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Pedro Amaro

Física II / Termodinâmica - 2023/2024


Semestre par

Lição 9 Pedro Amaro


Filipe Ferreira da Silva-coordenador

1. Entrar na conta NOVASST


2. Digitalizar QR
3. Nome/nº do registo
teoria cinética dos gases - IV
Calor específico -H&R cap 19 • Agora lembre-se da definição de calor específico molar na
lição 4
Q = nc T
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• Anteriormente, a energia translacional média foi derivada


• No caso dos gases, o calor específico depende do processo,
da teoria cinética para partículas sem estrutura
3 pelo que nos concentramos agora em
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trans
Ēc = kT
2 • Isocórico Qisoc = ncv T
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• Se o gás contiver apenas essas partículas, então a energia


• Isobárico Qisob = ncp T
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total ou energia interna é


• Para processos isocóricos o trabalho é nulo, portanto, de
3 3 3
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U = N ⇥ kT = nNa ⇥ kT = n ⇥ RT
2 2 2 acordo com 1st Lei da Termodinâmica

U =Q W
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Energia de uma única partícula Energia de um único mol

• Os gases monoatómicos - gases de um só átomo - (por U = Qisoc


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3
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exemplo, o He) são casos de partículas sem estrutura, cv = R


U = ncv T 2
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portanto de gás ideal,


3
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3 3
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monoat
U = N kT = n RT
2 2 n R T = ncv T
2
3
Calor específico -H&R cap 19

• O calor específico molar para um gás ideal em processo • Para outras moléculas, a energia interna continua a ser
isocórico é dada como anteriormente, mas com a particularidade cv
3
<latexit sha1_base64="GxiOzgttqqb7NwyiDDx8JB20A/I=">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</latexit>

cv = R = 12.5 J/(mol K) U = ncv T


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2
• A energia interna só depende da temperatura num gás ideal
• Energia interna também com cv • a variação da energia interna depende apenas da variação
monoa da temperatura, independentemente do processo
U = ncv T
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• Os resultados monoatómicos • Processo 1 - isocórico


estão de acordo com a hipótese • Processo 2 - isobárico
do gás ideal • Processo 3 - não específico
• Mais tarde será discutido o cv de • Qual deles tem uma alteração U mais ele
outros tipos de moléculas em
gases
4
Calor específico -H&R cap 19

• Por conseguinte, o cálculo das variações de energia interna • O trabalho do processo isobárico é
pode sempre ser efectuado como se o processo fosse <latexit sha1_base64="UsH1HYolX/7IYH3BhXVzlNHYZN4=">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</latexit>

Z Vf
W isob = P dV = P V = P (Vf Vi ) = P Vf P Vi = nRTf nRTi = nR T

isocórico, embora o processo possa ser qualquer


Vi

• Para processos isobáricos o trabalho e de acordo com a 1ª • Os calores específicos para processos isobáricos e
lei da Termodinâmica isocóricos estão relacionados por
U =Q W
<latexit sha1_base64="YmoE0aKbPO34ZYXzxUu6fpJ+vuQ=">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</latexit>

cp = cv + R
<latexit sha1_base64="JQ3TkQRH24nW2HHQrCkQjDXhtTk=">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</latexit>

ncv T = Qisob W
<latexit sha1_base64="jmnUFbsgJBlJG6dBFXTgpWkppCQ=">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</latexit>

Trabalho isobárico

ncv T = Qisob P V
<latexit sha1_base64="Vwac39Pxmbh4oaE8A/XjGSTTnQQ=">AAASqnicjVhbb+PGFVYubVP1tnYf+3KQBbsSXCki5Ww3QAjEdbMpNrYgu7aUwrIIiqRswryFpBS7g9Fv62/oW/9Nz9yooSjXFWBp5ly++ebMmTMzXmRRWJSDwX8++viTT3/281989sv2r379m9/+7tXB4aRIV7kXXHtplOY/LNwiiMIkuC7DMgp+yPLAjRdRMF08nDL9dB3kRZgmV+VTFtzG7l0SLkPPLVHkHLz6l2FuZvEifSSeG1Ebjvvmu7fvpOgDbRsX9inM/hpEpQtXYMMpdK6cZe/KCbvQNpTCsYyvYdtpG549W+auR04pSXZAbIjBg6prNEAvnFkZPJYkLFIPGSXgOeutfU2/kPpM18vWNQJfQA+mdYkODjVVY6AdQd17QTn2yzZjqZswQBGVISUWvdSdGmOzrl0zt8G0+l9uBPiHLzpxGsH3XQzu9ZwIYZwmqUurkCHKtdZmq3AW45SnNvhTx4Qj9mOJnyH+9Pv9toFjrgOPvHdMOvP8tBRdv8A+oI1UWjtKi6IOlHa4ox1ShS4MdPXfqZRWDe7AWM7CpHROJSgFzWlNYQN+yQIkbGIZKV/pKfHLpovAL6nmV2l1ymu0kIgxi720xg/xO+u51eWZI3nZ+we395IqqBIW/9tqjUuhVGvHmluMB2bTVmYKmf2t833H6qKKNcyuipyKG4ugvhpURu1ZvY1AmULMOOJ7J7B7D04Aj22DyYKu3RM0uJDReHnYo5qajE7pnoF3pvKiy5RLG56Yb4K7nITVZcS5yZGaHi7xrnW1qA4RBTAKXB83VCU9ow0TLLdFscqDzZ1b6Kbf6abf7WD4U92wEYfO+KS78QtkON50Tvyia483/qQKsT8FsTnIxAnpHL+XFISFVs4GOD/mMmAVU5J1owiyPPWQcoBsWQxQF87y8O6+dPM8/QkQ6ghlS10WsrkgRXJBnUdZ2WeZm5ehG8EFJVB1MKPHajAvTVjwerMHN8tcmMVueZ/H5KTaAnCFuY7pg+B1gRwCTxI8E0yKIet8PejqHJqgsyhYljcNRzGN27ZxKUHPKHnAERlLVjSB0wQqeGsSk7KqtSO0qHTVJrgPq9odFpxwYh1O6Y1g00ViWDK3VmZl9Ybx1qxMVmmexdex627wBSDsEQ7DWxZbauVEyaUEJMGPq5BSug+mDUbDzt6DDPYlP0su2bEvV9ZsDoFFp1jFTqLq6oOTMKIJEpMKzZVdGf6oFpuoNfb4IglUDAQWaaW5P6mmUFkvKO1p3SWlamJGA9nlG9fNg6wIoxSpFOFdXMtYDSlI1jih+fF2XUgSlC8igGC4D6lXE8ZhyYRQ0f0/hhHQ29GUR7FKMI1Bx+ciBs/DvV0mN0cxnijHPn739mBxixpUjVeds7lRVxK8VL7tDyyYlWEcFGAO5sQaUqnmZcOLAnYsztjlY+S40NDhxUnK2KWnq8rDiBI0Ry1+YyHbMwoGvWIxJz0TbZUv4MF+jv1zkBLTAkp02oLSeGKPHq6q64hWccf+BO9UUxUEdqG8TzFErODq0gWLmz3uoE8Pvbt1bXnPlnQHWjBKLrEcTqg/sbGllzeTiWVh092YnYreWUJVVnAfpuem1RI1WFTRe9cfmqo9NAeq+Ry0+RUGzlLANljDtwPYfNBPSrlnI3zR4LNDPyYf9WNypDoZdpaPei98ZFWvpnvvjOz32/NInHyZg9cR2S5Vplh4bVozhQVnWLVYU2q4nKX9Gb/S4VoRIbDVNYs8mrgvjljDUo0ha+CFlndGfNsw6lkFOgINCsHnw+2ACU/yZw1Qf76jnSD2WkUxj/k1o/gxL4mwmvNTKdvjz72HzL3q2xrykWw/ae1/MhsY6gSeG1y8TViSnjMC3zrE24RA1WukzN2EW6uctSiLdji3JB3mgIfZC/b6yHOrpq0xaBuxVJ6ruvDyKPxl9SAeSiOV5zWVLddrn46/25oKuORPr9qrjBVuNsIudMNtloWAFRjW6i1YqtsRejd0IJJjFuGL33e3wRErhJjKZYRpzyzHnXXXPmZisYWriFncFCmofTwnQ/RBCMwaCLB6nvMWirhVxeoNy31ZwfBRgoFes+sGG8hfq8SjhrQYsIUIk2X5JICZGWztMNsMm4C2sMBza+1khkw7qbSU0nn1etAf8A80G6ZsvG7Jz9h59W88/71VHCSlF7lFcWMOsvKWyNOGtmerIshc78G9C26wmbi4vLeE/6uFgoESH5Zpjn94E+dS3YO4cVE8xfjwN9ghWezqmHCf7mZVLt/dkjDJVmWQeGKg5Qov1Cmw/9uAH+aBV0ZP2HC9PESu4N27GIkyyIs2BsHcnXKzMbH65tv+8cXx62/+IsPxWesPrc9bnZbZ+nPrm9bfWuPWdcs7eHNwfjA5mB7+6fDy8B+HN8L044+kz+9btc+h/18wxGhq</latexit>

Equação de gás ideal • Classificar os processos de

ncv T = Qisob nR T acordo com a mudança de


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energia interna - da menor


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n(cv + R) T = Qisob
para a maior

5
Graus de liberdade-H&R cap 19 Energia de translação de COM
+ rotação de 2 eixos
Energia de translação de COM
+ rotação de 3 eixos

Energia de translação

• Até agora lidámos com partículas sem estrutura


• Aqui, a energia é armazenada apenas como energia cinética
de translação
• No entanto, se uma partícula/molécula tiver uma estrutura
interna ou movimentos internos, por exemplo, rotações, • 3 graus de liberdade para o movimento de translação, uma vez
pode armazenar mais energia nesses modos para além da que é 3D
energia cinética de translação, aqui para o centro de massa • Graus de liberdade para rotação
(COM) • 2 para moléculas diatómicas - em eixos que rodam os
• Independentemente da complexidade do movimento, a átomos
energia pode ser armazenada por graus de liberdade • O átomo em si não tem energia de rotação
1
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associados ao tipo de movimento da moléculakT • 3 para moléculasf poliatómicas - todos os 3 eixos de


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2
• Cada grau de liberdade contribui com uma energia U
rotação = n RT
2
• As últimas 2 afirmações são o Teorema da Equipartição da • A análise anterior da energia interna e do calor específico pode
6
teoria cinética dos gases - V processos adiabáticos
Expansão adiabática -H&R cap 19 • Uma vez que é um processo adiabático e consideramos um
gás ideal, a lei 1st para o processo de mudança minúscula é

• Os processos adiabáticos foram definidos dU =


<latexit sha1_base64="2DYJ7v1m0X7OBp+17r2Nlv7wlkU=">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</latexit>

dW ncv dT =
<latexit sha1_base64="fO8HzVjT+W0tGtnnFvYRgAMn/Pk=">AAAToHicjVhtb+PGEVbSNk3UNr2zPwYFBjmwJ8GQIlLO5QqEQFw3l+BiK7JiS0FPFkGRlE2YpBiSUu0Sq5+VH5Jv/TedWe5SS1GOI8DW7rw8++zs7uys5nHgp1mv97/33v/d7//wwR8//Kj5pz//5eO/Pnt+ME6Xq8TxrpxlsEx+nNupF/iRd5X5WeD9GCeeHc4DbzK/OyX9ZO0lqb+MLrOH2LsO7ZvIX/iOnaHIev78Z03fTMP58j537ICZcNzVX796LURvWVO7ME9h+i8vyGy4BBNOoXVpLTqXlt+GpiYVlqF9CdtOU3PM6SKxnfyU5dEOiAkhOFB2tRrohTXNvPss99Olg4wicKz11r6inwt9rOpF6wqBL6ADk2ZEAC6xx+7QHVdN1NGgoqqNvCOoes8ZH+w3GA2FjmxbZHwEo/bjDloHmYwUGldmVER3wXKDweiSgmb2mpo7MYdA88OImCCQm9pklit4GLKpH2VWPrZ8NsP/C4YxMSWpMY4/hBaKkemYVoT6RRcbJMLIjC65gL6xi99q/Dk3nXO741ErJH2SjNR51gJMXbNiboJudD/fFPzfftYKlwF818YtdSUnFS6jpc3KjcLjs21TZM5CDNDEBHdi6RgR/DKKrz5+dbvdpoZjrj0nf2PpbOq4y6zouin2AW2E0thR4vyOAKS2v6PtM4leGKjqH5iQlg3uQCz52pwKUAaK05rBBtwMxPqd4jkqIuVKPcvdrO5S4GdM8Su1KuU1WgjEkGIvrPGTu631zGjz4yF4mfsHN/eSSpkUpr9utcalkKq1ZcwMvok6sJXphcz82vquZbRRRQ29LSMn40YRVFeDiag9qjcRKJaIMUd8Y3lm587y4L6pkcxrm52CBhcSjaeHPaqo88Ep2zPwzlSedJlwac0T91vBXUzCaBNxbnIkp4dLvGtdLqqVF2k/8GwXD1QpPWM1E7xk0nSVeJsbO1VNv1FNv9nBwPSk6GpxaA1P2hs3RYbDTevETdvmcEPJTITYnYC5m7igsFBydg/nRy49uicEWTsIIE6WDlL2kC3FAHX+NPFvbjM7SZb/AYQ6QtlClfk0F6SYXzDrXtxn09hOMt8O4ILlUHZwRw/lYM4youB1pnd2HNswDe3sNgnzk/IIwCXuddw+MlGWAjEE3p94E2L6PGOtL3ttlUMddBp4i+xdzbGYxnVTGwnQM5bf4YjEkpImcJrACt6KRGeUtXaEBhOuygT3YZWnw4ATTqzFKb0s2LSRGKbMrZVeWr0k3oqVTpnmUXwVu+oGnwHCHuEwvGXQUksnlo8EYO79tPIZY/tgmqDV7Mw9yGCO+F0yomIHyhuv5grTdBVakcyrd1ZERCMkJhSKKxVKf5eLncs1dvgiFagYCEzSUnN7Uk6htMbrvaN0F4zJiWk1ZJsfXDvx4tQPlkgl9W/Cyo5VkLxojROaHW/XJY+87EkEKBjuQ+pUhKGfkRBKur9hmAJ6O5r0SFcRbmNQ8bmI4Hm4t8tkJyjGG+XYxf+dPVjcogJV4VXlrG9kSYKl9Ktuz4Bp5odeCnpvlht9JtQ8bTiBR9filIqPgWVDTYeFk5BR0dOW6WHAcjRHLf7HRLZnFAx6yWKWd3S0lb6AF/s59s9BSHQDWK7SLigNx+aASrdJLeNiqYg11cTaVpTO7RJDRAlXlc4pbuaQ6sgOVZFVbXZLS7oDXTDCkpLlY4YVKbbU9KaTWCQ21Y3sZPTOIiZ3BfchPTctl6jGooze625fl+2+3pPNx6D1f2DgDAlsgtF/1YPNW/WmFGc2wHccPrbUa/JevSYHshNjZ3Gv9vx7ynoV3RtrYL7Z3kfFzRdbWI6IdiZ3ioFl05oUBpxh1qKm0HA5bfszXtLhWuWFwJRlVn6v47k4ooYhG31qYEHLOwN+bIh6XIIOQIFC8Fl/O2DEN/mjBqg/39GOEXsto5iEvMxIf0qyvLCa8Vsp3uPPvfvkXvZNBflItB+U9n/JBvoqgccGL94mtEnPicDXVu5sfGDyNZIldsStt48girY/MwQdcsDL7Al7deSZUdFWGDS1UCjPZV54ehT+srorHkoDuc8rKlOs1z4df7fVFfhCvdx9lVHiphF2oWtu09gHzMCwlm/BTFZH6F3TQbE5poEdzl17G5xihRBTugxw25PlsLVum8ckLo5wGTGDmyIFeY5neR99EAJ3DXiYPc95C0XcqmT1kva+yGD4KMFAr6ncoIHctdx4TBMWPVoIP1pkDwUwmcHWDnebZuagLCzwvbW2Yk1sO6E0pNJ69qLX7fEP1Bu6aLxoiM/QevYL3v/OKvSizAnsNH2n9+LsOhe3DWtOV6kX286dfeO9w2Zk4/Je5/wHJgYaSlxYLBP8w0qcS1WP3A7T9CGk3yrokkx3dSTcp3u3yhavr3M/ileZFznFQIsVFtRLoF+rwPUTz8mCB2zYTuIjV3BubYxE5iVpE4Og70653hgbXf1V9/ji+MVX/xTh+LDxSePTRquhN75ofNX4tjFsXDWcg78dnB6cHZwffnr47eH3hxeF6fvvCZ/DRuVz+O//AyDTsfI=</latexit>

P dV
Q=0
<latexit sha1_base64="2oNqEhX49gdeEvEF4J/A2SwbO0A=">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</latexit>

nRT
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dT R dV
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ncv dT = dV
• Sistema bem isolado V =
T cv V
• Processo (suficientemente) mais rápido do que
• Agora, somar todas as pequenas alterações (diferenciais) é
qualquer transferência de calor
equivalente a integrar
• Processo adiabático na expansão/compressão de gás
• Se forem retirados os gritos
Z Z
pequenos, a alteração do volume é dT R dV
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R
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Isolamento
= Ln T = Ln V + c0
muito pequena T cv V cv

• Além disso, o aumento da pressão <latexit sha1_base64="vYioNvKa/qyjLJ7Bxs+jl1GUpFo=">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</latexit>

R
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cp cv
R
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Ln (T V ) = c0 TV cv = c1 TV cv = constant
também é muito pequeno, pelo que
cv

pode ser constante


(quase isobárica) dW = P dV
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• O trabalho é minúsculo e é dado por


8
Expansão adiabática -H&R cap 19 • Para a expansão adiabática, estas são as eqs de Poison
1
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TV = constant
PV = constant
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• Isto também pode ser feito para P e V <latexit sha1_base64="Xjyk39669FKoaA4rkQS8QXQLgzw=">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</latexit>

(1 )
P T = constant
cp cv
PV cp
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R
PV V = c1 PV = c1 • Também para os gases ideais os calores específicos estão
cv
V cv = c0 cv

nR
ligados à estrutura molecular com os graus de liberdade
f +2
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cp • A constante adiabática é e é sempre >1 =


<latexit sha1_base64="REMXHoukFx2nQu88e6E1yygArhg=">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</latexit>

• Definição da constante adiabática =


cv 2

c2 <latexit sha1_base64="G0D3nCP0+B3D/bH31fwPSMzhvZo=">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</latexit>

PV
<latexit sha1_base64="mAjNP9oNcUiCeOFZfaklYnquNME=">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</latexit>

= constant P =
V
• Também para T e P c1
<latexit sha1_base64="KydplPUDdwOMvRtuAdkb0c5mwLQ=">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</latexit>

P = f
V 2 +1
✓ ◆
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nRT
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(1 )
P
P
= c0 P T = constant

9
Expansão livre -H&R cap 19

• (Relembrar diapositivo 4) A expansão livre é um processo adiabático especial em que não é efectuado qualquer
trabalho
• Não há alteração da energia interna, do trabalho ou da transferência de calor
• Todos os resultados anteriores daUexpansão
= 0 adiabática não se aplicam à expansão livre, embora esta seja
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Ti = Tf
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adiabática Arredores

• Uma vez que não se verifica qualquer alteração em U


• É isotérmico P V = constant
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sistema
• Assim, para gases ideais

• Note-se que o volume aqui é antes e depois da expansão, e não um volume que se expande para o meio envolvente
tornando possível o trabalho

10

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