Calculus

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Calculus is a powerful branch of mathematics that deals with
change. In particular, it focuses on two main aspects of change:
• Rates of change: This is the study of how things are
changing at a specific instant. Imagine you're looking at the speed
of a car on a speedometer - that's instantaneous rate of change,
captured by a branch of calculus called differential calculus.
• Accumulation of change: This is the study of how much
something has changed over a period of time. For instance, if you
wanted to find the total distance traveled by the car based on its
speed, you'd be using integral calculus, the other major branch of
calculus.
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Branches of calculus:
• Differential calculus: This branch is all about
instantaneous rates of change. It introduces the
concept of derivatives, which essentially give you
the slope of a curve at any point. Derivatives are
useful for solving problems involving motion
(velocity and acceleration), slopes of lines tangent
to curves, and optimization problems (finding
minimum or maximum values).
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Branches of calculus:
• Integral calculus: This branch deals with the
accumulation of change. It introduces the concept
of integrals, which can be considered the sum of
infinitely many infinitesimal values. Integrals help
you find the area under a curve, volume of a solid,
center of mass of an object, and work done by a
force over a distance.
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 Different Notation for derivatives

Lagrange’s 𝒇′(𝒙) 𝒇′′(𝒙) 𝒇′′′(𝒙)

Notation
Leibniz's
Notation
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑3𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 3
Euler’s
Notation
𝐷𝑥 𝐷2 𝑥 𝐷3 𝑥
Newton’s 𝑦ሶ 𝑦ሷ 𝑦ഺ
Notation

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 Rules for Derivatives
1. 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒 4. 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑎 =0 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5. 𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒
2. Identity Function
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑎𝑢 = 𝑎 𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2
3. Sum and Difference Rule 6. 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑 𝑛
𝑢±𝑣 = + 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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 Derivative of Trigonometric Functions

𝑑 𝑑
(sin 𝑢) = cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 (c𝑜𝑡 𝑢) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
(cos 𝑢) = −sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 (sec 𝑢) = sec 𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
(tan 𝑢) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 u 𝑑𝑢 (csc 𝑢) = − csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Derivative of Logarithmic and Exponential
Functions
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
ln 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢

𝑑 𝑢
(𝑎 ) = 𝑎𝑢 ln 𝑎 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑢
𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
 Differentiation Formulas
4. Inverse Trigonometric Functions

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑(arcsin 𝑢) = 𝑑(arc𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢) = −
1 + 𝑢2
1 − 𝑢2
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑(arcsec 𝑢) =
𝑑(𝑎𝑟𝑐cos 𝑢) = − 𝑢 𝑢2 − 1
1 − 𝑢2
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑(arccsc 𝑢) = −
𝑑(arctan 𝑢) = 𝑢 𝑢2 − 1
1 + 𝑢2
Indefinite Integrals

න 𝐹 ′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 + 𝐶

Definite Integrals
𝑎 𝑎
න 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑎 − 𝐹(𝑏)
𝑏 𝑏

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Power
𝑛+1
𝑢
න 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 =
𝑛+1

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Logarithmic and exponential functions
Logarithmic Functions Exponential Functions
Formulas: Formulas:
𝑑𝑢
න = 𝑙𝑛𝐼𝑢𝐼 + 𝐶 න 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑢
𝑢
𝑎
න 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
𝑙𝑛𝑎

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 Trigonometric Functions

න cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝑐 න 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −cot 𝑢 + 𝑐

න sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −cos 𝑢 + 𝑐 න sec u tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑢 + 𝑐

න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝑐 න csc u cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −csc 𝑢 + 𝑐

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 Integration by Parts
න 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣𝑑𝑢 + 𝑐

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