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The American Judicial System: A Very Short Introduction Charles L. Zelden full chapter instant download
The American Judicial System: A Very Short Introduction Charles L. Zelden full chapter instant download
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The American Judicial System: A Very Short Introduction
VERY SHORT INTRODUCTIONS are for anyone wanting a stimulating and
accessible way into a new subject. They are written by experts, and have
been translated into more than 45 different languages.
The series began in 1995, and now covers a wide variety of topics in every
discipline. The VSI library currently contains over 700 volumes—a Very Short
Introduction to everything from Psychology and Philosophy of Science to
American History and Relativity—and continues to grow in every subject
area.
Available soon:
HANNAH ARENDT Dana Villa
MICROBIOMES Angela E. Douglas
NANOTECHNOLOGY Philip Moriarty
ANSELM Thomas Williams
GÖDEL’S THEOREM A. W. Moore
1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2
Printed in the UK by
Ashford Colour Press Ltd, Gosport, Hampshire, on acid-free paper
Contents
Acknowledgments
List of illustrations
4 People
5 Process
Afterword
References
Further reading
Index
Acknowledgments
The truism that no book is written alone is especially apt in the case
of this book. What is presented here is the sum of almost thirty
years of teaching the judicial process at the undergraduate level.
The general points raised, and the examples given, have grown out
of my need to explain the technical world of the law and courts to
students who know almost nothing of either. I am grateful to those
students. Their questions, incomprehension, and misunderstandings
forced me to refine how I viewed and thus taught the judicial
system. This book is the beneficiary of those efforts.
Of Nancy Toff and the staff at Oxford University Press, not enough
can be said. Nancy not only was patient as I tried (and succeeded!)
in stuffing a 100,000-word topic into a 35,000-word casing, but also
pushed me (despite my occasional complaints) to do more than just
describe the skeleton of the legal system but also explore its
physiology. The result is a much better book for the effort.
Thanks are due as well to the OUP blind readers who reviewed and
commented on the manuscript. Their insights helped catch some
potentially embarrassing factual mistakes and tightened the book’s
arguments and explanations immeasurably.
Finally, I dedicate this book to Brad and Brian Cohen for a lifetime of
friendship and brotherhood. NSGs rule.
List of illustrations
3 Judge Roy Bean Saloon & Justice Court, Langtry, Texas, 1900
Library of Congress, tx0268
Yet, despite such diversity, in the end there are enough similarities to
outweigh the differences. Viewed together, the state and federal
judicial systems exhibit several shared themes and functional
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body; a projection from the thoracic side-pieces, forming a long
pouch, into which a fold on the inner side of the elytra fits, the two
being subsequently locked by the action of some special projections.
This arrangement is similar to that which exists in the anomalous
family of water-beetles Pelobiidae. In order to make this mechanism
more perfect the side-pieces in Belostoma form free processes.
Martin has informed us that the young have the metasternal
episternum prolonged to form a lamella that he thinks may be for
respiratory purposes.[499] About twelve genera and upwards of fifty
species of Belostomidae are known. None exist in our isles, but
several species extend their range to Southern Europe. In the waters
of the warm regions of the continents of both the Old and New
Worlds they are common Insects, but as yet they have not been
found in Australia.
Song.—Cicadas are the most noisy of the Insect world; the shrilling
of grasshoppers and even of crickets being insignificant in
comparison with the voice of Cicada. Darwin heard them in South
America when the Beagle was anchored a quarter of a mile from the
shore; and Tympanoterpes gigas, from the same region, is said to
make a noise equal to the whistle of a locomotive.[503] A curious
difference of opinion prevails as to whether their song is agreeable
or not; in some countries they are kept in cages, while in others they
are considered a nuisance. The Greeks are said to have decided in
favour of their performances, the Latins against them. Only the
males sing, the females being completely dumb; this has given rise
to a saying by a Greek poet (so often repeated that it bids fair to
become immortal) "Happy the Cicadas' lives, for they all have
voiceless wives."[504] The writer considers the songs of the
European species he has heard far from unpleasant, but he is an
entomologist, and therefore favourably prepossessed; and he admits
that Riley's description of the performances of the seventeen-year
Cicada is far from a satisfactory testimonial to the good taste of that
Insect; Riley says, "The general noise, on approaching the infested
woods, is a combination of that of a distant threshing-machine and a
distant frog-pond. That which they make when disturbed, mimics a
nest of young snakes or young birds under similar circumstances—a
sort of scream. They can also produce a chirp somewhat like that of
a cricket and a very loud, shrill screech prolonged for fifteen or
twenty seconds, and gradually increasing in force and then
decreasing." The object, or use of the noise is very doubtful; it is said
that it attracts the females to the males. "De gustibus non est
disputandum!" perhaps, however, there may be some tender notes
that we fail to perceive; and it may be that the absence of any
definite organs of hearing reduces the result of a steam-engine
whistle to the equivalent of an agreeable whisper. No special
auditory organs have been detected[505] as we have already
intimated; and certain naturalists, amongst whom we may mention
Giard, think that the Insects do not hear in our sense of the word, but
feel rhythmical vibrations; it is also recorded that though very shy the
Insects may be induced to approach any one who will stand still and
clap his hands—in good measure—within the range of their
sensibilities. There is a good deal of support to the idea that the
males sing in rivalry.