PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS

Prepared by: JO1 Sean Francis C San Diego, RCrim, MSCJ, PhD-Crim (on-going)
Ethics
o The word "ethics" is derived from the Greek word ethos (character), and from the Latin word mores
(customs). Together, they combine to define how individuals choose to interact with one another.

o In philosophy, ethics defines what is good for the individual and for society and establishes the
nature of duties that people owe themselves and one another.

o Is a practical science of the morality of human conduct.

Nature and Concepts of Ethics

o It is a division of Philosophy under the Normative Philosophy

▪ Philosophy can be divided into four disciplines:

▪ Descriptive or Speculative

▪ Normative

▪ Practical

▪ Critical

▪ Ethics is more of a Normative Philosophy since it is more concerned on the following:

▪ What is Good or Bad?

▪ What is Right Action or Wrong Action?

o It is a Practical Science

▪ Ethics is also a science for it is the result of series of studies, a systematized body of data
reflected upon truth in relation to action.

▪ Towards this discovery of truth, set of implied rules or directions for thought or action are
established this makes the ethics more of a practical science.

o It focuses on Human Acts

▪ HUMAN ACTS are the material object of the study of ethics.

▪ It shall mean only those acts which are determined by the free will.

▪ It is characterized as acts done KNOWINGLY, DELIBERATELY and FREELY.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN ACTS:

1. KNOWINGLY – when the person fully understands what he is doing and has the ability
to appreciate the consequences of his actions.
2. DELIBERATELY – when the person did his actions intentionally.
3. FREELY – when the person performed his actions voluntarily.

▪ Acts which are done by man but without the use of the power of free choice are ACT OF
MAN.
 ▪ Therefore, acts of man are not human acts.

o It is the science of the Morality of Human Acts

▪ Ethics does not end with the study of Human Acts.

▪ If Human Act is the material object of the study of ethics, its formal object is the rectitude
(right morality) of human acts.

▪ Human Acts may either be in agreement or disagreement with the dictates of reason.

▪ Ethics determine what it must be to stand in harmony with the dictates of reason.

▪ Ethics deals with the morality of human conducts it is what makes us humans as
differentiated from other living creatures in their ways of living.

Division of Ethics
o General Ethics presents the general principles of morality of human acts.
o Special Ethics provides for the application of the principles of general ethics to a particular
department of human activity, individual or social entity.

Professional Ethics

• A set of moral code to which every profession must follow.

• It guides the actuations of the professional in the practice of his profession.

Examples:

• Medical Ethics

• Legal Ethics

• Code of Ethics of Teachers

• Code of Ethics of Public Officials

• Business Ethics

• Police Ethics

Human Acts
o An act which proceeds from the DELIBERATE FREEWILL OF MAN.

o In wide sense, it means any sort of activity, internal or external, physical or spiritual, performed by
human being.

o However, as used in this text, it shall be limited to those human acts which are proper to man as
man.

Classification of Human Acts

Human Acts may be classified either in relation to the WILL or in relation to the REASON:
o Human Acts in relation to the WILL:
• Elicited Acts – human acts that are complete or adequate cause.
• They begin and perfected in the human will itself such as wish, intention, consent,
election and others.
 Example: When a student decided to go to work with his assignment before going to plays with his
friends, his intention is a simple will-act.

• Commanded Acts – done in relation to the dictates of reason.

• They begin in the will but are perfected by other faculties under the control of the
will.

Example: When a student decided to work first with assignments before playing with his friends,
gets his book and notebooks and works with his assignment is an example of a commanded act.
o Human Acts in relation to REASON:

• Morality

• The quality which makes an act good or evil, right or wrong.

1. Moral – good, right

2. Immoral – bad, wrong
3. Amoral – neither good nor bad
• Human Acts

• Actions that are done knowingly, deliberately and freely.

Bases of Morality
o Social Norms – unwritten standard of acceptable behavior in society.
o Customs – usage or practice common to many or to a particular place or class or habitual with an
individual
o Tradition – the handling down from generation to generation of opinions and practices.
o Culture – the society’s way of life. It includes their beliefs, practices, mores, customs, taboos etc. It
stands as a unique identity of the society.

o Laws of Society

• Written rules of behavior

• Laws created by men to maintain harmony and order

Example: Philippine Criminal Law, Special Penal Law, and Ordinance.

o Religion

• A system of beliefs and practices based on faith and truths revealed to man by God.

• There are a lot of religions in each and every society.

Example: Roman Catholic, Iglesia ni Cristo, Born Again, etc.

o Conscience

• The practical judgement of reason telling us what should be done and what should be
avoided.

• Reflection in one’s character.

Character
o It refers to the traits of a person shown through his thoughts, actions, values and virtues.
 o “Character is what you do when nobody’s looking.” – anonymous

Values
o Anything that a person considers important, such as ideas or experiences.

o These are one’s beliefs, principles, that are important, cherished, upheld and defended.

o It affects and influences how one thinks and feels, what one perceives, shape one’s goals,
objectives and aspirations.

o It influences how a person resolves conflicts.

o It dictates a person’s lifestyle and life choices and decisions.

Virtues
o The habit of doing what is good or right.

o The opposite of vice.

Vice

• The habit of doing wrong.

• Refers to habitual use and/or dependency to certain patterns of actions or use of
comfortable or pleasurable substances such as smoking, gambling, drug abuse,
prostitution, etc.

Four Moral/Cardinal Virtues

o PRUDENCE

• It is the ability to govern and discipline oneself by means of reason and sound judgement.
• The virtue that attracts the intellect to choose the most effective means for accomplishing what
is morally good and avoiding what is evil.

o JUSTICE

• The second cardinal virtue is concerned with the will.

• It is the constant and permanent determination to give everyone his or her rightful due.
• The virtue that inclines the will to give to each what is due to him
• It regulates a person’s wants; also means self-control.

NATURE OF JUSTICE

• “To render to each his due.”

• “Treat equals equally and unequal unequally in proportion to their inequality.”

THREE DIMENSIONS OF BASIC JUSTICE

o Commutative Justice

• It regulates those actions that involve the rights that exist between individuals.
• It demands for respect for the equal human dignity of all persons in economic transactions,
contracts or premises.
• It provides fairness in all agreements and exchanges between individuals.

EXAMPLE:
 A worker honoring his commitment to his bosses.
o Distributive Justice

• It regulates those actions involving the rights of an individual that he or she may claim from
society.
• It suggests that society has a duty to the citizen or individual in serious need and the citizen
or individuals have duties to serious in need.
• It concerns to the fair allotment of resources.

EXAMPLE:
During the pandemic crisis, the government has the duty to help low-class income Filipinos.
o Legal Justice

• It regulates those actions which society may justly require of the individual for the common
good.

• According to the legal justice, the State may enforce laws and performs such if it is for the
welfare of the citizenry.

• Laws, formulated and created, for the protection of the people.

EXAMPLE:
The government has the obligation to formulate and promulgate laws for the maintenance of
peace and order and protection of life and property.
o FORTITUDE

• It allows us to overcome fear and to remain steady in our will in the face of obstacles, but it is
always reasoned and reasonable.
• It is the courage to endure without yielding; the virtue that incites courage; the virtue that gives
person strength of the will.

EXAMPLES
• PATIENCE – it is the ability to be calm in enduring situations.

• PERSEVERANCE – it is the ability to go on despite obstacles.

• ENDURANCE – it is the ability to last.

o TEMPERANCE

• It is the restraint of our desires or passions. Food, drink and sex are all necessary for our
survival, individually and as a species; yet a disordered desire for any of these goods can have
disastrous consequences, physical and moral. (St. Thomas Aquinas)
• It is the ability to moderate one’s instincts and emotions also means self-control.

Human Rights
o Basis of BILL OF RIGHTS

o Rights pertaining to the rights of man; rights inherent to man by virtue of being a human being.

o Are the supreme, inherent and inalienable rights to life, dignity and to self-development.
 • Supreme Rights – highest form of rights.
• Inherent Rights – rights attached to men as human.
• Inalienable Rights – rights cannot be transferred, cannot be borrowed and cannot be taken
away.

Basic Human Rights

o Right to Life

EXCEPTIONS:
▪ Self Defense

▪ Death under Exceptional Circumstances

▪ Death Penalty

o Right to Liberty

EXCEPTIONS:
▪ For reasons of public health and public safety

▪ Penalty for commission of a crime

▪ Circumstances of warrantless arrest

o Right to Property

EXCEPTIONS:
▪ Circumstances of warrantless search by virtue of court order.

Bill of Rights
o A list of individual liberties, freedom and rights which are guaranteed and protected under ARTICLE
III of the 1987 Philippine Constitution.

o Protection of individuals against abuses of the State.

o Protection of the rights of an accused.

Police Ethics
o A practical science that treats the principles of human morality and duty as applied to law
enforcement.

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS

Foundations of PNP Ethical Doctrine
o Divine and Moral Percepta

o Sec. 1 Art. XI, 1987 Philippine Constitution – “Public Office is a Public Trust…”

o Art. 203-245, Title VII – Crimes committed by Public Officers of the RPC

o RA 6713 – Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees

o RA 3019 – Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act

 o RA 6975 – The DILG Act of 1990

o The Original Police Manual

o RA 7080 – Anti-Plunder Act

o RA 9485 – Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007

o NAPOLCOM Resolution No. 92-4 – approving the draft of PNP COPCES

o Philippine National Police Code of Professional Conduct and Ethical Standards

Brief Historical Background

o According to Section 37 of Republic Act 6975, “There shall be established a performance evaluation
system which shall be administered in accordance with the rules, regulation and standards, and a
CODE OF CONDUCT promulgated by the Commission for member of the Philippine National
Police…”

o NAPOLCOM Resolution No. 92-4

• The resolution issued by the NAPOLCOM approving the draft of the PNP Code of Conduct
and Ethical Standards by the PNP.

• Approved on 12 March 1992.

Purposes of the Code

o To foster individual efficiency, behavioral discipline and organizational effectiveness, as well as
respect for constitutional and human rights of citizens, democratic principles and ideals, and the
supremacy of civilian authority over the military;

o To set the moral tone and norms of Professional Conduct in the Police service;

o To provide moral and ethical guidance to all PNP members; and

o To enlighten members of the Police service of what behavior is really acceptable – to define what
is permitted and what is prohibited.

Laws relating to the PNP COPCES

o Republic Act 3019 – the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act.

o Republic Act 6713 – Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees.

o Republic Act 7080 – Anti-Plunder Act.

o People’s Law Enforcement Board (PLEB) Rules and Regulations.

Definition of Terms
o NEGLECT OF DUTY OR NON FEASANCE

▪ The omission or refusal, without sufficient excuse, to perform an act or duty, which it was
the peace officer’s legal obligation to perform.

▪ It implies a duty as well as its breach and the fact can never be found in the absence of
duty.
 Example: A Police Officer who has a duty to serve and protect the members of the society,
refuses to help a woman who is being robbed by a gang.
o IRREGULARITIES IN THE PERFORMANCE OF DUTY OR MISFEASANCE

▪ The improper performance of some act which might lawfully be done.

Example: Improperly searching a home without securing a search warrant.

o MISCONDUCT OR MALFEASANCE

▪ The doing, either through ignorance, inattention or malice, of that which the officer had no
legal rights to at all, as where he acts without any authority whatsoever, or exceeds, ignores
or abuses his powers.

▪ Generally, means wrongful, improper or unlawful conduct, motivated by premeditated,

obstinate or intentional purpose.

▪ Usually refers to transgression of some established and definite rule of action.

Example: A Police Officer is accepting bribes to destroy an evidence that would incriminate the
briber.
o INCOMPETENCY

▪ Lack of adequate ability and fitness for the satisfactory performance of Police duties.

▪ Has reference to any physical, moral or intellectual quality, the lack of which substantially
incapacitates one to perform his duties.

Example: A Police Officer suffered blindness that will result to being an incompetent police
officer.
o OPPRESSION

▪ An act of cruelty, severity, unlawful exaction, domination or excessive use of authority.

o DISLOYALTY TO THE GOVERNMENT

▪ Consist of abandonment or renunciation of one’s loyalty to the Government of the

Philippines, or advocating the overthrow of the Government.

o VIOLATION OF LAW

▪ Presupposes conviction in court of any crime or offense penalized under the Revised Penal
Code or any special law or ordinance.

o GOVERNMENT

▪ It includes the national government, the local governments, the government-owned and
controlled corporations, and all other instrumentalities or agencies of the Republic of the
Philippines.

o PUBLIC OFFICER

▪ Includes elective and appointive officials and employees, permanent or temporary, whether
in the classified or unclassified or exempt service receiving compensation, from the
Government.

o GRAFT
 ▪ The acquisition of gain or advantage by dishonest, unfair or sordid means, especially
through the abuse one’s position or influence in Politics or Government.

o CORRUPTION

▪ An act done with intent to give some advantage inconsistent with official duty and the rights
of others.

▪ The state of making something or someone other than what is ideal.

o BRIBERY

▪ The act of receiving gifts or presents or accepting offers and/or promises in exchange of
committing a crime that relates to the exercise of the office which with thehumanb public
officer discharges.

o DISHONESTY

▪ Concealment or distortion of truth in a matter of fact relevant to one’s office or connected

with the performance of his duties.

o COMMAND

▪ The authority of person lawfully exercises over subordinates by virtue of rank or

assignment or position.

o RESPONSIBILITY

▪ The obligation to perform one’s duties and functions and his accountability for his actions.

o COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY

▪ The doctrine that imposes commensurate accountability to one who is vested with authority
to exercise management and/or leadership functions.

Law Enforcement Code of Ethics

o As a law enforcement officer, my fundamental duty is to serve mankind; to safeguard life and
property; to protect the innocent against deception; weak against oppression or intimidation; and
the peaceful against violence or disorder; and to respect the constitutional rights of all men, to
liberty, equality and justice.

o I will keep my private life unsullied as an example to all; maintain courageous in the face of danger,
scorn or ridicule; develop self-restraint and be constantly mindful of the welfare of others. Honest
in our thought and deed in both my personal and official life, I will be exemplary in obeying the laws
of the land and regulations of my organization. Whatever I see or hear of a confidential in nature or
that is confided to me in my official capacity will be kept ever secret unless revelation is necessary
in the performance of my duty.

o I will never act officiously or permit personal feelings, prejudices, animosities or friendship to
influence my decision, with no compromise for crime and with relentless prosecution of criminals. I
will enforce the law courteously and appropriately without fear or favor, malice or ill-will, never
employing unnecessary force or violence and never accepting gratuity in return.

o I recognize the badge of my office as a symbol of public faith and I accept it as a public trust to be
held so long as I am true to the ethics of police service. I will never engage in acts of corruption or
 bribery, nor will I condone such acts by other police officers. I will cooperate with all legally
authorized agencies and their representatives in the pursuit of justice.

o I know that I alone am responsible for my own standard of professional performance and will take
every reasonable opportunity to enhance and improve my level of knowledge and competence. I
will constantly strive to achieve these objectives and ideals, dedicating myself before God to my
chosen profession… law enforcement.

Canons of Police Ethics

o PRIMORDIAL POLICE RESPONSIBILITY

▪ The primary responsibility of the Police is CRIME PREVENTION.

o LIMITATION OF POLICE AUTHORITY

▪ Laws set limits to the authority of the police in the performance of their functions.

▪ Police Officers are not exempted from obeying the law they are enforcing.

o KNOWLEDGE OF THE LAW AND OTHER RESPONSIBILITIES

▪ Police Officers must know and understand the laws they are enforcing.

▪ They must fully understand their duties and responsibilities as Police Officer.

▪ Police Officers must know the relationship of the PNP with other law enforcement agencies.

o USE OF PROPER MEANS TO OBTAIN PROPER ENDS

▪ Police Officers must use lawful methods in performing their official duties and functions.

MEANS – ways; manner

ENDS – goals; objectives
o COOPERATION WITH PUBLIC OFFICIALS

▪ Police Officers must recognize other public officials in order to function efficiently for the
welfare of the community.

o PROPER CONDUCT AND BEHAVIOR

▪ Police Officers must careful with what they say and what they do at all times, whether in
their personal lives or official capacity.

o CONDUCT TOWARDS THE COMMUNITY

▪ Police Officers must always remember that they serve the community. Therefore, they shall
manifest proper conduct towards the citizens.

o CONDUCT IN ARRESTING LAW VIOLATORS

▪ Police Officers must always abide by the rules and prescribed procedures in making lawful
arrests.

o FIRMNESS IN REFUSING GIFTS OR FAVORS

▪ Police Officers must NEVER ASK for, and NEVER ACCEPT, gifts or favors in exchange for
their help or assistance to avoid misinterpretation.
 o IMPARTIAL PRESENTATION OF EVIDENCE

▪ Police Officers must present all evidence, whether the evidence proves the innocence or
guilt of the suspect.

IMPARTIAL – FAIR
o ATTITUDE TOWARDS POLICE PROFESSION

▪ Police Officers must have a high regard and respect for the Police Profession.

▪ Police Officers must strive to improve their knowledge and skill in order to serve the
community the best possible way they can.

Professional Police Principles

o PREVENTION OF CRIME AND DISORDER

▪ It is the primordial responsibility of the Police.

▪ It is the primary objective of the Police Organization.

o COOPERATION OF THE COMMUNITY

▪ The ability of the Police to perform their duty is dependent upon community support.

▪ The Police must secure the respect and trust of the community in order to gain their
support.

o UNREASONABLE FORCE REDUCES COMMUNITY COOPERATION

▪ Police Officers must not abuse their authority because it affects the attitude and opinions
of the community towards them, which in return affects their desire to cooperate.

o USE OF REASONABLE FORCE WHEN PERSUASION IS NOT SUFFICIENT

▪ Police Officers are allowed to use force when dialogue is no longer effective, but the kind
or degree of force must be REASONABLE.

o IMPARTIAL ENFORCEMENT OF LAWS

▪ Police Officers must enforce the law equally to all persons, without regard to social status.

▪ The law should apply to all.

o POLICE SHOULD NOT USURP JUDICIAL POWER

▪ Police Officers have no authority to decide if the suspect is guilty or not, and cannot impose
the penalty that they want.

USURP – take on, assume

JUDICIAL POWER – The authority to judge and impose penalty
o REDUCTION OF CRIME AND DISORDER

▪ The test of Police efficiency is the reduction of crime and disorder until totally eradicated,
not by evidence of Police presence and action in dealing with the community.

o RULES OF ENGAGEMENT IMPARTIALLY OBSERVED

 ▪ Police Officers must always abide by the prescribed procedures in conducting police
operations.

o POLICE DISCRETION

▪ The act or the liberty to decide according to the principles of justice and the police officer’s
idea of what is right and proper under the circumstances.

▪ Wise judgement under circumstances.

o ABUSE OF DISCRETION

▪ The use of discretion in such a way as to deprive a person of his right.

▪ Police Officers must NEVER ABUSE POLICE DISCRETION granted to them.

The PNP Core Values

The police service is a noble profession which demands from its members specialized knowledge
and skills, as well as high standards of ethics and morality. Hence, the members of the PNP must adhere
to and internalize the enduring core values of:
o LOVE OF GOD

o RESPECT FOR AUTHORITY

o SELFLESS LOVE AND SERVICE TO PEOPLE

o SANCTITY OF MARRIAGE AND RESPECT FOR WOMEN

o RESPONSIBLE DOMINION AND STEWARDSHIP OVER

o MATERIAL THINGS

o TRUTHFULNESS

The Police Officer’s Creed

o I believe in God, The Supreme Being, The Great Provider, and The Creator of all men and
everything dear to me. In return, I can do no less than love Him above all obeying His word, seek
His guidance in the performance of my sworn duties and honor Him at all times.

o I believe that respect for authority is a duty. I respect and uphold the Constitution, the laws of the
land and the applicable rules and regulations. I recognize the legitimacy and authority of the
leadership, and obey legal orders of my superior officers.

o I believe in selfless love and service to people. Towards this end, I commit myself to the service of
my fellowmen over and above my personal interest.

o I believe in the sanctity of marriage and family life. I shall set the example of decency and morality,
shall have high regard for family life and value of marital fidelity.

o I believe in the responsible dominion and stewardship over material things. I shall inhibit myself
from extravagance and ostentatious display of material things. I shall help protect the environment
and conserve nature to maintain ecological balance.

o I believe in the wisdom of truthfulness. I must be trustworthy and I shall uphold the truth at all times.

PNP Stand on Basic Issues

The deployment and employment of PNP personnel require the organization and its members to bare their
stand on the following basic issues:
o PNP Image

▪ The image of any organization affects the esprit d’ corps, morale and welfare of the
members, and sense of pride to the organization. Thus, all members of the PNP should act
in a manner that would reflect best on the PNP and live by the PNP’s core values.

▪ Honor

▪ Integrity

▪ Valor

▪ Justice

▪ Honesty

▪ Humility

▪ Charity

▪ Loyalty to Service

o Career Management, the Key to Professionalism

▪ The PNP recognizes the need to have proper and strict policies regarding recruitment,
training, assignment, promotion, awards, discipline and retirement to ensure sound
administration and to look after the welfare of its members.

o Police Management Leadership

▪ The effectiveness of law enforcement is reflective of the managerial capabilities and

competent leadership of the men and women who run the PNP organization.

o Equality in the Service

▪ All Police Officers shall have equal opportunities for improvement and career advancement
based on merit.

o Delicadeza

▪ Sense of pride and self-worth

▪ Police Officers must be able to sacrifice self-interest in the name of duty.

▪ Police Officers must not do anything that would bring dishonor to himself and to the PNP
organization itself.

o Police Lifestyle

▪ Police Officers must live a simple, yet credible and dignified life, free from greed, corruption
and exploitation.

▪ Police Officers must set a good example.

o Political Patronage
 ▪ Police Officers must NEVER ASK for recommendations from Public Officials in matters
pertaining to promotion, assignment, awards and others.

Police Professional Conduct

o Commitment to Democracy

▪ Police Officers must never forget that they are public servants and they must at all times
uphold the Constitution and be loyal to the country, the people and the PNP Organization.

o Commitment to Public Interest

Public Interest
▪ Police Officers must respect the fact that their resources are funded by taxpayers’ money
and should therefore used wisely and economically to avoid wastage of public funds.

▪ Police Officers must always uphold public interest over and above personal interests.

▪ For the good of the people or community.

o Non-Partisanship

▪ Police Officers must not be identified with any particular political party or figure.

▪ “They must extend their assistance to all regardless of party affiliation.”

o Physical Fitness and Health

▪ PNP members shall strive to be physically and mentally fit and in good health at all times.

o Secrecy Discipline

▪ Police Officers must guard the confidentiality of all information and all matters relating to
the official function of the Police Organization.

▪ “Disclosure must always be authorized.”

o Social Awareness

▪ Police Officers and their immediate family members shall be encouraged to actively get
involved in religious, social and civic activities.

o Non-Solicitation of Patronage

▪ PNP members shall seek self-improvement through career development and shall not
directly or indirectly solicit influence or recommendation from politicians, high ranking
government officials’ prominent citizens, persons affiliated with civic or religious
organizations with regards to their assignments, promotions, transfer or those of other
members of the force, nor shall they initiate any petition to be prepared and presented by
citizens in their behalf. Moreover, they shall advise their immediate relatives not to interfere
in the activities of the police service particularly in the assignment and reassignment of
personnel.

o Proper Care and Use of Public Property

▪ PNP members shall promote and maintain sense of responsibility in the protection, proper
care and judicious disposition and use of public property issued for their official use or
entrusted to their care and custody.
 o Respect for Human Rights

▪ In the performance of duty, no member shall inflict, instigate or tolerate extra-judicial

killings, arbitrary arrests, any act of torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading
treatment or punishment .

o Devotion to Duty

▪ PNP members shall perform their duties with dedication thoroughness, efficiency
enthusiasm, determination, and manifest concern for public welfare, and shall refrain
from engaging in any activity which shall be conflict with their duties as public servants.

o Conservation of Natural Resources

▪ PNP members shall help in the development and conservation of our natural resources for
ecological balance and posterity as these are the inalienable heritage of our people.

o Discipline

▪ PNP members shall conduct themselves properly at all times in keeping with the rules and
regulations of the organization.

o Loyalty

▪ Police Officers must be loyal to the Constitution and to the police service, as manifested
by their loyalty to their superiors, peers and subordinates.

o Obedience to Superiors

▪ Police Officers must obey lawful orders of their superiors.

▪ “Police Officers must always be courteous to superiors and other appropriate authorities
within the chain of command.”

o Command Responsibility

▪ The doctrine that imposes commensurate accountability to one who is vested with authority
to exercise management and/or leadership functions.

Police Ethical Standards

Ethical standards shall refer to established and generally accepted moral values. Ethical acts to be
observed are the following:
o Morality

▪ Police Officers must adhere to high standard of morality and decency and shall set good
examples for others to follow.

▪ They must not be involved with illegal activities.

▪ They shall be loyal to their spouses.

o Judicious Use of Authority

▪ Police Officers must exercise proper and legitimate use of authority in the performance of
duty.

JUDICIOUS – wise; power.

 o Justice

▪ To give what is due to him.

▪ To respect the rights of others.

o Integrity

▪ Police Officers must not allow themselves to be victims of corruption and dishonest
practices in accordance with applicable laws.

o Humility

▪ Police Officers must never forget that they are public servants and not masters of the
people.

▪ They should perform their duties without arrogance.

o Orderliness

▪ Police Officers must follow logical procedures in accomplishing tasks to minimize waste of
time, money, effort and other resources.

o Perseverance

▪ Police Officers must exert all efforts to achieve their goal or mission even in the face of
difficulties and obstacles.

Police Customs and Traditions

o Customs

▪ Rules of conduct formed by repetition of acts, uniformly practiced as social rules.

▪ Established usage or social practices carried on by tradition that has obtained the force of
law.

o Courtesy

▪ A manifestation or expression of consideration and respect.

Police Customs on Courtesy

o Salute – is the usual greetings rendered by uniformed members upon meeting and recognizing
person entitled to a salute.
o Salute to National Color and Standard – members stand at attention and salute the national color
and standard as these pass by them or when the national color is raised or lowered during
ceremonies.
o Address or Title – PNP members who are junior in rank must address senior members with SIR
or MA’AM.

Courtesy Call
When a Police Officer appears before a superior officer as a sign of respect and in acknowledgement of
the latter’s authority or position.
o Courtesy Call of Newly Assigned/Appointed Member – PNP members who are newly
appointed or assigned in a unit or command call on the chief of the unit or command and other
 key personnel as a matter of courtesy, as well as for accounting, orientation and other
purposes.
o Christmas Call – PNP members pay a Christmas Call on their local executives in their
respective areas of responsibility.
o New Year’s Call – PNP members pay a New Year’s call on their commanders and /or key
officials in their respective areas of responsibility.
o Promotion Call – Newly promoted PNP members call on their unit head. On this occasion, they
are usually given due recognition and congratulations by their peers for such deserved
accomplishment.
o Exit Call – PNP members pay an Exit Call on their superiors in the unit or command when relieved
or reassigned out of the said unit or command.

Courtesy on the Post

o The host unit extend hospitality to visiting personnel who pay respect to the command or unit.

Rank Has-Its-Own Privilege (RHIP)

o PNP members recognize the practice that different ranks carry with them corresponding privileges.

Police Customs on Ceremonies

o Flag Raising Ceremony – PNP members honor the flag by hoisting it and singing the National
Anthem before the start of the official day’s work.
o Flag Lowering Ceremony – At the end of the official days’ work, the PNP members pause
for a moment to salute the lowering of the flag.
o Half-Mast – The flag is raised at half-mast in deference to deceased uniformed members of
the command.
o Funeral Service and Honors – Departed uniformed members, retirees, war veterans or
former PC/INP members are given vigil, necrological services and graveside honors as a gesture
of farewell.
o Ceremony Tendered to Retirees – In recognition of their long, faithful and honorable
service to the PNP, a testimonial activity shall be tendered in their honor.
o Honor Ceremony – Arrival and departure honor ceremonies are rendered to visiting
dignitaries, VIPs, PNP Officers with the grade of Chief Superintendent and above and AFP officers
of equivalent grade, unless waived
o Turnover Ceremony – The relinquishment and assumption of command or key position is
publicly announced in a Turnover Ceremony by the outgoing and incoming officers in the
presence of the immediate superior or his representative. Outgoing Commander/Director
should not leave his post without proper turnover. Turn-over includes turnover of
properties/equipment, human and material resources.
o Wedding Ceremony -- During marriage of PNP members, a ceremony is conducted with
participants in uniform and swords drawn.
o Anniversary – The birth or institutional establishment of a command or unit is commemorated
in an Anniversary Ceremony.

Social Decorum
o A set of norms and standards practiced by Police Officers during social and other functions.

Police Customs on Social Decorum

o Proper Attire

• Wearing of prescribed uniform

• Wearing, as part of uniform, awards and decorations earned in accordance with the prescribed
rules and regulations.
• Advance to haircut prescribed by rules and regulations.
 • Manner of Walking: Police Officers are expected to walk with pride and dignity.

o Table Manners – PNP members observe table etiquette at all times.

o Social Graces – PNP members conduct themselves properly in dealing with people during social
functions.

Other Police Customs

o Visiting the Sick- Immediate commanders or other available officers of the unit visit PNP
Members who are sick in the hospital, their residence or any place of confinement in order
that their needs are attended to.
o Survivor Assistance of Heir of Deceased Members- A survivor officer is designated
whenever PNP members die, to render maximum assistance to their bereaved family until all
benefits due shall have been received.
o Visiting the Religious Leaders- PNP Officers visit religious leaders in their areas of assignment
to establish or maintain rapport and cooperation between the different religious leaders and
the PNP.
o Athletics- PNP members indulge in physical fitness activities o insure that their proper physical
appearance and bearing are smaller than the size of his chest and in conformity with the
standard set forth by the organization.
o Happy Hours- Usually on Friday or any other day suitable for the occasion, PNP members gather
together at their PNP club for a light hearted jesting or airing of minor gripes.

Traditions
o Bodies of beliefs, stories, customs and usages handed down from generation to generation with
the effect of an unwritten law.

Police Traditions
o Spiritual Beliefs- PNP members are traditionally religious and God-loving person. They attend
religious services together with the members of their family.
o Valor- History attests that the Filipino law enforcers have exemplified the tradition of valor
in defending the country from aggression and oppression and protecting/preserving the
life and property of the people. They sacrificed their limbs and lives for the sake of their countrymen
whom they have pledged to serve.
o Patriotism - The PNP members are traditionally patriotic by nature. They manifest their love of
country with a pledge of allegiance to the flag and a vow to defend the constitution.
o Discipline- The discipline of the PNP members is manifested by instinctive obedience to
lawful orders and thorough and spontaneous actions towards attainment of organizational
objectives guided by moral, ethical and legal norms.
o Gentlemanliness- PNP members are upright in character, gentle in manners, dignified in
appearance, and sincere in their concern to fellowmen.
o Word of Honor- PNP members’ word is their bond. They stand by and commit to uphold it.
o Duty- PNP members have historically exemplified themselves as dedicated public servants who
perform their tasks with a deep sense of responsibility and self-sacrifice. They shall readily accept
assignment anywhere in the country.
o Loyalty- PNP members are traditionally loyal to the organization, country and people as
borne by history and practice.
o Camaraderie- The binding spirit that enhances teamwork and cooperation in the police
organization, extending to the people they serve., in manifested by the PNP members’ deep
commitment and concern for one another.

Police Officer’s Pledge

o I will love and serve God, my country and people;
 o I will uphold the Constitution and obey legal orders of the duly constituted authorities;

o I will oblige myself to maintain a high standard of morality and professionalism;

o I will respect the customs and traditions of the police service; and

o I will live a decent and virtuous life to serve as an example to others.

PNP Ethics Day

o Celebrated yearly on 7 January.

o Started on January 7, 1995 and celebrated every year thereafter.

HUMAN BEHAVIOR & VICTIMOLOGY

Prepared by: JO1 Sean Francis C San Diego, RCrim, MSCJ, PhD-Crim (on-going)

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Development
⎯ It refers to a progressive series of changes of an orderly and coherent life leading toward
maturity.
Significant facts about development:
a. Early Foundation is Critical (First two years of life – physical and emotional)
⎯ Attitudes, habits and pattern of behavior established during the early years and determine
to a large extent how successfully individuals will adjust to life as they grow older.
b. Maturation and Learning play an important role in development:
⎯ Maturation – refers to the growth following the birth that is determined primarily by genetic
factors and occurs more or less independently of learning.
⎯ Learning – development that comes from exercise and effort on the individual’s part.
Three (3) Important facts emerge from our present knowledge of the interrelationship of
maturation and learning as the cause of development:
1. Because human beings are capable of learning, variation is possible.
2. Maturation set limits beyond which progress, even with the favorable learning methods
and the strongest motivation.
3. There is definite time table of learning.
c. Development follows a definite and predictable pattern:
⎯ The importance of this is that it makes it possible to predict what people will do at a given
age and to plan their education and training to fit into this pattern.
d. All Individuals are different:
 ⎯ All individuals are biologically and genetically different from the others. No two people
can be expected to react in the same manner to the same environment stimuli.
e. Each phase of development has characteristic pattern of behavior:
⎯ Phases of development:
o Equilibrium – when individuals adopt easily to environmental demands.
o Disequilibrium – when the individuals experience difficulties in adaptation makes
poor personal social adjustment.
f. Each phase of development has its hazards:
⎯ Each period in life can be associated with certain developmental hazards – physical,
psychological, and environmental.
g. Development is aided by stimulation:
⎯ Directly encouraging the individual to use ability in the process of development.
Stimulation of muscles during the early years results in earlier and better coordinated motor
skills.

h. Development is affected by cultural changes:

⎯ Individual development is molded to conform to cultural standards and ideals.
i. There are social expectations for every stage of development:
⎯ Cultural groups expect its member to master certain essential skills and acquire certain
approved patterns of behavior.
j. There are traditional beliefs about people of all ages:
⎯ These beliefs about physical and psychological characteristics affect the judgements of
others as well as their self-evaluation.
Characteristics of Development
⎯ Dependence to Self-direction
⎯ Pleasure to Reality
⎯ Ignorance to Knowledge
⎯ Incompetence to Competence
⎯ Diffuse to Articulated Self-identity
Stages in Human Life Span
⎯ Prenatal Period – conception to birth (0 to 9 months) (Approximately 270 to 280 days or
nine calendar months)
⎯ Infancy – Birth to the end of 2nd week
 o The shortest of all developmental periods, Time of radical adjustments, Plateau in
development, Hazardous period
⎯ Babyhood – End of 2nd week to the end of the 2nd year
o The shortest of all developmental periods, Time of radical adjustments, Plateau in
development, Hazardous period
⎯ Early Childhood – 2 to 6 years
⎯ Late Childhood – 6 to 10 or 12 years
⎯ Puberty or Pre-Adolescence – 10 or 12 to 13 or 14 years
o Overlapping period, short period, Divided into stages [prepubescent, pubescent and
post-pubescent stage], time of rapid growth and change, occurs at variable age
⎯ Adolescence – 13 or 14 to 18 years
o An important period, a transitional period, a period of change, a problem age, a
time of search of identity, a dreaded age, a time of unrealism, a threshold of
adulthood
⎯ Early Adulthood – 18 to 40 years
o Reproductive age, Problem age, Period of emotional tension, Period of social
isolation, Time of commitment, Often a period of dependency, Time of value
change, Time of adjustment to new lifestyle, Creative age
⎯ Middle Age – 40 to 60 years
o A dreaded period, A time of transition, A time of stress, A dangerous age, An
awkward age, A time of evaluation, Evaluated by a double standard, The time of
empty nest, A time of boredom
⎯ Old Age or Senescence – 60 to Death
o A period of decline, Judge by different criteria, There are many stereotypes of old
people, social attitudes towards old age, Elderly have a minority – group status,
Aging requires role changes, Poor adjustments is characteristics of old age, The
desire for rejuvenation is widespread in old age

Developmental Tasks during Life Span

Developmental Tasks – a task which arises at or about certain period in the life of the individual,
successful achievement of which leads to happiness and to success, while failure leads to
unhappiness and difficulty with later tasks.
a. Babyhood and Early Childhood (Conception to 6 years old)
⎯ Learning to take solid food
⎯ Learning to walk
⎯ Learning to talk
⎯ Learning to control the elimination of body wastes
⎯ Learning sex differences and sexual modesty
 ⎯ Getting ready to read
⎯ Learning to distinguish right and wrong and beginning to develop conscience
b. Late Childhood (6 to 12 years old)
⎯ Learning physical skills necessary for ordinary games
⎯ Building a wholesome attitude toward oneself as growing organism
⎯ Learning to get along with age mate
⎯ Beginning to develop appropriate masculine or feminine social roles
⎯ Developing fundamental skills in reading, writing and calculating
⎯ Developing concepts necessary for everyday living
⎯ Developing conscience, sense of morality, and scale of values
⎯ Attitudes toward social groups and institutions
⎯ Achieving personal independence
c. Puberty and Adolescence (10 to 18 years old)
⎯ Achieving new and more mature relations with age mates of both sexes
⎯ Achieving a masculine and feminine social role
⎯ Accepting one’s physique and using one’s body effectively
⎯ Desiring, accepting, and achieving socially responsible behavior
⎯ Achieving emotional independence from parents and other adults
⎯ Preparing for an economic career
⎯ Preparing for marriage and family life
⎯ Acquiring a set of values and an ethical system as a guide to behavior
d. Early Adulthood (18 to 40 years old)
⎯ Getting started in an occupation
⎯ Selecting a mate
⎯ Learning to live with a marriage partner
⎯ Starting a family
⎯ Rearing children
⎯ Managing a home
⎯ Taking on civic responsibility
⎯ Finding a congenial social group
e. Middle Age (40 to 60 years old)
⎯ Achieving adult civic and social responsibility
⎯ Assisting teenage children to become responsible and happy adults
⎯ Developing adult leisure time activities
⎯ Relating oneself to one spouse’s person
⎯ Accepting and adjusting to the physiological changes of middle age
⎯ Reaching and maintaining satisfactory performance in one’s occupational career
 ⎯ Adjusting to aging parents
f. Old Age or Senescence (60 years old to death)
⎯ Adjusting to decreasing physical strength
⎯ Adjusting to retirement and reduced income
⎯ Adjusting to death of spouse
⎯ Establishing an explicit affiliation with members of one’s age group
⎯ Establishing satisfactory physical living arrangements
⎯ Adapting to social roles in a flexible way
Purposes of Developmental Tasks
- They are guidelines that enable individuals to know what societies expect of them at given
ages.
- Motivate individuals to do what the social group expects them to do at certain ages during
their lives.
- Show individuals what lies ahead and what they will be expected to do when they reach
their next stage of development.
Psychosexual Stages of Development
⎯ Freud believes that all human beings pass through a series of psychosexual stages.
⎯ Each stage dominated by the development of sensitivity in a particular erogenous or
measure – giving spot in the body.
⎯ If individuals are unsuccessful in resolving the conflict, their solving frustration becomes
chronic and remains a central feature of their psychological make – up.
⎯ As a result of their frustration or over indulgence, individuals experience fixation at a
particular stage of their development.
Fixation
- is the tendency to stay at a particular stage.
- The individuals troubled by the conflict that characterizes the stage and seeing to
reduce it by means of the behavior characteristics of that stage.
a. The Oral Stage
⎯ Reflect the infants need for gratification from the mother.
Fixation: Nail-biting, smoking, gum-chewing, bad mouthing and excessive drinking
b. The Anal Stage (2nd to the 3rd year of life)
⎯ Reflects the toddlers need for gratification along the rectal area.
⎯ During this stage, children must endure the demand of toilet training.
Fixation:
 1. Anal-retentive individuals: This group may have experienced overly strict and harsh
potty training as children and may grow to be overly obsessed with orderliness and
tidiness.
2. Anal-expulsive individuals: This group may have experienced very lax potty training,
resulting in them being very messy and disorganized as adults.

c. The Phallic Stage (4th to 5th year of life)

⎯ Reflects the preschooler’s gratification involving the genitals.
⎯ Children of this stage gratify their sex instinct by founding their genitals and developing
incestuous desire for the opposite sex parent.
Fixation: This could lead to adult personalities that are overly vain, exhibitionistic, and
sexually aggressive. Girls can also experienced the theory of Penis Envy.

d. The Latency Stage (6th year of life to puberty)

⎯ Is Freud’s fourth stage of psychosexual development.
⎯ During this time, sexual desires are repressed and all the Childs available libido is socially
acceptable outlets such as school – work or vigorous play that consume most of Childs
physical and psychic energy.
Fixation: Immaturity and Inability to socialize and build relationship
e. The Genital Stage (from Puberty onwards)
 ⎯ Is characterized by maturation of the reproductive system, production of sex hormones,
and reactivation of the genital zone as an area of sensual pleasure.
⎯ The adolescent may openly express libidos toward member of the opposite sex. But for the
first time, the underlying aim of sex instinct is reproduction.
Fixation: Difficulty dealing with lifelong heterosexual relationship.
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Definition
⎯ It is the voluntary or involuntary attitude a person adopts in order to fit society’s idea of
right and wrong.
⎯ It’s partly determined by heredity and environment and modified through learning.
⎯ It is also the way human being act.

Causation of Human Behavior

a. Sensation
⎯ The feeling or impression of stimulus.
⎯ The process by which organism responds to stimulus.
o Visual – Sight
o Olfactory – Smell
o Cutaneous – Touch
o Auditory – Hearing
o Gustatory – Taste
b. Perception
⎯ Knowledge of stimulus
⎯ Sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli from our sensory organ.
⎯ Process by which sensory stimuli are interpreted, analyzed, and integrated.
c. Awareness
⎯ Psychological activity, it is in accordance with the interpretation and experience of object
of stimulus.
Two Basic Types of Human Behavior
a. Inherited Behavior
⎯ Behavioral response or reflex exhibited by people due to their genetic endowment or the
process of natural selection.
b. Learned Behavior
 ⎯ It involves cognitive adaptation that enhances the human beings ability to cope with
changes in the environment in ways which improve the changes for service.
Motivation of Human Behavior
a. The Needs Theory of Human Behavior
⎯ This theory states that, throughout life, desires, wishes and drives, collectively called needs,
motivate all.
⎯ When not fulfilled, these needs lace the individuals under stress and in order to relieve the
tensions created one has to strive for appropriate satisfactions.
⎯ However, the ways to satisfy these needs are governed by the society whose mechanics are
not always identical to the individual’s constant struggle for food, warmth, affection,
achievement, recognition, and economic and emotional security.
These needs are arranged according to its hierarchy, to wit;
1. Physiological needs
2. Safety needs
3. The sense of belonging and love needs
4. Esteem needs
5. The need for self-actualization
b. The Psychodynamics of Human Motivation
⎯ This theory viewed that what person do and how they act are reflections of the operations
of their inner personality. This inner personality of the inner self is a system of forces or
network energy, called psychic forces and makes one act and feel in certain ways its
interplay.
⎯ The seat of these psychic forces is the mind, which is a symbol of mental life and mental
activity. The mind has three levels on which the symbols of these psychic forces operate,
namely; ID, EGO and SUPER EGO. These symbolic terms used to describe certain
emotional and psychological activities which motivate behavior and affect personality. The
organization of total personality depends upon the adequate and harmonious functioning
of these three (3) dynamically interacting forces.

ID
✓ The raw, unorganized, inherited part of personality whose sole purpose is
to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex,
aggression, and irrational impulses.
✓ These drives are fueled by “psychic energy” called libido (drives, desires
& impulses).
✓ The id operates according to the pleasure principle in which the goal is the
immediate reduction of tensions and the maximization of satisfaction.
 EGO
✓ Provides a buffer between the ID and realities (SUPER EGO) of the
objective outside world.
✓ In contrast to the pleasure-seeking nature of the ID, the EGO operates
according to the reality principle, in which instinctual energy is restrained
in order to maintain the safety of the individual and help integrate the person
in society.
SUPER EGO
✓ The final personality structure to develop, represents the rights and wrongs
of the society as handed down by person’s parents, teachers and other
important figures.
✓ The superego actually has two parts, the conscience and the ego – ideal.
o Conscience – prevents us from doing morally bad things.
o Ego – ideal – motivates us to do what is morally proper.
Viewpoints in the Study of Human Behavior
a. Neurological
⎯ Emphasizes human actions in relation to events taking place inside the body, especially the
brain and the nervous system.
b. Cognitive
⎯ Concerned with the way the brain processes and transforms information in various ways.
c. Psychoanalytical
⎯ Emphasizes unconscious motives stemming from repressed sexual and aggressive
impulses in childhood.
d. Behavioral
⎯ It focuses on external activities that can be observed and measured.

e. Humanistic
⎯ It focuses on the subject’s experience, freedom of choice, and motivation.
Factors that Affect Human Behavior
a. Heredity
⎯ It is determined by genes.
⎯ Genes are segments of cell structures called chromosomes by which parents pass on traits
to their offspring.
b. Environment
⎯ Consists of conditions and factors that surround and influence on individual.
c. Learning
⎯ Is the process by which behavior changes as a result of experience or practice.
Characteristics of Behavior
1. Primarily native or learned
2. Evoked by external stimuli or internal need
3. Automatic, voluntary, conscious motor or intentional
Kinds of Behavior
a. Overt or Covert Behavior
⎯ Behavior that are outwardly manifested or those that are directly observable are overt
behaviors.
⎯ On the other hand, the covert behaviors are hidden and not visible to the naked eye.
b. Conscious or Unconscious Behavior
⎯ Behavior is conscious when act is within the level of awareness.
⎯ It is unconscious when acts are embedded in one sub’s consciousness.
c. Simple or Complex Behavior
⎯ These are act categorized according to the number of nervous involved in the process of
behaving.
⎯ Simple behavior involves a smaller number of neurons, an action that is a result of one
cause.
⎯ While complex behavior involves more neurons, an action that is a result of underlying
causes.
d. Rational or Irrational Behavior
⎯ There is rational behavior when a person acted with sanity or reason.
⎯ Irrational behavior is when the person acted with no apparent reason or exploitation.
e. Voluntary or Involuntary Behavior
⎯ Voluntary behavior is an act done with full volition or will such as when we discriminate,
decide, or choose.
⎯ While, involuntary behaviors refer to the bodily processes that function whether we are
awake or asleep.

Personality Dimensions that Affect Human Behavior

a. Extraversion
⎯ The diversion that dictates conditionability and is therefore the principal factor in anti-
social behavior. It represents a central nervous system tendency that determines the need
for stimulation and excitement.
⎯ Extroverts not only have high needs for stimulation, but they also do not condition easily.
They frequently seek stimulation excitement and thrills, all of which can get them in
trouble.
b. Neuroticism
⎯ It reflects an innate biological predisposition to react physiologically to stressful or
upsetting events. Basically, it represents emotionality. Persons high to neuroticism react
intensely much longer to stress and are generally moody, touchy, slightly sensitive and
anxious or nervous.
⎯ Neuroticism is most important in understanding some adult criminals, less important in
understanding adolescents and even younger children.
c. Psychoticism
⎯ It is characterized by cold, cruelty, social insensitivity, disregard for danger, troublesome
behavior, dislike of others and attraction toward the unusual.
⎯ The individual high on psychoticism tends to be impulsive, aggressive individual without
appreciable conscience or concern for others.
ADJUSTMENT
Definition
⎯ Adjustment, on the psychological point of view, can be defined simply as a process where
the internal demands of motivations are brought into harmonious relation with the external
demands of reality. As a means to adjustments, persons resorted to what is known as
Defense Mechanism or Adjustment Mechanism.
Defense Mechanism or Adjustment Mechanism
o Used to defend the ego
o Unconscious strategies people use to anxiety by concealing the source from
themselves and others.
Types of Defense Mechanism
a. Repression (Unconsciously)
⎯ Unacceptable or unpleasant ID impulses are pushed back into unconsciousness.
⎯ Repression is the most direct method of dealing with anxiety; instead of handling an
anxiety – producing impulse on a conscious level, one simply ignores it.
b. Suppression (Deliberately)
 ⎯ Involve the individual’s and conscious attempt to stop anxiety – provoking thoughts by
simply not thinking about them.
c. Regression
⎯ Adapting one's behavior to earlier levels of psychosocial development. For example, a
stressful event may cause an individual to regress to bed-wetting after they have already
outgrown this behavior.
d. Denial
⎯ Refers to a person’s refusal to perceive an unpleasant event in external reality.
e. Displacement
⎯ The expression of unwanted feeling or thought is redirected from a more threatening,
powerful person to a weaker one.
⎯ Unconscious attempt to obtain gratification for ID impulses by shifting them to substitute
objects that would directly satisfy the impulses are not available.
f. Scapegoating
⎯ Blaming other for his failure.
g. Rationalization
⎯ It involves the inventing of excuses or reasons for behavior that is inadequate,
unacceptable, or damaging to personal integrity and status.
Types of Rationalization
1. Sour – Grape Mechanism – this involved self-deception by adopting a conviction,
and giving up and relinquishing all efforts towards a goal because it is not worth
the efforts anyway. For example, if someone was turned down by a romantic
interest, they might claim that they didn’t want to date the person in the first place.
If someone was rejected by a potential employer, they might insist that the job
wasn’t that great anyway. (negative ➔ positive)
2. Sweet – Lemon Mechanism – desirable qualities are found in what was not truly
wanted. For example, someone who’s recently been fired, for example, might insist
that they’re excited to look for something new. A student who wasn’t accepted to
their preferred college may claim that they’re looking forward to taking a gap year.
(positive ➔ negative)
h. Projection
⎯ The process of shifting the responsibility for an act or thought from oneself to another
person.
⎯ Attributing unwanted impulse and feeling to someone else.
i. Substitution or Transferred Compensation
 ⎯ A device which makes it possible to discharge tensions by diverting one’s energies from a
desired goal to a substitute one.
⎯ Working on the principles of substitutions are:
Compensation – is defined as excelling in one area to make up for real or perceived deficits
in another area.
Overcompensation – it suggests that a person is going far beyond what is necessary to
make up for their deficiency.
j. Reaction Formation
⎯ Is a defense mechanism in which people express the opposite of their true feelings,
sometimes to an exaggerated extent. For instance, a man who feels insecure about his
masculinity might act overly aggressive.
k. Avoidance Mechanism
⎯ Way of adjusting to a threatening situation by escaping from it.
Types:
Fantasy – mental mechanism where a person substitute real satisfaction for imaginary
satisfactions.
Regression – process relieving anxiety or threat falling back on thoughts, feelings, or behavior
in which worked successfully during the earlier period of life.
Negativism – the refusal to participate in a tense situation. This is a type of avoidance
mechanism manifested through either active or passive resistance towards the external
demands on the individual.
Active Resistance – doing the opposite of what is supposed to be done.
Passive Resistance – doing what is expected to be avoided.
l. Sublimation
⎯ People divert unwanted impulses into socially approved thoughts, feelings or behavior.
⎯ This type of defense mechanism is particularly healthy and socially acceptable.
For example, someone with anger issues may channel their aggressive urges into sports instead
of lashing out at others physically or verbally.
m. Intellectualization
⎯ It involves a person using reason and logic to avoid uncomfortable or anxiety-provoking
emotions. Intellectualization can be a useful way of explaining and understanding negative
events.
 For example, if person A is rude to person B, person B may think about the possible reasons
for person A's behavior.
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
Definition
⎯ A behavior that fails to meet the characteristics of a normal person such as:
 Free expression of personality
 Adequate security feeling
 Efficient contact with reality
 Adaptability to group norms
 Emotional maturity
 Adequate self-knowledge
 Integrated and consistent personality
Types of Abnormal Behavior
a. Personality Disorder
⎯ It originates during early development process leading to maladaptive behavior.
Classification of Personality Disorder
1. Passive – Aggressive – is defined as behavior that is seemingly innocuous, accidental, or
neutral but that indirectly displays an unconscious aggressive motive. People who are
passive-aggressive are indirectly aggressive rather than being directly aggressive. For
instance, passive-aggressive behavior can appear in the form of resistance to another
person's requests by procrastinating, expressing sullenness, or acting stubbornly.
2. Hysterical Personality Disorder – easily excitable, emotional instability, dramatically
attention getting, immature, with tendency to sexualize contacts with opposite sex.
3. Compulsive Personality Disorder – excessive concern for conformity, rigid, maybe
intelligent but trait of character explains his undoing.
4. Paranoid Personality Disorder – hypersensitive, unwarranted suspicion, jealousy, envy,
and feelings of excessive importance.
b. Neuroses
⎯ Neuroses or psychoneuroses are behavioral disorder brought about by emotional tension
resulting from frustration, conflicts, repression or insecurity.
⎯ The persons who develop a neurosis breaks down under the pressure of outer and inner
stresses and displays a host of distress symptoms, although not serious enough to require
institutionalization.
⎯ They compromise with reality by developing imaginary ailments, phobias, obsessions,
compulsions, anxiety or depression.
ANXIETY – It is characterized by the person feeling anxious, fearful anticipation or
apprehension. The person may be irritable, have poor concentration and overreacts to things
that are annoying.
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER – People who suffer from this have unwanted,
intrusive, and repetitive thoughts or behaviors.
o OBSESSION – A repetitive and irresistible thoughts or urge.
o COMPULSION – A repetitive behavior that is thought to produce or prevent
something that is thought to be magically connected to the behavior.
Examples of Compulsion
1. Arithmomania – the impulse to count everything
2. Dipsomania – the impulse to drink liquor
3. Homicidal mania – the impulse to kill
4. Kleptomania – the impulse to steal
5. Megalomania – the impulse for fame or power
6. Pyromania – the impulse to set things on fire
7. Suicidal mania – the impulse to takes one’s life
PHOBIA – Excessive and unexplainable fear of something. Generally exaggerated fear of
things that normal people do not fear with the same degree.
Examples of Phobias
1. Achluphobia or nyctophobia – fear of dark
2. Acrophobia – fear of high places
3. Aerophobia – fear of flying
4. Agoraphobia – fear of open spaces
5. Ailurophobia – fear of cats
6. Algophobia – fear of pain
7. Amaxophobia – fear of vehicles and driving
8. Anthophobia – fear of flowers
9. Antrophobia – fear of people
10. Aquaphobia – fear of water
11. Arachnephobia – fear of spiders
12. Astraphobia- fear of thunder, lightning or storms
13. Cheimphobia – fear of cold
14. Claustrophobia – fear of closed places
15. Cynophobia – fear of dogs
16. Dipsophobia – fear of drinking
17. Ecophobia or Oikophobia – fear of home
18. Electrophobia – fear of electricity
19. Erythrophobia – fear of blushing
20. Gamophobia – fear of marriage
 21. Hematophobia – fear of blood
22. Hydrophobia – fear of water
23. Ideaphobia – fear of thoughts
24. Ochlophobia – fear of crowds
25. Ophidiophobia – fear of snakes
26. Ornithophobia – fear of birds
27. Pathophobia – fear of disease
28. Phobophobia – fear of developing a phobia
29. Rypophobia – fear of dirt
30. Sitophobia – fear of eating
31. Taphophobia – fear of being buried alive
32. Thermophobia – fear of heat
33. Xenophobia – fear of strangers
DEPRESSION – Extreme feeling of low morale, sadness, loneliness, self-pity, despair,
rejection, boredom, and pessimism. A person is said to be depressed if these feelings become
pervasive and can be already affect all aspects of a person’s life.
IMPULSE DISORDER – An excessive or unreasonable desire to do or have something. An
irrational or irresistible motive. Examples of this are kleptomania, pyromania, dipsomania
(alcoholism), and others.
Behavioral Characteristics of Neurotic Reactions
1. Presence of anxiety
2. Inability to function at capacity level
3. Rigid or repetitive behavior
4. Egocentricity
5. Hypersensitivity
6. Immaturity
7. Somatic Complaints
8. Unhappiness
9. A great deal of unconsciously motivated behavior
Factors to be considered in Understanding the Causes of Neuroses
1. Predisposing or Constitutional Factors - genetics, life events, or temperament.
2. Childhood Development Patterns
3. The Immediate Life Situation
4. The Cultural Factors
Classification of Neuroses According to Most Striking Symptoms
Anxiety Reactions
 These are principally manifested in diffused and consciously experienced feelings of
anxiety and apprehension for which there seems to be no specific basis in reality.
  The condition may be chronic and continuous, where the person is always tense and
worried, easily upset, and preoccupied with future calamities.
 Repeated unsatisfactory life situations, conditions that arouse fears of the breakdown
of defensive processes, may constitute the precipitating cause of the anxiety.
 The reaction built on a lifetime pattern of insecurity and immaturity.
Hysteria
 A disorder in which the individual manifests, without identifiable physical pathology,
one or more symptoms usually due to organic disease. These symptoms insulate the
individual from real life stresses.
 Disabilities developed include paralysis of the limbs, intense aches and pains, deafness,
blindness, loss of voice, continuous vomiting, and head or hand tremors.
 The hysteric may develop an anesthesia, where he or she becomes insensitive to pain
and cannot feel a needle or a burn.
Forms of Hysteria
Amnesia
 A disorder in which the individual cannot recall his or her name and remembers
little or nothing about the past.
 It is obliteration through repression of awareness of the self and of the historical
data of all part of one’s previous existence.
Types of Amnesia
o Anterograde – the inability to retain information which has just been seen or
read.
o Retrograde – the inability to recall any event which took place during certain
period of time.
o Localized – the inability to recall events which are related to a particular
situation.
Fugue
 An amnesia state where one wonders away from his or her home or usual
surroundings and when awareness set in, there is no recollection as to how he or
she came to be there. It may last for few hours, days, or months. It is an escape
mechanism from a highly distressful situation.
Multiple Personality
 A dramatic form of hysteria where the patient develops two or more separated and
very different personalities. The personalities achieved vary in degree of
completeness, and may or may not be consciously different.
 Shifting from one personality to another last for from a few hours to several months
or years apart.
 Somnambulism
 A dream like state where the person walks about and carries on certain activities
which are not remembered later.
 The somnambulist will get out of bed, with eyes open but not awake, and gives the
appearance of trying to reach a definite goal.
 They even responds to questions or demands without awakening.
DEVIANT SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
Sexuality – behavior associated with relation between sexes and reproductive organ.
Normal Sexuality – sexual completion that leads to mature and adjusted individual capable of
entering relationships with a member of the opposite sex which are physically and mentally stable
and satisfying heterosexual.
Abnormal Sexuality or Sexual Deviancy – sexual behavior which seeks stimulation and
gratification by means other than hetero sexual.

CLASSIFICATION OF SEXUAL ABNORMALITIES

As to the Choice of Sexual Partner
1. Heterosexual - Sexual desire towards opposite sex; socially and medically acceptable
2. Homosexual - Sexual desire towards the same sex
3. Infantisexual - Sexual desire towards an immature person
4. Bestosexual - Sexual desire towards animal
5. Autosexual - A form of self – abuse or solitary vice carried without the cooperation of
another person
6. Gerontophilia - Sexual desire with elder person
7. Necrophilia - Sexual perversion characterized by erotic desire or actual sexual intercourse
with a corps
8. Incest - Sexual relations between person who by reason of blend relationship cannot legally
married
As to Instinctual Sexual Urge
1. Satyriasis - Excessive sexual desire of men to intercourse
2. Nymphomania - Strong sexual feeling of woman
3. Sexual Anesthesia - Absence of sexual desire or arousal during sexual act in women
4. Dyspareunia - Painful sexual act in women
5. Vaginisimus - Painful spasm of the vagina during sexual act
6. Old Age - Weakening of sexual feeling in the elderly
As to the Mode of Sexual Expression or Way of Sexual Satisfaction
 1. Oralism (Irrumation) - The use of the mouth as a way of sexual gratification such as
Fellatio, Cunning Lingus, Anilingus
2. Sado – Masochism (Algolagnia) - Pain or cruel acts as a factor for gratification such as:
sadism masochism
3. Fetishism - A form of sexual perversion wherein the real or fantasized presence of an object
or bodily part is necessary for sexual stimulation or gratification. Ex. Anatomic, Clothing,
Necrophilia, Odor etc.
As to the Part of the Body
1. Sodomy - Sexual act through the anus of another human being
2. Uranism - Sexual gratification is attached by fingering, fondling the breast, licking parts of
the body etc.
3. Frottage - A form of sexual gratification characterized by the compulsive desire of a person
to rub his sex organ against some parts of the body of another
4. Pantialism - A form of sexual deviation wherein a person has special affinity to certain
parts of the female body.
As to Visual Stimulus
1. Voyeurism - A form of sexual perversion characterized by a compulsion to peep to see
person undress or perform other personal activities
2. Mixoscopia (Scoptophilla) - Sexual perversion wherein sexual pleasure is attached by
watching couple undress or during their sex intimacies
As to Number
1. Froilism (Menageatrios) - A form of sexual perversion in which three (3) persons are
participating in the sexual orgies (Suixante – neve)
2. Pluralism - A form of sexual deviation in which a group of person participates in the sexual
orgies (sexual festival)
Other Sexual Deviates
1. Corpolalia - A form of sexual deviation characterized by the need to use obscene language
to obtain orgies
2. Don Juanism - It describes a form of sexual deviation characterized by promisevity and
making seduction of many women as part of his career
3. Indecent Exposure (Exhibitionism) - The willful exposure in public place of one’s genital
organ in the presence of other person’s; usually of the opposite sex
Victimology
⎯ Scientific study of physical, emotional and financial harm people suffers because of illegal
activities.
⎯ Included in this definition is the victimization occurring for victims within the criminal
justice system.
 ⎯ The scientific study of victims and victimization, including the relationships between
victims and offender, investigators, courts, corrections, media, and social movements.
⎯ It is the study of victims and their patterns of victimization. From this perspective, the
question is not why certain individuals (or groups) engage in criminal behavior; instead,
the emphasis is on explaining why certain people (or groups) experience victimization at
certain times and in certain places. Similarly, research on criminal justice has focused on
how offenders are processed through the criminal justice system.
o Victims – an individual who experience loss, injury, or hardship for any reason.
o Crime Victims – above as result of an illegal act.
o Direct/Primary – experiences criminal act and its consequences first hand.
o Indirect/Secondary – family and those who suffer emotionally or financially but
are not immediately involved or physically injured.
Victimization
⎯ Is an asymmetrical interpersonal relationship that is abusive, painful, destructive,
parasitical, and unfair.
⎯ Law forbids certain forms of victimization – oppressive and exploitative acts – but not all
types of harmful activities.
Studying of Victimization Scientifically
⎯ Subjective Approach – Issues are approached from standpoint of morally, ethics,
philosophy, personalized reactions, and emotions.
⎯ Objective Approach – Requires observer to be fair, open – minded, even – handed,
dispassionate, neutral, and unbiased.
o “Ideal victim”: person who suffered harm was weaker than aggressor, acting
virtuously or not looking for trouble or breaking any laws, and wrongdoer was a
stranger acting illegally and was unprovoked.
Cycle of Violence
⎯ Cycle of violence over time can transform a victim(s) into victimizer(s).
o Group of picked on students may gang up against the bully
o Battered wife may launch a vengeful attack against husband
o Convicts much more likely to have been abused physically or sexually as children
o Violence Begets Violence
Victimology vs Criminology
⎯ Victimology is best viewed as an area of specialization within criminology.
⎯ Criminology embraces the scientific study of crimes, criminals, criminal laws and the
justice system, societal reactions, and crime victims.
⎯ Criminologists ask why certain individuals become involve in lawbreaking while others do
not.
 ⎯ Victimologists ask why some individuals, households, and entities are targeted while
others are not, and why over and over again.
⎯ Criminologists apply their findings to devise crime prevention strategies
⎯ Victimologists use patterns and trends to develop victimization prevention strategies and
risk – reduction tactics.
⎯ Both Criminologists and Victimologists study how the criminal justice system actually
works versus how it is supposed to work.
Theories of Victimization
What Victimologists Do?
⎯ Victimologists explore the interactions between victims and offenders, victims and the
criminal justice system, and victims and society.
⎯ Four step process victimologists follow when carrying out their research:
o Step 1: Identify, Define, and Describe the Problem
o Step 2: Measure the True Dimensions of the Problem
o Step 3: Investigate How Victims Are Handled
o Step 4: Gather Evidence to Test Hypotheses
Theories in Victimology
1. Victim Precipitation Theory
⎯ According to victim precipitation theory, some people may actually initiate the
confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or death. Victim precipitation can be
either active or passive.
o Active precipitation: occurs when the victim act provocatively, use threats or
fighting words, or even attack first.
o Passive precipitation: occurs when the victim exhibits some personal characteristics
that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker.
2. Lifestyle Theory
⎯ Some criminologist believed people may become victims because their lifestyle increases
their exposure to criminal offenders. Victimization risk is increased by such behaviors as
associating young men, going out in public places late at night, and living in an urban area.
o High-Risk Lifestyles – People who have high-risk lifestyles- drinking, taking
drugs, getting involved in crime- maintain a much greater chance of victimization.
Groups that have an extremely risky life, such as young runaways living on a street,
are at high risk for victimization; the more time they are exposed to street life, the
greater their risk of becoming crime victims.
o Victims and Criminals – One element of lifestyle that may place people at risk for
victimization is ongoing involvement in a criminal career. Carrying a weapon was
another surefire way to become a crime victim. Males who carried weapons are
approximately three times more likely to be victimized than those who did not carry
 weapons. Another study of high school youth, conducted Pamela Wilcox, David
May, and Staci Roberts, also found that kids who carry weapons to school are much
more likely to become crime victims than those who avoid carry weapons.
3. Deviant Place Theory
⎯ According to deviant place theory, the greater their exposure to dangerous places, the more
likely people will become victims of crime violence. Victims do not encourage crime but
are victim prone because they reside in socially disorganized high-crime areas where they
have the greatest risk of coming into contact with criminal offenders, irrespective of their
own behavior or lifestyle.
4. Routine Activity Theory
⎯ The availability of suitable targets
⎯ The absence of capable guardians
⎯ The presence of motivated offenders
o Guardianship – Even the most motivated offenders may ignore valuable targets if
they are well guarded. Despite containing valuable commodities, private homes
and/or public businesses may be considered off-limits by seasoned criminals if they
are well protected by capable guardians and efficient security systems.
o Hot spots – Motivated people- such as teenage males, drug users, and unemployed
adults- are the ones most likely to commit crime. If they congregate in a particular
neighborhood, it becomes a “hot spot” for crime and violence.
o Lifestyle, Opportunity, and Routine Activities – Routine activities theory is
bound up in opportunity and lifestyle. A person’s living arrangements can affect
victim risk; people who live in unguarded areas are at the mercy of motivated
offenders. Lifestyle affects the opportunity for crime because it controls a person’s
proximity to criminals, time of exposure to criminals, attractiveness as a target, and
ability to be protected.
Effect of Crime Victimization
Introduction
⎯ Criminal victimization is a frightening and unsettling experience for many individuals. It
is unpredictable, largely unpreventable and often unexpected. Unlike normal life
experiences, victimization is not sought out and never welcomed. It is debilitating and
demoralizing. Its effect can be often long – term and difficult to overcome.
⎯ Victims may be confused, fearful, frustrated and angry. They want to know why this
happened, and why it happened to them. Victims often have no knowledge of who or where
to turn in the aftermath of crime. They feel insecure and do not know who to trust or rely
on for support, understanding, and help. Not only do they suffer physically, emotionally,
psychologically, and financially from their victimization, they are also burdened by the
complexity of the criminal justice system.