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Pedro Amaro

Física II / Termodinâmica - 2023/2024


Semestre par

Lição 6 Pedro Amaro


Filipe Ferreira da Silva-coordenador

1. Entrar na conta NOVASST


2. Digitalizar QR
3. Nome/nº do registo
teoria cinética dos gases
Número de Mole e de Avogadro - H&R cap 19 12 g de C12 1 mol de C13 12 g de C13 2 mol de U235

N=? N=? N=? N=?


mT=?
• A teoria cinética descreve a forma como o movimento n=? mT=? n=?

24 g de C12 24 g de C13 0,1 mol de H O1216


microscópico dos átomos/moléculas determina a pressão e a
26 g de C13

temperatura do gás num volume


1st passo- quantificar o número de partículas num volume -
N=? N=? N=? NH =? NO =? NH2O =?
• n=? n=? n=? mTH =? mTO =? mTH20
=?
mole Convenção

• 1 mole tem duas definições: • Como é que os moles se relacionam com a massa?
1 mole é o número de átomos numa
1)
amostra de 12 g de carbono-12. mT
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Massa da amostra ou massa total de todas as partículas


n= Massa total por mole - quantos gramas tem 1 mole
2)
23 M
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1 mol = 6.02 ⇥ 10 particles


Medida Também conhecida como massa molar
Nm
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= Na particles
= Massa de uma única partícula
M
Número de partículas
N
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n (mol) = Nota: O átomo de carbono-12 tem 12 núcleos


Na • Utilizando a definição(protões + neutrões), o que dá a massa total de
Número de Avogadro um átomo ou massa atómica
12
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23 1 M= A massa molar é a massa


Na = 6.02 ⇥ 10 mol 1 mol atómica
3
Gases ideais - H&R cap 19

• 2nd passo - que gás deve ser estudado no seu movimento • Reescrita com a constante de Boltzmann k definida por
microscópico? H2 , CO2 ? Será que isso importa?

• Foi demonstrado por várias experiências que os gases se Equação/lei dos gases ideais
P V = N kT
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comportam aproximadamente como


• Os gases que se comportam de acordo com a lei dos gases ideais são
P V = nRT Equação/lei dos gases ideais
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os chamados gases ideais


Constante de gás • Quase todos
H são ideais à temperatura ambiente (300 K) e à pressão (1 2
• Tende a ser exato com densidades mais baixas atm)
• Todas as unidades no SI

4
Gases ideais - H&R cap 19 Z Vf
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W = P dV
Vi
• Outros tipos de processos em gases (todos) • Trabalho efectuado por um sistema de gás
• Volume constante - isocórico • Isocórico e todos os gases Wisochor = 0
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• Pressão constante - isobárico • Isobárica e todos os gases


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Wisobar = P (Vf Vi )
• Temperatura constante - isotérmico • gases isotérmicos e ideais
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Z Vf  Vf ✓ ◆
nRT 1 Vf
Wisoth = dV = nRT = nRT Ln
Vi V V Vi Vi
isobárica
Isotérmica
Isocórico num gás ideal 2 mol de gás ideal expande-se a uma temperatura
constante T de 310 K de um volume inicial Vi de 12
L para um volume final Vf de 19 L. Qual é o trabalho
realizado pelo gás durante a expansão?
✓ ◆
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19
Wisoth = 2 ⇥ 8.31 ⇥ 310 ⇥ Ln = 2360 J
12

• E o processo de expansão livre de um gás ideal?


gás ideal e processo isotérmico
5

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