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Pedro Amaro

Física II / Termodinâmica - 2023/2024


Semestre par

Lição 3 Pedro Amaro


Filipe Ferreira da Silva-coordenador

1. Entrar na conta NOVASST


2. Digitalizar QR
3. Nome/nº do registo
Expansão térmica
Expansão térmica H&RCap18

• A expansão térmica é uma propriedade termométrica bem conhecida:


• termómetro de líquido em vidro
• tira bimetálica
• Razão física pela qual os sólidos se expandem (a explorar mais ta
• Um T mais elevado dá mais energia cinética a cada átomo
• Este contrabalanço equilibra as forças interatómicas tipo

• Tomada em consideração na engenharia e na construção

3
Expansão térmica H&RCap18

• Expansão linear

L L
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Temperatura ambiente 20ºC, exceto gelo

• Varia com T mas pode ser considerado constante para certos


• ↵ é o coeficiente de dilatação linear
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materiais e gamas de T, caso contrário


• Unidades de "por grau" (ºC-1 ) ou "por kelvin" (K )-1
1 @L
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• Têm o mesmo valor estas unidades? ↵=


L @T

• Adequado para cordas e materiais alongados

4
Expansão térmica H&RCap18

• Expansão do volume
• Para os sólidos, geralmente as 3 dimensões expandem-se
• Com isto, ambos os coeficientes estão relacionados por
z
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1 @Lx Ly Lz
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V =V T
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= =
x Lx Ly Lz @T
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1 @Lx 1 @Lx 1 @Lx


y + + =
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Lx @T Lx @T Lx @T
• é o coeficiente de dilatação volumétrica ↵x + ↵y + ↵z
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• Unidades? • Se o material for isotrópico, ou seja, se expandir em taxas

• Uma definição mais geral que depende da temperatura é iguais para todas
= as
3↵dimensões
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• Ambos os coeficientes podem ser


1 @V
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• > 0 K-1 , metais, vidro, betão


=
V @T • < 0 K-1 , água entre 0ºC e 4ºC

5
Próxima lição -H&RCap18 Shapiro 1.6

• Calor e trabalho
• definir o sistema
• Calor - noção e convenções
• Trabalho - revisão e convenções

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