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Pedro Amaro

Física II / Termodinâmica - 2023/2024


Semestre par

Lição 7 Pedro Amaro


Filipe Ferreira da Silva-coordenador

1. Entrar na conta NOVASST


2. Digitalizar QR
3. Nome/nº do registo
teoria cinética dos gases - II
Vista microscópica de partículas -H&R cap 19
• Partícula única a colidir com a parede
parede parede
p~iy = p~f y
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~vf
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• Como é que a pressão e a temperatura se relacionam com o p~f


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movimento das partículas? <latexit sha1_base64="sbE+B6Uea+qFxftqYwUgfp1W3u8=">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</latexit>

p~f x F~collision = F~x


<latexit sha1_base64="Wf4XIGrxOUrHgjMNsHee/F89xRI=">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</latexit>

F~N
<latexit sha1_base64="JmdiPSvKnx7/V9BszxnVAxX72/4=">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</latexit>

normal

• Consideremos uma caixa de partículas. Para simplificar, considere F N = Fx


<latexit sha1_base64="RlyRZfjO5bWWaNgWn+DTebAGxbg=">AAANLXicjVdbb+NEFM5yXdICu/DIyxErs4mqhNipSpHW0pbALlq6VVraZKW6tSb2pLXiG7YTurImP4gX/gpC4mER4pW/wRl7xp3EWRZLsWfO5ZvvnJk5M5nEvpdmvd6rO2+9/c67771/94Pm1vaHH3187/4nozSaJw49cyI/Sl5MSEp9L6RnmZf59EWcUBJMfDqezAZcP17QJPWi8DR7GdOLgFyF3tRzSIYi+/7WQNOXVjCJbnKH+MyE3a6+v7cvRM9YUzs2B2B9S/2MwCmYMIDWqT3tnNpeG5qaVNiG9ghuO03NMa1pQpx8wPJwDcSEAByouloN9Ng8DPAzNsEd2zrs8I9Rfvr46Xa7Tc0Ea0Gd/ImtM8txo6zsuin2AW2E0lhTGgx1ILX9NW2fSfTSQFX/yIS0ahQOnKXlhZk9EKAMFKcFgyW4GQYobAIos+JKPcvdrO5S4mdM8au0KuUFWgjEgOUYbGmNT+62FpdGm0EVC5ibBzc3kkqZFKb/bbXAqZCqhW1cGpwHdOBWppcy8zv7h5bRRhVv6G2ZOZk3nkF1NpjI2mv1JgLFEjEuEJ/Y1OzMbAo3TY3LaNvslDQKIafx5mF3VtT50YBtGHgtlDe6jAtpzRPXW8ldBGG0OfHCZEeGh1O8bl1Nqp2X+9SnxGXMrKSHrGaCVSFN5wldXpFUNX2qmj5dw3DHqmEtD63hQXvppshwuGwduGnbHC7dUZVidwzl5shHtscu8T1lUFqIzX+G0fUwPu7Sw40vyRLfhziJHKRMkS3PAeo8K/GurjOSJNHPgFA7KJuqMo/HghTzY2bfiAJkxSTJPOLDMcuh6uCKHsrBnCjkyetYMxLHBKyAZNdJkB9UWwBOca3j8kHwVYEYAgseli6dYcpaj3ptlUMd1PLpNDuvOZZhXDS1EwF6yPIZjshZZvQmg4ImsJK3ItEZr1prQoMJVyXATVjV7jDgoCDWKig9LNm0kRiWzFsrvbJ6yHkrVjqvNK/FV7FX3eBLQNgdHKZoGXyqpRPLTwRgTn+ae4yxTTBN0Gp25gZkME+Ks+SEn05iZvX6EFh00nlgh7KuzuyQEw2RmFAorvxk+0JOdi7n2CkmqUTFRGCRlprrgyqEynrCWEfpThmTgWk1ZFJsXJLQOPX8CKmk3lWwsmIVJBouMKDL3dt5yUOavREBSoabkDorwsDLuBAquv9jmBL6djTpkc5DXMag4hciDl+k+3aaSIJiPFF2XXx3NmAVFitQK7xWOePdp1AFEd599ro9A6zMC2gKeu8yN/pMqIuy4fiUH4sWv3wc2QRquqYWClkL8dqyPByxHM1Ri28sZBtGwaRXLC7zjo620hfwYH+O/ecgJLoBLFdpl5SGI/NodlpdR5SKO3RHGsplErw0cq4jTBEvuKp0wvNmDlvo00Hv9qo2u+ZTugZdMgpPsByOmDsysaWWN52LRWFT3bidzN5hyOSqKHy4vjCtpqjGosrefrevy3Zf78nm66D1rzFxhgQ2wejv9WD5TD0pxZ718eKNt2P1mLxRj8kj1hRf8wlX2fce9Lq94oF6QxeNBw3xDO17v+PeduYBDTPHJ2l6rvfi7CIXK4k1rXlKY+LMyBU9x2ZIMK6LvLjtM9BQ4sI0SvCHp2whVT1yEqTpy2CClnwDpOs6LtykO59n0/2L3AvjeUZDpxxoOsfDMgL+1wFcL6FO5r/EBnESD7mCc00wtRn+wWhiEvT1kOuNkdHV97q7x7sPHn8j0nG38Vnj80aroTe+ajxufN8YNs4aztYvW79tvdr6c/vX7T+2/9r+uzR9647w+bSx8mz/8y9/0IUF</latexit>

p~i
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• Sem interacções: por exemplo, interação eletrostática


~vi
<latexit sha1_base64="K6GMjr92a7xqqlndQWTP3EqeWrQ=">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</latexit>

p~ix
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• Como é elástico, apenas a direção da velocidade muda


• O momento da partícula é conservado? Não p~ix = p~f x
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• A força para esta mudança de momento é


• Então todas as partículas se movem livremente e só alteram a Força média que a
mvx2
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px 2mvx
F N = Fx = = = partícula exerce sobre
trajetória com colisões elásticas com outras partículas e paredes t 2L/vx L
a parede
A energia cinética é constante - não Força que a parede intervalo de tempo entre acertos
• Esferas sem estrutura há conversão noutras energias exerce sobre a partícula sucessivos
potenciais para alterar a sua
• Rotações internas das moléculas direção 3
Vista microscópica de partículas -H&R cap 19
• Note-se que se todas as direcções forem aleatórias e
igualmente prováveis
v¯2 = v¯x2 + v¯y2 + v¯z2 = 3v¯x2
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nM v¯2
<latexit sha1_base64="POLsZ11iUF7r9CTbmFwmH+/B25E=">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</latexit>

• A pressão na parede devida a todas as partículas de gás é p=


3V
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p
vrms = v¯2
• Note-se que a raiz quadrada média da velocidade é
• Com a equação do gás ideal obtém-se
• Cada partícula pode ter direcções diferentes, no entanto, r
<latexit sha1_base64="3kTk98NlKLwRi3uN/DSX6quCMQk=">AAAO13icjVdbb+NEFM4utyVsyy488nLEKmyiKiF2qlKktbSl0EVLG6WlTRY1jeXYk9aKb2s7IV1rwgMI8cpf440fwX/gzHjGmVzKYinxmXP55pszM2fGw8hzk7TZ/Pve/Xfefe/9Dx58WP7o4db2x48ef9JNwklskws79ML41dBKiOcG5CJ1U4+8imJi+UOP9IbjQ2bvTUmcuGFwnt5G5Mq3rgN35NpWiirz8cN/Ktq87w/DWWZbHjVgt6Ht7+0L1Utarpwah9D/lnipBedgwCFUz81R/dx0a1CuSIOpV57BolGu2EZ/FFt2dkizYAXEAB9sKJqVNdBT49jHV88Ap2dqsMNeev5q4avRaJQrBvSnxM6OTI32bSdM86aTYBvQRxj1FaNO0QbS2lqxtqhEzx1U849UaAuBBzCWfTdIzUMBSkEJmlKYg5PiAIWPD3lWHGmnmZOuh+T4KVXiCqtKeYoeAtGnGQ4298Ync6rTgV6jUIwFjM2dGxtJJVQqk//2muJUSNPU1Ac64wF1WOi0XGd8Z/5Q1WtoYoJWk5mTeWMZVGeDiqzdaTcQKJKIEUc8MolRH5sEZuUK05GaUc9pcCWj8fZud5bMWfuQbuh4ZShvDelx7VokrrecuxiEXmPEucuOHB5O8ap3Malmlu9Tj1gOpUahPaZrLlgVkmQSk/m1laiuL1TXFysYTk91XMtDtXNQmzsJMuzMqwdOUjM6c6dbpNjpQb45sq7p0gH+jyjkHmLzX+Domjg+FtLEjS/JWp4HURzaSJkgW5YDtLn92L2+Sa04Dn8GhNpB3UjVuWwsSDE7peZMFKB+ZMWpa3lwSjMoGriiO7IzOwxY8ur9sRVFFvR9K72J/eyg2AJwjmsdlw+CLytEF1jwsHRpFFNWfdasqRzWQfseGaWXa4H5MK7KlTMBekyzMfbIWKZklgKnCTTnrWg0yqrWilKnIlQZ4CasYnfocMCJVTmlpzmbGhLDkrnw0gqvp4y34qWxSnMnvoq9HAZfAsLuYDdc0tlUyyCanQnAjLyeuJTSTTBlqKz5GRuQwTjjZ8kZO53EzGrrXWDRSSa+Gci6OjYDRjRAYsKghLKT7Qs52ZmcY5tPUo6KicAiLS03B8UQCu8hpXWlOaJUDqyyhmzxjWvFJEpcL0QqiXvtL61YBYkEUxzQYHcxL1lA0rciQM5wE1J9Sem7KVNCQfd/dJNDL3qTEckkwGUMKj5XMXie7sU0WTGq8UTZdfC/vgGLeyxBLfFa5ox3H27yQ7z77DWaOvRT1ycJaM1BpreoMPOyYXuEHYt9dvlomxas2cqVQOiqiFeT5aFNM3RHK/5jIdvQCya9YDHI6hr6yljAg/0E2ycgNJoONFNp55Q6XaM9Pi+uI0rF7TjdCuplEtwktG9CTBEruKp2yPJmdKoYU8fo2rI1vWFTugKdMwrOsBx2qdM1UFLLm8bUorCpYcxPZu84oHJV8Bhm567FFK2xKLK332hpUm5pTSneBa19jYnTJbABemuvCfOX6kkp9qyHF2+8HavH5Ew9JtuyEWFjNFNb7oxVvSXbkdk2jhbnUX7yRSZeR4ScypWi47Vpygw6HGPVYqKwcD1b9sf8SodzleUKQ16zspmG+2KHCboUWkzACy1vtPm2YdSjArQNChSCD1qLDgO+yO90QPvJirWL2FOZxdjn14zkdZxmudeAn0rRhnge3WLhRdtQkHeEfKvIb5gPtFQC5c19895abI2eUGo+etJsNPkD64ImhCcl8XTMR39hFbYnPglS27OS5FJrRulVJvY8LfcnCYkse2xdk0sUAwtX4FXGv8soVFDjwCiM8Yf3Ia5VIzLLT5Jbf4ierFQlqzam3GS7nKSj/avMDaJJSgI772g0wWtNCOwjDxw3Jnbq3aJg2bGLXMG+sTARKX4KljEJ2uqQ14Wu3tD2Grunu0+efyPS8aD0WenzUrWklb4qPS99X+qULkr21vnWm61ft37b/mn7l+3ft//IXe/fEzGflpae7T//Bf21Ht4=</latexit>

3RT
vrms =
utilizando a definição do valor médio M
2 2 2 2
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v + v + v + ... + v
v¯x2 = x1 x2 x3 xN • Relação direta entre a raiz quadrada média de todas as
N
velocidades das partículas e a temperatura
• Obtém-se • Note-se que ainda existem
partículas com velocidades mais
mN v¯x2 mnNa v¯x2 nM v¯x2
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p=
L3
=
L3
=
V baixas e outras com velocidades
mais elevadas
• No entanto, a média do quadrado é constante em equilíbrio térmico
4
Vista microscópica de partículas -H&R cap 19

• Uma vez que estamos a considerar partículas sem qualquer • Como a massa molar é a massa de 1 mol ou de partículas de

estrutura interna Na, a massa de cada partícula é


M
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• Não há ligações químicas entre os átomos de uma m=


Na
molécula
• Não são rotações internas da molécula • Utilizando também k=R/Na

• E não há interacções entre as partículas, de modo a que a 3


<latexit sha1_base64="ZZyg/vPLIoxQAQ1yriwFSP5g7i8=">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</latexit>

trans
energia potencial possa ser armazenada, toda a energia de Ēc = kT
2
uma partícula é energia cinética translacional
• O valor médio é assim • A uma temperatura T, um gás ideal de partículas sem
1 1 3RT estrutura tem uma energia cinética translacional média
<latexit sha1_base64="wRzjNjwOyqHzZYGGmRKO+HA7bPA=">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</latexit>

trans 2
Ēc = mvrms = m
2 2 M definida apenas pela temperatura
• A temperatura é uma medida da energia cinética média

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