other possible answers)

13. When there is water scarcity and water stress, the poor cannot afford to buy or access safe water,
therefore they consume and use the unsafe water available.

PART E: WATER RESOURCES IN DEVELOPING NATIONS (7 marks)

a) Why access to fresh water is an increasing problem in developing nations

- natural disasters like drought when nothing can be done to ease the natural water deficit,
tropical cyclones cause the contamination of the water supply;
- increasing population means less water for everyone and an increase in water use;
- sea level rise especially on low-lying islands such as the atolls of the Pacific – easy intrusion
of salt water contaminating the underground water;
- increase in population means increase in consumption which produces more waste. Poor
waste disposal methods lead to the contamination of the ground water and the surface water
supply;
- wasteful use of water like using water hose to clean vehicles etc;
- more industries means more demand for water.

b) Effectiveness of three strategies

- effective community small projects e.g. cementing and securing of wells and managing the
quality of water;
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- water rationing and water bill – pay what you use is also effective in fixing leaking pipes;
- financial aid from NZ, Canada, etc to build water tanks to collect rain water especially in
low-lying areas and areas experiencing severe seasonal droughts;
- educating the population on using water responsibly is not so effective;
- international, regional, and national emphasis on the importance of water e.g. World Water
Day;
- large dam projects (Aswan Dam) and micro-hydro projects;
- domestic water conservation (use of composting toilets, showers with lower water
consumption);
- drip and trickle irrigation – effective in Egypt;
- reafforestation projects to decrease evaporation;
- recycling of water;
- drainage canals in areas of water surplus;
- privatisation of water supply.

(Accept other possible answers)

Marking Criteria
Mark by ‘impression marking’ on a 5-point scale:
7 marks: Very good. Three reasons for the increasing problems of water supply are clearly
described and the response reads well, and good use is made of specific examples. The
three strategies are well evaluated. Both parts of the response are answered well, or
one answered very well and the other adequately.
5 marks: Adequate. Both parts are answered adequately or one part is answered well and the
other only briefly. One or two specific examples are use to illustrate the answer.
3 marks: Two or three valid points are made, but the response is generally too vague and
inadequate. There are no specific examples.
1 mark: One valid point is made
0 mark: Not attempted, or the answer is totally irrelevant

QUESTION 3: CONSEQUENCES OF POPULATION GROWTH (20 marks)

PART A: WORLD POPULATION DISTRIBUTION (3 marks)

1. Uneven distribution as more people live in developing regions such as Asia and Africa than in
developed regions such as Europe and North America.

(Accept any other correct generalisations)

2. High birth-rate; increasing number of babies born contributes to the high population growth.

3. Any ONE of the following:

- access to transportation routes;
- access to ports;
- low relief on the coastal area, easier to farm the land;
- sparse rural density of population.

(Any ONE of the above suggested reasons. Accept other possible answers)
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PART B: WORLD POPULATION CHANGE AND GROWTH (3 marks)

4. i) Natural increase (Birth rate and Death rate)

ii) Net migration (immigration)

5. Figure 11: an increase until 2010 (with fluctuation) and then a steady decrease,
Figure 12: increases

(‘fluctuation’ only for Fig 11 is incorrect, have to have the TWO trends correct to score.)

6. Any ONE of the following:

- this is because the generation of women now having their children is very large as the result of
high fertility in their mothers’ and grandmothers’ generations;
- because of demographic momentum;
- because although the birth rate falls, there are already many children and young people alive
who will reach reproductive age between 2010 and 2050 and have their own children.

(Accept other possible answers)

PART C: NATURE OF THE WORLD POPULATION (4 marks)

7.
Less Developed Regions More Developed Regions
Birth rate High Low
Life expectancy Short/Low Long/High

8. As compared with developed regions, less developed regions have a much greater proportion of
their population aged 0-15 who are not economically active.

9. Any ONE of the following:

- increase in illiteracy due to lack of financial support for education and in some countries
education is not a priority;
- poor health as there are very few doctors available for the large population;
- poor housing as many people cannot afford secure houses, so squatter settlements develop.

(Accept other possible answers)

PART D: IMPACTS OF OVER-POPULATION (3 marks)

10. Any ONE of the followings

- population exceeds the available resources, services and technology;
- there are not enough resources to meet the needs of the people.

11. Because the ball represents how small and vulnerable the earth is, which is being exploited /
abused / taken advantage of (kicked around) by the forceful impacts of over-population,
pollution, global warming, loss of rainforest, species extinction, etc.

(ONE well explained and complete answer to score)

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(Accept other possible answers)
12. The world is unsustainably extracting and using non-renewable resources such as the fossil fuel.
Consequently this resource will be scarce as it takes a very long time to be produced naturally.

PART E: MANAGING POPULATION GROWTH (7 marks)

13 a) Strategies
- family planning methods e.g. contraceptives;
- enforcing population control legislation like ‘one child policy’, legalising of infanticide,
abortion and other policies;
- government incentives to encourage having less children e.g. free delivery in hospital for first
baby and more births pay more;
- educating the public on birth control and population control methods and their benefits;
- economic development to promote a higher standard of living;
- better health care;
- awareness programmes by NGOs.

(Accept other possible strategies)

b) Why some of these strategies are not effective in developing nations

- non-acceptance of family planning because of religious belief and cultural belief;
- unavailability or lack of family planning facilities and clinics;
- lack of knowledge and understanding of the consequences of high population growth;
- favour having many children to work in the fields and to look after parents when getting old;
- high rate of infant mortality – many die young.

(Accept other possible reasons)

Marking Criteria
Mark by ‘impression marking’ on a 5-point scale:
7 marks: Very good. Three of the above points are well described and realistically evaluated. The
response reads well, and good use is made of specific examples. Both parts of the
response are answered well, or one answered very well and the other adequately.
5 marks: Adequate. Both parts are answered adequately or one part is answered well and the
other only briefly. One or two specific examples are use to illustrate the answer.
3 marks: Two or three valid points are made, but the response is generally too vague and
inadequate. There are no specific examples.
1 mark: One valid point is made
0 mark: Not attempted, or the answer is totally irrelevant

QUESTION 4: CHALLENGE OF URBANISATION AND URBAN

ENVIRONMENT (20 marks)
PART A: DISTRIBUTION OF THE WORLD’S LARGEST CITIES (4 marks)

1. Tokyo

2. 1950: All urban areas in developed nations.

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2000 & 2015: Only one city in developed nations and two in developing nations.

3. Any ONE of the following:

- change in the pattern of drift where an increasing number of urban people move to suburbs and to
the country side;
- there are few in-migrants between 2000 and 2015 because rural dwellers in Japan have already
moved to the cities.

(Accept other possible answers)

4. Any ONE of the following:

- low relief land;
- coastal location for access to the sea for trading;
- access to transportation routes;
- it has grown up around a point of shipment for bulk grain.

(Accept other possible answers)

PART B: WORLD URBAN POPULATION GROWTH (3 marks)

5. Accept any ONE of the following:

- growth of industrialisation attracting people for employment;
- farm workers in rural areas are replaced with increase in mechanisation hence seek jobs in the
urban areas;
- lack of land and increasing population in rural area.

(Accept other possible answers)

6. Any ONE of the following:

- inadequate services and basic amenities leads to lower literacy level, poor housing, poor
health;
- increased unemployment may lead to increase in crimes, poor living standards, poor health,
low literacy levels;
- increased squatter settlements and pollution, low standard of living;
- too many people for water resources, so water shortages.

(Accept other possible answers)

7. Approximately 1 billion (Accept 0.8 – 1.0 billion)

PART C: THE CHALLENGES OF URBAN ENVIRONMENT (3 marks)

8. Any ONE of the following:

- bright lights / recreation activities such as night clubs etc;
- more opportunities for employment;
- more opportunities for education;
- more freedom;
- better health facilities.
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(Accept other possible answers, but it should be an attraction in the urban areas)

9. Any ONE of the following:

- breeding area for insects causing diseases;
- polluted and ugly sight does not attract tourists;
- increases scavengers who are vulnerable to diseases;
- air pollution and foul stench from the large open rubbish dumps, etc.

(Accept any other correct answers)

10. The evidence/contrast of squatting near skyscrapers – rich and poor people live side by side
which should be an issue to incorporate in the urban planning on how to accommodate the
increasing urban population in order to improve the general livelihood in housing and land use.

(Accept other possible answers)

PART D: URBANISATION AND GDP PER CAPITA (3 marks)

11. Republic of Korea

12. Any ONE of the following:

- as the level of urban population increases, so does the GNP per capita;
- the higher the GDP per capita, the higher the level of urbanisation (or vice versa);
- there is a positive relation (correlation).

(Accept other possible answers)

13. Any ONE of the following:

Very high level of urbanisation with a low GNP per capita means:
- many families live in poverty;
- unemployment;
- low income which leads to poor housing;
- poor sanitation, low literacy, etc.

(Accept any other correct answers)

PART E: MANAGING URBANISATION AND URBAN ENVIRONMENT (7 marks)

14 a) Strategies
- decentralisation of services, industries, technology etc, to rural areas;
- creation of greenbelts, satellite towns and dormitory suburbs to control urban sprawl;
- creating clearly defined urban zones to separate residential areas from industrial zones, etc
(Singapore), urban planning;
- measures to reduce congestion for example: elevated roads, motor ways, freeways, ring
roads, under ground transport systems, multi-storey car parks (London, Paris, Sydney, etc);
- encourage the use of public transportation – not so effective as people use their own
transport;
- government policies and awareness programmes discouraging urbanisation (Tuvalu);
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- improve inner-city ghettoes and slums (re-development with more high-rise housing
provision of services, self-help schemes, etc);
- legislation to reduce urban pollution (e.g. vehicle emission in Japan, etc).

(Accept other possible strategies)

b) Effectiveness
- decentralisation – not effective as increasing number of people continue to move to urban
areas;
- greenbelt – effective in developed nation in controlling urban sprawl e.g. London;
- urban planning such as zoning – effective;
- elevated roads – effective in easing traffic jams, e.g. Australia.

N.B: the three strategies must be evaluated on if they actually work or not to score.

(Accept other possible answers)

Marking criteria:
Mark by ‘impression marking’ on a 5-point scale:

7 marks: Very good. Three strategies are well explained and realistically evaluated. The
response reads well, and good use is made of specific examples. Both parts of the
response are answered well, or one answered very well and the other adequately.
5 marks: Adequate. Both parts are answered adequately or one part is answered well and the
other only briefly. One or two specific examples are use to illustrate the answer.
3 marks: Two or three valid points are made, but the response is generally too and inadequate.
There are no specific examples.
1 mark: One valid point is made
0 mark: Not attempted, or the answer is totally irrelevant

QUESTION 5: GEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVES ON TOURISM (20 marks)

PART A: WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF TOURISM (3 marks)

1a. Any ONE of the following:

- uneven distribution of Tourism with the highest percentage in Europe and the least in Africa;
- most of the tourists go to Europe and least to Africa and Middle East;
- over half of the tourists go to Europe.

(Accept other possible generalisations)

1b. Any ONE of the following:

- developed nations have better facilities, amenities and transport links that attract more tourists;
- developing nations – poor transportation links, the competitive challenges of the tourist markets;
- easier for Europeans to travel to other European countries.

(Accept other possible reasons)

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2. Any ONE of the following:
- improve marketing in North America and Europe;
- increase advertising and promotion;
- improve hotel and other facilities;
- reduce air fares;
- more stable political status.

(Accept other possible answers)

PART B: TOURIST ATTRACTION AND AMENITIES (4 marks)

3. On the précis map below locate and name the

holiday village
caravan park
KEY

Holiday village

Caravan Park

4. 6 km

5. SW (only answer)

PART C: PERSPECTIVES ON TOURISM (3 marks)

6. Conservation of the natural and cultural environment.

7. In developing countries, tourism is looked at as a means to alleviate poverty and as a source of

income for the poor, to improve their standard of living.
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8. The environment is taken advantage of by the interest of the individual (tourist’s); such as
disturbing the wild animals by taking photos for one’s own benefit.

(Accept other possible answers)

PART D: MULTIPLIER EFFECTS OF TOURISM (3 marks)

9. The income of an employee in the restaurant is spent on food for the family which in turn gives
the butcher or the farmer money to improve his produce or spend on other needs.

(Accept other possible answers)

10. Money from Tourism is ‘lost’ or ‘leaked’ to other countries (usually developed nations) on
purchasing necessities for the tourism industry like building materials, food, beverages, utensils,
cleaning agents, etc.

(Accept other possible answers)

11. Any ONE of the following:

- locally-owned tourist amenities like motels, resorts, hotels;
- locally-owned airlines, etc;
- local production of goods which are imported from overseas – import substitution;
- having local people as managers, etc. rather than employing managers from overseas.

(Accept other possible answers)

PART E: CHALLENGES OF TOURISM (7 marks)

12 a) Challenges of tourism in developing nations

- distance and isolation;
- limited marketing and advertising;
- lack of tourist amenities, attractions and facilities;
- vulnerability to natural hazards like earthquakes, tropical cyclones etc;
- political instability;
- environmental degradation, pollution etc;
- fragility of the natural environment;
- leakage of wealth back to industrialised countries;
- wealth may not be shared fairly among local people;
- employment may only be seasonal.

b) Effectiveness of three strategies to minimize these challenges in developing nations

- improved marketing internationally – effective as the number of tourists increases;
- better accessibility by cruise ships and airlines – frequent arrival of tourists;
- improved tourist amenities – effective in accommodating tourists needs;
- political status has to improve for better achievements – still more to be done;
- there is a national awareness of the importance of general cleanliness for the industry,
therefore the NGOs and the government are collaboratively working to keep the countries
clean and green – effective.
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N.B: the three strategies must be evaluated on whether they actually work or not to score.

(Accept other possible answers)

Marking criteria
Mark by ‘impression marking’ on a 5-point scale:
7 marks: Very good. At least three challenges for tourism in the Pacific islands are discussed and
three strategies for minimising these challenges are identified and clearly evaluated.
The response reads well, and good use is made of specific examples. Both parts of the
response are answered well, or one answered very well and the other adequately.
5 marks: Adequate. Both parts are answered adequately or one part is answered well and the
other only briefly. One or two specific examples are use to illustrate the answer.
3 marks: Two or three valid points are made, but the response is generally too and inadequate.
There are no specific examples.
1 mark: One valid point is made
0 mark: Not attempted, or the answer is totally irrelevant