EC330 STRUCTURES-I Advanced topics in bending of beams 2023-24

EC330 STRUCTURES-I
Advanced topics in bending of beams
Compiled by: G.S.Kumaran

1
Dept.of CEC, CBU 2023-24
Contents
• Unsymmetrical bending of beams of symmetrical
sections
• Unsymmetrical bending of beams of unsymmetrical
sections
• Shear Centre
• curved beams – Winkler Bach formula.
2
References
• Rajput R.K. "Strength of Materials (Mechanics of Solids)",
S.Chand & company Ltd., New Delhi, 2010.
• William A .Nash, “Theory and Problems of Strength of

Materials”, Schaum‟s Outline Series, Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing company, 2007.
• Punmia B.C."Theory of Structures" (SMTS) Vol 1&II, Laxmi

Publishing Pvt Ltd, New Delhi 2004.
3
Unsymmetrical bending of beams
Unsymmetrical bending of beams:
𝑀 𝑓
• While using the well known simple flexure formula = , it is
𝐼 𝑦
assumed that the neutral axis of the cross section of the beam is
perpendicular to the plane of loading.
• This condition implies that the plane of loading or plane of

bending, is coincident with or parallel to a plane containing a
principal centroidal axis of inertia of the cross section of the beam.
• If however, the plane of loading or that of bending doesn’t lie in

(or parallel to ) a plane that contains the principal centroidal axis
of the cross section, the bending is called unsymmetrical bending.
• In the case of unsymmetrical bending, the direction of neutral axis

is not perpendicular to the plane of bending.
4
Unsymmetrical bending of beams
• Reasons for unsymmetrical bending:

(i) The section is symmetrical (viz. rectangular, circular, I-section)
but the load line is inclined to both the principal axes.
(ii) The section itself is unsymmetrical (viz. angle section or channel

section vertical web) and the load line is along any centroidal axes.
5
Stresses due to unsymmetrical bending
• Stresses due to
unsymmetrical bending:
𝑀′′ =Mcos 𝜃 Y
Figure 1 shows the cross V M
section of a beam under the 𝑀′ = Msin 𝜃
action of a bending moment M N P (u,v) U
dA
acting in plane YY. u v
𝜃
X G 𝛼 X
G = Centroid of the section,
U A
XX, YY are coordinate axes
passing through G.
Y V
UU, VV are Principal axes Figure 1
inclined at an angle 𝜃 to XX
and YY axes respectively.
6
• Let us determine the stress distribution over the section. The
moment M in the plane YY can be resolved into its components in
the planes UU and VV as follows.
• Moment in the plane UU, 𝑀′ =Msin 𝜃,

• Moment in the plane VV, 𝑀′′ =Mcos 𝜃
• The components 𝑀′ and 𝑀′′ have their axes along VV and UU

respectively.
• The resultant bending stress at the point p(u,v) is given by,

𝑀′ 𝑢 𝑀′′ 𝑣
𝜎𝑏 = +
𝐼𝑉𝑉 𝐼𝑈𝑈
𝑀 sin 𝜃.𝑢 𝑀 cos 𝜃.𝑣
= +
𝐼𝑉𝑉 𝐼𝑈𝑈
7
𝑣 cos 𝜃 𝑢 sin 𝜃
• 𝜎𝑏 =M +
𝐼𝑈𝑈 𝐼𝑉𝑉
• At any point the nature of 𝜎𝑏 will depend upon the quadrant in

which it lies. In other words the signs of u and v will have to be
taken into account while determining the resultant bending stress.
• The equation of the neutral axis (N.A.) can be found by finding the
locus of the points on which the resultant stress is zero.
• Thus the points lying on neutral axis will satisfy the condition that
𝜎𝑏 =0,
𝑣 cos 𝜃 𝑢 sin 𝜃
i.e., M + =0
8
• Or, 𝑣 cos 𝜃 𝑢 sin 𝜃

+ =0
𝐼𝑈𝑈 sin 𝜃
• 𝑣=- × 𝑢
𝐼𝑉𝑉 cos 𝜃
𝐼𝑈𝑈
• Or, 𝑣 = - × tan 𝜃 𝑢
𝐼𝑉𝑉
• This is an equation of a straight line passing through the centroid G
of the section and inclined at an angle 𝛼 with UU where,
𝐼𝑈𝑈
tan 𝛼 = - × tan 𝜃
𝐼𝑉𝑉
9
• Worth noting points:
(i) The maximum stress will occur at a point which is at the
greatest distance from the neutral axis.
(ii) All the points of the section on one side of the neutral axis will
carry stress of the same nature and on the other side of its
axis, of opposite nature.
(iii) In the case where there is direct stress in addition to the

bending stress, the neutral axis will still be straight line but will
not pass through G (Centroid of section). This is obvious from
the fact that from finding the equation algebraic sum of direct
and bending stresses will be equated to zero.
10
Deflection of beams due to unsymmetrical bending
• Deflection due to unsymmetrical
bending:
• Figure 2 shows the transverse ′′ =Wcos 𝜃 Y
section of the beam with centroid 𝑀
V W
G. ′ = Wsin 𝜃
• XX and YY are two rectangular co-
𝑀
N U
ordinate axes and UU and VV are
the principal axesinclined at an
angle 𝜃 to the xy set of coordinate X 𝜃
X
axes. 𝛿𝑢 𝛽
• W is the load acting along line YY U 𝛿𝑣
𝛿 A
on the section of the beam. The
load W can be resolved into the
following two components: Y V
• (i) Wsin𝜃 ----along UG
• (ii) Wcos 𝜃 ------ along VG Figure 2
11
• Let, 𝛿𝑢= Deflection caused by the component W sin 𝜃 along the
line GU for its bending about VV axis, and
• 𝛿𝑣 = Deflection caused by the component Wcos 𝜃 along the line
GV due to bending about UU axis.
• Then depending upon the end conditions of the beam, the values
of 𝛿𝑢 and 𝛿𝑣 are given by,
𝑘(𝑤 sin 𝜃)𝑙 3
• 𝛿𝑢=
𝐸 𝐼𝑉𝑉
𝑘(𝑤 cos 𝜃) 𝑙 3
• and 𝛿𝑣 =
𝐸 𝐼𝑈𝑈
• Where, k= A constant depending on the end condition of the
beam and position of the load along the beam and 𝑙 = length of
the beam.
12
• The total or resultant deflection 𝛿 can then be found as follows:

• 𝛿= 𝛿𝑢 2 + 𝛿𝑣 2
𝑘𝑙 3 𝑤 sin 𝜃 2 𝑤 cos 𝜃 2
• 𝛿= +
𝐸 𝐼𝑉𝑉 𝐼𝑈𝑈
𝑘𝑤𝑙 3 sin 𝜃 2 cos 𝜃 2

• 𝛿= +
• The inclination 𝛽 of the deflection, with the line GU is given by

𝛿𝑢 𝐼𝑈𝑈
tan 𝛽 = = tan 𝜃
𝛿𝑣 𝐼𝑉𝑉
13
𝑀′′ =Mcos 𝜃 Y 𝑀′′ =Wcos 𝜃 Y
V M V W
𝑀′ = Msin 𝜃 𝑀′ = Wsin 𝜃
P (u,v) U U
N dA N
u v
𝜃 G 𝜃
X G 𝛼 X X X
𝛽
U A U A
Figure 1 Figure 2
Y V Y V
• The magnitudes of 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the same and are measured from
perpendicular lines (GU and GV) in the same direction as shown
in figure1 and figure 2.
• Thus the deflection 𝛿 will be in a direction perpendicular to the
neutral axis.
14
Unsymmetrical beams - Problems
• Problem:
• A beam of T-section (flange: 60 mm x 10 mm , web 100 mm x 5
mm) is 3 m length and is simply supported at the ends. It carries a
load of 4 kN inclined at 200 to the vertical and passing through
centroid of section.
If E= 200 GN/m2, calculate (i) Maximum tensile stress,
(ii) Maximum compressive stress (iii) Maximum bending stress
(iv) Deflection due to the load, 𝛿 (v) Position of neutral axis.
15
60 mm
• Solutioin: Y, V
• To find the centroid: 10 mm
30 mm
60×10×5 + 100×5×60
• 𝑦=
60×10 + 100×5 X, U X, U
𝑦 = 30 mm (from top)
100 mm
60×103
Now 𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 𝐼𝑈𝑈 = + 60 × 10 × 30 − 5 2
12
5×1003
+ + 100 × 5 × 80 − 50 2
12
4 4
= (38 × 10 ) + (86.67 × 10 ) Y, V
= 1.25 × 106 mm4

= 1.25 × 10−6 𝑚4
16
60 mm
Y, V
10 mm
30 mm
X, U X, U
10×603 100×53
100 mm
Now 𝐼𝑌𝑌 = 𝐼𝑉𝑉 = +
12 12
= 181041.67 mm4
= 0.181 × 10−6 𝑚4
Y, V
17
60 mm
Y, V
W=4 kN
Components of W: A
B
10 mm
𝑊𝑢 = W sin20 = 4sin20 = 1.368 kN 200
30 mm
𝑊𝑣 = Wcos20 = 4 cos20 = 3.759 kN
X, U X, U
Bending moment:
𝑤𝑢 𝑙 1.368 × 3
100 mm
𝑀𝑢 = = = 1.026 kNm
4 4
𝑤𝑣 𝑙 3.758 × 3
𝑀𝑣 = = = 7.82 kNm
4 4
C D
Y, V
𝑀𝑢 will cause maximum compressive stress at B and D and tensile
stress at A and C
𝑀𝑣 will cause maximum compressive stress at A and B and tensile
stress at C and D
18
(i) Maximum tensile stress: 60 mm
W=4 kN
𝑀𝑢 ×2.5×10−3 𝑀𝑣 ×80×10−3 A Y, V
At C, 𝜎𝑐 = + B
10 mm
𝐼𝑉𝑉 𝐼𝑈𝑈 200
30 mm
1.026×2.5×10−3 2.82×80×10−3
= +
0.181×10−6 1.25×10−6 X, U X, U
= 14171.27 + 180480
= 194651.27 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
100 mm
= 194.651 MN/𝑚2
(i) Maximum Compressive stress :
𝑀𝑢 ×30×10−3 𝑀𝑣 ×30×10−3
At B, 𝜎𝐵 = +
𝐼𝑉𝑉 𝐼𝑈𝑈 C D
Y, V
1.026×30×10−3 2.82×30×10−3
= +
0.181×10−6 1.25×10−6
= 170055.25 + 67680
= 237735.25 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
= 237.735 MN/𝑚2
19
60 mm
(iii) Deflection due to the load, 𝛿: Y, V
W=4 kN
A
B
10 mm
𝑘𝑤𝑙3 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 200
𝛿= +
30 mm
X, U X, U
1
k= for a beam with simply supported ends
48
100 mm
and carrying a point load at its centre.
2
𝑘𝑤𝑙3 𝐼𝑈𝑈
𝛿= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝐸𝐼𝑈𝑈 𝐼𝑣𝑣
C D
Y, V
1 4 × 103 × 33
= ×
48 200 × 109 × 1.25 × 10−6
2
1.25 × 10−6
× 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 20 × + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 20
0.181 × 10−6
20
60 mm
𝛿 =9× 10−3
× 2.542 A Y, V
W=4 kN
= 0.02287 𝑚 B
10 mm
200
𝛿 = 22.9 𝑚𝑚
30 mm
X, U X, U
(iv) Position of neutral axis:
𝐼𝑈𝑈 𝛽
100 mm
tan 𝛽 = tan 𝜃
𝐼𝑉𝑉
1.25×10−6
= × tan 20
0.181×10−6
C D
Y, V
∴ 𝛽 = 68.30
21
Problem:
A Cantilever of I-section, 2.4 m long is subjected to a load of 200 N
at the free end as shown in Figure. Determine the resulting bending
stress at corners A and B, on the fixed section of the cantilevers.
600 N
2.5 mm
200
45 mm
2.5 mm
30 mm
22
Solutiion:
A Cantilever of I-section, 2.4 m long is subjected to a load of 200 N at
the free end. 200 N Y, V
𝑙 = 1.8 𝑚.
2.5 mm
Since I-section is symmetrical about XX 200
and YY axes, therefore XX and YY are the
principal axes UU and VV. 2 mm
Moment of inertia, X,U X,U 45 mm

30×503 28×453
𝐼𝑈𝑈 = 𝐼𝑋𝑋 = − = 99875 𝑚𝑚4
12 12
= 9.99 × 10 𝑚4
−8
2.5 mm
2.5 × 303 45 × 23 Y, V 30 mm
𝐼𝑉𝑉 = 𝐼𝑌𝑌 = 2 × +
12 12
= 1.128 × 10−8 𝑚4
23
Maximum bending moment, M=wl= 200× 2.4 = 480 𝑁𝑚.
Components of M,
𝑀𝑈 = M sin20 = 480 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛20 = 164.17 𝑁𝑚 200 N
Y, V
𝑀𝑉 = M cos 20 = 480 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠20 = 451 𝑁𝑚. B
A
2.5 mm
200
𝑀𝑈 will cause tensile stresses at points
2 mm
A and C and compressive stresses at points
B and D. X,U X,U 45 mm
𝑀𝑉 will cause tensile stresses at points A and B

and compressive stresses at points C and D. 2.5 mm
C Y, V 30 mm D
24
Now, resultant bending stresses on A and B
are as follows.
𝑀𝑈 × 15 × 10−3 𝑀𝑉 × 25 × 10−3 200 N Y, V
𝜎𝐴 = +
𝐼𝑉𝑉 𝐼𝑈𝑈 A
B
2.5 mm
164.17×15×10−3 451×25×10−3 200
= +
1.128×10−8 9.99×10−8
= 218.31 + 112.86 2 mm
= 331.17 MN/𝑚2 X,U X,U 45 mm

𝑀𝑈 × 15 × 10−3 𝑀𝑉 × 25 × 10−3
𝜎𝐵 = − +
164.17×15×10−3 451×25×10−3
= − + 2.5 mm
1.128×10−8 9.99×10−8
C Y, V 30 mm D
= 218.31 + 112.86
= −105.4 MN/𝑚2
25
Unsymmetrical bending of beams - Problems
Problem:
A 80 mm x 80 mm x 10 mm angle section shown in Figure is used as a
simply supported beam over a span of 2.4 m. It carries a load of 400 N
along the line YG, where G is the centroid of the section.
Calculate: 10 mm
V Y U
(i) Stresses at the points A,B and C 𝑥
of the mid section of the beam.
80 mm
(i) Deflection of the beam at mid
section and its direction with the 450
X X
load line. 𝑦
10 mm
(i) Position of the neutral axis.
Take E=200 GN/𝑚2 U 80 mm V
Y
Solution:
Let (𝑥, 𝑦) be the co-ordinates of centroid G, with respect to the
rectangular axes B𝑌1 and B𝑋1 .
80×10×40 + 70×10×5 𝑌1
Now 𝑥 = 𝑦 = = 23.66 mm
80×10 + 70×10 10 mm
A Y U
Moment of inertia about xx axis, V 𝑥
80 × 103
+ 80 × 10 × 23.66 − 5 2
80 mm
𝐼𝑋𝑋 = 12
10 × 703
+ + 70 × 10 × 45 − 23.66 2 450
12 X G X
10 mm
𝑦
= 889833 𝑚𝑚4 U B 80 mm V 𝑋1
Y
= 8.898 × 105 𝑚𝑚4 = 𝐼𝑦𝑦 (since it is an equal angle section)
If θ is the inclination of principal axes with GX, passing through G then,
2𝐼𝑥𝑦
tan 2𝜃 = = ∞=tan 90
𝐼𝑦𝑦 −𝐼𝑥𝑥
2𝜃 = 90
i.e., 𝜃1 = 450 and 𝜃2 = 90 + 45 = 1350 are the inclination of the
principal axes GU and GV respectively.
𝑌1
Principal moment of inertia, 10 mm
A Y U
1 1 V 𝑥
𝐼𝑈𝑈 = 𝐼𝑥𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦𝑦 + (𝐼𝑥𝑥 − 𝐼𝑦𝑦 )cos 90
2 2
80 mm
−𝐼𝑥𝑦 sin 90 (At 𝜃1 = 450 ) 𝐺2
1 450
= 8.898 + 8.898 × 105 + 0 X G X
10 mm
𝑦
2 𝐺1
−5.2266 × 105 = 14.1246 × 105 𝑚𝑚4 B 80 mm V 𝑋1
U
Y
Co-0rdinates of 𝐺1 = 40 − 23.66, − 23.66 − 5 = 16.34, −18.66

Centroid of 𝐺2 = − 23.66 − 5 , 45 − 23.66 = −18.66, 21.34
Product of inertia, 𝐼𝑥𝑦 = [80 × 10 × 16.34 × (−18.66)]+

[70×10× (−18.66) × (21.34)]
= −243923.5 − 278743 = −522666 𝑚𝑚4 𝑌1
10 mm
5 4
= −5.2266× 10 𝑚𝑚 V
A
𝑥
Y U
80 mm
(Product of inertia about the centroidal axes 𝐺2
is zero because portions 1 and 2 are 450
X G X
10 mm
rectangular strips) 𝑦
𝐺1
U B 80 mm V 𝑋1
Y
Also 𝐼𝑈𝑈 + 𝐼𝑉𝑉 = 𝐼𝑋𝑋 + 𝐼𝑌𝑌
∴ 𝐼𝑉𝑉 = 𝐼𝑋𝑋 + 𝐼𝑌𝑌 − 𝐼𝑈𝑈
= 2 × 8.898 × 105 − 14.124 × 105
= 3.67 × 105 𝑚𝑚4
Stresses at the points A, B and C:

Bending moment at the mid section, 𝑌1
10 mm
𝑊𝐿 400 × 2.4 × 103 5
A Y U
𝑀= = =
2.4 × 10 𝑁𝑚𝑚 V 𝑥
4 4
80 mm
The components of bending moment are:
𝐺2
𝑀′ = M sin 𝜃 = 2.4 × 105 sin 45 450
= 1.697 × 105 Nmm X G X
10 mm
𝑦
𝑀′′ = M cos 𝜃 = 2.4 × 105 cos 45 𝐺1
= 1.697 × 105 Nmm U B 80 mm V 𝑋1
Y
u,v co-ordinates:
Point A, 𝑥 = −23.66, 𝑦 = 80 − 23.66 = 56.34
𝑢 = 𝑥 cos 𝜃 + 𝑦 sin 𝜃 = −23.66 cos 45 + 56.34 sin 45 = 23.1 𝑚𝑚
𝑣 = 𝑦 cos 𝜃 − 𝑥 sin 𝜃 = 56.34 cos 45 − (−23.66 sin 45) = 56.56 𝑚𝑚
Point B, 𝑥 = −23.66, 𝑦 = −23.66

𝑢 = 𝑥 cos 𝜃 + 𝑦 sin 𝜃 = −23.66 cos 45 + (−23.66 sin 45) = −33.45 𝑚𝑚
𝑣 = −23.66 cos 45 − (−23.66 sin 45) = 0 𝑌1
10 mm
A Y U
V 𝑥
Point C, 𝑥 = 80 − 23.66 = 56.34, 𝑦 = −23.66
80 mm
𝑢 = 56.34 cos 45 + (−23.66 sin 45) = 23.1 𝑚𝑚
𝐺2
𝑣 = −23.66 cos 45 − 56.34 sin 45 = −56.56 𝑚𝑚
450
X G X
10 mm
𝑦
𝐺1
U B 80 mm V C 𝑋1
Y
Stresses at Various points:
𝑀′ 𝑢 𝑀′′ 𝑣 1.697×105 ×23.1 1.697×105 ×56.56
Point A, 𝜎𝐴 = + = +
𝐼𝑉𝑉 𝐼𝑈𝑈 3.67×105 14.1246×105
∴ 𝜎𝐴 = 17.47 N/𝑚𝑚2
1.697×105 ×(−33.45) 1.697×105 ×0 𝑌1

Point B, 𝜎𝐵 = + 10 mm
3.67×105 14.1246×105 A Y U
V 𝑥
∴ 𝜎𝐵 = −15.47 N/𝑚𝑚2
80 mm
𝐺2
450
1.697×105 ×(23.1) 1.697×105 ×(−56.56) X G
Point C, 𝜎𝐶 = + X
10 mm
3.67×105 14.1246×105 𝑦
𝐺1
∴ 𝜎𝐶 = 3.88 N/𝑚𝑚2 U B 80 mm V C 𝑋1
Y
Deflection of the beam 𝛿:
𝑘𝑤𝑙3 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝛿= 2 +
𝐸 𝐼𝑉𝑉 𝐼𝑈𝑈 2
1
k= for a simply supported beam with a point load at its centre.
48
W=400N, l=2.4 m, E=2.4× 103 N/𝑚𝑚2 ,𝐼𝑈𝑈 =14.1246 × 106 𝑚𝑚4 , 𝐼𝑉𝑉 = 3.67 ×
105 𝑚𝑚4 𝑌 1
3 3
1 400 × 2.4 × 10 A
10 mm
𝛿= × × 𝑥
Y U
48 200 × 103 V
80 mm
sin 452 cos 452
+ 𝐺2
3.67 × 105 2 14.1246 × 106 2
450
X G X
10 mm
𝑦
𝐺1
∴ 𝛿 = 1.146 𝑚𝑚
U B 80 mm V C 𝑋1
Y
The deflection 𝛿 will be inclined at an angle 𝛽 clock wise with the line
GV, given by
𝐼𝑈𝑈 14.1246 × 106
tan 𝛽 = tan 𝜃 = 5
tan 45 = 3.848
𝐼𝑉𝑉 3.67 × 10
𝛽 = 75.430
Thus the deflection is at 75.43 - 45=30.430 clockwise with the load line
Gy’
𝑌1
Position of the neutral axis: 10 mm
A Y U
V 𝑥
The neutral axis will be at 90- 30.43 =59.570
80 mm
Anticlockwise with the load line, because the
𝐺2
Neutral axis is perpendicular to the line of 450
X G X
10 mm
deflection. 𝑦
𝐺1
U B 80 mm V C 𝑋1
Y’
Problem:
A beam of rectangular section, 80 mm wide 120 mm deep is subjected
to a bending moment of 20 kNm. The trace of the plane of loading is
inclined at 450 to the YY axis of the section. Locate the neutral axis of
the section and calculate the bending stress induced at each corner of
the beam section.
35
Curved beams
Curved beams – Introduction:
𝑀 𝑓 𝐸
• The bending equation, = = was derived assuming the beam
𝐼 𝑦 𝑅
to be initially straight.
• The simple flexure formula may be used for curved beams for
which the radius of curvature is more than five times the depth of
the beam.
• The simple bending formula, however is not applicable for deeply

curved beams where the neutral and centroidal axes do not
coincide. To deal with such cases Winkler-Bach theory is used.
36
Curved beams
Stresses in curved bars (Winkler – Bach theory):
M
A
E dA
dy
B M y
H G
F
D G B’
C F’
G’
R C’
R’
𝜃′
O’
𝜃 Fig. Bending of a curved bar
O 37
Curved beams
M
• Figure shows a bar ABCD initially in A
Its unstrained state. E
B M
H
• Let AB’C’D be the strained position of the F
D G B’
bar. C F’
G’
R C’
R’
• Let, R= Radius of the curvature of the
centroidal axis HG. 𝜃′
O’
• y= Distance of the fibre EF from the 𝜃 dA
O dy
centroidal layer HG, y
G
• R’=Radius of curvature of HG’

• y’=Distance between EF’ and HG’ after straining.
38
Curved beams
• M=Uniform bending moment applied M A
to the beam (assumed positive when E
B M
H
tending to increase the curvature) F
D G B’
C F’
G’
• 𝜃= Original angle subtended by the R C’
R’
centroidal axis HG at its centre of
curvature O. 𝜃′
O’
𝜃
O
• 𝜃 ′ = Angle subtended by HG’ (after bending)
at the centre of curvature O’.
39
Curved beams
Assumptions made in the analysis:
M
1. Plane sections (transverse sections) A
remain plane during bending. E
B M
H
F
D G B’
2. The material obeys Hooke’s law (limit of C F’
G’
proportinality is not exceeded) R C’
R’
3. Radial strain is negligible. 𝜃′

O’
𝜃
O
4. The fibres are free to expand or contract
without any constraining effect from the
adjacent fibres.
40
Curved beams
• For finding the strain and stress normal
to the section, consider the fibre EF at a M A
distance y from the centroidal axis. E
B M
H
F
D G B’
• Let 𝜎 be the stress in the strained layer EF’ C F’
G’
under the bending moment M and e is the R C’
R’
strain in the same layer.
𝜃′
O’
𝐸𝐹 ′ −𝐸𝐹 (𝑅′ +𝑦 ′ )𝜃′ −(𝑅+𝑦)𝜃 𝜃
Strain, 𝑒 = = , O
𝐸𝐹 (𝑅+𝑦)𝜃
(𝑅′ +𝑦 ′ )𝜃′
or 𝑒 = −1
(𝑅+𝑦)𝜃
(𝑅′ +𝑦 ′ )𝜃′
1+𝑒 = --------------(1)
(𝑅+𝑦)𝜃
41
Curved beams
• Also strain in the centroidal layer i.e., when y=0
M
𝑅′ 𝜃′ A
𝑒0 = −1
𝑅𝜃 E
B M
𝑅′ 𝜃′ H
1 + 𝑒0 = -------(2) F
𝑅𝜃 D G B’
C F’
(𝑅 ′ +𝑦 ′ )𝜃 ′ 𝑦′ R C’
G’
1+𝑒 (𝑅 + 𝑦)𝜃 ′
𝑅 + 𝑦′ 𝑅 1 +
= = × = 𝑅′ R’
1 + 𝑒0 𝑅′ 𝜃 ′ 𝑅 + 𝑦 𝑅′ 1 + 𝑦
𝑅𝜃 𝑅 O’
𝜃′
𝑦′ 𝜃
1+ O
• 𝑒 = 1 + 𝑒0 𝑅′
𝑦 −1
1+
𝑅
𝑦′ 𝑦′ 𝑦
𝑒0 𝑅′ + 𝑅′ + 𝑒0 − 𝑅
• or, 𝑒 = 𝑦
1+
𝑅
42
Curved beams
• According to assumption (3) i.e., radial strain is zero.
M
• ∴ 𝑦 = 𝑦′ A
𝑦′ 𝑦 𝑦 E
𝑒0 𝑅′ + + 𝑒0 −𝑅 B M
• 𝑒= 𝑅′
𝑦 H
1+ F
𝑅 D G B’
𝑦
• Adding and subtracting the term 𝑒0 , we get C F’
𝑅 R
G’
C’
𝑦′ 𝑦′ 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑒0 +𝑒0 + 𝑒0 − +𝑒0 −𝑒0 R’
• 𝑒= 𝑅′ 𝑅′𝑅′
𝑦
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
1+ 𝜃′
𝑅
O’
𝑦 1 1 1 1
𝑒0 1+𝑅 +𝑦 𝑅′−𝑅 + 𝑒0 𝑦 𝑅′−𝑅 𝜃
= 𝑦
O
1+
𝑅
1 1
1+𝑒0 𝑅′− 𝑦
𝑅
𝑒 = 𝑒0 + 𝑦 -------------(3)
1+
𝑅
43
Curved beams
• From Figure, it is obvious that for the given bending moment the
layers above the centroidal layer are M
A
in tension and layers below the centroidal E B M
layer are in compression. H
F
D G B’
C F’
1 1 G’
1 + 𝑒0 − 𝑦 R C’
𝑅′ 𝑅
𝜎 = 𝐸𝑒 = 𝐸 𝑒0 + 𝑦 − −(4) R’
1+
𝑅 O’
𝜃′
(Where, E=Young’s modulus of the material) 𝜃

O
Total force on the section, 𝐹 = 𝜎 𝑑𝐴.
44
Curved beams
Consider a small strip of elementary area dA, at a distance y from the
centroidal layer HG, we have M
A
E
B M
1 1 H
1 + 𝑒0 − 𝑦
𝐹=𝐸 𝑒0 dA + E 𝑅′ 𝑅 dA D G
F
𝑦 B’
1+ C F’
𝑅 G’
1 1 𝑦 R C’
=𝐸 𝑒0 dA + E 1 + 𝑒0 ′
− 𝑦 dA R’
𝑅 𝑅 1+
𝑅
𝜃′
O’
𝜃
1 1 𝑦 O
= 𝐸𝑒0 A + E 1 + 𝑒0 − 𝑦 dA ----(5)
𝑅′ 𝑅 1+𝑅
Where, A=Area of cross section of the bar,
45
Curved beams
M
The total resisting moment is given by, A
E
B M
𝑀= 𝜎𝑦 𝑑𝐴 H
F
D G
1 1 2 B’
1 + 𝑒0 − 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 C F’
𝑅′ 𝑅 G’
= 𝐸 𝑒0 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 + 𝐸 𝑦
R C’
1+ R’
𝑅
1 1 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 O’ 𝜃′
= 𝐸𝑒0 × 0 + 𝐸 1 + 𝑒0 − 𝑦
𝑅′ 𝑅 1+ 𝜃
𝑅 O
(since 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = 0)
1 1 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴
𝑀 = 𝐸 1 + 𝑒0 − 𝑦
𝑅′ 𝑅 1+𝑅
46
Curved beams
𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 M
2 A
𝐿𝑒𝑡, 𝑦 = Aℎ -------------(6)
1+𝑅 E
B M
Where ℎ2 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 H
F
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟 D G B’
C F’
1 1
𝑀 = 𝐸 1 + 𝑒0 − 𝐴ℎ2 ----------(7) R C’
G’
𝑅′ 𝑅
R’
𝑦 𝑅𝑦
𝑁𝑜𝑤, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = dA
1+ 𝑅+𝑦 O’
𝜃′
𝑅 𝜃
𝑦2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 O
= 𝑦− dA = 𝑦𝑑𝐴 −
𝑅+𝑦 𝑅+𝑦
1 𝑦2
=0− 𝑦 dA
𝑅 1+
𝑅
𝑦 1 𝑦2 1 2
∴ 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = − 𝑅 𝑦 dA = − 𝑅 Aℎ −−−−− −(8)
1+ 1+ 47
𝑅 𝑅
Curved beams
M
𝑦 1 2 A
𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = − 𝑅 Aℎ −−−−− −(8) E
1+ B M
𝑅 H
1 1 𝑦 F
𝐹 = 𝐸𝑒0 A + E 1 + 𝑒0 − 𝑦 dA ---(5)D G B’
𝑅′ 𝑅 1+ C F’
𝑅
G’
R
Hence equation (5) becomes C’
R’
1 1 𝐴ℎ2
𝐹 = 𝐸𝑒0 A − E 1 + 𝑒0 − −− −-(9) 𝜃′
𝑅′ 𝑅 𝑅 O’
Since transverse plane section remain plane 𝜃
O
during bending , ∴ 𝐹 = 0.
1 1 𝐴ℎ2
or 0 = 𝐸𝑒0 A − E 1 + 𝑒0 −
𝑅′ 𝑅 𝑅
1 1 𝐴ℎ2
or, 𝐸𝑒0 A = E 1 + 𝑒0 −
𝑅′ 𝑅 𝑅
1 1 ℎ2
or, 𝑒0 = 1 + 𝑒0 −
𝑅′ 𝑅 𝑅 48
Curved beams
𝑅 1 1 M
or, 𝑒0 2 = 1 + 𝑒0 − ---------(10). A
ℎ 𝑅′ 𝑅 E
1 1 B M
Substituting the value of 1 + 𝑒0 − in H
𝑅′ 𝑅 F
D G B’
Equation (7), we get C F’
𝑅 G’
𝑀 = 𝐸 𝑒0 2 × 𝐴ℎ2 = 𝑒0 EAR R C’
ℎ R’
𝑀
or, 𝑒0 = −−− − 11 𝜃′
𝐸𝐴𝑅 O’
1 1 𝜃
1 + 𝑒0 − 𝑦
𝑅′ 𝑅 O
𝜎 = 𝐸 𝑒0 + 𝑦 − −(4)
1+
𝑅
Substituting the value of 𝑒0 in equation (4), we get
𝑀 𝑦 𝑅
𝜎=𝐸 + 𝑦 𝑒0
𝐸𝐴𝑅 1 +
𝑅
49
Curved beams
𝑀 𝑦 𝑅 M
A
𝜎= +𝐸 𝑦 𝑒0 2
𝐴𝑅 1+ ℎ E
B M
𝑅 H
𝑀 𝑦 𝑅 F
= +𝐸 𝑒
𝑦 ℎ2
0
D G B’
𝐴𝑅 1+ C F’
𝑅 R
G’
C’
𝑀 𝑦 𝑀 𝑅 R’
= +𝐸 𝑦 × × 2
𝐴𝑅 1+ 𝐸𝐴𝑅 ℎ
𝑅 O’
𝜃′
𝑀 𝑀 𝑅𝑦 1 𝜃
= + ` ×
𝐴𝑅 𝐴𝑅 1 + 𝑦
O
ℎ2
𝑅
𝑀 𝑅2 𝑦
𝜎= 1+ 2 × −−−− − 12 Tensile
𝐴𝑅 ℎ 𝑅+𝑦
50
Curved beams
M
On the other side of HG, y will be negative, A
and stress will be compressive E
B M
𝑀 𝑅2 𝑦 H
𝜎= 1− 2 × −−− − 13 D G
F
𝐴𝑅 ℎ 𝑅−𝑦 C
B’
F’
G’
R C’
R’
𝜃′
O’
When the bending moment is applied in such 𝜃
O
a manner that it tends to decrease the curvature,
then the equation (13), tensile.
51
Curved beams
M
A
Position of neutral axis: E
B M
H
At the neutral axis, 𝜎 = 0 F
𝑀 𝑅2 𝑦 D G B’
1+ 2 × =0 C F’
𝐴𝑅 ℎ 𝑅+𝑦 R C’
G’
𝑅2 𝑦 R’
2
× = −1
ℎ 𝑅+𝑦 𝜃′
O’
𝜃
𝑅2 y= −ℎ2 𝑅+𝑦 = −Rℎ2 − ℎ2 y O
𝑦 𝑅2 + ℎ2 = −Rℎ2
𝑹𝒉𝟐
𝒚=− 𝟐
𝑹 + 𝒉𝟐
Hence neutral axis is located below the centroidal axis.
52
Curved beams
M
A
Values of ℎ2 for various sections E
B M
H
1 𝑦2
We know, ℎ2 = 𝑦 dA D G
F
B’
𝐴 1+𝑅
C F’
𝑅 𝑦2 R
G’
= dA C’
𝐴 𝑅+𝑦 R’
2 𝜃′
𝑅 𝑅 O’
= 𝑦𝑑𝐴 − 𝑅𝑑𝐴 + 𝑑𝐴 𝜃
𝐴 𝑅+𝑦 O
𝑅 𝑅2
= 0 − 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑑𝐴
𝐴 𝑅+𝑦
𝑹𝟑 𝒅𝑨
∴ 𝒉𝟐 = − 𝑹𝟐
𝑨 𝑹+𝒚
53
Curved beams
Value of ℎ2 for Rectangular section: B
Y
Figure shows the rectangular section with centre
dA
of curvature O lying on YY-axis and XX-axis is dy
D y
the centroidal bending axis. X X
G
Consider an elementary strip of width B and
depth dy at a distance y from the centroidal
Y
Layer.
R
Area of the strip dA=Bdy
Area of the section, A=BD
𝑹 𝟑 𝒅𝑨
𝟐
𝑊𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤, 𝒉 = − 𝑹𝟐 O
𝑨 𝑹+𝒚
3 𝐷/2
𝑅 𝐵𝑑𝑦
∴ ℎ2 = − 𝑅2
𝐵𝐷 −𝐷/2 𝑅 + 𝑦
54
Curved beams
B
3 𝐷/2
2
𝑅 𝐵𝑑𝑦 Y
∴ℎ = − 𝑅2 dA
𝐵𝐷 −𝐷/2 𝑅 + 𝑦 dy
𝑅3 D y
𝐷/2
= log 𝑒 𝑅 + 𝑦 − 𝑅2 X G X
𝐷 −𝐷/2
𝑹𝟑 𝟐𝑹 + 𝑫 Y
𝟐
∴𝒉 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 − 𝑹𝟐
𝑫 𝟐𝑹 − 𝑫 R
55
Curved beams - Problems
Problem:
Figure shows a frame subjected to a load of 2.4 kN.
18 120 2.4 kN
48
1 2
48
Dimensions in mm 2.4 kN
Find (i) The resultant stresses at points 1 and 2.

(ii) Position of the neutral axis.
56
Solution: 18 120 2.4 kN
Area of section at 1-2, 48
𝐴 = 48 × 18 × 10−6 = 8.64 × 10−4 𝑚2 1 2

48
Bending moment,
𝑀 = −2.4 × 103 × 120 + 48 × 10−3
= −403.2 𝑁𝑚.
M is taken as –ve because it tends to decrease the curvature.
57
(i) Resultant stresses at points 1 and 2: 18 120 2.4 kN
2.4×103 48
Direct stress, 𝜎𝑑 = × 10−6
8.64×10−4
1 2
= 2.77 MN/𝑚2 (tensile) 48
𝑅 3
2
2𝑅 + 𝐷
ℎ = log 𝑒 − 𝑅2
𝐷 2𝑅 − 𝐷
Here, 𝑅 = 48 𝑚𝑚 = 0.048 𝑚,
𝐷 = 48 𝑚𝑚 = 0.048 𝑚
3
2
0.048 2 × 0.048 + 0.048
ℎ = log 𝑒 − 0.0482
0.048 2 × 0.048 − 0.048
= 0.0482 log 𝑒 3 − 1 = 2.27 × 10−4 𝑚2
58
18 120 2.4 kN
48
1 2
48
Bending stress due to M at point 2,

𝑀 𝑅2 𝑦 Dimensions in mm 2.4 kN
𝜎𝑏2 = 1− 2
𝐴𝑅 ℎ 𝑅−𝑦
−403.2 0.0482 0.024
= 1− × 10−6 MN/𝑚2
8.64 × 10−4 × 0.048 2.27 × 10−4 0.048 − 0.024
∴ 𝜎𝑏2 = −9.722 1 − 10.149

= +88.95 MN/𝑚2 ( tensile)
59
18 120 2.4 kN
48
1 2
48
Bending stress due to M at point 1,

𝑀 𝑅2 𝑦 Dimensions in mm 2.4 kN
𝜎𝑏1 = 1+ 2
−403.2 0.0482 0.024
= 1+ × 10−6 MN/𝑚2
8.64 × 10−4 × 0.048 2.27 × 10−4 0.048 + 0.024
= −42.61 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2 = 42.61 MN/𝑚2 (Comp.)
60
18 120 2.4 kN
48
Resultant stress at point 2,
1 2
𝜎2 = 𝜎𝑑 + 𝜎𝑏2 = 2.77 + 88.95 48
= 91.72 MN/𝑚2 (tensile).
𝜎1 = 𝜎𝑑 + 𝜎𝑏1 = 2.77 − 42.61
= 39.84 MN/𝑚2 (Comp.)
61
18 120 2.4 kN
48
1 2
48
Position of neutral axis:
𝑅ℎ2
We know, 𝑦 = − 2 2
𝑅 +ℎ Dimensions in mm 2.4 kN
0.048×2.27×10−4
=−
0.0482 +2.27×10−4
= −0.00435 𝑚 = −4.35 𝑚𝑚
Hence, neutral axis is at a radius of 4.35 mm below the centroidal axis.
62
Curved beams
𝒉𝟐 for circular section:
b
Figure shows the circular section of diameter d
of a curved bar of radius of curvature of R dy
from the centre of curvature O upto the Y
centroid G of the section. G
𝜋 2
Area of cross section, A= 𝑑
4
Consider a strip of width b and a depth dy R
at a distance y from the centroidal layer as shown.
2
𝑑
𝑏=2 − 𝑦2 O
2
Curved beams
𝒉𝟐 for circular section (contd…):
b
𝑑 2
Area of strip, 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑏. 𝑑𝑦 = 2 − 𝑦 2 . dy
2 dy
3
𝑅 𝑑𝐴 Y
ℎ2 = − 𝑅2
𝐴 𝑅+𝑦 G
2
𝑑
+𝑑/2 2 − 𝑦2
𝑅3 2
= dy − 𝑅2 R
𝐴 𝑅+𝑦
−𝑑/2
+𝑑/2 𝑑2
8𝑅3 2 − 𝑦2
4
= dy − 𝑅2 O
𝜋𝑑2 𝑅+𝑦
−𝑑/2
Curved beams
𝒉𝟐 for circular section (contd…):
b
+𝑑/2 𝑑2 2
8𝑅 3 2 − 𝑦
4 2
= dy − 𝑅 dy
𝜋𝑑2 𝑅+𝑦 Y
−𝑑/2
Equating the integral by binomial expression G
and then integrating, we get

𝒅 𝟐 𝟏 𝒅 𝟒
∴ 𝒉𝟐 = + 𝟐
+⋯
𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝑹 R
O
Curved beams
𝒉𝟐 for triangular section:
Let 𝑅 + 𝑦 = 𝑎 ′
dy
𝑏 d
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑎 Y
Width of elementary strip, G

𝑅2 − 𝑎 𝑏 b
𝑏′ = 𝑅2
𝑑
Area of elementary strip, 𝑅1
R
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑏 ′ 𝑑𝑦 = b′ . da
𝑅2
𝑅3 𝑑𝐴
Now, ℎ2 = − 𝑅2
𝐴 𝑅+𝑦 O
𝑅1 d b
𝑅2 𝑅2 - a ?
𝑅3 𝑏 ′ 𝑑𝑎
= − 𝑅2
𝐴 𝑎 ′
𝑏 =
𝑅2 − 𝑎 𝑏
𝑅1 𝑑
Curved beams
𝒉𝟐 for triangular section (contd…):
𝑅2
𝑅3 𝑅2 − 𝑎 𝑏 𝑑𝑎 ′
dy
ℎ2 = − 𝑅2 𝑏 Y d
𝐴 𝑑 𝑎
𝑅1 G
𝑅3 𝑅2 𝑏 𝑅2 𝑏 b
= log 𝑒 − 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 𝑅2
𝐴 𝑑 𝑅1 𝑑
𝑅1
R
2 𝑑
Since, 𝑅2 = R + d ; 𝑅1 = R −
3 3
and 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 = d
O
2 2
𝑅 3 R+ d 𝑏 R + 3d
ℎ2 = 3 log 𝑒 − 𝑏 − 𝑅2
𝐴 𝑑 𝑑
R−
3
Curved beams
𝒉𝟐 for triangular section (contd…):
2 2 dy
𝑅 3 R + d 𝑏 R + 3d 𝑏′ d
2
ℎ = 3 log 𝑒 − 𝑏 − 𝑅2
Y
𝐴 𝑑 𝑑 G
R−
3 b
𝑅2
2𝑅3 3R + 2𝑑 𝑏 3R + 2𝑑
= log 𝑒 − 𝑏 − 𝑅2 𝑅1
𝑏𝑑 3𝑑 3R − 𝑑 R
𝟐𝑹 𝟑 𝟑𝐑 + 𝟐𝒅 𝟑𝐑 + 𝟐𝒅
∴ 𝒉𝟐 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 − 𝟏 − 𝑹𝟐 O
𝒅 𝟑𝒅 𝟑𝐑 − 𝒅
Curved beams
𝒉𝟐 for trapezoidal section : b
Consider an elementary strip of 𝑅2 − 𝑎 dy
𝑑2 ′
𝑏 Y d
width b’ and depth dy at a distance y
from the centroidal axis. 𝑑1 G
𝑅2 B
Let 𝑅 + 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝐵−𝑏 𝑅2 − 𝑎
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑎 2 𝑑
𝑅1
R
𝐵−𝑏
𝑏′ =b+ 𝑅2 − 𝑎
𝑑1 + 𝑑2
O
Area of the strip,

𝐵−𝑏
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑏 ′ dy = b + 𝑅2 − 𝑎 da
𝑑1 +𝑑2
Curved beams
𝒉𝟐 for trapezoidal section (contd…): b
𝑅2
3
𝑅 𝑑𝐴 𝑑2 ′
dy
ℎ2 = − 𝑅2 𝑏 Y d
𝐴 𝑅+𝑦
𝑅1 𝑑1 G
𝑅1
𝑅2
𝑅3 𝐵−𝑏 𝑑𝑎 B
= 𝑏+ 𝑅2 − 𝑎 − 𝑅2
𝐴 𝑑1 + 𝑑2 𝑎
𝑅1
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1
R
𝑅3 𝑑𝑎 𝐵−𝑏 𝑅2 − 𝑎
= 𝑏 + 𝑑𝑎 − 𝑅2
𝐴 𝑎 𝑑1 + 𝑑2 𝑎
𝑅1 𝑅1
O
𝑅3 𝑅2 𝐵−𝑏 𝑅2
= 𝑏 log 𝑒 + 𝑅2 log 𝑒 − 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 − 𝑅2
𝐴 𝑅1 𝑑1 + 𝑑2 𝑅1
Curved beams
𝒉𝟐 for trapezoidal section (contd…): b
𝑅 + 𝑑2
𝑏 log 𝑒 + 𝑑2 ′
dy
3 𝑅 − 𝑑1 𝑏 Y d
𝑅
ℎ2 = 𝐵−𝑏 𝑅 + 𝑑2 − 𝑅2
𝐴 𝑅 + 𝑑2 log 𝑒 − 𝑑1 G
𝑑 𝑅 − 𝑑1
𝑅2 B
𝐵−𝑏
Where,
𝐵+𝑏 𝑅1
R
𝐴= d
2
𝑑 𝐵 + 2𝑏
𝑑1 =
3 𝐵+𝑏
𝑑2 = d − 𝑑1 O
Problem:
The curved member shown in Figure has a solid circular cross-section
0.10 m in diameter. If the maximum tensile and compressive stresses
in the member are not to exceed 150 Mpa and 200 Mpa respectively,
determine the value of load P that can safely be carried by the
member.
0.15 m P
0.05 m
P
Solution: 0.15 m P
Given d=0.10 m, R=0.10 m,
𝜎1 = 150 MPa = 150 MN/𝑚2 (tensile)
0.05
𝜎2 = 200 MPa = 200MN/𝑚2 (Comp.) m
Refer to Figure, Area of cross section,
𝜋 2 𝜋
𝐴 = 𝑑 = × 0.102 = 7.854 × 10−3 𝑚2
4 4
P
Bending moment, M=P(0.15+0.10)=0.25P
𝑑 2 1 𝑑 4
ℎ2 = +
16 128 𝑅2
0.102 1 0.104
= + = 7.031 × 10−4 𝑚2
16 128 0.102
Solution: 0.15 m P
𝑃
Direct stress, 𝜎𝑑 = (comp.)
𝐴
Bending stress at point1 due to M, 0.05 m
0.10 m
𝑀 𝑅2 𝑦 1 2
𝜎𝑏1 = 1+ 2 tensile
Total stress at point 1,
𝜎1 = 𝜎𝑑 + 𝜎𝑏1 P
𝑃 𝑀 𝑅2 𝑦
150 = − + 1+ 2 tensile
𝐴 𝐴𝑅 ℎ 𝑅+𝑦
𝑃
150 = −
7.854 × 10−3
0.25 𝑃 0.102 0.05
+ −3
1+
7.854 × 10 × 0.10 7.031 × 10−4 0.10 + 0.05
150 = −127.32𝑃 + 318.31𝑃 × 5.74 = 1699.78𝑃
150 150 × 103
∴𝑃= 𝑀𝑁 = kN = 88.25 kN − (i)
1699.78 1699.78 0.15 m P
Bending stress at point 2 due to M,
𝑀 𝑅2 𝑦
𝜎𝑏2 = 1− 2
𝐴𝑅 ℎ 𝑅−𝑦 0.10 m
0.05 m
1 2
Total stress at point 2,
𝜎2 = 𝜎𝑑 + 𝜎𝑏2
200 = − + 1− 2 P
𝐴 𝐴𝑅 ℎ 𝑅−𝑦
𝑃
200 = −
7.854 × 10−3
0.25 𝑃 0.102 0.05
+ −3
1−
7.854 × 10 × 0.10 7.031 × 10−4 0.10 − 0.05
200 = −127.32𝑃 − 318.31𝑃 × 13.22 = −4335.38𝑃
200 200 × 103
𝑃=− 𝑀𝑁 = − kN = −46.13 kN
4335.38 4335.38 0.15 m P
∴ 𝑃 = 46.13 𝑘𝑁 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. − 𝑖𝑖
Comparing (i) and (ii) values, the safe load
P will be lessor of these. 0.05 m
0.10 m 2
1
Hence, P= 46.13 kN.
P
Problem:
Figure shows a circular ring of rectangular section, with a slit and
subjected to load P.
(i) Calculate the magnitude of the force P if the maximum stress
along the section 1-2 is not to 9 cm P
exceed 225 MN/𝑚2 . G
6 cm
(ii) Draw the stress distribution

along 1-2.
1 2
G
Solution:
Area of section at 1-2, 𝐴 = 9 × 6 = 54𝑐𝑚2 = 0.0054 𝑚2
Permissible stress, 𝜎 = 225 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2
Bending moment, 𝑀 = 𝑃 × 16.5 × 10−2 = 0.165P Nm
9 cm P
 M is taken as +ve because it tends 6 cm
G
to increase the curvature.
(i) Magnitude of the force P: 1 2

𝑃 𝑃 G
Direct stress, 𝜎𝑑 = − = −
𝐴 0.0054
= 185.18 P N/𝑚2 (comp.)
3
2
𝑅 2𝑅 + 𝐷
ℎ = log 𝑒 − 𝑅2 9 cm P
𝐷 2𝑅 − 𝐷 6 cm
G
Here, 𝑅 = 16.5 × 10−2 m = 0.165 m
𝐷 = 9 𝑐𝑚 = 0.09 𝑚
1 2
3
2
0.165 2 × 0.165 + 0.09 G
ℎ = log 𝑒 − 0.1652
0.09 2 × 0.165 − 0.09
= 0.0499 × 0.5596 − 0.1652 = 6.99 × 10−4

𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − + 1 − 2
𝐴 𝐴𝑅 ℎ 𝑅−𝑦
0.165𝑃 0.1652 0.045
225× 106 = −185.18P + 1 −
0.0054×0.165 6.99×10−4 0.165−0.045
𝑃 = −83189 𝑁 𝑜𝑟 𝑃 = 83.189 𝑘𝑁(𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝. )

(ii) Stress distribution along the section 1-2: 9 cm P
6 cm
G
Stress distribution along G1:
1 2
Resultant stress at point 1, G
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − + 1 + 2
𝐴 𝐴𝑅 ℎ 𝑅+𝑦
83.189
𝜎1 = −
0.0054
0.165 × 83.189 0.1652 0.045
+ 1+
0.0054 × 0.165 6.99 × 10−4 0.165 + 0.045
= 128.6 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2
(ii) Stress distribution along the section 1-2: 9 cm P
6 cm
G
128.6 MN/𝑚2 Hyperbolic
0
1 2
G
225 MN/𝑚2
Problem:
Figure shows a crane hook lifting a load of 150 kN. Determine the
maximum compressive and tensile stresses in the critical section of the
crane hook.
d=180
𝑑2 𝑑1
b=45 B=135
A B
G
A B
Dimensions in mm
150 kN
Solution: d=180
𝑑2 𝑑1
B=135 mm=0.135 m;
b=45 mm=0.045 m;
b=45 A B=135
d=180 mm; G B
P=150 kN
0.135+0.45
Area of section, 𝐴 = × 0.18 = 0.0162 𝑚2
2
𝑑 𝐵 + 2𝑏 0.18 0.135 + 2 × 0.045

𝑑1 = = = 0.075 m
3 𝐵+𝑏 3 0.135 + 0.045
A B
𝑑2 = 0.18 − 0.075 = 0.105 m
150 kN
R=0.105+0.075=0.18 m Dimensions in mm
𝑅 + 𝑑2 d=180
𝑏 log 𝑒 +
3 𝑅 − 𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑1
𝑅
ℎ2 = 𝐵−𝑏 𝑅 + 𝑑2 − 𝑅2
𝐴 𝑅 + 𝑑2 log 𝑒 −
𝑑 𝑅 − 𝑑1 b=45 A B=135
G B
𝐵−𝑏
By substituting the values ,
ℎ2 = 0.00256 𝑚2
Bending moment , 𝑀 = −150 × 103 × 0.18

∴ 𝑀 = −27000Nm
A B
𝑃 150×103
Direct stress, 𝜎𝑑 = = × 10−6
𝐴 0.0162 150 kN
= −9.26 MN/𝑚2 (tensile) Dimensions in mm
Bending stress calculations, d=180
𝑑2 𝑑1
Bending stress at A,
𝑀 𝑅2 𝑦
𝜎𝑏𝐴 = 1+ 2 = −52.43 MN/𝑚2 b=45
𝐴𝑅 ℎ 𝑅+𝑦 A G B
B=135
𝜎𝑏𝐴 = 52.43 MN/𝑚2 (comp.)
Bending stress at B,
𝑀 𝑅2 𝑦
𝜎𝑏𝐵 = 1− 2 = 74.45 MN/𝑚2
𝜎𝑏𝐵 = 74.45 MN/𝑚2 (Tensile.) A B
150 kN
Dimensions in mm
d=180
𝑑2 𝑑1
Stress at A,
𝜎𝐴 = 𝜎𝑑 + 𝜎𝑏𝐴 = 9.26 − 52.43 = −43.17 MN/𝑚2
∴ 𝜎𝐴 = 43.17 MN/𝑚2 (Comp.) b=45 A
G B
B=135
Stress at B,
𝜎𝐵 = 𝜎𝑑 + 𝜎𝑏𝐵 = 9.26 + 74.45 = 83.71 MN/𝑚2
∴ 𝜎𝐵 = 83.71 MN/𝑚2 (Tensile)
A B
150 kN
Dimensions in mm
Curved beams
Stresses in a ring:
Figure shows a circular ring under the action of an axial pull P.
P
(A) Stresses on a section taken along the line of
A
action of P,
(i) At outside ring, i.e., at point A,
𝑃 𝑅2 𝑅2 𝑦2 B
𝜎𝐴 = 1+ 2 (tensile)
𝜋𝐴 𝑅2 + ℎ2 ℎ 𝑅 + 𝑦2
D C
(ii) At inside ring, i.e., at point B,

𝑃 𝑅2 𝑅2 𝑦1
𝜎𝐵 = 2 2 1− 2 (Comp. )
𝜋𝐴 𝑅 + ℎ ℎ 𝑅 − 𝑦1
P
Curved beams
Stresses in a ring (contd…):
P
(B) Stresses on a section perpendicular to the line of
A
action of P,
(i) At outside ring, i.e., at point C,
𝑃 𝑅2 𝑅2 2𝑅2 𝑦2
𝜎𝐶 = + 2 −1 B
𝐴 𝜋 𝑅 2 + ℎ2 2ℎ 𝜋 𝑅2 + ℎ2 𝑅 + 𝑦2
𝑃 D C
+ (Comp. )
2𝐴
(ii) At inside ring, i.e., at point D,

𝑃 𝑅2 𝑅2 2𝑅2 −𝑦1 𝑃
𝜎𝐷 = + 2 −1 + (Ten. )
𝐴 𝜋 𝑅 2 + ℎ2 2ℎ 𝜋 𝑅2 + ℎ2 𝑅 − 𝑦1 2𝐴
P
Problem:
A ring is made of round steel bar 30 mm diameter and the mean radius
of ring is 180 mm. Calculate the maximum tensile and compressive
stresses in the material of the ring if it is subjected to a pull of 12 kN.
Solution:
d=30 mm=0.03 m
𝜋
𝐴 = × 0.032 = 7.068 × 10−4 𝑚2
4
30 mm
P=12 kN
12 kN
A
R=180 mm=0.18 m
B
𝑑 2 1 𝑑 4
ℎ2 = + D C
16 128 𝑅2
0.032 1 0.034
= + × = 5.64 × 10−5 𝑚2
16 128 0.182
12 kN
Solution:
Stresses:
𝜎𝐴 = 2 2
1+ 2 (tensile)
𝜋𝐴 𝑅 + ℎ ℎ 𝑅 + 𝑦2
30 mm
103
12 × 0.182 12 kN
𝜎𝐴 =
𝜋 × 7.068 × 10−4 0.182 + 5.64 × 10−5 A
0.182 0.015 −6
1+ × 10
5.64 × 10−5 0.18 + 0.015 B
D C
∴ 𝜎𝐴 = 243.7 MN/𝑚2 (tensile)
12 kN
Stresses:
𝜎𝐵 = 2 2
1− 2
𝜋𝐴 𝑅 + ℎ ℎ 𝑅 − 𝑦1
30 mm
103
12 × 0.182 12 kN
𝜎𝐵 =
𝜋 × 7.068 × 10−4 0.182 + 5.64 × 10−5 A
0.182 0.015 −6
1− × 10
5.64 × 10−5 0.18 − 0.015 B
D C
∴ 𝜎𝐵 = −276.3 = 276.3 MN/𝑚2 (Comp. )
12 kN
Stresses:
𝑃 𝑅2 𝑅2 2𝑅2 𝑦2 𝑃
𝜎𝐶 = + 2 −1 + (Comp. )
𝐴 𝜋 𝑅 2 + ℎ2 2ℎ 𝜋 𝑅2 + ℎ2 𝑅 + 𝑦2 2𝐴
12 × 103 × 10−6 0.182
𝜎𝐶 =
7.068 × 10−4 𝜋 0.182 + 5.64 × 10−5
0.182 2 × 0.182 0.015
+ −5 2 −5
−1
2 × 5.64 × 10 𝜋 0.18 + 5.64 × 10 0.18 + 0.015
12 × 103 × 10−6 12 kN
+ −4
(Comp. ) A
2 × 7.068 × 10 30 mm
𝜎𝑐 = −131.3 + 8.49 = −122.8 MN/𝑚2 B
D C
∴ 𝜎𝑐 = 122.8 MN/𝑚2 (Comp.)
12 kN
Stresses:
𝑃 𝑅2 𝑅2 2𝑅2 𝑦1 𝑃
𝜎𝐷 = − 2 −1 + (Tensile)
𝐴 𝜋 𝑅 2 + ℎ2 2ℎ 𝜋 𝑅2 + ℎ2 𝑅 − 𝑦1 2𝐴
12 × 103 × 10−6 0.182
𝜎𝐷 =
7.068 × 10−4 𝜋 0.182 + 5.64 × 10−5
0.182 2 × 0.182 0.015
− −5 2 −5
−1
2 × 5.64 × 10 𝜋 0.18 + 5.64 × 10 0.18 − 0.015
12 × 103 × 10−6 12 kN
+ A
2 × 7.068 × 10−4 30 mm
B
𝜎𝐷 = 166.99 + 8.49 = 175.48 MN/𝑚2 (tensile)
D C
∴Maximum tensile stress = 243.7 MN/𝑚2

Maximum compressive stress=276.3 MN/𝑚2
12 kN
Problem:
A steel ring has a rectangular cross-section, 75 mm in the radial
direction and 45 mm perpendicular to the radial direction. If the mean
radius of the ring is 150 mm and maximum tensile stress is limited to
180 MN/m2 . Calculate the tensile load the ring can carry.
Solution:
A steel ring has a rectangular cross-section,
75 mm in the radial direction and 45 mm perpendicular to the radial
direction.
If the mean radius of the ring is 150 mm
75 P
and maximum tensile 45 A
stress is limited to
180 MN/m2 .
Calculate the tensile load

All dimensions in mm
the ring can carry.
P
75 P
Area of cross section, 𝐴 = 0.075 × 0.045 45
= 0.003375 𝑚2
𝑅 3 2𝑅 + 𝐷
2
ℎ = log 𝑒 − 𝑅2
𝐷 2𝑅 − 𝐷
0.153 2 × 0.15 + 0.075

2
ℎ = log 𝑒 − 0.152
0.075 2 × 0.15 − 0.075
P
∴ ℎ2 = 4.87 × 10−4 𝑚2
All dimensions in mm
75 P
Load P calculation: 45
The maximum tensile stress will occur at A.
∴ 𝜎𝐴 = 180 × 106 N/𝑚2
𝑁𝑜𝑤, 𝜎𝐴 = 2 2
1+ 2
𝜋𝐴 𝑅 + ℎ ℎ 𝑅 + 𝑦2
𝑃 0.152
180 × 106 = P
𝜋 × 0.003375 0.152 + 4.87 × 10−4
0.152 0.0375
1+
4.87 × 10−4 0.15 + 0.0375 All dimensions in mm
𝑃 = 19440 𝑁
∴ 𝑃 = 19.44 𝑘𝑁
Problem:
A curved bar is formed of a tube of 120 mm outside diameter and 7.5
mm thickness. The centre line of this beam is a circular arc of radius
225 mm. A bending moment of 3 kNm tending to increase curvature of
the bar is applied. Calculate the maximum tensile and compressive
stresses setup in the bar.
Solution:
105 mm 120 mm
𝑑2 = 120 mm
𝑡 = 7.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑑1 = 120 − 2 × 7.5 = 105 𝑚𝑚
M
𝜋
𝐴 = 0.122 − 0.1052 = 0.00265 𝑚2
4 O
𝑀 = 3 𝑘𝑁𝑚
M
𝜋
𝐴1 = × 0.1052 = 0.00866 𝑚2
4
𝜋
𝐴2 = × 0.122 = 0.01131 𝑚2
4
Bending moment, M=+3 kNm (tending to increase the curvature)

We know, for circular section,
2 4 105 mm 120 mm
𝑑 1 𝑑
ℎ2 = +
16 128 𝑅2
M
For inner tube,
2 4
𝑑1 1 𝑑1
ℎ1 2 = + × 2 O
16 128 𝑅
0.1052 1 0.1054
= + × = 7.078 × 10−4 𝑚2
16 128 0.2252 M
For outer circle,

2 4
2 𝑑2 1 𝑑2
ℎ2 = + × 2
16 128 𝑅
0.122 1 0.124
= + × = 9.32 × 10−4 𝑚2
16 128 0.2252
𝐴ℎ2 = 𝐴2 ℎ2 2 − 𝐴1 ℎ1 2
105 mm 120 mm
0.00265ℎ2 = 0.01131 × 9.32 × 10−4
−0.00866 × 7.078 × 10−4
ℎ2 = 0.00166 𝑚2 M
A B
Maximum tensile stress occurs at A.
O
𝑀 𝑅2 𝑦
∴ 𝜎𝐴 = 1+ 2
M
3 × 103 0.2252 0.06

= 1+ × 10−6
0.00265 × 0.225 0.00166 0.225 + 0.06
𝜎𝐴 = 37.32 MN/𝑚2
105 mm 120 mm
Maximum compressive stress occurs at B. A B

𝑀 𝑅2 𝑦 O
∴ 𝜎𝐵 = 1− 2
M
3 × 103 0.2252 0.06

= 1− × 10−6
0.00265 × 0.225 0.00166 0.225 − 0.06
= −50.75
𝜎𝐵 = 50.75 MN/𝑚2 (comp.)
Curved beams
𝒉𝟐 for T-section:
𝑡1
Let 𝑅 + 𝑦 = 𝑎
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑎
3 𝑅2 𝑅3
2
𝑅 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴 𝑏1
dy
ℎ = + − 𝑅2
𝐴 𝑅1 𝑅 + 𝑦 𝑅2 𝑅 + 𝑦
y
𝑅3 𝑅2 𝑏2 𝑑𝑎 𝑅3
𝑡1 𝑑𝑎
= + − 𝑅2 G
𝐴 𝑅1 𝑎 𝑅2 𝑎 𝑡2
𝑅3 𝑅2 𝑅3
= 𝑏2 log 𝑒 + 𝑡1 log 𝑒 − 𝑅2 𝑏2
𝐴 𝑅1 𝑅2
Where 𝐴 = 𝑏1 𝑡1 + 𝑏2 𝑡2 𝑅2 𝑅3
𝑅1
O
Curved beams
𝑏1
𝒉𝟐 for I-section:
𝑡1
Let 𝑅 + 𝑦 = 𝑎
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑎 dy
𝑡3
𝑏3 y
3 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅4
2
𝑅 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴
ℎ = + + − 𝑅2
𝐴 𝑅1 𝑅+𝑦 𝑅2 𝑅+𝑦 𝑅3 𝑅+𝑦 G
𝑅4
3 𝑅2 𝑅3
𝑅 𝑏2 𝑑𝑎 𝑡3 𝑑𝑎 𝑏1 𝑑𝑎
= + + − 𝑅2 𝑡2
𝐴 𝑅1 𝑎 𝑅2 𝑎 𝑎
𝑅3 𝑏2 𝑅4
𝑅2 𝑅3
𝑅3 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅4
= 𝑏2 log 𝑒 + 𝑡3 log 𝑒 +𝑏1 log 𝑒 − 𝑅2 𝑅1
𝐴 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
Where 𝐴 = 𝑏1 𝑡1 + 𝑏2 𝑡2 + 𝑏3 𝑡3
O
Curved beams -Problems
𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐦:
20 𝑚𝑚
A curved beam has a T-section (shown in Figure).
The inner radius is 300 mm. What is the
dy
Eccentricity of the section? 60 𝑚𝑚
y
G
20 𝑚𝑚
80 𝑚𝑚
320 𝑚𝑚 380 𝑚𝑚
300 𝑚𝑚
O
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
20 𝑚𝑚
Area, 𝐴 = 𝑏1 𝑡1 + 𝑏2 𝑡2 = (60 × 20) + (80 × 20)
↑∴ 𝐴 = 2800 𝑚2
dy
Centre of gravity of T-section, taking from O,
80 × 20 × 310 + 60 × 20 × 350 60 𝑚𝑚 y
𝑅=
2800 G
∴ 𝑅 = 327.14 𝑚𝑚
20 𝑚𝑚
𝑅 3 𝑅2 𝑅3 80 𝑚𝑚
2
ℎ = 𝑏2 log 𝑒 + 𝑡1 log 𝑒 − 𝑅2
𝐴 𝑅1 𝑅2
320 320 𝑚𝑚 380 𝑚𝑚
327.143 80 log 𝑒 300 +
300 𝑚𝑚
= − 327.142
2800 380
20 log 𝑒
320
2 2 O
∴ ℎ = 512.08 𝑚𝑚
Eccentricty, e=distance of the neutral axis
20 𝑚𝑚
from the centroidal axis.
𝑅ℎ2
∴𝑒=− 2 dy
𝑅 + ℎ2 60 𝑚𝑚
327.14 × 512.08 y
𝑒=− 2
= −1.56 mm
327.14 + 512.08
G
20 𝑚𝑚
-ve sign indicates that neutral axis is
located below the centroidal axis. 80 𝑚𝑚
320 𝑚𝑚 380 𝑚𝑚
300 𝑚𝑚
O
Curved beams
𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐦: 40 𝑚𝑚
A central horizontal section of a hook is an 20 𝑚𝑚
I-section with dimensions shown in Figure. dy

20 𝑚𝑚
The hook carries a load P, the load line passing y 40 𝑚𝑚
60 mm from the inside edge of the section,
G
and the centre of curvature being in the 30 mm
load line. Determine the magnitude of 60 𝑚𝑚
the load P if the maximum stress in the 𝑅4
hook is not to exceed the permissible 𝑅2 𝑅3
stress of 108 N/𝑚𝑚2 . What will be the 60 𝑚𝑚
maximum compressive stress in hook

O
for that value of load?
Curved beams
40 𝑚𝑚
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
20 𝑚𝑚
Permissible stress, 𝜎 = 105 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
dy
Load P calculation: 20 𝑚𝑚
Maximum compressive stress: y 40 𝑚𝑚
G
30 mm
Area of cross section, A=𝑏1 𝑡1 + 𝑏2 𝑡2 + 𝑏3 𝑡3
= 40 × 20 + 60 × 30 + 40 × 20 60 𝑚𝑚
= 3400 𝑚𝑚2 . 𝑅4
𝑅2 𝑅3
60 𝑚𝑚
To find c.g. of the section from ‘O’,

O
40 × 20 × 140 + 40 × 20 × 110 + 60 × 30 × 75
𝑅= = 98.5 mm.
3400
Curved beams
40 𝑚𝑚
𝑅 3 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 20 𝑚𝑚
2 3 4
ℎ2 = 𝑏2 log 𝑒 + 𝑡3 log 𝑒 +𝑏1 log 𝑒 − 𝑅2
𝐴 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 dy
2
98.53 90 130 150 20 𝑚𝑚
ℎ = 60 log 𝑒 + 20 log 𝑒 + 40 log 𝑒 − 98.52 y 40 𝑚𝑚
3400 60 90 130
ℎ2 = 810.14 𝑚𝑚2 . G
30 mm
60 𝑚𝑚
𝑅4
𝑃 𝑃
Direct stress, = N/𝑚𝑚2
𝐴 3400 𝑅2 𝑅3
60 𝑚𝑚
Bending moment, 𝑀 = −𝑃 × 𝑅 = −98.5 𝑃 𝑁𝑚𝑚.
O
Curved beams
40 𝑚𝑚
The bending stress at any point is given by
20 𝑚𝑚
𝑀 𝑅2 𝑦
𝜎𝑏 = 1+ 2
𝐴𝑅 ℎ 𝑅+𝑦 dy
20 𝑚𝑚
−98.5𝑃 98.52 𝑦 y 40 𝑚𝑚
= 1+
3400 × 98.5 810.14 98.5 + 𝑦
G
−𝑃 𝑦 30 mm
= 1 + 11.97
3400 98.5 + 𝑦 60 𝑚𝑚
Maximum bending stress (tensile) occurs at 𝑅4
Y=-38.5 mm 𝑅2 𝑅3
−𝑃 −38.5 60 𝑚𝑚
𝜎𝑏 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1 + 11.97
3400 98.5 − 38.5
𝑃 2
O
= N/𝑚𝑚
508.9
Curved beams
40 𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠,
20 𝑚𝑚
𝜎𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑑 + 𝜎𝑏 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑃 𝑃 dy
108 = + 20 𝑚𝑚
3400 508.9 y 40 𝑚𝑚
𝑃
108 =
442.65 G
30 mm
𝑃 = 108 × 442.65 = 47806.2 𝑁 = 47.8 𝑘𝑁 60 𝑚𝑚

𝑅4
𝑅2 𝑅3
60 𝑚𝑚
O
Curved beams
40 𝑚𝑚
∴ Maximum compressive stress
Occurs at y = 𝑦2 = 51.5 𝑚𝑚, 20 𝑚𝑚
𝜎𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑑 + 𝜎𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 dy
51.5 mm
𝑃 20 𝑚𝑚
𝜎𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = y 40 𝑚𝑚
3400
𝑃 51.5
− 1 + 11.97 G
3400 98.5 + 51.5 38.5 mm 30 mm
60 𝑚𝑚
47806.2
𝜎𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅4
3400
47806.2 51.5 𝑅2
− 1 + 11.97 𝑅3
3400 98.5 + 51.5 60 𝑚𝑚
𝜎𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 57.79 N/𝑚𝑚2 O

Shear centre
Shear Centre definition:
 To avoid twisting and cause only bending, the transverse forces
must act through a point which may not necessarily coincide with
the centroid, but will depend upon the shape of the section. Such a
point is known as the ‘Shear Centre’.
 The point of intersection of the bending axis with the cross section
of the beam is defined as ‘shear centre’.
Shear centre
Shear Centre definition:
 The shear center always falls on a cross-sectional axis of symmetry.
 If the cross section contains two axes of symmetry, then the shear
center is located at their intersection. Notice that this is the only
case where shear center and centroid coincide.
 Shear centre is the point through which the resultant shear forces
acts.
 Shear flows from tension side to compression side when looking on

section in the direction of increasing bending moment.
Shear centre
Shear Centre of thin walled open sections: Examples
Channel section:
′ b
Shear stress at a distance ‘𝑥 in the bottom 𝑡𝑓
horizontal member AB as shown in C
𝐹1
Figure is given by ,
𝐹𝐴𝑦 h 𝑡𝑤
𝑞1 = 𝑧
𝐼𝑡 𝑥 S G
𝐹 ℎ
= × 𝑥𝑡 × e T
𝐼𝑡 2
𝑏 𝐹2 d c
𝑡
𝐹1 = 𝑞1 𝑡 𝑑𝑥 a b𝛿𝑥
𝐹1
0 𝑥 A
𝑏 B T+ 𝛿𝑇
𝐹 ℎ u
∴ 𝐹1 = × 𝑥𝑡 × × 𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝐼𝑡 2
0
Shear centre
𝑏
𝐹 ℎ
∴ 𝐹1 = × 𝑥𝑡 × × 𝑡 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑡 2
0 b
𝐹𝑡ℎ 𝑏2 𝐹𝑡ℎ𝑏 2 𝑡𝑓
= × =
2𝐼 2 4𝐼 C
𝐹1
h 𝑡𝑤
The shear force 𝐹1 is same in the top 𝑧
𝑥 S G
member also. O
e T
Shearing stress in the vertical member BC 𝐹2 d c

𝑡
a b𝛿𝑥
at a distance ′𝑦′ from B (as shown in Fig.) 𝐹1
𝐹𝐴𝑦 B 𝑥 A
𝑞2 = = 0 (since 𝑦 = 0) T+ 𝛿𝑇
𝐼𝑡 u
∴ 𝐹2 = 0 𝑦
Shear centre
Taking moments about ‘O’,
𝐹1 × ℎ = 𝐹 × 𝑒
b
𝐹𝑡ℎ𝑏 2 𝑡𝑓
×ℎ =𝐹×𝑒
4𝐼 C
𝐹1
𝑡𝑤
𝑏 2 ℎ2 𝑡 h
𝑧
∴𝑒= 𝑥 S
G
4𝐼
e O
T
𝐹 𝐹2 d c
𝑡
a b𝛿𝑥
𝐹1
B 𝑥 A
T+ 𝛿𝑇 u
𝑦
Shear centre
S G X
Y
Fig. Shear centre of an equal –leg angle section
Shear centre
S S
S
S
Fig. Shear centres S of sections consisting of two intersecting narrow

rectangles
Shear centre
Shear centre of a semi circular section:
𝐹𝐴𝑦
𝑞=
𝐼𝑡 𝑑𝛼
𝜃
𝑅 cos 𝛼
𝑑𝜃 𝜃 R
𝐴𝑦 = 𝑅 𝑑𝛼 . 𝑡 × 𝑅 cos 𝛼 = 𝑅2 t sin 𝜃 𝑞 𝛼
0
𝜋 𝜋 O
e
𝐼= 𝑦 2 dA = 𝑅 cos 𝜃 2 𝑅𝑑𝜃. 𝑡
0 0
𝜋𝑅3 𝑡
= 𝑡
2
2𝐹
∴𝑞= sin 𝜃
𝜋𝑅𝑡
Force acting on the area 𝑅𝑑𝜃 × 𝑡 = 𝑞 × 𝑅𝑑𝜃 × 𝑡

Shear centre
Shear centre of a semi circular section:
Moment of this force about O =𝑞 × 𝑅𝑑𝜃 × 𝑡 × 𝑅
Total moment of the force due to shearing 𝑑𝛼
𝑅 cos 𝛼
stress on the cross section 𝑑𝜃 𝜃 R
𝜋 𝜋 𝑞 𝛼
= 𝑞𝑅2 𝑡 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑞𝑅2 𝑡 𝑑𝜃 O
0
e
0
𝜋
2𝐹 2 4𝑅
= 𝑅 𝑡sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝐹 ×
𝜋𝑅𝑡 𝜋 𝑡
0
This must be equal to 𝐹 × 𝑒
4𝑅
𝐹×𝑒 =𝐹×
𝜋
4𝑅
∴𝑒= ≅ 1.27𝑅
𝜋
Shear centre - Problem
Problem:
A channel section has flanges 12 cm x 2 cm and web 16 cm x 1 cm.
determine the shear centre of the channel.
Shear centre - Problem
Solution:
Flanges dimensions=12 cm x 2 cm
web dimension=16 cm x 1 cm. b
𝑡𝑓
C
𝑏2 ℎ2 𝑡 𝐹1
Shear centre, 𝑒 =
4𝐼
h 𝑡𝑤
b= 12 cm, h=16 cm, t= 2 cm G 𝑧
1 × 163 12 × 23 𝑥 S
𝐼= +2× + e O
12 12 T
2 × 12 × 2 × 92 = 4245.33 𝑐𝑚2 𝐹
𝐹2 d c
𝑡
a b𝛿𝑥
122 × 162 × 2 𝐹1
∴𝑒= = 4.3413 cm 𝑥 A
4 × 4245.33 B T+ 𝛿𝑇 u
𝑦
A.U. Question Paper Problems
• A beam of rectangular section 20 mm x 40 mm has its centre line
curved to a radius of 50 mm. The beam is subjected to a bending
moment of 4x105 Nmm. Determine the intensity of maximum
stresses in the beam. Also plot the bending stress across the
section.
• Problem:
• A ring as shown in the following Figure is carrying a load of 30 kN.
Calculate the stresses at 1 and 2.
d=12 cm
30 kN
1 2
G
• Problem:
• A chain link made of steel is of 10 mm diameter. Its straight
portion is 300 mm in length and its ends are 50 mm in radius.
Determine the deflection of the link along the load line when
subjected to a load of 10 kN. E=200 Gpa.
• Problem:
• A curved beam of rectangular cross section is subjected to pure
bending with a moment of 400 Nm. The beam has width of 20
mm, depth of 40 mm and is curved in plane parallel to the depth.
The mean radius of curvature is 50 mm. Determine the position of
neutral axis and the ratio of maximum to the minimum stress.
• Problem:
• Figure shows a frame subjected to a load of 3.4 kN, find the
resultant stress at A and B.
18 120 3.4 kN
48
1 2
48
• Problem:
• A central horizontal section of hook is a symmetrical trapezium 60
mm deep, the inner width being 60 mm and the outer being 30
mm. Estimate the extreme intensities of stress when the hook
carries load of 30 kN, the load line passing 40 mm from the inside
edge of the section and the centre of curvature being in the load
line.
• Problem:
• Write a brief technical note on:
(a) Unsymmetrical bending of beams
(b) Curved beams
(c) Stress concentration
(d) Significance of shear centre.
• Problem:
• A curved bar of rectangular section, initially unstressed is
subjected to bending moment of 2000 Nm tends to straighten the
bar. The section is 5 cm wide and 6 cm deep in the plane of
bending and the mean radius of curvature is 10 m. Find the
position of neutral axis and the stress at the inner and outer face.
2 marks Questions and Answers
1. Give the reasons for unsymmetrical bending.
2. Write Winkler Bach formula.

EC330 STRUCTURES-I Advanced topics in bending of beams 2023-24

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EC330 STRUCTURES-I Advanced topics in bending of beams 2023-24

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EC330 STRUCTURES-I

Advanced topics in bending of beams

Compiled by: G.S.Kumaran

• curved beams – Winkler Bach formula.

• William A .Nash, “Theory and Problems of Strength of

• Punmia B.C."Theory of Structures" (SMTS) Vol 1&II, Laxmi

• This condition implies that the plane of loading or plane of

• If however, the plane of loading or that of bending doesn’t lie in

• In the case of unsymmetrical bending, the direction of neutral axis

• Reasons for unsymmetrical bending:

(ii) The section itself is unsymmetrical (viz. angle section or channel

• Moment in the plane UU, 𝑀′ =Msin 𝜃,

• The components 𝑀′ and 𝑀′′ have their axes along VV and UU

• The resultant bending stress at the point p(u,v) is given by,

• At any point the nature of 𝜎𝑏 will depend upon the quadrant in

• Or, 𝑣 cos 𝜃 𝑢 sin 𝜃

(iii) In the case where there is direct stress in addition to the

• The total or resultant deflection 𝛿 can then be found as follows:

𝑘𝑤𝑙 3 sin 𝜃 2 cos 𝜃 2

• The inclination 𝛽 of the deflection, with the line GU is given by

= 1.25 × 106 mm4

Moment of inertia, X,U X,U 45 mm

𝑀𝑉 will cause tensile stresses at points A and B

= 331.17 MN/𝑚2 X,U X,U 45 mm

Co-0rdinates of 𝐺1 = 40 − 23.66, − 23.66 − 5 = 16.34, −18.66

Product of inertia, 𝐼𝑥𝑦 = [80 × 10 × 16.34 × (−18.66)]+

Stresses at the points A, B and C:

Point B, 𝑥 = −23.66, 𝑦 = −23.66

1.697×105 ×(−33.45) 1.697×105 ×0 𝑌1

• The simple bending formula, however is not applicable for deeply

• R’=Radius of curvature of HG’

3. Radial strain is negligible. 𝜃′

(Where, E=Young’s modulus of the material) 𝜃

Where, A=Area of cross section of the bar,

Find (i) The resultant stresses at points 1 and 2.

𝐴 = 48 × 18 × 10−6 = 8.64 × 10−4 𝑚2 1 2

M is taken as –ve because it tends to decrease the curvature.

Bending stress due to M at point 2,

∴ 𝜎𝑏2 = −9.722 1 − 10.149

Bending stress due to M at point 1,

centroid G of the section. G

and then integrating, we get

Width of elementary strip, G

Area of the strip,

(ii) Draw the stress distribution

(i) Magnitude of the force P: 1 2

Resultant stress at point 2,

𝑃 = −83189 𝑁 𝑜𝑟 𝑃 = 83.189 𝑘𝑁(𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝. )

Stress distribution along G1:

𝑑 𝐵 + 2𝑏 0.18 0.135 + 2 × 0.045

Bending moment , 𝑀 = −150 × 103 × 0.18

𝜎𝑏𝐴 = 52.43 MN/𝑚2 (comp.)

(ii) At inside ring, i.e., at point B,

(ii) At inside ring, i.e., at point D,

𝜎𝑐 = −131.3 + 8.49 = −122.8 MN/𝑚2 B

∴ 𝜎𝑐 = 122.8 MN/𝑚2 (Comp.)

∴Maximum tensile stress = 243.7 MN/𝑚2

Calculate the tensile load

0.153 2 × 0.15 + 0.075

Bending moment, M=+3 kNm (tending to increase the curvature)

For outer circle,

3 × 103 0.2252 0.06

Maximum compressive stress occurs at B. A B

3 × 103 0.2252 0.06