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THE RED VIENNA SOURCEBOOK
Studies in German Literature, Linguistics, and Culture
 Copyright © 2020 by the Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft

All Rights Reserved. Except as permitted under current legislation,

no part of this work may be photocopied, stored in a retrieval system,
published, performed in public, adapted, broadcast, transmitted,
recorded, or reproduced in any form or by any means,
without the prior permission of the copyright owner.

First published 2020

by Camden House

Camden House is an imprint of Boydell & Brewer Inc.

668 Mt. Hope Avenue, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
and of Boydell & Brewer Limited
PO Box 9, Woodbridge, Suffolk IP12 3DF, UK
www.boydellandbrewer.com

ISBN-13: 978-1-57113-355-7 (Hardcover)

ISBN-13: 978-1-64014-067-7 (Paperback)
ISBN-13: 978-1-78744-610-6 (ePDF)

Cover design by Frank Gutbrod

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: McFarland, Robert B., editor. | Spitaler, Georg, editor. | Zechner, Ingo, editor.
Title: The Red Vienna sourcebook / edited by Rob McFarland, Georg Spitaler, and Ingo Zechner.
Description: Rochester, New York : Camden House, [2020] | Series: Studies in German literature,
linguistics, and culture ; 204 | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020002978 | ISBN 9781640140677 (trade paperback) | ISBN 9781571133557
(hardback)
Subjects: LCSH: Vienna (Austria)—History—20th century—Sources. | Popular culture—Austria—
Vienna—History—20th century—Sources. | Vienna (Austria)—Social policy—Sources.
Classification: LCC DB855 .R445 2020 | DDC 943.6/13051—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020002978
.

The Red Vienna Sourcebook was made possible by the generous support of the Cultural
Department of the City of Vienna (Stadt Wien Kultur).

Printed with support from the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital History (LBIDH).
 CONTENTS

Acknowledgmentsxxiii

Permissions and Credits xxv

A Note on the Structure of This Book xxix

Introduction1
Rob McFarland, Georg Spitaler, and Ingo Zechner

Part I. Foundations
Chapter 1: Constitution, Legislation, and Jurisdiction 15
Vrääth Öhner

1. Hans Kelsen, The Constitution of German Austria (1920) 17

2. Karl Kautsky, Democracy and Democracy (1920) 20

3. Karl Renner, The Free State on the Danube (1922) 22

4. Robert Danneberg, The German-Austrian Financial Constitution (1922) 23

5. Oskar Trebitsch, Jurisdiction and Class Struggle (1923) 25

6. Friedrich Austerlitz, The Murderers of Schattendorf Acquitted! (1927) 27

7. Therese Schlesinger, Criminal Justice and Psychoanalysis (1930) 29

Chapter 2: Finances and Taxes 33

Veronika Duma

1. Robert Danneberg, Finance Politics in the City of Vienna (1921–22) 35

2. Hugo Breitner, Capitalist or Socialist Taxation? Who Should Pay Tax?

The Rich or the Poor? (1926) 37

3. Viktor Kienböck, Foundations of Financial Policy (1927)  39

vi  Contents

4. Anonymous, On the Tax Policy of the City of Vienna (1930) 41

5. Gabriele Proft, No! From the Finance and Budget Board of the National
Council (1931) 42

6. Anonymous, In the Sign of Austerity. Meeting of the Vienna Municipal

Council (1931) 43

7. Otto Bauer, The Budget Restructuring Law: A Speech given on October 9,

1931 by Dr. Otto Bauer before the Delegates of the Postal Union (1931) 44

8. Anonymous, The Financial Demands on Vienna (1933) 46

Chapter 3: Consumption and Entertainment 49

Marie-Noëlle Yazdanpanah

1. Anton Kuh, The Soda-and-Raspberry Existence (1919) 51

2. Margarete Hilferding, Black Market (1919) 52

3. Ludwig Hirschfeld, The Paper Calf: Valuta Miniatures (1919) 54

4. Julius Klinger, The Holy Every Day (1923) 56

5. György Bálint, Jazz Band (1929) 57

6. Neon, Revue (1929) 59

7. Anonymous, Dance around the World: The GÖC Revue (1929) 61

8. Ernst Fischer, I Am Conducting an Economic Study on Myself (1931) 62

9. Anonymous, The Discovery of the Housewife (1931) 64

Part II. Philosophies

Chapter 4: Empirical Social Research 69
Ingo Zechner

1. Käthe Leichter, The Housing Situation (from How do the Viennese

Homeworkers Live? A Survey on the Working and Living Conditions of 1,000
Viennese Homeworkers) (1928) 71

2. Käthe Leichter, Housework (from This Is How We Live: 1320 Women Workers
in Industry Report about Their Lives) (1932) 73

3. Paul F. Lazarsfeld, On the Career Attitudes of the Young Working Class (1931) 78
 Contents  vii

4. Lotte Radermacher, On the Social Psychology of the Popular Education

Centers’ Students (A Survey of 21,749 Course Participants) (1932) 80

5. Marie Jahoda, Life Fulfillment (from Anamneses from the Poorhouse) (1932) 83

6. Marie Jahoda, Meal Plan and Budget (from Marienthal: The Sociography of
an Unemployed Community) (1933) 85

Chapter 5: Logical Empiricism 91

Gernot Waldner

1. Anonymous, Magic and Technology (1931) 93

2. Philipp Frank, On the Intuitive Nature of Physical Theories (1928) 95

3. Rudolf Carnap, Hans Hahn, and Otto Neurath, The Vienna Circle’s
Scientific Conception of the World (1929) 97

4. Rudolf Carnap, Overcoming Metaphysics through the Logical Analysis of

Language (1931) 99

5. Edgar Zilsel, The Intellectual State of our Time? (1932) 102

6. Otto Neurath, Ideology and Marxism (1931) 106

7. Otto Neurath, Protocol Statements (1932–33) 108

Chapter 6: Austro-Marxism 113

Vrääth Öhner

1. Max Adler, Bourgeois or Social Democracy (1919) 115

2. Karl Renner, What Is Class Struggle? (1919) 117

3. Otto Bauer, The Austrian Revolution (1923) 119

4. Hans Kelsen, Otto Bauer’s Political Theories (1924) 122

5. The Struggle for State Power (from Program of the Social Democratic
Workers’ Party of German Austria, Enacted at the Party Convention at
Linz on November 3, 1926) (1926)  124

6. Leon Trotsky, The Austrian Crisis and Communism (1930) 126

7. Käthe Leichter, The Best Defense (1933) 128

viii  Contents

Chapter 7: Freudo-Marxism and Individual Psychology 133

Rob McFarland, Nicole G. Burgoyne, and Georg Vasold

1. Sigmund Freud, Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego (1922) 135

2. Wilhelm Reich, Dialectical Materialism and Psychoanalysis (1929) 137

3. Siegfried Bernfeld, Socialism and Psychoanalysis: Basic Ideas from a

Presentation Held at the Society of Socialist Doctors (1926) 139

4. Alfred Adler, The Significance of the Social Feeling for the Development
of Character (1927) 141

5. Alice Rühle-Gerstel, Marxism and Individual Psychology: The Revolutionary

Science (1927) 143

6. Sofie Lazarsfeld, Raised by a Family or Educated by a Community? (1926) 145

7. Karl Bühler, The Will to Form and the Desire for Function in Children’s
Games (1927) 147

Part III. Identities

Chapter 8: Post-Empire 153
Kristin Kopp

1. Anonymous, Inside and Outside our Borders (1918) 155

2. Directive of the Ministry of Education and the Interior and of the Ministry
of Justice in Consultation with the Involved State Ministries on April 18,
1919 Regarding the Implementation of the Law Abolishing Nobility and
Certain Titles and Honors (1919) 156

3. Julius Deutsch, The Property of the Habsburgs (1925) 157

4. Alfred Polgar, Imperial Furniture (1920) 159

5. Anonymous, German Austria: Bankruptcy Asset and Colony (1919) 161

6. Karnute, How Should Carinthia Orient Itself? (1919) 163

7. Friedrich Austerlitz, Abandon Vienna! (1919) 165

8. Anton Kuh, Vienna by the Mountains (1923) 167

9. Otto Bauer, Three Groups in the Anschluss Camp (1927) 169

 Contents  ix

Chapter 9: Demography 173

Kristin Kopp and Werner Michael Schwarz

1. Anonymous, New Guidelines for the Ranking of Apartment Applicants (1922) 175

2. Edmund W. Eichler, The Foreigners in Vienna: Of Conspirators, Emigrants,

Dreamers, and Harmless Tradesmen (1924) 177

3. Anonymous, Expulsion of Refugees (1919)  179

4. Bruno Frei, Jewish Suffering in Vienna (1920)  182

5. Anonymous, Foreigners in our Labor Market (1925) 184

6. Anonymous, Czech Provocations in Vienna (1920) 185

7. Anonymous, The Czech School System in Vienna and the German School
System in Czechoslovakia: A Speech by Otto Glöckel (1926) 186

8. Anonymous, German to the Core—with a “Háček” (1931) 187

9. Anonymous, The Persecution of Gypsies in “Red” Vienna (1932)  189

Chapter 10: Jewish Life and Culture 191

Rob McFarland, Nicole G. Burgoyne, and Gabriel Trop

1. Eugen Höflich, Bolshevism, Judaism, and the Future (1919)  194

2. Moshe Silburg, What I Have to Say to You (1920) 196

3. Melech Ravitch, Preface (from Naked Songs) (1921) 197

4. Anitta Müller-Cohen, The Return of the Jewish Woman to Judaism (1923) 200

5. J. L. Benvenisti, Arthur Schnitzler Foretells Jewish Renaissance (1924) 202

6. Felix Salten, New Humans on Ancient Ground: A Trip to Palestine (1925) 203

7. Max Eisler, On the New Spirit of Jewish Architecture (1926) 205

8. Josef Löwenherz, The Cultural Duties of the Viennese Jewish Community

(1928)  207

9. Leo Goldhammer, Weary of Life: A Warning to the Jews (1931) 209

x  Contents

Part IV. New Values

Chapter 11: Religion and Secularism 213
Gabriel Trop and Rob McFarland

1. Religion and Church (from Program of the Social Democratic Workers’

Party of German Austria, Enacted at the Party Convention at Linz on
November 3, 1926) (1926)  215

2. Jakob Reumann, Dedication Speech for Vienna’s Crematorium: “Vienna’s

Crematorium Opens, In Spite of Everything!” (1922) 216

3. Cardinal Friedrich Gustav Piffl, Shepherd’s Bulletin (1923) 218

4. Max Winter, The Living Mummy: A Look at the Year 2025 (1929) 219

5. Sigmund Freud, Future of an Illusion (1927) 222

6. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1922) 225

7. Franz Werfel, Realism and Inwardness (1932) 227

8. Otto Bauer, Religious Socialism (1927) 229

Chapter 12: The New Woman and Women’s Rights 233

Marie-Noëlle Yazdanpanah and Veronika Duma

1. Therese Schlesinger, Women and the Revolution (1921) 235

2. Anonymous, Mass Protest against the Murder Clause, Article 144 (1927) 237

3. Marianne Pollak, From Crinoline Dress to Bobbed Hair: Revolution and

Fashion (1926) 240

4. Stefan Zweig, Confidence in the Future (1929) 242

5. Bettina Hirsch, The Housewife and the Single-kitchen Building: Experiences

Living on Pilgerimgasse (1927) 244

6. Liesl Zerner, The Young Working Woman (1930) 246

7. Käthe Leichter, Epilog (from This Is How We Live: 1320 Women Workers in
Industry Report about Their Lives) (1932) 248
 Contents  xi

Chapter 13: Sexuality 253

Katrin Pilz

1. Josef Karl Friedjung, Sex Education: A Guide for Parents, Teachers, and
Doctors (1924)  255

2. Karl Kautsky Jr., Marriage Counseling as a Welfare Service (1925) 256

3. Therese Schlesinger, On the Evolution of Sexuality (1923) 259

4. Marianne Pollak, Women’s Issues at the Sexual Reform Congress (1930) 261

5. Sofie Lazarsfeld, Gynophobia (from How a Woman Experiences a Man:

Thoughts from Others and My Own Observations) (1931) 263

6. Grete von Urbanitzky, The Wild Garden (1927)  264

7. Ernst Fischer, Crisis of Sexuality (from Crisis of Youth) (1931) 265

8. Wilhelm Reich, Politicizing the Sexual Problem of Youth (from The Sexual
Struggle of Youth) (1932)  268

Part V. Social Engineering

Chapter 14: Health Care and Social Hygiene 273
Birgit Nemec

1. Adele Bruckner, At the Tuberculosis Care Station (1925) 275

2. Alois Jalkotzy, The Children Accuse Us: Letters from Children on Corporal
Punishment (1925) 276

3. Philipp Frankowski and Rosa Liederer, The City of Vienna’s Kindergartens

(1932)279

4. Paul Kammerer, Organic and Social Technology (1921) 283

5. Otto Neurath, The Viennese Method of Social Enlightenment (1933) 285

6. Margarete Hilferding, Motherhood (1922) 287

7. Julius Tandler, Dangers of Inferiority (1929) 289

Chapter 15: Welfare 293

Katrin Pilz

1. Adele Bruckner, Welfare Services (1925) 295

xii  Contents

2. Heinrich Holek, The Schmelz Neighborhood (1926) 298

3. Julius Tandler, Social Democratic Welfare Services (1924) 300

4. Karl Honay, The New Vienna for Its Youth (1932) 302

5. Anonymous, Who Is Smarter, a Monkey or an Infant? 700 Children

“Tested”—Significant Advances at the Research Center for Child Psychology
in Vienna (1930) 304

6. D. R., Visiting Young Mothers (1932) 307

7. August Aichhorn, The Training School (from Wayward Youth) (1925) 309

Chapter 16: Education for Everyone 313

Marie-Noëlle Yazdanpanah

1. Gina Kaus, Sex and Character in the Nursery (1925) 315

2. Lili Roubiczek, The Kinderhaus: Montessori Principles and Architecture

(1926)317

3. Otto Felix Kanitz, Class Pedagogy Part 1 (1921) 319

4. Otto Glöckel, The Gateway to the Future (1917) 322

5. Otto Glöckel, Drill Schools, Learning Schools, Work Schools (1928) 324

6. Max Lederer, Why Do We Demand Nonselective Schools? (1919) 325

7. Joseph Buttinger, The Viennese Workers’ College (1930) 327

8. Ludo Moritz Hartmann, Democracy and Popular Education (1919) 329

Part VI. Vitality

Chapter 17: Labor and Free Time 333
Vrääth Öhner

1. Julius Braunthal, The Eight-Hour Law (1919) 335

2. Adelheid Popp, The Double Burden of Women (1922) 336

3. Ida Foges, Weekend: A New Viennese Practice (1922) 339

4. Anonymous, Time! What Do I Do in My Free Time? (1929) 340

 Contents  xiii

5. Ernst Fischer, The Work Ethos and Socialism (1931) 343

6. Marie Jahoda, Time (from Marienthal: The Sociography of an Unemployed

Community) (1933) 346

Chapter 18: Sports and Body Culture 351

Georg Spitaler

1. Willy Meisl, Sports at a Crossroads (1928) 353

2. Stephanie Endres, Rhythm and the Proletariat (1930) 355

3. Julius Deutsch, Sports and Politics (1928) 357

4. Roch, Hakoah Wins the League (1925) 360

5. Jacques Hannak, Only a Soccer Match . . .? (1932) 361

6. Marie Deutsch-Kramer, Rise (1931) 364

7. Ernst Fischer, Crisis of Ideology (from Crisis of Youth) (1931) 365

Chapter 19: Nature 369

Cara Tovey

1. Robert Winter, Socialism in Nature (1919) 371

2. Gustav Harter, Back to Nature (1923) 373

3. Gustav Müller, The Mountains and Their Significance for the Rebuilding
of the German People (1922) 375

4. Franz Kleinhans, On the Question of the Aryan Clause (1924) 377

5. Theodor Hartwig, The Political Impact of Our Apolitical Action (1929) 379

6. Karl Renner, On the Friends of Nature (1931) 380

7. Anonymous, The Sunday Fleet (1931) 382

8. Adele Jellinek, The Children’s Crusade (1931) 383

xiv  Contents

Part VII. Housing

Chapter 20: Urban Planning  389
Aleks Kudryashova and Werner Michael Schwarz

1. Otto Neurath, Urban Planning and the Proletariat (1924) 391

2. Anonymous, My Skyscraper (1924) 393

3. Franz Siegel, What Does the Municipality of Vienna Build? Sunny and
Healthy Homes (1924) 395

4. Adolf Loos, The Day of the Settlers (1921) 396

5. Anonymous, Was the Program of 25,000 Public Homes in the Form of a

Garden City Really Possible? (1926) 398

6. Werner Hegemann, Critical Remarks on the Housing Projects in the City

of Vienna (1926) 400

7. Anonymous, The Ring Road of the Proletariat (1930) 402

Chapter 21: Architecture 405

Georg Vasold and Aleks Kudryashova

1. Franz Schuster and Franz Schacherl, Proletarian Architecture (1926) 407

2. Anton Brenner, Settlement House and Tenement Building—Mutual

Influences (1928) 409

3. Ernst Toller, In an Apartment Building in Socialist Vienna (1927) 411

4. Gustav A. Fuchs, The Fuchsenfeldhof (1923) 413

5. Anonymous, A Short Guide for Tenants in People’s Apartment Buildings

(1928)416

6. Otto Neurath, Single-Kitchen Building (1923) 417

7. Adolf Loos, The Grand Babylon Hotel (1923) 420

8. Josef Frank, The Public Housing Palace: A Speech Not Delivered on the
Occasion of a Groundbreaking (1926) 421
 Contents  xv

Chapter 22: Interior Design 425

Aleks Kudryashova

1. Adolf Loos, Learning to Live (1921) 427

2. Hans Ankwicz-Kleehoven, Simple Household Goods: On the Exhibition

at the Austrian Museum of Art and Industry (1920) 429

3. Ernst Lichtblau, Aesthetics Based on a Spirit of Economy (1923) 431

4. Josef Frank, Kitsch for Fun and Kitsch as a Problem (1927) 432

5. Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky, Efficiency in the Household (1927) 434

6. Else Hofmann, A Residence and Workspace for a Professional Couple:

A Design by the Architects Liane Zimbler and Annie Herrnheiser (1929) 437

7. Franz Schuster, A Furniture Book: A Contribution to the Problem of

Contemporary Furniture (1932) 439

8. Fritz Czuczka, Ten Commandments for Furnishing a Home (1933) 441

Part VIII. Cultural Politics

Chapter 23: Fine Arts 445
Georg Vasold

1. Stella Kramrisch, Sofie Korner (1920) 447

2. Lajos Kassák, Foreword (from Book of New Artists) (1922) 448

3. Leopold W. Rochowanski, The Contemporary Will to Form in the Applied

Arts (1922) 451

4. Hans Tietze, Municipal Policy and Modern Art (1927) 453

5. Eduard Leisching, Municipal Policy and Modern Art: A Response (1927) 456

6. Josef Luitpold and Otto Rudolf Schatz, The New City (1927) 458

7. Otto Pächt, The End of Illustrative Theory (1930–31) 460

Chapter 24: New Music 465

Wolfgang Fichna

1. August Forstner, The Transport Workers at the First Workers’ Symphony

Concert (1928) 467
xvi  Contents

2. David Josef Bach, Why Do We Not Have a Social Democratic Art Policy
(1929)468

3. Paul A. Pisk, Can the Worker Find a Close Relationship to Contemporary

Music? (1927) 471

4. Anton Webern, The Path to New Music, II. Lecture (1933) 473

5. Elsa Bienenfeld, Schönberg’s Pierrot lunaire (1922) 475

6. Theodor W. Adorno, On the Anbruch: Exposé (1928) 476

7. Anonymous, The Young, the Old, and Us: The Bourgeois Youth of the
Postwar Period (1928) 478

Chapter 25: Literature 483

Richard Lambert and Gernot Waldner

1. Rudolf Brunngraber, The Greatest Possible Order (from Karl and the
Twentieth Century) (1933) 485

2. Hermynia zur Mühlen, The Ally (1924) 486

3. Else Feldmann, Dandelion—A Childhood (1921) 488

4. Anton Kuh, Bettauer (1925) 489

5. Joe Lederer, Type-moiselle (1925) 491

6. Josef Luitpold, The Return of Prometheus (1927) 492

7. Josef Weinheber, The Crowd (1935) 494

8. Stefan Zweig, Trip to Russia (1928) 495

9. Ernst Fischer, The Man without Qualities: A Novel by Robert Musil (1930) 497

10. Hermann Broch, The Unknown Quantity (1933) 498

Chapter 26: Theater 503

Richard Lambert

1. David Josef Bach, The Arts Council (1923) 505

2. Ingenieure der Werkstatt für Massenform, Theater of the Future (1924) 507

3. Gina Kaus, Toni: A Schoolgirl Comedy in Ten Snapshots (1927) 509

 Contents  xvii

4. Elisa Karau, On the Speaking Choir Movement (1927) 510

5. Ernst Fischer, Red Requiem (1927) 512

6. Oscar Pollak, Why Do We Not Have a Social Democratic Art Policy (1929) 515

7. Jura Soyfer, Political Theater (1932) 518

8. Neon, Agitation Theater (1929) 519

9. Rudolf Holzer, The Rejuvenated Theater in der Josefstadt (1924) 520

10. Ödön von Horváth, Tales from the Vienna Woods (1931) 521

Part IX. Mass Media

Chapter 27: Film and Photography 527
Joachim Schätz

1. Siegfried Weyr, The Photo as a Weapon (1931) 529

2. Fritz Rosenfeld, Social Democratic Film Politics (1929) 531

3. Hugo Huppert, Kulturfilm, Revisited (1927) 534

4. Béla Balázs, The Masses (1926) 536

5. Max Frankenstein, The Market of the Masses … (1925) 538

6. Wolfgang Born, Photographic World View (1929) 540

7. Lothar Rübelt, The Work of the Sports Photographer (1926) 542

Chapter 28: Newspapers and Radio 547

Erik Born and Richard Lambert

1. Alfred Polgar, Intellectual Life in Vienna (1920) 548

2. Karl Kraus, A Belated Celebration of the Republic (1926) 551

3. Friedrich Austerlitz, The Real Kraus (1926) 553

4. Oscar Pollak, The Problems in the Calm (1929) 555

5. Anonymous, How Der Kuckuck Is Made (1930) 557

6. Anonymous, Freedom of the Airwaves! (1924) 558

xviii  Contents

7. Fritz Rosenfeld, Radio in Good Conscience (1932) 560

8. Anonymous, The RAVAG Listener Survey (1932) 562

9. Eugenie Schwarzwald, The Prophesied RAVAG (1934) 564

Part X. Exchange
Chapter 29: Americanism 569
Rob McFarland

1. Helene Scheu-Riesz, A Culture in the Making (1925) 571

2. Stefan Zweig, The Monotonization of the World (1925) 573

3. Felix Salten, Monotonization of the World? (1925) 576

4. Ann Tizia Leitich, A Word in Defense of America: One More Response to

“The Monotonization of the World” (1925) 578

5. Otto Bauer, Failed Rationalization (1931) 581

6. Anna Nußbaum, Introduction to Africa Sings: A Collection of Recent

African American Poetry (1929) 583

Chapter 30: Global Resonances 587

Werner Michael Schwarz

1. Erwin Zucker, Vienna—Moscow: Two Cities—Two Worlds (1932) 588

2. Günter Hirschel-Protsch, The Municipal Housing Complexes of the City

of Vienna (1926) 590

3. Heinrich Peter, The 1926 International Residential Building and City Planning
Congress in Vienna (1927) 591

4. Hermann Tobler, Learning School or Helping School? A Presentation Given

to the Vienna Teachers Assembly on October 4, 1923 (1924) 592

5. Solita Solano, Vienna—A Capital Without a Nation (1923) 594

6. J. Alexander Mahan, Dark Hours and the Dawn of Today (1928) 596

7. Louis H. Pink, Vienna Excels (1928) 598

8. Anonymous, Europe Revisited. III.—Vienna: The Dawn (1929) 599

 Contents  xix

9. Edward L. Schaub, Vienna’s Socialistic Housing Experiment (1930) 601

10. Charles O. Hardy, The Housing Program of the City of Vienna (1934) 603

11. John Gunther, Danube Blues (from Inside Europe) (1936) 604

Part XI. Reaction

Chapter 31: Anti-Semitism 609
Nicole G. Burgoyne and Vrääth Öhner

1. Joseph Eberle, The Jewish Question (1919) 610

2. Jacques Hannak, Jewry at a Crossroads (1919) 612

3. Anonymous, The Jewish Question in the National Assembly (1920) 614

4. Hugo Bettauer, Have You Already Read? The City Without Jews: A Novel of
the Day After Tomorrow. The Author on His Book (1922) 617

5. Joseph Roth, Ghettos in the West: Vienna (1927) 618

6. Felix Salten, Impossible Choice! Letter to our Editor in Chief (1927) 621

7. Irene Harand, Party or Fatherland? (1933) 623

Chapter 32: Black Vienna 627

Wolfgang Fichna and Azadeh Yamini-Hamedani

1. Karl Renner, The Christian Social Party and How Its Character Has
Changed (1923) 629

2. Ignaz Seipel, The Great Trajectory of Spiritual Development in Our

Time (1926) 631

3. Joseph Eberle, De Profundis: The Paris Peace from the Perspective of Culture
and History; An Appeal to the Christian Conscience Worldwide (1921) 634

4. Othmar Spann, A Summary of Observations of the Inward Direction of

Our Time and Its Political Ideology (from The True State) (1931) 636

5. Max Adler, In Critique of the Sociology of Othmar Spann (1927) 638

6. Alfred Missong, The World of the Proletariat: Psychological Reflections

(1931)640
xx  Contents

7. Heinrich Srbik, The Historical Content of the Austrian Portrait Exhibition

(1927)642

8. Anton Kuh, Petty Heroism (1922) 644

Chapter 33: Brown Vienna 649

Vrääth Öhner

1. Walter Riehl, National or International Socialism? (1923) 651

2. Anonymous, Remarque Forbidden Once and For All in Austria! A Victory

for German Ideology! (1931) 653

3. Fritz Brügel, National Socialist Ideology (1931) 655

4. Alfred Eduard Frauenfeld, The People Want It! (1932) 659

5. Otto Bauer, April 24 (1932) 662

6. Dr. Otto, The Psychopathology of National Socialism (1933) 664

Part XII. Power

Chapter 34: Campaigns and Elections 671
Werner Michael Schwarz

1. Anonymous, The Picture Gallery on the Street (1919) 673

2. Rallying Cry of Vienna’s Intellectuals (1927) 674

3. Anonymous, To All Working Jews! Jewish Voters! (1927) 676

4. Robert Danneberg, The Party (1928) 678

5. Joh. H., Who Should We Vote For? The Social Democratic Campaign Has
Begun (1930) 680

6. Anonymous, An Election Appeal in Stone! (1930) 682

7. Alois Jalkotzy, Women Matter! (1932) 684

8. Anonymous, Wear Three Arrows! The New Fighting Symbol (1932) 685

9. Anonymous, Wear the Blue Shirt of the Socialist Youth Front! (1932) 686

10. Stal, Three out of a Thousand Pioneers: A Report from the World of Wall
Newspapers (1932) 686
 Contents  xxi

Chapter 35: Communication and Propaganda 689

Alicia Roy

1. Anonymous, Ten Years of the New Vienna (1929) 691

2. Leopold Thaller, Educational Resources and Propaganda in Campaigns

(1930)693

3. Otto Neurath, Youth Front Agitation and the Task of Education (1932) 695

4. Paula Nowotny, Mail Correspondence between City and Country (1931) 697

5. Anton Kuh, The Mass Mobilization of Work (1923) 698

6. Otto Felix Kanitz and Stephanie Endres, Educational Tasks of the Workers
Federations of Sports (1932) 699

7. M. N., Cinema for the Tens of Thousands (1923) 703

8. Anonymous, Social-Fascist Deception Films (1930) 704

Chapter 36: Political Violence 707

Ingo Zechner

1. Anonymous, Republic Day: Bloody Disruption of the Mass Demonstration

(1918)709

2. Georg Lukács, The State as a Weapon (from Lenin: A Study on the Unity of
His Thought) (1924) 711

3. Zsigmond Kunfi, Lessons of July 15 (1927) 713

4. Walter Heinrich, Korneuburg Oath (1930) 717

5. Otto Bauer, The Rebellion of the Austrian Workers: Its Causes and Its Effects
(1934)718

6. Hans Kelsen, Defense of Democracy (1932) 722

Chronology725

References739

Contributors749

Index of Subjects  753

Index of Persons 765

 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

T he editors of The Red Vienna Sourcebook wish to emphasize the vast group effort
that has culminated in the publication of this volume. The initial impulse for our
project came from the Viennese historian and public intellectual Siegfried Mattl, who
brought his passion and expertise for the Red Vienna period to various venues and incor-
porated them into his discussions with students and colleagues. Over the years, Mattl’s
careful and generous mentoring influenced a generation of scholars. We dedicate this
volume to his memory.
One of the venues where Siegfried Mattl encouraged discussions of the Red Vienna
period were the conferences and group discussions of the International Research Network
BTWH (Berkeley/Tübingen/Vienna/Harvard). Most of the editors, chapter editors, and
translators of this sourcebook are active members of this international collaboration. We
would like to thank all BTWH members from across the globe who helped us to imagine
and to develop this project from a fanciful idea into a real collection of historic texts. This
process would not have been possible without the guidance and expertise of Anton Kaes,
professor of German and Film and Media at the University of California at Berkeley, who
shared with us his insights into historiography and archival research. He also enlightened
us about the political, aesthetic, and ethical tasks of the sourcebook editor.
We would also like to thank the many different institutions and individuals who gen-
erously provided us with the necessary funding for the planning, research, organization,
translation, editing, and publication of The Red Vienna Sourcebook.
Michael Häupl, long-term mayor of the city of Vienna, convinced other city officials
and the Vienna Municipal Council that our endeavor of recovering and exploring the dis-
courses of an era would provide a worthy honor for the 100th anniversary of the found-
ing of Red Vienna. His deep appreciation of independent scholarship is quite rare today.
We owe a debt of gratitude to him, to his office staff, to the Cultural Department of the
City of Vienna (MA 7), and especially to the Office of Scientific and Research Funding.
Personal thanks go to Franz Oberndorfer, Elisabeth Mayerhofer, and Daniel Löcker. The
Vienna Municipal Council unanimously approved the funding of this project. We con-
sider that act as a late acknowledgment of Red Vienna, which had been bitterly embattled
during the 1920s and 1930s.
Logistical support for this project was provided by the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute
for History and Society (LBIGG), which in 2019 was transformed into the Ludwig
Boltzmann Institute for Digital History (LBIDH). Joachim Schätz and Heinz Berger
deserve special thanks for their contribution in this regard. Much of the actual work of
gathering, selecting, and arguing about the texts and chapters happened at the Austrian
Labor History Society (Verein für Geschichte der ArbeiterInnenbewegung, VGA) in the
spectacular historical Vorwärts-Haus in Vienna’s Fifth District, Margareten. The edi-
tors owe a debt of gratitude to the staff of the VGA, especially to the managing direc-
tor Michaela Maier, who fought with great commitment for the financing of the project
and provided many staff hours. The University of California at Berkeley’s Doreen B.
xxiv  Acknowledgments

Townsend Center for the Humanities provided generous funding for travel and meetings.
Michelle Stott James of the Sophie Digital Library and the Brigham Young University
College of Humanities provided a team of student researchers for the project, includ-
ing Christopher Taylor, Jacob Benfell, Kemery Dunn Anderson, Gina Fowler, Madeline
McFarland, Brock Mildon, Joshua Savage, Elisabeth Allred, and Blake Taylor.
Publishing this book in the United States would not have been possible without the
constant advice and support of Edward Dimendberg and Anton Kaes. Our special thanks
go to Jim Walker, Julia Cook, and Michael Koch of Camden House for their invaluable
editing and advice. Jim Walker believed in this project right from the beginning and
encouraged us to proceed despite all logistical challenges and a very tight schedule. Big
thanks go to Julia Teresa Friehs for her efforts to coordinate the English and the German
versions of this sourcebook and for her work on the index.
Finally, we thank the IFK International Research Center for Cultural Studies in
Vienna for hosting a conference of international experts on Red Vienna in 2016 that
helped us to conceptualize and aim our project. Malachi Hacohen helped us to shape
our understanding of Red Vienna as a revolutionary model for a “Vienna Republic” in a
workshop series on “Empire, Socialism, and Jews,” jointly hosted by the Duke University,
the IFK, the VGA, and the LBIGG. Michael Loebenstein and the Austrian Film Museum
provided rare opportunities for screenings and discussions of films from and about Red
Vienna.
We would also like to thank the following for their valuable suggestions: Lilli and
Werner T. Bauer, Eve Blau, Tatjana Buklijas, Matti Bunzl, Christopher Burke, Ann
Cotten, Christian Dewald, Gudrun Exner, Karl Fallend, Walter Famler, Alys X. George,
Marcus Gräser, Sonja Maria Gruber, Bernhard Hachleitner, Gerhard Halusa, Gabriella
Hauch, Deborah Holmes, Jenna Ingalls, Helmut Konrad, Marion Krammer, Sabine
Lichtenberger, Wolfgang Maderthaner, Matthias Marschik, Alfred Pfoser, Barbara Philipp,
Sabrina Rahman, Christian Reder, Günther Sandner, Karin Schaden, Walter Schübler,
Lisa Silverman, Thomas Soxberger, Friedrich Stadler, Christian H. Stifter, Margarethe
Szeless, Klaus Taschwer, Andreas Weigl, Helmut Weihsmann, Paul Weindling, and Susana
Zapke.
 PERMISSIONS AND CREDITS

T he editors have made every possible effort to determine the copyright status all of
the source texts that appear in this book. The majority of these texts are in the public
domain. We put great time and effort into contacting those people and entities who hold
the rights to all of the other texts. That was not always possible. If we have inadvertently
missed any copyright holders, we ask for your assistance: please contact the publisher.

The texts are printed with the kind permission of:

Theodor W. Adorno: Suhrkamp Verlag

August Aichhorn: Thomas Aichhorn
Otto Bauer (1897–1986): Bob Bauer and the Bauer Family
Siegfried Bernfeld: Peter Paret
Julius Braunthal: Julia Barry-Braunthal
Hermann Broch: Suhrkamp Verlag
Fritz Brügel: Dan Kuper
Rudolf Brunngraber: Milena Verlag
Karl Bühler: Velbrück Wissenschaft
Fritz Czuczka: George Czuczka
Marie Deutsch-Kramer: Ellie Horwitz
Stephanie Endres: Karin-Birgit Molinari
Ernst Fischer: Marina Fischer-Kowalski
Josef Frank: Susanne Eisenkolb, Tano Bojankin
Bruno Frei: Stephan Pröll
Bettina Hirsch: Anni Rehin and Donald Hirsch
Eugen Höflich: National Library of Israel
Hugo Huppert: Helmut Pawlik
Marie Jahoda (dissertation): StudienVerlag
Marie Jahoda (Marienthal study): Allensbach Institute
Gina Kaus: Mickey and Stephan Kaus
Karl Kautsky, Jr: Juliet Calabi
Hans Kelsen: Hans Kelsen-Institut, Vienna
Franz Kleinhans: ÖTK
Stella Kramrich: Archives of the Philadelphia Museum of Art
Paul F. Lazarsfeld: Suhrkamp Verlag
Josef Löwenherz: Annette Jacobs, Dan Jacobs, David Jacobs, Janet Smarr
xxvi  Permissions and Credits

Willy Meisl: Dorrit Coch, Andreas Hafer, Wolfgang Hafer

Hermynia zur Mühlen: Patrick von zur Mühlen
Otto Pächt: Micheal Pächt and Viola Pächt Dávila
Paul Amadeus Pisk: Camille Donoghue
Melech Ravitch: Thomas Soxberger
Wilhelm Reich: Wilhelm Reich Infant Trust
Lothar Rübelt: Christian Rübelt
Helene Scheu-Riesz: Veronica Kothbauer
Franz Schuster: University of Applied Arts Vienna
Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky: Luzie Lahtinen-Stransky
Moshe Silburg: Thomas Soxberger
Hans Tietze: Ben Tietze, Filiz Tietze
Ludwig Wittgenstein: Suhrkamp Verlag

We would also like to thank the following people and institutions for their patient support and
their friendly assistance as we worked our way through the very complex process of copyright status
research and obtaining permissions:

AKM
Evelyn Adunka
Elisabeth Attlmayr
Marcel Atze (Wienbibliothek im Rathaus)
Michael Baiculescu (Mandelbaum Verlag)
Bestattung Wien
Mark Blazis
Alexandra Caruso
Heidi Chewning (Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University)
Felix Dahm (Suhrkamp Verlag)
Peter Deutsch
Droschl-Verlag
Reinhold Eckhardt
Anita Eichinger (Wienbibliothek im Rathaus)
Ulrike Eilers (Seemann Henschel Verlagsgruppe)
Alexander Emanuely (Theodor-Kramer-Gesellschaft)
Anke Engelhardt (Allensbach Institute)
Alice Essenpreis (Springer-Verlag)
Christian Fastl
Nathalie Feitsch (University of Applied Arts Vienna)
Ralph Fishkin (Psychoanalytic Center of Philadelphia)
Christian Fleck
Christian Flierl (Psychosozial-Verlag)
Rainald Franz (MAK)
 Permissions and Credits  xxvii

Janette Friedrich
Eva Ganzer (StudienVerlag)
Lionel Gossmann
Richard Hacken (Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University)
Andreas Handler (Austrian National Library, ÖNB, Literaturarchiv)
Michael Hansel (Austrian National Library, ÖNB)
Dieter Hecht (Austrian Academy of Sciences)
Sylvia Herkt (University of Applied Arts Vienna)
Gerald Holton (Harvard University)
International Institute of Social History (IISG), Amsterdam
Alexander Jalkotzy
Sigrid Jalkotzy-Deger
Birgit Johler
Toni Kaus
Peter Kautsky
Brigitte Kreitmeyr (VG Wort)
Sabine Lichtenberger (Institut für AK und ÖGB Geschichte)
Literar Mechana
Literaturhaus Wien
Herwig Mackinger (Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Vienna)
Christine Möller (Akademie der Künste, Berlin)
Manfred Mugrauer (Alfred Klahr Gesellschaft)
Reinhard Müller (Archiv für die Geschichte der Soziologie in Österreich)
Thomas Olechowski (Hans Kelsen-Institut, Vienna)
Wolfgang Pallaver
Michaela Pfundner (Austrian National Library, ÖNB, Bildarchiv)
Friedrich Polleross (Archiv des Instituts für Kunstgeschichte, University of Vienna)
Herbert Posch
Katharina Prager (Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital History)
Manfried Rauchensteiner
Franz Richard Reiter
Philipp Rohrbach (Vienna Wiesenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies)
Michael Rosecker (Karl-Renner-Institut)
Stephan Roth (Documentation Centre of Austrian Resistance, DÖW)
Christine Schindler (Documentation Centre of Austrian Resistance, DÖW)
Gerhard Schirmer (ÖTK Bibliothek)
Susanne Schönwiese
Rivka Shveiky (National Library of Israel)
Friedrich Stadler
Hildegard Steger-Mauerhofer
Julius Stieber
Markus Stumpf (Institut für Zeitgeschichte, University of Vienna)
xxviii  Permissions and Credits

Edith Stumpf-Fischer
Manuel Swatek (Municipal and Provincial Archives of Vienna)
Marietta Thien (Velbrück Verlag)
Katharina Walser
Heinz Weiss
Vanessa Wieser (Milena Verlag)
 A NOTE ON THE STRUCTURE
OF THIS BOOK

T his book is organized into chapters on a wide variety of topics, as can be seen from
the table of contents. The bulk of the book is of course made up of contemporary
texts from the Red Vienna period: the sources. In addition to the overall editing by the
volume editors, each chapter was edited by one (or more than one) chapter editor, who
also wrote the introduction to the chapter as well as the shorter introductions to each
text. These chapter editors are acknowledged in the bylines at the beginning of each
chapter. The translations of texts originally in German (i.e., the great majority of them)
were done by a pool of translators, each of whom is also acknowledged at the end of the
publication information that precedes each text.
The chapter editors have carefully shortened longer texts and excerpted passages
from book-length treatises. In the process of shortening, we oriented ourselves around
several principles: first and foremost, we did not want to cut content that would turn texts
against their original spirit and intent. We only left out passages that were not immedi-
ately relevant, and we indicated omissions with bracketed ellipses: [. . .]. Also, the original
texts often used typographic conventions that we have simplified and homogenized in
the book. We replaced the occurrences of Sperrschrift (letter spacing within a word for
emphasis) and bold lettering in the original documents with italic script (at the expense
of rare uses of italics in the originals that no longer stand out). In addition, several texts
are annotated with notes to facilitate comprehension of people, organizations, events,
concepts, and historical references.
In our translations of the many different kinds of original texts collected here, we
have tried to maintain a sense of the original flavor and register of the text without making
the translation draw undue attention to itself. We have opted to use colloquial American
English, which does not have the same capacity as Austrian German to keep track of
multiple clauses in long and complex sentences. Therefore, we have taken the liberty of
breaking down complex constructions into shorter and simpler sentences and phrases
that are more accessible to readers of English. We have tried to include the German origi-
nal titles of as many texts and organizations as possible, and to provide original German
terms in passages that demand special scrutiny. Our hope is that the translated texts will
not only build a case for the importance of Red Vienna as a cultural, historical, and sci-
entific phenomenon but also convey the fresh, lively, and spirited language used by the
authors of the texts.
Another random document with
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reflector is then opened and the operator sights through the tube to
locate the station with which he is to communicate, and signals by
means of the push button key. It is essential that the lamp be held
rigidly and the sighting tube be continuously aimed exactly at the
receiving station during signaling. A slight movement of the lamp
makes the signals appear blurred or entirely invisible to the receiving
station. A lamp station should always be located in the shade or
protected from direct sun rays, which would otherwise produce a
continuous glare from the reflector and make the electric light signals
invisible. A lamp may be held in the hand while signaling or fastened
to anything that will aid stability. In permanent and semi-permanent
stations an arrangement for holding the lamp in a fixed position,
directed at the receiving station, should be installed. In addition, a
wooden tube tapering down in size toward the outer end and being 6
ft. to 9 ft. long and approximately the size of the lamp at the inner
end, should be constructed and also permanently aligned on the
receiving station. This reduces the diffusion of the rays of the lamp,
and also minimizes the possibility of the signals being read where
not intended.
Adjustments of Lamps.—The reflecting apparatus of a lamp is
carefully adjusted before it is issued. However, it is possible that a
slightly different adjustment will give better results when a new bulb
is inserted. To focus the lamp the light is flashed on some dark
background, such as wall a few yards away, and the screws
supporting the parabolic mirror carefully turned until the light
becomes concentrated in the smallest possible circle. The
adjustment screws are then tightened, but they should never be set
tight. If the receiving operator is having trouble in receiving signals,
he will inform the sending station by sending a series of dots. The
sending operator will then examine his apparatus to see if the lamp
is properly directed at the receiving station, if the reflector is out of
focus, or if the battery has become weak. The receiving operator
indicates the manner in which he is receiving the signals by the
method in which he sends the dots. If the signals become worse, the
dots are made more rapidly. As the adjustment becomes better, the
dots are made more slowly. When a good readable adjustment has
been obtained, he will signal BR, meaning “go ahead.”
 PRECAUTIONS IN LAMP SIGNALING.
Don’t leave the lamp cover open when not in use.
Don’t forget to open it when you start to transmit.
Don’t touch the mirror. If necessary, it should be cleaned by wiping
with gauze or cotton or wiped with clean water.
Don’t pull the wire cable fastened to the bottom of the lamp when
removing from the box.
Don’t return broken or burned-out globes to the pouch, but throw
them away unless ordered to turn them in. Don’t use the lamp for
illuminating purposes.
Don’t neglect to keep a constant watch on the stations with which
you are supposed to communicate.

SIGNALING RANGE OF LAMPS.

Day. Night.
14 cm 1 to 3 kilometers 2 to 6 kilometers.
24 cm 1 to 6 kilometers 3 to 10 kilometers.
35 cm 5 to 10 kilometers 8 to 15 kilometers.
Signals may be transmitted by using either white or red bulbs, but
the range when using red bulbs is reduced approximately 50%.

GENERAL SERVICE CODE AND CONVENTIONAL

SIGNALS FOR USE WITH PROJECTORS,
BUZZERS AND WIGWAG.

A .- G --. M -- S ... Y -.-- 5 .....

B -... H .... N -. T- Z --.. 6 -....
C -.-. I .. O --- U ..- 1 .--- 7 --...
D -.. J .--- P .--. V ...- 2 ..--- 8 ---..
 E. K -.- Q --.- W .--. 3 ...-- 9 ----.
F ..-. L .-.. R .-. X -..- 4 ....- 10 -----

Manner of Sending Messages.

Messages are sent by using the General Service Code and should
always be as short as possible. Every time a letter can be omitted,
the chance of error is reduced. A dot is made by a short flash of
about ½ second duration. A dash is a longer flash of about two
seconds duration. The interval between dot and dash is about ½
second duration. The interval between letters is about 2 seconds
duration. The interval between words is about 4 seconds duration. In
order that lamp signals may be easily read, it is necessary that the
signals be not too rapid, 15 to 20 characters per minute should be
taken as the upper limit. Successive letters must be well spaced. An
interval of 2 seconds between letters will enable the receiving
operator to call off each letter to his assistant as he receives it. In
general, two men for each shift are necessary to operate a lamp
station. At the sending station one man dictates the message letter
by letter, and watches the receiving station for breaks. The other
sends the message. At the receiving stations, one man receives the
message and calls it off by letter to his helper who writes it down. To
call a station, its call letter should be sent several times and at
intervals the station calling should signal its own call letter. As soon
as a station observes that it is being called, it will answer by
signaling its call letter and the signal BR, “go ahead.” The message
is then transmitted and the receiving station acknowledges receipt of
each word. By one dot, if it has been understood. By the
interrogation mark, if it has not been understood and repetition is
desired. (While the interrogation is official, two dots are invariably
used for this signal.) At the end of a message the sending station
signals AR, meaning, “end of message.” The receiving station sends
a dot if the message has been understood.
 Signaling by Means of Fireworks.
The use of fireworks in modern battles for sending signals has
been greatly developed and is now one of the most important means
relied upon to send a few fundamental signals from the front line of
the infantry to the supporting artillery within the division and between
the ground and the airplanes.

The Fireworks Code.

As the signals that are made by fireworks are always of the most
important character, it is essential that the system for their use be so
perfectly worked out that there will be no chance of confusion. The
smaller the number of signals to be sent by fireworks, the less
chance there is of confusion.

Classification of Fireworks.
The fireworks now being used by the American Army are divided
into the following classes:
1. Very Pistol cartridges.
2. VB cartridges (commonly called “Tromblons”).
3. Rockets.
4. Flares.
The complete directions for firing these various fireworks are
generally attached to the container or box in which they are packed.
They are fully discussed in Annex 14, Translation of the 1917
“Instruction on Liaison for Troops of all Arms, A. E. F.”

1. Very Pistol Cartridges.

The Very pistol cartridges are made in two sizes, a 25-mm size,
which is issued to the companies of infantry, and a 35-mm size,
which is used by the airplanes. These Very pistols fire both signal
and illuminating cartridges.

2. VB Cartridges.

The VB cartridges are fired from a cylinder which is attached to the

end of a rifle. This cylinder, on account of its resemblance to the old-
fashioned blunderbuss (which the French call “Tromblon”) has taken
the name of tromblon and now even the VB cartridges, which are
fired from this cylinder, are often spoken of as Tromblons.

3. Rockets.

The rockets comprise fireworks which are made in the form of

cartridges attached to a wooden stick and fired from a tube or
trough. They are used both for signaling and illuminating.

4. Flares.

Flares are used only in the front lines to mark the position of the
advanced troops when called for by an airplane.

THE USES OF VARIOUS CLASSES OF

FIREWORKS.
It will be seen that the above classification of fireworks is an
arbitrary one, made according to the method of projecting them. The
same signal can be made by several different means. The means
employed depend upon the type of fireworks issued to the particular
unit using them and also upon the distance through which the signal
must be read.
Flares are not projected at all and consequently have the most
limited range of visibility in any but a perpendicular direction.
 The 25-mm Very pistol projects its signals about 200 ft. and can be
seen from the immediate vicinity.
The tromblon projects its signals to a height of 300 ft. and is next
in range of visibility.
The rockets which project a signal at the height of 1000 ft. or over
have the maximum range of visibility.
The 35-mm Very pistol projects signals which are larger than those
of the 25-mm pistol, but throws them a shorter distance (about 150
ft.). As its use is confined to the airplane this is not a factor in its
visibility.
The following are important uses that may be made of fireworks:
1. By the infantry platoon, company or battalion commander in
signaling to the artillery for a barrage, or otherwise directing the fire
of the artillery.
2. For signaling between the front line troops and the contact
airplane in an advance.
3. Warning of enemy gas attack given by the fireworks signaler
nearest to where the gas is discovered.
4. As a method of acknowledging various visual signals.
5. Occasionally, during the preparation of an attack and upon
orders from the General Staff, fireworks may be used in liaison
between the artillery and the artillery airplanes.

Signaling by Means of Panels.

The increasing use of the airplane in modern warfare has
necessitated the development of reliable communication between it
and the earth. This has gradually been worked out in the following
methods:
1. The direct dropping of messages by the airplane.
2. The use of radio apparatus.
 3. The use of visual signaling by means of lamps, fireworks and
panels.
Panels are pieces of cloth or other materials of various designs
which are spread out on the ground in a manner to be easily seen by
the airplane. They are for three purposes.
1. To signal to an airplane the identity and location of a unit’s
headquarters by the use of its distinctive panel, called its
“identification panel.” This is displayed either when the airplane
requests it (by means of radio) or when the headquarters desires to
attract the attention of the airplane.
2. To signal to the airplane other brief information by the use of
rectangular panels known as “signaling panels” and arranged in
various ways, either by themselves or in conjunction with the unit’s
identification panel.
3. To signal to the airplane the position of the front line in a
daylight advance by the use of special panels called “marking
panels.” These are displayed only when called for by the airplane.
All panels are removed as soon as an acknowledgment is
received from the airplane.
As the use of panels is always in conjunction with airplanes, all
panel signallers should understand some of the uses of the various
airplanes.

Miscellaneous Methods of Visual Signaling.

Wig-Wag Flags.—Flags for use in wig-wagging are now issued to
divisions under the name of “kits, flag, combination, standard.” Each
kit includes one wig-wag staff and two wig-wag flags, and also two
semaphore staff and two semaphore flags. A division is supplied with
1,022 of these kits. The use of the wig-wag flags is already fairly well
known in the American Army. Signals are transmitted by describing
an arc of 90 degrees to the right and left to form dots and dashes,
and spaces by a downward front motion. The general service can be
transmitted by this means. Wig-wag flag signaling should be
thoroughly understood and practiced by all signal men, as it forms an
excellent method for becoming familiar with the code. Signals can be
sent by this means merely by the use of the hand, and consequently
the system forms an excellent way for troops to put in their time
when traveling by train or on shipboard. Its use in the present war
has been limited, but it will undoubtedly be used more and more,
especially when open warfare is resumed.
Semaphore.—Signals by semaphore are transmitted by the arms,
either alone or with the semaphore flags that are issued in the
standard combination flag kits. It is a standard means of
communication in the American Navy and well known in the army. It
is not used by the armies of Europe, but it might serve a useful
purpose to linemen and others for intercommunication.

Radio Equipment.
The Radio receiving sets, type SCR-53 and SCR-54-A form the
standard units for the reception on the ground of signals from
airplanes, and in general, of all damped wave signals or modulated
wave signals. The use for these sets may perhaps be said to be that
in connection with the work of the fire control airplanes in directing
the fire of the artillery. But in addition, they are used for so many
other classes of radio work, that they may indeed be considered
among the most important radio sets.

Type SCR-54 Set.

 Circuit Diagram of
SCR-54A Radio Telegraph Receiving Set

The type SCR-54 set is very similar to the French type A-1
receiving set. The SCR 54-A set is an improved American product,
designed along the same general lines as the type SCR-54 but
differing in some respects, both mechanical and electrical, to
improve the operating characteristics. The type A-2 and A-2-B
antennae are fully described in Radio Pamphlet No. 2. With their use
the receiving sets have a wave length range of approximately from
150 to 650 meters. If properly operated, they afford quite sharp
tuning. This feature and their compact, rugged and simple
construction have made them of very considerable value on the
Western Front.
 As shown in the wiring diagram, Fig. 1, the type SCR-54A
receiving set comprises a primary (antenna) circuit and a secondary
circuit, both of which may be tuned by means of the variable
capacitance and variable inductance comprised in both circuits. The
secondary circuit may also be made aperiodic by placing the switch
M on the position marked “AP.” This connects the condenser in or
disconnects it from the circuit. A separate buzzer circuit is installed in
the cover of the box to excite the set when adjusting the crystal
detector.
The adjustable capacitance in each circuit is a variable air
condenser which is adjusted by means of an insulating handle,
marked “Primary” or “Secondary,” mounted directly on the rotating
shaft of the condenser. The relative amount of capacitance in the
circuit, corresponding to the various positions of these handles, is
indicated by a pointer fastened to the shaft, which moves over a dial
graduated from 0 to 90. The position 0 corresponds to the minimum
and the position 90 to the maximum capacitance of the condenser.
The two condensers are identical in design, and have a maximum
capacitance of 500 micro-mfd.
The primary and secondary inductances are varied by means of
two dial switches marked “P” and “S,” respectively. The primary
inductance comprises 60 turns of wire divided into six steps of 10
turns each, while the secondary inductance comprises 60 turns
divided into four steps of 15 turns each. These two inductance coils
are wound on separate wooden cylinders so arranged that their
relative positions may be readily varied. The coupling of the two
circuits, which is accomplished by the mutual induction effect of
these two coils, is varied by changing the relative mechanical
positions of the coils. The secondary coil may be rotated by means
of a handle marked “Coupling,” and a pointer moving over a scale
graduated from 0 to 90 indicates its position. When in the 0 position
the axes of the two coils are at right angles to each other, and the
degree of coupling is 0. When in the position “90” the axes are
parallel, and the coupling is a maximum.
The telephone and detector circuit shunts the secondary
condenser. This circuit consists of a crystal detector connected in
series with the telephone receiver which are shunted by so-called
stopping condensers. The latter is a .002 mfd. mica condenser. Two
crystal detectors are furnished with a set; one of them is enclosed in
a glass tube, which protects the crystal from dust or dirt. The other is
open, having no such protecting casing. Either one may be used by
screwing it to the two binding posts of the set marked “Detector.”
The buzzer is mounted in a compartment of set box cover, and
consists of a small buzzer connected in series with a dry battery type
BA-4, and a switch. The buzzer is energized when this switch is
closed. A spare dry for the buzzer, a screwdriver, the enclosed
detector, some spare wire and spare crystals are normally stored in
compartments or metal clips in the cover. Two type P-11 telephone
head sets are kept in a special compartment in the box. This set box
when closed may be carried by a leather strap attached to it.

Method of Operating.
The first step in putting the set in operating condition is to select a
suitable place and set up the antenna. The set box is then installed
in a dry and protected place, and the arial and ground (or
counterpoise) leads are connected to their respective terminals on
the operating panel, and the telephone head set plugged into the
jack with the installation thus completed the first step is to adjust the
crystal detector. To do this, place the “Coupling” handle near the
maximum position, and connect the short piece of wire from the
terminal clip in the buzzer circuit to the “Antenna” or “Ground”
terminal of the operating panel. Close the buzzer switch to energize
the buzzer, and carefully explore the surface of the crystal with the
spring contact point until a sensitive spot is found, as evidenced by a
good audible sound in the telephone receiver. The short wire running
from the buzzer to the panel is then removed and the buzzer
stopped by opening the buzzer switch. Care should be taken not to
disturb the crystal adjustment by mechanical vibration or shock. This
adjustment is very delicate, and if destroyed, it must be restored
before any signals can be received. With the crystal adjusted, the set
is then ready for tuning. The procedure varies somewhat according
to whether the wave length of the station it is desired to receive is
known or not.
(a) Wave Lengths of Signals Unknown.—The switch M in the
center of the panel is thrown to the position “AP” (aperiodic). This
disconnects the secondary condenser, and makes the secondary
circuit responsive to signals of any wave length. The coupling is
made a maximum, and the secondary inductance dial switch S
placed at the position “60.” The primary inductance switch P is then
placed successively at the positions marked 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
60, and, at each point, the handle of the primary condenser is slowly
turned over its full range, until the loudest signals are obtained in the
telephone. The station is then identified by its call letters, and if it is
the station desired, tuning of the set is completed as explained
below. It may happen however, that in this search for signals, several
stations are heard, simultaneously or for different positions of the
handles. The process of searching is kept up until the desired
station, as identified by its call letters, is heard with the greatest
intensity.
The coupling pointer is then moved toward the minimum position,
so that the signals will be just loud enough to be easily read. The
switch M is placed in the position T (tune), which connects the
secondary condenser in the secondary circuit. The secondary circuit
is then tuned by operating the secondary inductance dial switch S
and the secondary in the same way that was followed in tuning the
primary. The secondary circuit is in tune when the signals are heard
loudest. The set is then ready for operation.
If necessary, the strength of the signals may be increased by
increasing the coupling, but this should not be done unless the signal
become too faint to be read, since increasing the coupling increases
the likelihood of interference by other sending stations. When the
coupling is changed, some slight adjustments of the primary and
secondary condensers will be found to improve the signals.
(b) Wave lengths of Signals Known.—When the receiving
operator has been advised of the wave length of the signals he is to
pick up, the process of tuning in is somewhat facilitated by the use of
the table of wave lengths which is pasted in the cover of the box.
The primary circuit of the set is first tuned, as explained above,
with the switch on “AP,” the secondary inductance on “60” and with
maximum coupling. After the signals have been identified and the
primary has been tuned to give maximum loudness, the coupling is
reduced as before and the switch M moved to T. The secondary
inductance setting to be used is then given in the table. Thus, for a
wave length of 280 meters, the setting may be 30 or 45. It is best to
use the higher value 45. The final secondary adjustment is then
made as before by means of the secondary condenser.

Use of a Vacuum Tube Detector with the SCR-54

Set.
It is sometimes desirable to use a vacuum tube detector in place
of the crystal detector supplied with the set. In this case, the
telephone stopping condenser of the set must be short circuited by
inserting a dummy brass plug in the telephone jack. The crystal
detector is then disconnected, and wires are connected from the
detector binding posts of the set to the proper terminals of the
vacuum tube detector set. The telephone receivers should not be
plugged in, as before, in the jack of the set box, but must be
connected to the proper terminals or jack of the vacuum tube
detector box.

Precautions, Sources of Trouble, Maintenance.

In using this set, care should be taken to always keep it in as dry a
place as possible. It should be kept in a clean condition, especially
the operating panel, the contacts, binding posts, dial switch studs,
and the telephone jacks. Oil or grease on these contacts will make
the connections uncertain and unsteady and impair or even prevent
the satisfactory operation of the set.
 The set should be handled carefully to avoid warping the
condenser plates or otherwise damaging the set. No foreign
substance should be placed in the set box. Care should be taken
that the telephone receiver cords do not get wet, for the resulting
leakage of current through them would considerably decrease the
strength of signals and introduce an annoying noise. The telephones
do not require any adjustment, and the earpieces should always be
kept screwed up tight. The telephone receiver should never be taken
apart, since their adjustment at the factory is very accurate and
permanent. If it becomes necessary to remove the cord connections
from either the telephones or the plug, the wires must be connected
as found, according to their different colors. This is important since
otherwise the permanent magnets will be partially demagnetized and
the efficiency of the telephone receivers will be seriously impaired. In
packing the set for transportation the telephone head set receivers
are placed face to face so that the diaphragms will be protected and
kept free of mud and dirt. The telephone cord is then wound around
the head band in such a way as to hold the receivers together. The
telephone plug is finally slipped inside the coil thus formed by the
connection cord, and the entire set is carefully placed in its
compartment in the set box. Among the troubles most frequently
encountered are those considered below. It may happen that the
buzzer does not work. This may be due to a poor adjustment of the
buzzer vibrator, or to a run down dry battery. If the radio does not
work it may be because the crystal detector is not making contact
with the sensitive spot. Readjust it with the aid of the buzzer. No
sound in the receiver may be due to the fact that the telephone is not
all the way in the jack, or that it is dirty. In this case see that the plug
is clear in, or remove it and wipe it off with a clean cloth. Also, the
dummy brass plug may be in the telephone jack. This would prevent
operation entirely with the crystal detector.
Scratching noises in the telephone may be the result of wet
connection cord, or the connection at the plug or either telephone
receiver may be loose.
If the antenna or ground connections is loose, or if the ariel or lead
in wire is grounded through a branch of a tree, or in some other way,
the set will fail to operate. Make sure of good insulation all around. It
sometimes happens that a wire will break inside the set box. This
generally occurs to one of the wires connecting the secondary
induction coils to the various taps to the secondary dial switch. One
way to discover this fault is to turn the “Coupling” handle back and
forth; the signals may then suddenly stop for a certain position of the
handle, although they will be audible with the handle on either side of
this position. Finally, a plate of one of the variable air condensers
may become warped and short circuit the condenser. This is
generally evidenced by the fact that the condenser, when varied over
its whole range, does not change the loudness of the signals. In
active service, the receiving sets are required to be in continuous
working condition. To insure this, spare parts must be kept on hand
at all times in order to replace defective parts with the least possible
delay. Such spare parts should include spare crystals, telephones
and telephone cords. Complete extra set should always be in stock
at the central Radio supply station to provide for replacement
promptly when sets are destroyed. The sets in use should also be
frequently tested to determine and readiness for an intensive and
continuous activity. The condenser and inductance circuits should be
tested to make sure that each part of each circuit is in perfect
working condition. Testing of circuit parts may be simply done with a
head phone and dry cell, a click through closed circuits, and the
absence of a click through the condenser circuits, being the
indication which should be noted.
 CHAPTER XVI.
SMALL ARMS.

Notes on the Automatic Pistol, Cal. 45, Model

1911.
The pistol is known as the Automatic Pistol, Cal. 45, Model 1911.
By caliber is meant the caliber of the bore. All pistols used in the
service are marked on the left side of the receiver, “United States
Property,” and on the right side with the serial number, which must
be memorized by the person to whom the pistol is issued.
It is important that every man have a thorough knowledge of the
nomenclature, care and repair, method of assembling and
dismounting the pistol as well as its use and operation.
The principal parts of the pistol are the receiver, the barrel and
the slide.
To Dismount and Assemble the Pistol:—Press the magazine
catch and remove the magazine. Press the plug inward, turn the
barrel bushing to the right and by easing off on the spring let the plug
and spring protrude gradually. Draw the slide to the rear until the
small recess is opposite the thumb piece of the slide stop. Press
gently against the end of the pin of the slide stop on the opposite
side and remove the slide stop. This releases the link and allows the
barrel and the slide with all its parts to be slid forward off the guide
rails of the receiver.
To Disassemble the Slide:—Remove the plug by turning it to the
left and withdraw the recoil spring with its guide from the rear; or
remove the recoil spring guide and withdraw the coil spring with its
plug from the front. Turn the barrel bushing to the left and withdraw it
forward from the slide. The barrel may now be withdrawn from the
slide. To remove the firing pin, press the rear end of the pin forward
until it clears the firing pin stop. Then withdraw the stop downward
from its seat, whereupon the firing pin, the firing pin spring, and the
extractor are removed by withdrawing them to the rear.
For ordinary cleaning, no further dismounting will be found
necessary and no disassembling of the receiver should be permitted
except by permission of an officer. When the interior of the pistol has
been exposed to water, or when it is desired to make repairs, the
receiver may be completely dismounted as follows:
Cock the hammer, move the safety lock to a position half way
between its upper and lower position. Press the end of the safety
lock pin on the opposite side and withdraw the safety lock. Now
lower the hammer by pressing the trigger. Push out the hammer pin
and take out the hammer and strut. Next push out the housing pin.
This may require a little extra pressure. It is the only pin pushed out
by pressure from the left side of the receiver. The main-spring
housing may then be withdrawn downward and the grip safety
withdrawn to the rear. This exposes the sear spring, which is easily
removed. By pushing out the sear pin, the sear and the disconnector
are released.
The main-spring housing is disassembled by compressing the
main spring, pushing out the small main-spring cap pin, whereupon
the main-spring cap, the main spring and the housing pin retainer will
come out. The main spring may be easily compressed by using the
pin of the slide stop.
THE AUTOMATIC PISTOL, CALIBER 45, MODEL 1911.
RECEIVER, BARREL AND SLIDE.
 To remove the magazine catch, press the button inward. By
means of a small screw driver or the short leaf of the sear spring,
give the screw head of the magazine catch lock a quarter turn to the
left and remove the magazine catch. The trigger can then be
withdrawn to the rear.
The hammer strut, a small nail or the long arm of the screw driver
may be used to push out all pins except the main spring cap pin and
the ejector pin. To remove these a tack or pin may be found
necessary.
To assemble the pistol proceed in the reverse order, except that
the main spring housing should be left to project about one-eighth
inch. Do not push the main-spring housing home and insert the
housing pin until after the safety lock is replaced and the hammer
lowered.
The Operation of the Pistol.—The act of drawing back the slide
in loading cocks the hammer, compresses the recoil spring,
permitting the magazine follower to raise the upper cartridge into the
path of the slide. Upon releasing the slide, the recoil spring forces
the slide forward, carrying the first cartridge into the chamber of the
barrel. As the slide approaches its forward position, it encounters the
rear end of the barrel, forcing the latter forward. Since the front of the
barrel pivots in the barrel bushing and the rear end is free to swing
upward on the link, the rear end of the barrel is raised, causing the
locking ribs on the outside of the barrel and the inside of the slide to
engage, thus positively locking the barrel and the slide together. The
joint forward movement of the barrel and the slide (about three-
eights of an inch) is stopped when the barrel lug encounters the pin
of the slide stop.
The pistol is then ready for firing. When the hammer is cocked, the
hammer strut moves downward, compressing the main spring. The
sear, under the action of the long leaf of the sear spring, engages its
nose in the notch of the hammer. Upon pulling the trigger and
pressing on the grip safety, the sear is moved, thus releasing the
hammer. The latter then strikes the firing pin which transmits the
blow to the primer of the cartridge. The explosion of the cartridge