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Retaining Wall Design Civilsiteinfo
Retaining Wall Design Civilsiteinfo
1.94
Distribution 8 mm F@ 160 mm c/c 3730
Tamprecture 8 mm F@ 300 mm c/c 12 mm F
TOE:- 180 @ c/c
Main 12 mm F@ 120 mm c/c
Distribution 8 mm F@ 170 mm c/c 12 mm F
HEEL:- 90 @ c/c
Main 10 mm F@ 210 mm c/c
Distribution 8 mm F@ 170 mm c/c Out side Earth side
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mm F
@ c/c
mm F
@ c/c
mm F
@ c/c
mm F
@ c/c
mm F
@ c/c
mm F
@ c/c
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DESIGN OF T SHAPED CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL
2 Diamension of base:-
sin b = 0.2756 cos b = 0.961 tanb = 0.287
Sin F = 0.5 Cos F = 0.866
x 0.38 x 0.961
b = 4.00 = 2.15
( 1 - 0.49 )x( 1 + 1.46 )
The base width from the considration of sliding is given by Eq.
0.7HKa 0.7 x 4.00 x 0.38
b = = = 4.13 m
(1-a) m ( 1 - 0.49 )x 0.5
This width is excessive. Normal practice is to provide b between 0.4 to 0.6 H .
Taking maximum value of H = 0.6 b = 0.60 x 4.00 = 2.40 m
Hence Provided b = 2.40 m
The wall will be unsafe against sliding. This will be made safe by providing a shear Key at base .
Width of toe slab = axb = 0.49 x 2.40 = 1.17 m Provided toe slab = 1.20 m
Let the thickness of base be = H/12 = 4.00 / 12 = 0.33 or say = 0.30 m for design
Hence width of heel slab = 2.40 - 0.30 - 1.20 = 0.90 m purpose
3 Thickness of stem:-
Heigth AB = 4.00 - 0.30 = 3.70 m consider 1 m length of retaining wall
Kxy x H1
2
0.38 x 18 x( 3.70 )2
Maximum Bending momentat B = = = 46.75
2 2
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Hence the horizontal earth pressure is PH= P cos b = 46.75 x 0.961 = 45 kN
H1 3.70
B.M. at B = PH x= 45.00 x = 55.5 kN
3 3
BM 55.50 x 10 6
Effective depth required = = = 247 mm
Rxb 0.913 x 1000
Keep d = 250 mm and total thickness = 250 + 60 = 310
Assuming that 12 mm F bar will be used. a nominal cover of = 60 - 6 = 54 mm
Reduce the total thickness
= 200 mm at top so that effective depth of = 140 mm
to
45 x 1000
tv = = 0.18 N/mm2 > tc even at mimum steel
1000 x 250
4 Stability of wall:-
Length of heel slab = 2.40 - 1.20 - 0.31 = 0.89 m
Height H2= H1+Ls tan b = 3.70 + 0.89 x 0.287 = 3.96 m
Height H = 3.96 + 0.30 = 4.26 m
Ka x y x H2
0.38 x 18 x( 4.26 )2
Earth pressure p= = = 61.84 kN
2 2
Its horizontal and vertical component are
PH = P cos b = 61.84 x 0.961 = 59.44 kN
PV = P sin b 61.84 x 0.276 = 17.04 kN
P is acting on vertical face IG, at H/3 and hence Pv , will act the vertical line
Full dimension wall is shown in fig 1a
Let W1 = weight of rectangular portion of stem
w2 = weight of triangular portion of stem
w3 = weight of base slab
w4 = weight of soil on heel slab.
The calculation are arrenged in Table
Detail force(kN) lever arm Moment about toe (KN-m)
w1 1 x 0.20 x 3.70 x 25 = 18.5 1.41 26.085
w2 1/2 x 0.11 x 3.70 x 25 = 5.09 1.255 6.38
w3 1 x 2.40 x 0.30 x 25 = 18 1.2 21.6
w4 1 x 0.90 x 3.83 x 18 = 62.01 1.95 120.91
w5 Pv = 17.04 2.40 40.90
Sw = 120.64 total MR 215.89
Total resisting moment = 215.89 kN-m
Over turning 4
Over turning moment Mo = 61.84 x = 87.71 kN-m
3
215.89
\ F.S. against over turning = = 2.46 > 2 Hence safe
87.71003
mSw 0.5 x 120.64
F.S. against Sliding = = = 1.01 < 1.5
PH 59.44
Hence not safe , To make safe against sliding will have to provide shear key
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67.55 - 32.99
p = 67.55 - x 1.20 = 50.27 kN-m2
2.40
Pressure p' at the junction of stem with Heel slab is
67.55 - 32.99
p' = 67.55 - x 0.90 = 54.59 kN-m2
2.40
5 Design of toe slab:-
The upward pressure distribution on the toe slab is shown in fig 1b .The weight of soil above
the toe slab is neglicted . Thus two forces are acting on it
(1) Up ward soil pressure (2) Down ward weight of slab
Down ward weight of slab per unit area = 0.30 x 1 x 1.00 x 25 = 7.50 kN-m2
Hence net pressure intensities will be = 67.55 - 7.50 = 60.05 kN-m2 under D
And at under E = 50.27 - 7.50 = 42.77 kN-m2
Total force = S.F. at E = 0.50 x( 60.05 + 42.77 ) x 1.20 = 61.69 kN
42.77 + 2.00 x 60.05 x 1.20
x from E = = 0.63 m
42.77 + 60.05 3
\ B.M. at E = 61.69 x 0.63 = 39.09 kN-m
BM 39.09 x 10 6
Effective depth required = = = 207 mm
Rxb 0.913 x 1000
Keep effective depth d = 210 mm and total thickness = 210 + 60 = 270
Reduce the total thickness to = 200 mm or 0.20 m at edge say = 0.27
61.69 x 1000
tv = = 0.228 N/mm2 < tc even at mimum steel
1000 x 270
BM x 106 39.09 x 10 6
Ast = = = 896 mm2
sst x j x D 230 x 0.904 x 210
The reinforcement has to be provided at bottom face .If alternate bars of stem reiforcerment are
are bent and continued in toe slab, area available = 1/2 x 1256 = 628 mm2 (see step 7)
3.14xdia2 = 3.14 x 12 x 12 = 113
using 12 mm bars A =
4 4
\ Spacing A x1000 / Ast = 113 x 1000 / 896 = 120 mm
Hence Provided 12 mm F bar, @ 120 mm c/c
Let us check this reinforcement for development length Ld=45 F = 45 x 12 = 540 mm
Providing 30 mm clear side cover actual length available = 1200 - 30 = 1170
1170 > 540 Hence safe
0.12 270 + 200
Distribution steel = x 1000 x = 282 mm2
100 2
P D2 3.14 x ( 8 )'2
Using 8 mm F bars, Area = = = 50 mm2
4 4
1000 x 50
\ Spacing = = 178 mm say = 170 mm c/c
282
6 Design of heel slab :-
Three force act on it
1. down ward weight of soil 2 weight of heel slab 3 Down ward earth pressure 4 upward soil pressure
Total weight of 3.70 + 3.96
soil over Heel
= 0.90 x x 18 = 62 KN say = 63.00 kN
2
(H1+2xH2)xb 3.70 + 2 x 3.96 0.90
Acting at = x = 0.455 m from B
(H1+H2)x3 3.70 + 3.96 3
Total weight of heel slab = 0.90 x 0.27 x 1 x 25 = 6.08 kN
Acting at 0.45 m from B.
Earth pressure intencity at b = Ka.y.H1 per unit inclined area, at b to horizontal,
\ Earth pressure at B, on horizontal unitarea = Ka.y.H1.tan b
Vertical component of this, at B = Ka.y.H1 .tan b.sin b ….(I)
Similarly, Vertical component of earth pressure intencity at C =Ka.y.H2 tan b. sin b. ….(II)
Hence total force due to vertical component of earth pressure is
(H1+H2)
= Ka.y x b1 tan b x sin b
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= Ka.y x b1 tan b x sin b
2
0.38 x 18
= ( 3.70 + 3.96 )x 0.90 x 0.287 x 0.276
2
vertical earth pressure is = 1.86 kN This Act at 0.45 m from B
Total upward soil pressure = 1/2 x( 54.59 + 32.99 )x 0.90 = 39.41 kN
54.59 + 2 x 32.99 0.90
Acting at = x = 0.41 m from B
54.59 + 32.99 3
\ Total force = S.F. at B = 63.00 + 6.08 - 39.41 = 29.67 kN
\ B.M. at B =( 63 x 0.45 )+( 6 x 0.45 )+( 1.86 x 0.45 )-( 39.41 x 0.41
= 15.97 x 10'6 N-mm2
This is much lessthan the B.M. on slab. However, we keep the same depth, as that toe slab,i.e.
d= 210 mm and D 270 mm, reducing it to 200 mm at edge
BM x 10 6
15.97 x 10 6
Ast = = = 366 mm2
sst x j x D 230 x 0.904 x 210
29.67 x 1000
tv = = 0.141 N/mm2 < tc even at mimum steel
1000 x 210
P D2 3.14 x ( 10 )'2
Using 10 mm F bars, Area = = = 78.5 mm2
4 4
1000 x 78.5
\ Spacing = = 214 mm say = 210 mm c/c
366
Hence provided these @ 210 mm c/c at the top of keep slab. Take the reinforcement into toe
from a distance of 45 x D = 45 x 10 = 450 mm to the left of B and end should
0.12 210 + 270
Distribution steel = x 1000 x = 288 mm2
100 2
P D2 3.14 x ( 8 )'2
Using 8 mm F bars, Area = = = 50 mm2
4 4
1000
x 50
\ Spacing = = 174 mm say = 170 mm c/c
288
Nomber of Bars = Ast/A = 366 / 79 = 4.66 say = 5 No.
Hence Provided 5 bars of 10 mm F at Bottom
5 x 79
% of steel provided = x 100 = 0.15 %
1000 x 270
shear force 29.67 x 1000
Shear stress tv = = = 0.14 N/mm2
Beam Ht.x beam wt. 1000 x 210
Permissible shear stress for 0.15 % steel provided tc = 0.18 N/mm2 (See Table 3.1)
If tc > tvhence safe here 0.18 > 0.14 Hence Safe
250 - 140
d' = 140 + x h =( 140 + 29.49 x h )
3.73
H3
Now As Ast or H =( Ast d )1/3
d'
h Ast' d' 1/3
Hence =
H1 Ast d
where Ast' = reinforcement at depth h Ast = reinforcement at depth H1
d' = effective depthat depth h d = effective depthat depth H1
Ast' 1 h 1 d' 1/3
if Ast = 1/2 Ast than \ = x
Ast = 2 H1 2 d
Subsituting d = 255 mm and d' =( 140 + 29.5 x h ) we get
140 + 29.5 x h 1/3
h = H1 x
2 x 255
140 x 29.5 x h 1/3
h = 3.73 x
2 x 255
h = 0.467 x ( 140 + 29.5 x h )1/3
h = 2.83 m 0.467 x ( 140 + 29.5 x h) 1/3- h = 0.01
Howerver, the bars should be extented by a distance of 12 F = 12 x 12 = 144 mm
Or d = 250 mm whichever is more beyond the point.
\ h = 2.83 - 0.25 = 2.58 m. Hence curtailed half bars at at height of
2.58 m below the top . If we wish to curtailed half of the remaining bars so that remaining
Ast' 1
remaining reinforcement is one forth of that provided ar B, we have = Hence from ….(2)
Ast 4
h 1 x d' 1/3
140 + 29.5 x h
\ = \ h = H1 x
H1 4 d 4 x 255
x 140 x 29.5 x h 1/3
h = 3.73
4 x 255
h = 0.371 x ( 140 + 29.5 x h )1/3
h = 2.19 m 0.371 x ( 140 + 29.5 x h) 1/3- h = 0.00
This can be solved bytrial and error, Noting that if the effective thickness of stem w=are constant,
.Howerver, the bars should be extented by a distance of 12 F = 12 x 12 = 144 mm
Or d = 250 mm whichever is more beyond the point.
\ h = 2.19 - 0.25 = 1.94 m. Hence stop half bars the remaining bars
by 1.94 m below the top of the stem . Continue rest of the bars to the top of the stem
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\ Distribution reinforcement = x 1000 x 255 = 306 mm2
100
P D2 3.14 x ( 8 )'2
Using 8 mm F bars, Area = = = 50.24 mm2
4 4
1000
x 50
\ spacing = = 164 mm say = 160 mm c/c at the inner face of
306 wall,along its length
for tempreture reinforcement provide = 8 mm bars = 300 mm c/c both way in outer face
The wall is in unsafe in sliding, and hence shear key will be provided below the stem as shown in fig.
Let u sprovide ashear key 300 x 310 Let Pp be the intensity of passive pressure devloped
in front of key this intencity Pp depend upon the soil pressure P in front of the key
Pp = KpP = 1/Ka= 1/ 0.38 = 2.64 x 50.27 = 132.46
\ total passive pressure Pp = Pp x a = 132.46 x 0.30 = 39.74 kN
18 `
Sliding force at level GJ = 0.38 x x 4.53 x cos b
2.00
or PH = 3.42 x( 4.53 )2x 0.961 = 67.22 kN ….(2)
Weight of the soil between bottom of the base and GJ = 2.40 x 18 x 0.30 = 12.96
\ SW = 120.64 + 12.96 = 133.60 kN Refer force calculation table
Hence equilibrium of wall, permitting F.S. = 1.5 against sliding we have
m Sw+Pp 0.5 x 133.60 + 39.74
1.5 = = = 1.58 > 1.5 Hence safe
PH 67.22
However, provided minimum value of a = 300 mm. Keep width of key 310 mm (equal to stem width)
it should be noted that passive pressure taken into account above will be devloped only when length
a1 given below is avilable in front of key ;
F where (45 + F/2) =
a1 = a tan F = a tan x 45 + = a Ökp
2 shearing angle of passive resistance
\ a1 = 0.3 x ( 2.64 )1/2
a1 = 0.487 m Actual length of the slab available = DE = 1.20
Hence satisfactory.
Now size of key = 300 x 310 mm
Actual force to be resisted by the key at F.S. 1.5 is = 1.5PH - mSW
= 1.5 x 67.22 - 0.5 x 133.60
= 34.03 kN
34.03 x 1000
\ shear stress = = 0.113 N/mm2
300 x 1000
34.03 x 150 x 1000
Bending stress =
1/6 x 1000 x( 300 )2
= 0.34 N/mm2 Hence safe
Since concrete can take this much of tensile stress, no special reinforcement is necessary for the shear key
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m
y at base .
for design
purpose
Kn-m
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mm
..(2)
..(1)
Hence safe
Hence safe
Hence safe
Hence safe
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ight of soil above
mm
m
m reiforcerment are
(see step 7)
mm2
mm
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m from B
mm
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top of stem
,,,'(1)
..(3)
0.01
at at height of
..(4)
0.00
m w=are constant,
remaining bars
p of the stem
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nner face of
ong its length
y in outer face
m as shown in fig.
sure devloped
kN/m3
….(2)
kN
lculation table
Hence safe
assive resistance
m
ce satisfactory.
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0.20 0.20 0.20
H= 4.00 H= 4.00
W1 W1 W1
ab 2.40 2.40
1.20 W2 0.90 0.00 W2 0.90 1.20 W2 0.90
toe heel
1.00 D E B C D E B C D E B C
0.30 0.30 0.30
Toe Toe a1
b= 2.40 m b= 2.40 m
a Kay(H+a)
###
###
###
###
D1 e C1
Pp = Kpp
P=
P=
###
###
###
###
0.20
b Surcharge angle
Earth side Face A Outer side face
8 mm F
@ 300 C/C 12 mm F `
@ 360 c/c 8 mm F
@ 300 c/c
H= 4.00 m
###
8 mm F
@ 160 C/C
8 mm F
###
3.70 @ 160 c/c
8 mm F
12 mm F @ 300 c/c
@ 180 C/C
8 mm F
@ 300 c/c
12 mm F
N.S.L. @ 90 C/C
8 mm F 10 mm F
@ 170 c/c @ 210 C/C
310
Heel Toe Earth side Face Outer side face
###
12 mm F 300 8 mm F
@ 120 c/c @ 170 c/c `
1200 900
310
mm F
c/c
mm F
c/c
Table 1.15. PERMISSIBLE DIRECT TENSILE STRESS
Tensile stress N/mm2 1.2 2.0 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4
Table 3.4. Permissible Bond stress Table tbd in concrete (IS : 456-2000)
Grade of concrete M-10 M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40 M-45 M-50
tbd (N / mm2) -- 0.6 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4