A REPORT OF STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

UNDERTAKEN AT

EKITI STATE WATER CORPORATION

BY

OLUSANYA TEJUMOLA ENIOLA

MATRICULATION NUMBER: BIO/18/1243

SUBMITTED TO:

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, FACULTY OF SCIENCE.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.Sc) OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL
SCIENCES, ONDO CITY, ONDO STATE, NIGERIA

FEBRUARY, 2022.

1
 SUMMARY
This report is made to give the full details of what I learnt during my three-months Student`s
Industrial Work Experience Scheme at Ekiti State Water Corporation. The aim and objectives
of the corporation is the production of potable water that is water that is fit for human
consumption after it has gone some treatment procedures. The report outlines the various
knowledge I acquired during this duration. First, the source of raw water or natural water to
be treated. The source of raw water at Ado headworks is Ureje dam.It is an earth embarkment
dam and two rivers flow into ureje river, Ayanyan river and Olusanjano river. I also
acquired knowledge in the steps involved in Water treatment which are; Aeration,
Coagulation, Flocculation, Sedimentation, Filtration, Disinfection and pH correction. I was
introduced to the laboratory and taught the code of conduct of the laboratory. After which, I
was taught the procedures involved in Quality control and quality assurance.This involves
measurements of some physio-chemical in the raw and the final water. This is necessary to
check if the water produced is fit for human consumption. Thus, SIWES has been a success,
because I have gained knowledge that ordinarily would not be obtained in the lecture hall.
Also, to students that are to undergo the training, I recommend that they take it very serious,
because it is one of the most important parts of their studies which will help them build a very
significant and meaningful career.

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 ORGANOGRAM OF EKITI STATE WATER CORPORATION
BOARD CHAIRMAN

General Manager

Internal audit
CIA Project Designation Operation Department Commercial Finance AGM
planning and (F & S) Admin
Department AGM (OPS) Department
Deputy CIA
implementation AGM AGM (CIS)
AGM (PPI)
Head Inspect D.D.E (OPS)
section section D.D.S.T D.D (F & S)
D.D (C & S)
D.D.E (PPI) D.D.E (M&E)
D.D.E
D.D (PPI)
COMM Finance Supply
Operating Civil Quality services Division Division
Designation
Division works control Division
Planning Hydro Stat officer PIO
Division Division Division

AREA OFFICE ORGANISATIONS

3
ADO IKERE IDO IKOLE ARAMOKO
Area Manager Area Manager Area Manager Area Manager Area Manager
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my profound appreciation to God Almighty for His guidance and grace throughout
my life. Also, it is obligatory to be thankful to my industry-based supervisor, Mrs. M. Taiwo
and also Mrs F. Olalekan. , I say a very big thank you to the entire staff of Operation
department, for making my industrial attachment practice interesting, educative and
worthwhile. This work can`t be complete without appreciating my wonderful, talented
supervisor, Dr. E.T. Adebayo who despite his tight schedule, encouraged and supported me.
I am also thankful to my friend Blessing Babalola, for being cooperative.
 CERTIFICATION
I certify that this report was written by OLUSANYA, TEJUMOLA ENIOLA, with Matric
number BIO/18/1243, in the Animal and Environmental Biology Unit of the Department of
Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Nigeria.

Olusanya Tejumola Eniola Date

_______________________________
_____________________

Supervisor; Dr E. T. Adebayo Date

HOD of Biological Sciences; Dr Esther A. Ekundayo Date

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TABLE OF CONTENT
SUMMARY...............................................................................................................................2

ORGANOGRAM OF EKITI STATE WATER CORPORATION...........................................3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.........................................................................................................4

CERTIFICATION......................................................................................................................5

TABLE OF CONTENT.............................................................................................................6

LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................................10

LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................................11

CHAPTER ONE......................................................................................................................12

1.1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................12

1.1 General Background of Industrial Training Fund (ITF)............................................12

1.2 Aims and Objectives of SIWES................................................................................12

1.3 Factors affecting SIWES...........................................................................................12

1.3.1 Lack of Orientation............................................................................................12

1.3.2 Lack of Supervision & Care...............................................................................13

1.3.3 Report Presentation............................................................................................13

1.3.4 Laziness of Workers...........................................................................................13

1.3.5 Lack of Support..................................................................................................13

1.3.6 Pleasure..............................................................................................................13

1.3.7 Documentation Format.......................................................................................14

1.3.8 Limited I.T Spaces.............................................................................................14

1.4 Benefits of SIWES.........................................................................................................14

CHAPTER TWO.....................................................................................................................15

2.0 Brief History of Ekiti State Water Corporation.................................................................15

2.1. Structure of Operations..................................................................................................15

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 2.2. Departments in the Organization...................................................................................15

2.3. Introduction to the Quality Control Laboratory............................................................15

2.4. Equipment in the laboratory..........................................................................................15

1. Photometer:................................................................................................................15

2. Turbidity meter:.........................................................................................................15

3. Incubator:...................................................................................................................16

4. Dry heat sterilizer......................................................................................................16

5. pH/EC/TDS/°C Meters..............................................................................................16

6. Test tube....................................................................................................................16

7. Universal bottle.........................................................................................................16

8. Glove.........................................................................................................................16

9. Measuring Cylinder...................................................................................................16

10. Petri dish................................................................................................................16

11. Reagent bottle........................................................................................................16

12. Forceps...................................................................................................................16

2.5. Rules and precautions in the Laboratory.......................................................................16

CHAPTER THREE..................................................................................................................17

3.0 Classes of Sources of Raw Water.................................................................................17

1. Ground Water sources...................................................................................................17

2. Surface water.................................................................................................................17

3. Atmospheric Water sources..........................................................................................17

4. Natural Water sources...................................................................................................17

5. Artificial Water Source.................................................................................................17

3.1 Composition of Raw Water................................................................................................19

3.2 Diseases associated with Water.........................................................................................19

1. Water borne diseases.....................................................................................................19

2. Water based diseases.....................................................................................................20

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 3. Water wash/ Water shortage diseases:..........................................................................20

4. Aquatic Zoonosis diseases............................................................................................20

5. Aquatic Vegetal diseases...............................................................................................20

6. Water arthropodia diseases...........................................................................................20

7. Chemical constituent diseases.......................................................................................20

4.0 Production of Potable Water..............................................................................................20

4.1 The source of Raw water at Ado Water works...............................................................20

4.1.1. Features of the Dam................................................................................................22

4.1.2. Importance of Ureje Dam.......................................................................................22

5.0 The treatment, Purification of Raw water..........................................................................22

1. Slit Catchment...............................................................................................................22

2. Pre-treatment.................................................................................................................22

5.1. Seven Treatment Stages of Water.....................................................................................23

5.1.1 Aeration.......................................................................................................................23

Types of Aerator...............................................................................................................23

5.1.2 Coagulation..................................................................................................................28

Advantages of Alum over other coagulants......................................................................32

Factors that determine the rate of Coagulation.................................................................32

The chemistry behind Coagulation...................................................................................32

5.1.3 Flocculation.................................................................................................................32

5.1.4 Sedimentation..............................................................................................................32

5.1.5 Filtration......................................................................................................................35

Types of Filtration............................................................................................................35

5.1.6 Disinfection............................................................................................................37

1. Mode of action of chlorine............................................................................................37

2. Other applications of Chlorine......................................................................................37

3. Factors that determine effectiveness of Chlorine.........................................................37

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 4. Examples of other disinfectants....................................................................................38

5.1.7 pH correction...............................................................................................................38

Importance of pH correction.............................................................................................38

6.0 Quality Control and Quality Assurance.............................................................................38

6.1. Types of tests in Quality control of water.....................................................................39

i. Physical test...............................................................................................................39

ii. Chemical test.............................................................................................................39

iii. Biological test............................................................................................................39

6.2. Daily analysis of Water.................................................................................................39

CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................................45

7.0 Conclusion and Recommendation......................................................................................45

7.1 Conclusion......................................................................................................................45

7. 2 Recommendation...........................................................................................................45

CHAPTER FIVE......................................................................................................................46

8.0 References..........................................................................................................................46

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Showing the differences between Ground water source and surface water source...27

Table 2: Examples of Coagulant and Coagulant aid…………………………………………31

Table 3: Showing the results of a water analysis done at Ado head works on 21st January,
2022 at 9am…………………………………………………………………………………..42

Table 4: Showing WHO standard for a Potable water……………………………………….47

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure1: Ureje Dam…………………………………………………………………………22

Figure2: Forced draft aerator………………………………………………………………..25

Figure 3: Air diffusion aerator………………………………………………………………26

Figure 4: Cascade aerator……………………………………………………………………27

Figure 5: Spray aerator………………………………………………………………………28

Figure 6: Aluminum Sulphate(Alum)……………………………………………………….31

Figure 7: Calcium hydroxide (slake lime)…………………………………………………..32

Figure 8: Sedimentation tank for plant A at Ado headworks ………………………………34

Figure 9: Sedimentation tank for plant B at Ado headworks ……………………………....35

Figure 10: Rapid sand filter used in Ado headworks…………………………………….....37

Figure 11a: Phenor red used as pH indicator………………………………………………..42

Figure 11b Photometer………………………………………………………………………43

Figure 12: Turbidity meter…………………………………………………………………..44

Figure 13: pH/EC/TDS/°C meters…………………………………………………………...45

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Background of Industrial Training Fund (ITF)

At the early stages of the development of education in Nigeria, there was a problem of the
gap between theory and practical skills of students. Therefore, there was a need to give
students the opportunity to get real work experience. The programme was created to give
students experience in addition to theoretical learning. The industrial training policy was
introduced by Federal Government of Nigeria in 1973. It is an accepted skill training
programme, which forms part of the approved minimum academic standards in the various
degree programmes for all Nigerian Universities. It bridges the gap existing between theory
and practice of Engineering and Technology, Science, Agriculture, Medial, Management and
other professional educational programmes in the Nigerian tertiary institutions. The scheme is
a tripartite programme, involving the students, the universities and the industry (employers of
labour). It is funded by the Federal government of Nigeria and jointly coordinated by the
Industrial Training Fund (ITF) and the National Universities Commission (NUC).

1.2 Aims and Objectives of SIWES

Specifically, the objectives of the student’s industrial work experience scheme are to;

1. Prepare students for the work situation they are likely to meet after graduation.
2. Provide an avenue for students in the Nigerian Universities to acquire industrial skills
and experience in their course of study.
3. Enlist and strengthen employers’ involvement in the entire educational process of
preparing University graduates for employment in industry.
4. Expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and
machinery that may not be available in the universities.

1.3 Factors affecting SIWES

1.3.1 Lack of Orientation

Most Nigerian Internship Students aren’t being properly informed by their schools and
departments on what the programme is all about. Sometimes, they aren’t even guided on how
to make payments for the collection of their receipts, forms and logbooks. As a result, they

12
end up securing a place late for their training’s. Among the challenges faced, this is one of
the most important.

1.3.2 Lack of Supervision & Care

Some schools find it very difficult to go or send representatives to the various workplaces
of their internship students – to monitor, supervise, grade and advise them on the right
things to do. Because of this, some students don’t even go for training at all.

1.3.3 Report Presentation

Most schools and lecturers are only interested in how well their internship students could
defend and present their works (logbooks, reports), other than how much was benefited
and gained from the training. As a result of this, you may likely find a situation whereby a
student who actually took part and benefited from the programme is awarded a poor grade
due to Stage fright (i.e. the inability to come out of the class to boldly present his/her
work) – whereas, another student who didn’t go for the training, but because of boldness
and smartness in forging materials will be awarded a better grade.

1.3.4 Laziness of Workers

The high rate of laziness exhibited by some workers in firms where students undergo their
industrial training is becoming quite alarming. Majority of these workers sometimes sees
and takes the internship students as servants. For instance, instead of the students to be
properly taught and shown the major activities, they’re now being instructed to carry out
irrelevant jobs such as mopping floors, washing toilets.

1.3.5 Lack of Support

Majority of internship students aren’t being paid. Some firms, despite being financially
stable find it very difficult to pay their interns. Some even go as far as charging the
internship students’ certain fees. Certain internship students usually spend more than
#1,000 daily on transport and at the end of the week, month or training are not even given
a token by their firms to support. This is one of the common challenges new interns face
in Nigeria.

1.3.6 Pleasure
Most Nigerian internship students sees the training period as a time to carry out
unnecessary activities such as travelling, partying due to lack of interest and motivation.

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 They eventually miss out on essential knowledge and information which will guide them
in their various future occupations, goals and aspirations.

1.3.7 Documentation Format

Sometimes, I.T students aren’t being shown and taught the proper ways to correctly fill
their logbooks, report writing. They eventually end up making costly mistakes which may
likely affect their grades and performances.

1.3.8 Limited I.T Spaces

Firms accepting students for industrial training in the country are relatively few.
Sometimes, Internship students migrate to only industrial states such as Lagos, Port-
Harcourt, Abuja for their training causing overpopulation and competition.

1.4 Benefits of SIWES

1. SIWES provide an avenue for students in the Nigerian universities to acquire
industrial skills and experience during their course of study;
2. To prepare students for the work situation they are likely to meet after graduation;
3. To expose the students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment
and machinery that may not be available in their universities;
4. To allow the transition phase from school to the world of working environment
easier and facilitate students’ contact for later job placements;
5. To provide students with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in
real work situation thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Brief History of Ekiti State Water Corporation

Ekiti State Water Corporation came into existence by an edict in 1997 as published in
the Ekiti State Official Gazette No 4 of 1997 and amended in 2012. It is structured into
a Board headed by a Chairman, Management led by the General Manager, nine
departments and two units headed by directors respectively. Ekiti State Water
Corporation’s primary objective is to improve the quantity and quality of water supply in the
state and has the mandate to adopt improved processes and international best practices
towards sustainably meeting water demands in the State.

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2.1. Structure of Operations
* Head, Engineering and Technical Services

Key Responsibilities: Lead the development and implementation of strategies of the

department and ensure that they are implemented as designed.

* Head Legal Services/Company Secretary

Key Responsibilities: Guide the corporation in complying with statutory and regulatory
obligations and ensure decisions of the Board of Directors are implemented. The task is also to
manage the Board’s Secretariat and guide in ethically engaging with the public, partners,
customers, and other individuals and corporations, and protect the corporation against
infringements and liabilities.

*Head Corporate Commercial Services

Key Responsibilities: Oversee the management and administration of the staff and operations of the
Corporate Commercial Services Department.

Head, Finance and Investment Management Department

Key Responsibilities: Directly supervise all unit Heads who work in finance, treasury, investment
services, as well as Financial and Budgetary Control units.

2.2. Departments in the Organization

1. Department of Administration and Supplies
2. Department of Finance
3. Department of Operation and Maintenance
4. Department of Design and Construction
5. Department of Quality Control
6. Department of Research planning and Statistics
7. Department of Commercial Services
8. Department of Surveillance and Maintenance
9. Department of Monitoring

There are other auxiliary units, which are Audits, Public relation unit, small town units.

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2.3. Introduction to the Quality Control Laboratory
Quality control laboratory is designed to detect, reduce, and correct deficiencies in a
laboratory's internal analytical process prior to the release of water, in order to improve the
quality of the results reported by the laboratory (Tietz, 1987). In quallity control laboratory of
Ado headworks, various tests are being carried out to check the potability of water for human
consumption. Such test includes; physical tests, chemical tests and biological tests. Each
result of the tests are so recorded to check variations in the results and provide solution in
case of any problem.

2.4. Equipment in the laboratory

1. Photometer: This is an equipment used to check the pH of the water, free and total
chlorine in the water.
2. Turbidity meter: This is an equipment used to check turbidity of the water
3. Incubator: This is
4. Dry heat sterilizer: This is an equipment used to dry and sterilize laboratory wares.
5. pH/EC/TDS/°C Meters: This is an equipment that can be used to check pH of water,
Total dissolved solid in water, Conductivity of water and Temperature of the water.
6. Test tube: It is used for collection of water samples for tests.
7. Universal bottle: It is used for collection of water samples
8. Glove: It is used for protection from infection.
9. Measuring Cylinder: It is used for measuring chemicals and water.
10. Petri dish: It is used for preparation of media.
11. Reagent bottle: It is used to collect or store reagents such as phenol red solution.
12. Forceps: It is used to hold materials such as filters.

2.5. Rules and precautions in the Laboratory

1. Avoid consuming food in the lab, this can pose many hazards.
2. Lab coat, gloves, eye protection, and appropriate attire should be worn at all times in
the laboratory.
3. Ensure the washing of hands after handling any hazardous materials, before and after
eating, and before leaving the laboratory.
4. Keeping personal items separate from lab work. This will prevent spread of
hazardous reagents and cut off a potential exposure route.

16
 5. Use Proper Storage Containers. Chemicals should be stored in containers made of
materials that will not react.
6. Large volumes of flammable chemicals must be stored in fire rated cabinets.
Chemicals known to react violently when mixed should be stored separately.
7. All containers should be labeled with their contents. Any research process with a
particular hazard should also be labeled with that hazard.
8. During normal operations one should never work alone in a laboratory setting.

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Classes of Sources of Raw Water

1. Ground Water sources

This is the most popular source, groundwater or more specifically well water. These are
used for municipal sources, industrial use, water bottling plants, mining and fracking.
While shallow wells are considered groundwater, since they are often under surface
influence (GWI) they fall under the surface water source.

2. Surface water
Surface water is broken down into subcategories sources, they are primarily the highest
source of contamination. While heavy metals are primarily precipitated and it is often soft
water there are other water treatment barriers since some treatment will interfere with
others

3. Atmospheric Water sources: Examples are Rain, dew, fog.

4. Natural Water sources: Natural sources of water are those which found on earth
naturally these sources cannot be construct by the human. Examples: River, Water
fall, Natural Fountain, Lake, Sea, Ocean, etc.
5. Artificial Water Source: They are gotten from any source as a result of human
intervention. Examples: Boreholes, Canals, Tube Wells, Wells, Dams.

17
Table 1: Differences Between Surface Water Sources and Ground Water Sources

Characteristics Surface Water Sources Ground Water Sources

Temperature Variable with the seasons Relatively constant

Turbidity Variable, sometimes high Low or nil (except in limestone

areas)

Color Especially related to suspended Related to dissolved solids

Solids (Clays, algae), except with

very soft and acidic water

Mineralization Variable with the terrains Almost constant, generally

precipitations, wastes. higher than that of surface

water in the same area.

Fe+ and Mn++ Generally absent except in the Generally present

deepzones of eutrophical lakes.
(dissolved)

Aggressive CO2 Generally absent Often present in large amounts.

Dissolved O2 Mostly, close to the saturation point, Mostly absent

absent in highly polluted

areas

H2S Generally absent Often present

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NH+4 Present in polluted waters Present without necessarily

indicating a bacterial pollution

Nitrates Very little amount Sometimes in high conc.

3.1 Composition of Raw Water

The composition of raw water is naturally variable, but commonly contains one or more of
the following significant contaminants, in the form of dissolved ions, particles and living
organisms (Safe drinking water committee, 1980).

1. Humic acid and other complex acids, produced by plant decay. These occur in peat
and soil and may cause discoloration and metallic taste of water.
2. Minerals which make water hard. Most common are carbonates of calcium and
magnesium.
3. Particles of clay and silt.
4. Pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoa and their cysts (waterborne diseases)
5. Salt, which makes water brackish, having more salinity than fresh water, but not as
much as seawater.
6. Natural radioactive particles (Manu et al.,2014).
7. Perfluorinated alkyl acids, such as perfluorooctanoic acid, which are group of
pollutants that have been found in wastewater throughout Europe (Happonen et
al.,2016). There are concerns these chemicals could contaminate raw water sources
that are commonly used for drinking water.
8. Endocrine disruptor compounds; chemicals that can interfere with the endocrine
system causing cancerous tumors, birth defects, and other developmental disorders
(Falconer, 2006). These contaminants can be harmful to humans if they drink raw
water containing them, or if the water is not treated properly before consumption. The
contaminants can also have an effect on the local ecosystem. For example, endocrine

19
 disrupting chemicals can have harmful effects on fish populations living in natural
lakes and rivers (Mills and Chichester,2005).

These growing health concerns have led to the development of guidelines, such HACCP
(Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points), for the production of safe drinking water from
wastewater and raw water, and research into sustainable water supply alternatives
(Dewettinck et al., 2001; Rodriguez et al., 2009).

3.2 Diseases associated with Water

1. Water borne diseases: These are diseases gotten from contaminated water eg
Cholera, Dysentery, Typhoid.
2. Water based diseases: These are diseases gotten when one have contact with the
pathogenic microorganisms that are based in water. This is usually an external contact
with the microorganisms e.g. through the skin e.g. Schistosomiasis.
3. Water wash/ Water shortage diseases: These are diseases gotten when one deprives
oneself of water i.e. not drinking water regularly, not bathing regularly.
4. Aquatic Zoonosis diseases: These are diseases gotten from aquatic animals and
transferred to humans e.g. gills of fishes harbors diseases
5. Aquatic Vegetal diseases: These are diseases gotten from plants that are mostly
grown in riverine areas when not properly cooked or treated before consumption eg
Meningitis
6. Water arthropodia diseases: These are diseases gotten from arthropods that uses
water as breeding site e.g. Mosquito causes Malaria, Tsetsefly causes Sleeping
sickness.
7. Chemical constituent diseases: Some chemical constituents are derived from water
consumption but when consumed in excess causes some diseases and when in
shortage causes diseases e.g. Fluorosis.

4.0 Production of Potable Water

4.1 The source of Raw water at Ado Water works

The source of raw water at Ado Water works is UREJE DAM. The dam is said to be
discovered in the late 50s and was later put into use in the early 60s.the dam
is an earth embankment type of dam. Water from three Rivers make up the dam, they include:

20
 Water from Olusanjano
 Water from Ayanyan river
 Water from Ureje River

21
Figure 1: Ureje Dam

22
4.1.1. Features of the Dam
1. In-take Valve: It works mechanically, helps water to rush out of the dam to the
underlaid pipes. There are three intake vlaves; one works during the rainy season, one
works during the dry season and one works as balance for the two
2. Underlaid Pipes: These are channels or pathway for the movement of water from the
source for treatment.
3. Baked concrete slabs: It helps to cage the water against unnecessary expansion.
4. Wash out valves: It helps to release accumulated dirts along the pathway of the
movement of water
5. Spill way: It allows excess water to move out. Types of spillway
 Auto spillway
 Self spill way

4.1.2. Importance of Ureje Dam

1. For the production of potable water
2. It serves as revenue generation for the corporation through fishing activities
3. For educational purposes ie For industrial training and attachment, for project
writing,
4. For recreational purposes eg excursion, site seeing
5. For leisure

5.0 The treatment, Purification of Raw water

There are treatment carried out on the source of the raw water before commencement of the
actual treatment. These are:

1. Slit Catchment
This is a means of reducing the dirt load of the raw water coming from the other two Rivers
flowing into the main river by the use of screeners to disallow particles from entering the
river thereby reducing the amount of chemicals for treatment

23
 2. Pre-treatment
This happens when there is an introduction of abnormal contaminant into the water leading to
the decontamination of the raw water from the source. This is done by adding extra
disinfectant to the source of the raw water.

5.1. Seven Treatment Stages of Water

1. Aeration
2. Coagulation
3. Flocculation
4. Sedimentation
5. Filtration
6. Disinfection
7. pH correction

5.1.1 Aeration
This is the exposure of the water (raw) to atmospheric air (oxygen) for the removal of odor
and volatile gases. Aeration takes place in the Aerator. During aeration, the following takes
place in water:

1. Removal of odor Eg Hydrogen Sulphide ammonia gas for. If not removed, it may
hinder chlorination especially ammonia.
2. There is an increase in the amount of oxygen content in the water
3. Oxidation of some elements eg Fe2+ to Fe3+
4. Removal of some gases eg CO, CO2, SO4, SO3, etc

Types of Aerator
i. Baffle Aerator
ii. Cascade Aerator
iii. Spary Aerator
iv. Injector Aerator
v. Coke-tray Aerator
vi. Air diffusion Aerator
vii. Forced draft Aerator

24
Figure 2: Forced draft aerator

Source: https//images.app.goo.gl/UuRXNgp9U7x42tC46

25
Figure 3: Air diffusion Aerator
Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/bBUJVy7eSk1W9jCe9

26
 Figure 4: Cascade Aerator
Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/ESGpxTikedSkg4sdA

27
 Figure 5: Spray aerator
Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/AsazasiDNXgk66zo8

28
5.1.2 Coagulation
This is the addition of chemicals (coagulants) e.g. Alum; Aluminium sulphate to raw water
bringing about the formation of dirt particles in tiny form. The addition of the coagulant on
the raw water is commonly referred to as Flash mixing that means coagulation takes place
inside the flash mixer. Coagulation is a physical and also a chemical reaction that occurs
between the alkalinity of the water and the coagulant added to the water which results to
insoluble flocs. The alkalinity of the water is being increased by the addition of coagulant aid
e.g. Calcium hydroxide.

29
Table 2: Examples of coagulant and coagulant aid.

S/N COAGULANT COAGULANT AID

1 Alum(Aluminium sulphate) Calcium hydroxide (slake lime)

2 Ferrous sulphate Quick lime(Calcium oxide)

3 Ferric sulphate Calcium carbonate

4 Ferric chloride Bentonite(clay)

Sodium aluminum

Sodium silicate

30
Advantages of Alum over other coagulants
1. Alum is stable, easily handled, readily soluble.
2. 2.Alum is a better turbidity removal than with ferric salts in many cases (Mika and
Anu, 2015).
3. It can be more effective than ferric in low doses
4. Alum is easily accessible
5. Water treated with alum does not affect the color of fabrics

Factors that determine the rate of Coagulation

1. The turbidity of the water
2. The pH of the water
3. Alkalinity of the water
4. Quality of the water
5. Temperature of the water
6. Characteristics of ions of the water

The chemistry behind Coagulation

In a colloidal suspension, particles will settle very slowly or not at all because the colloidal
particles carry surface electrical charges that mutually repel each other. This surface charge is
most commonly evaluated in terms of zeta potential, the electrical potential at the slipping
plane. To induce coagulation, a coagulant (typically a metallic salt) with the opposite charge
is added to the water to overcome the repulsive charge and "destabilize" the suspension. For
example, the colloidal particles are negatively charged and alum is added as a coagulant to
create positively charged ions. Once the repulsive charges have been neutralized (since
opposite charges attract), Vander Waals force will cause the particles to cling together
(agglomerate) and form micro floc.

31
5.1.3 Flocculation
Flocculation is the coming together of the coagulated particles to form bigger particles known
as Macroflocs.

5.1.4 Sedimentation
Sedimentation is the process of removing suspended particles that are denser than water.
Sedimentation is also allowed to take place to reduce the dirt load on the filters.
Sedimentation is accomplished by decreasing the velocity of the water being treated below
the point where it can transport settable suspended materials thereby allowing gravitational
forces to remove particles held in suspension

Figure 8: Sedimentation tank for Plant A at Ado Headworks

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Figure 9: Sedimentation tank for Plant B at Ado Headworks

33
5.1.5 Filtration
Filtration is the removal of particulate impurities and flocs from the raw water being treated.
Filtration is a process of passing the raw water through materials such as Bed of sand (coarse
granular, etc.) of different textures or grade, coal (activated coal) or granular substances to
remove flocs and impurities. These impurities consist of suspended particles.

Types of Filtration
i. Conventional Filtration: This is a kind of filtration preceded by coagulation
and sedimentation processes.
ii. Direct Filtration: This is a type of filtration in which the sedimentation
process is omitted.

34
35
Figure 10: Rapid sand filter used at Ado water works for filtration.

36
 5.1.6 Disinfection
This is the use of chemicals to kill pathogenic organisms in the water. The disinfectant used
in Ekiti state water corporation is Chlorine.

1. Mode of action of chlorine

i. Chlorine creates holes in the cell membrane of microorganisms therby leading to their
death.
OR
ii. Chlorine will dry up the food enzymes in the microorganism, this starves the
microorganism and then dies.

2. Other applications of Chlorine

i. Chlorine is also used in the control of biofouling in cooling systems,
sterilization, and the manufacture of pesticides and refrigerants (Burridge,
2005).
ii. Manufacture of organic and inorganic chemicals. As oxidizing and bleaching
agent in pulp and paper industry, and for textiles. As disinfectant for water
purification, industrial waste, sewage, swimming pools. In the extraction and
refining of metals (O'Neil, 2013).
iii. Used to bleach wood pulp (Pueblo, 2005).
iv. Manufacture of carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, chlorinated
hydrocarbons, polychloroprene (neoprene), polyvinyl chloride, hydrogen
chloride, ethylene dichloride, hypochlorous acid, metallic chlorides,
chloroacetic acid, chlorobenzene, chlorinated lime; water purification, shrink-
proofing wool; flame-retardant compounds; special batteries (with lithium or
zinc); processing of meat, fish, vegetables, and fruit (Lewis, 2007).

37
 v. For the treatment of flour.
vi. Fungicidal foot baths, root canal or tooth extraction, irrigation, or wound
sterilization (USEPA, 1981).
vii. Chlorine gas was used as a chemical warfare agent during World War I
(Talmage, 2009).

3. Factors that determine effectiveness of Chlorine

1. pH of the water
2. Concentration of the chlorine dosage
3. Temperature of the water
4. Sunlight
5. Nature of the water
6. Age of the microorganism
7. Contact time

4. Examples of other disinfectants

i. Hydrogen peroxide
ii. Ozone
iii. Bromine
iv. Iodine
v. Flourine
vi. Ultraviolet radiation

5.1.7 pH correction
This is the adjustment of pH value to WHO standard ie if the water is acidic, an
alkaline medium is introduced and if it is too alkaline, an acidic medium is
introduced. pH correction is conditional.

Importance of pH correction
1. To safeguard the health of consumers to avoid acidic water
2. To safeguard distribution pipeline eg metal pipeline network in case of acidic water

6.0 Quality Control and Quality Assurance

Quality control (QC) measures for water treatment utilities refer to a set of activities that are
to be undertaken to ensure compliance and above all, ensure that the water is safe for public

38
consumption in a sustainable manner. It refers to the routine technical activities whose
purpose is, essentially, error control and thereby ensure the production of accurate and
reliable results. In general, Quality assurance (QA) refers to the overall management system
that includes the organization, planning, data collection, quality control, documentation,
evaluation and reporting activities of the group. Together, QA and QC help to produce data
of known quality, enhance the credibility of an organization in reporting monitoring results,
and ultimately help the organization to achieve the desired goals.

Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water based
on the standards of its usage (Cordy and Gali, 2014). Water quality has a significant impact
on water supply and oftentimes determines supply options (World health organization, 1997).

6.1. Types of tests in Quality control of water

There are three types of water qualityn tests physical test, chemical test and biological tests
(Gray, 2008; Spellman, 2017).

i. Physical test: This is carried out with the use of our sense organs. It requires
little or no chemical to detect eg Taste, odor, turbidity, Total dissolved solid,
conductivity.
ii. Chemical test: This is carried out using reagent to test for the chemical
parameters in water eg pH, free chlorine, residual chlorine.
iii. Biological test: This is done to check the presence of pathogenic microbes in
water.

6.2. Daily analysis of Water

This is a routine test, it is done daily to check the physical parameters in water. They are; pH,
Turbidity, Temperature, Conductivity, Total dissolved solid, Free chlorine and Total chlorine.
This is done on various water samples, the Raw water, the water in the sedimentation tank

39
and the final water. These are the recorded daily.

Figure 11a: Phenol red used as a pH indicator

Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/w6599rf7T9VwvCHK8

Figure 11b: Photometer for measuring pH, Free Chlorine and total Chlorine

Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/HYdzPPSj9UKzhm3j6

Model No: HI 83300

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Figure 12: Turbidity meter for measuring Turbidity
Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/FapUXgPpzSDGHBqX6
Model No: WGZ-1B

41
Figure 13: pH/EC/TDS/°C Meters for measuring pH, Conductivity, Temperature and

Total dissolved solid

Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/HAQQwh5EuG8njJ7s9

Model No: HI9811-5

42
Table 3: The results of the physio- chemical parameters of Ureje Dam and the treated water
done on 21st January, 2022 at 9am.

Raw Settle A Settle B Final A Final B WHO Standard

(1997)

Ph 7.9 7.5 7.7 7.7 7.8 6.5-8.5

TDS 118 118 116 500

Temperature (°C) 24 23 23 Ambient

Conductivity 171 182 178 1000

Turbidity (NTU) 42.5 8.0 4.0 5

Free chlorine (mg/l) 0.28 0.38 0.2-0.25

Total chlorine(mg/l) 0.28 0.57

NOTE: Only the pH is done for the water collected in the sedimentation tanks.

Free chlorine and total isn't measured for a raw water because no chlorine has been added

43
 CHAPTER FOUR

7.0 Conclusion and Recommendation

7.1 Conclusion
My three months industrial attachment at Ekiti State Water Corporation has been one of the
most interesting, productive, instructive and educative experience in my life. Through this
training, I have gained new insight and more comprehensive understanding about the
difference between a raw water and a treated water. A raw water is water found in the
environment that has not been treated and still have its minerals, ions, particles, bacteria, or
parasites in it. Raw water is generally unsafe for human consumption due to the presence of
contaminants. A treated water is a water that has gone through some treatment procedures and
have become fit for human consumption. All these valuable experiences and knowledge that I
have gained were not only acquired through the direct involvement in task, but also through
other aspects of the training such as: work observation, supervision, interaction with
colleagues, supervisors, superior and other people related to the field. All living things,
including humans, depend on water to survive, but water is not only used for survival, it's
beneficial uses are; : recreational purposes, support for aquatic animals and ecosystems, and
agricultural uses.

7. 2 Recommendation
 I recommend that this training should be funded by the Federal Government and that
the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) officials should seek to the welfare of each student
during the training.
 I recommend that students should seize the opportunity where they have gotten
placement to create a good rapport between themselves and the members of staff in
order to create an avenue for job employment.
 I recommend that the training should be taken with all seriousness and an examination
should be conducted based on what they have learnt and be graded accordingly.
 I recommend that a seminar and conference should be organized by the ITF to
elaborate the benefits embedded in the training.

44
 CHAPTER FIVE

8.0 References
Burridge,(2005) E; Product Profile: Chlorine. European Chemical News, 82 (2146): 35

Cordy, Gail E. (18 February 2014). ""A Primer on Water Quality"". USGS.

Dewettinck T, van Houtte E, Geenens D, van Hege K, Verstraete W. 2001 HACCP (Hazard
analysis and critical control points) to guarantee safe water reuse and drinking water
production. A case study. Water Sci. Technol. 243: 31–38

Falconer, I. R. (2006). Are Endocrine Disrupting Compounds a Health Risk in Drinking

Water? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 3(2),
180–184

Gray NF. 2008 Drinking Water Quality: Problems and Solutions. 2nd ed. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press;

Happonen, M., Koivusalo, H., Malve, O., Perkola, N., Juntunen, J., & Huttula, T. 2016 risk of
raw drinking water caused by PFOA sources along a river reach in south-western
finland. Science of the Total Environment, 541, 74-82

Lewis, R.J. Sr.; 2007 Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
New York, NY 273.

Manu, A., Santhanakrishnan, V., Rajaram, S., & Ravi, P. M. (2014). Concentration of natural
radionuclides in raw water and packaged drinking water and the effect of water
treatment. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 138, 456-459

Mills, L. J., & Chichester, C. (2005). Review of evidence: Are endocrine-disrupting

chemicals in the aquatic environment impacting fish populations? Science of the Total
Environment, 343(1–3), 1-34

O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). 2013 The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and
Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 372.)

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Pueblo, CO, 2005, Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency
Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American
Railroads, pg 196.

Rodriguez, C., Van Buynder, P., Lugg, R., Blair, P., Devine, B., Cook, A., & Weinstein, P.
(2009). Indirect Potable Reuse: A Sustainable Water Supply Alternative. International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 6(3), 1174–1209

Safe Drinking Water Committee (1980), "Raw water quality", Drinking Water and Health,
vol. 2, National Academies, pp. 7 et seq

Talmage SS 2009; In Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents, Gupta RC, ed.,
Acad. p.313.

Spellman F. 2017 the Drinking Water Handbook. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press

USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Chlorine p.15 (1981) EPA 440/3-78-005.)

World Health Organisation (1997). "Guidelines for drinking-water quality". Surveillance and
Control of Community Supplies.

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