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Pedro Amaro

Física II / Termodinâmica - 2023/2024


Semestre par

Lição 8 Pedro Amaro


Filipe Ferreira da Silva-coordenador

1. Entrar na conta NOVASST


2. Digitalizar QR
3. Nome/nº do registo
teoria cinética dos gases - III
Caminho livre médio e difusão -H&R cap 19

• Da última lição derivamos a velocidade rms de uma


partícula num gás ideal
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r • Considere-se uma partícula laranja a viajar a velocidade


3RT constante num gás de partículas verdes
vrms =
M
=d
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<d
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• Para a temperatura ambiente (300 K) esta velocidade para


>d
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H2 e N2 e outros gases é de centenas a milhares de


metros/segundo • Por agora e simplicidade e as partículas verdes estão em
• Então porque é que os aromas que são moléculas repouso e todas têm um diâmetro d
específicas dentro de um gás viajam muito mais devagar? • A colisão ocorre se a distância entre os centros for inferior
• Isto deve-se à difusão ad
• Embora a velocidade rms seja elevada, a direção da
molécula é caótica e muda constantemente

3
Caminho livre médio e difusão -H&R cap 19 • Durante algum tempo, a partícula varre um cilindro de
volume 2
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⇡d v t

• Isto é equivalente a considerar a molécula inicial com o


• O número de colisões para este tempo
N é o número de <latexit sha1_base64="KJT8g6gh1V5+XeCoaRf8in7AhEk=">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</latexit>

dobro do diâmetro e todas as outras moléculas pontuais


Colisão com p1 partículas pontuais neste cilindro V
• Como o gás tem uma densidade de partículas de o número
de colisões (ou pontos no interior do cilindro) é N ⇡d2 v t <latexit sha1_base64="ILpoGYm35q+jczI/XNCegXwXqH0=">AAAPuHicjVdbb9s2FHa7W+etSbs97uVghVcbgT1LzrJsqIBmWdOhSwwnTZwCUazJkpwI0a0S7TkT6J+4h73t3+yQImX6kqUCbB2ey8ePh+QhNUwCPyPt9r8PHn708Seffvbo8+oXXz7e2Hzy9Kt+Fo9Txztz4iBO3w3tzAv8yDsjPgm8d0nq2eEw8M6HN/vMfj7x0syPo1Nym3iXoX0V+SPfsQmqrKeP/65pMzMcxtPcsQNqwHZL293ZFao3tFo7NvbB/NULiA2nYMA+1E+tUfPU8htQrUmDpddewLxRrTmGOUptJ9+nebQEYkAIDpTN2grosXEY4uvcAPfc0mCLvfTi1cFXq9Wq1gwwJ56TH1gaNR03JkXTzbAN6COM+pJRp2gDae0sWTtUohcOqvktFdpS4AGMpelHxNoXoBSUoAmFGbgEByh8Qiiy4ko7zV2yGlLgE6rElVaV8gQ9BGJIcxxs4Y1P7tYnA71BoRwLGOs7N9aSyqhUZv/vNcGpkKaJpQ90xgOaMNdphc54Zf1e1xtoYoLWkJmTeWMZVGeDiqzdaTcQKJGICUc8sDyjeWN5MK3WmM5rGM2CBlcyGvd3u7Vgzrv7dE3HS0O5N+Sca1cicb0V3MUg9AYjzl225PBwipe9y0m18mKfBp7tUmqU2kO64oJVIcvGqTe7sjPV9bXq+noJwz1XHVfyUO/tNWZuhgx7s/qemzWM3sztlyl2z6HYHHnf8ukA/0cUCg+x+c9wdG0cHwtp48aXZO0ggCSNHaTsIVuWA7T5ZupfXRM7TeM/AaG2UDdSdT4bC1LMj6k1FQXITOyU+HYAxzSHsoEruic7c+KIJa9p3thJYoMZ2uQ6DfO9cgvAKa51XD4IvqgQXWDBw9KlUUxZ/UW7oXJYBTUDb0QuVgKLYVxWaycC9JDmN9gjY0m8KQFOE2jBW9FolFWtJaVORagywHVY5e7QYY8Tq3NKzws2DSSGJXPupZVezxlvxUtjleZOfBV7MQy+B4Tdwm64pLOplkE0PxGAufd+7FNK18FUobbiZ6xBBuOEnyUn7HQSM6utdoFFJxuHViTr6o0VMaIREhMGJZSdbN/Jyc7lHDt8kgpUTAQWaWm53iuHUHoPKW0qzRGlcmC1FWSbb1w79ZLMD2KkkvlX4cKKVZC8aIIDGmzP5yWPPHIvAhQM1yE1F5ShT5gSSrof0E0BPe9NRmTjCJcxqPhcxeB5uufTZKeoxhNl28X/5hos7rEAtcBrkTPefbgpjPHus9Nq62ASP/Qy0NqDXO9QYeZlwwk8diya7PLRtWxYsVVrkdDVEa8hy0OX5uiOVvzHQramF0x6yWKQNzX0lbGAB/sRto9AaDQdaK7SLij1+kb35rS8jigVt+f2a6iXSfCz2LmOMUWs4KraIcub0atjTBOjG4tWcs2mdAm6YBSdYDnsU7dvoKSWN42pRWFTw5ifzN5hROWq4DHMzl3LKVphUWZvt9XRpNzR2lK8C1r7CROnS2AD9M5OG2Zv1JNS7NkAL954O1aPyal6THZlI8HGaKq2/Cmregu2A6trHMzPo+LkSyy8jgiZyJWi47Vpwgw6HGLVYqKwcD1b9of8SodzlRcKQ16z8qmG+2KLCboUOkzACy1vdPm2YdSTErQLChSCDzrzDiO+yO90QPvRkrWP2BOZxTTk14zsfUrywmvAT6VkTTyP7rDwsm0oyFtCvlXkv5gPdFQCd3XOu+uwRXrECLyycmfmA67FwpekdsS95ZrVKcu2P9AFHRaAh9k9/mrPA33BusDgQ0A7LIztZjPxAescTOTXEqnKurBqAjYD1pNn7VabP7AqaEJ4VhFPz3ryDx4zzjj0IuIEdpZdaO2EXOaiqNGqOc68xHZu7CvvAsXIxi12mfMPTwo11LgwilP84YWPa9WI3A6z7DYcoierxdmyjSnX2S7GZLR7mftRMiZe5BQdjcZ4b4uBfcWC66eeQ4JbFGwn9ZErONc2Zobgt24Vk6AtD3lV6Ostbae1fbz97OUvIh2PKt9Uvq3UK1rlx8rLym+VXuWs4mz8sHGx4W54mz9v/rF5tekXrg8fiJivKwvPZvofsjlxQg==</latexit>

Colisão com p2
V
• O caminho livre médio é a distância média entre colisões
• Entre as colisões, a partícula percorre um pequeno cilindro
• Pode ser obtido a partir do comprimento total dividido pelo
de área de secção transversal ⇡d2
<latexit sha1_base64="0emhWw4/QX0Spjdmgqzq0zYIS4M=">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</latexit>

número de colisões no meio


• Estes cilindros podem ainda ser alinhados de forma ideal
p1

• É necessária uma correção de Caminho livre médio


1
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para ter em conta que todas as =p


p2 outras partículas têm 2
2⇡d N/V
v t movimento
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4
Distribuição das velocidades -H&R cap 19

• Da última lição derivamos a velocidade rms de uma


partícula num gás ideal r <latexit sha1_base64="3kTk98NlKLwRi3uN/DSX6quCMQk=">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</latexit>

3RT
vrms =
M
• No entanto, não indica qual a fração de partículas com
maior ou menor energia
• Para qualquer velocidade v, o produto P(v)dv (uma
• Seguindo argumentos semelhantes aos anteriores e uma
quantidade adimensional) é a fração de partículas com
derivação complicada, chega-se à distribuição de
velocidades no intervalo dv centrado na velocidade v
velocidades de Maxwell-Boltzmann
Massa molar velocidade
• Se é uma distribuição de probabilidades, então
✓ ◆3/2
• Também a fração de partículas com velocidades dentro de
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M 2 M v 2 /2RT
P (v) = 4⇡ v e Partículas com Z v2
2⇡RT uma determinada região évelocidades entre v1 e v2 N 0
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Constante de gás temperatura = P (v)dv


N v1
Número total de partículas
• Esta função é uma distribuição de probabilidades

5
Distribuição das velocidades -H&R cap 19
• Outra velocidade a assinalar na distribuição é a velocidade
mais provável, que tem a probabilidade mais elevada (pico)
• Sendo uma distribuição de probabilidades, a velocidade r
• Obter de
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média das partículas é 2RT


Z 1 r vp =
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8RT M
v̄ = vP (v)dv v̄ =
0 ⇡M
vp
<latexit sha1_base64="9dfLR+nq0A6VRcPQZpLDEZD+XXY=">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</latexit>

• A média das velocidades ao quadrado também pode ser v̄


<latexit sha1_base64="VVHHxZdJGYF71CYzH5CH7b8pv6o=">AAAQtnicjVfbbttGEFXSW6q2sdI+9mXQgI0EQ6pIGa4LhEBcN06R2oLs2nIK0yIokrIJkxRDUqpcYvWFfepb/6azN2p1cR0BtmbncvbszO7sapiEQZa32/8+evzRx598+tmTz6tffPnV063as6/72XiSuv65Ow7H6buhk/lhEPvneZCH/rsk9Z1oGPoXw9sDar+Y+mkWjOOz/C7xryLnOg5GgevkqLKfPf1b0+dWNBzPCtcJiQk7LX1vd0+o3pKqdmIegPWLH+YOnIEJB1A/s0fNMztoQFWTBtvQXsJiUNVc0xqljlsckCJeATEhAhfKobYGemIeRfh1YYJ3YeuwTb8M/tXBr1arVdVMsKa+WxzaOrFcb5zzoZfhGNBHGI0Vo0HQBtLaWbF2iETnDqr5dyK0pcACKEsriHP7QIASUIKmBObg5bhA4RMBz4on7aTw8vUQjp8TJa60qpSn6CEQI1LgYrk3fgqvPh0YDQLlWsDcPLm5kVRGpDL7f68plkKaprYxMCgPaMJCp3Od+dr+rW400EQFvSEzJ/NGM6hWg4is3Ws3ESiRiAlDPLR9s3lr+zCralTnN8wmp8GUlMbD024vmYvuAdkw8cpSHgy5YNq1SNxvnLtYhNGgxJnLtlwelnjVuyyqXfBzGvqOR4hZao/Imgt2hSybpP782slU1zeq65sVDO9CdVzLQ72335h7GTLszev7XtYwe3OvX6bYuwB+OIq+HZAB/h8R4B7i8J/j6tq4PhrSxoMvyTphCEk6dpGyj2xpDtAWWGlwfZM7aTr+ExBqG3UjVRfQtSDF4oTYM9GArMRJ88AJ4YQUUA5wR/fkZO44pslrWrdOkjhgRU5+k0bFfnkE4Az3Om4fBF9WiCmw4WHr0gmmrP6y3VA5rINaoT/KL9cC+TKuqtqpAD0ixS3OSFnm/iwHRhMI561odEK71orSICJUWeAmrPJ0GLDPiNUZpRecTQOJYctceOml1wvKW/HSaae5F1/FXg6DHwBht3EaJhm01DKIFKcCsPDfTwJCyCaYKmhrfuYGZDBP2V1ySm8nUVl9fQpsOtkksmPZV2/tmBKNkZgwKKH0ZvteFruQNXZZkTgqJgKbtLTc7JdLKL2HhDSV4YgQuTBtDdlhB9dJ/SQLwjFSyYLraGnHKkh+PMUFDXYWdSliP38QATjDTUjNJWUU5FQJJd0PmIZDL2aTEdkkxm0MKj5TUXiW7kWZnBTVeKPsePi/uQGLeSxBLfFa5oxvH2aKxvj22W21DbDyIPIz0NuDwugQYWZtww19ei1a9PHRtR1Ys1W1WOjqiNeQ7aFLCnRHK/7HRrZhFkx6yWJQNHX0lbGAF/sxjo9BaHQDSKHS5pR6fbN7e1Y+R5SO2/P6GuplEoJs7N6MMUW04araIc2b2atjTBOjG8vW/IaWdAWaM4pPsR32idc3UVLbm07VorGpYdRPZu8oJnJXsBhqZ65lidZYlNnba3V0KXf0thTvg9Z/wsQZEtgEo7Pbhvlb9aYUZzbEhze+jtVrcqZek105SHAwmqmjYEa73pLt0O6ah4v7iN98iY3PESHncqcY+GyaUoMBR9i1qCgsTE+3/RF70mGtCq4w5TOrmOl4LrapYEihQwV80LJBlx0bSj0pQbugQCH4oLOYMGab/F4HtB+vWPuIPZVZTCP2zMjep3nBvQbsVko2xLPoDg0vx6aCvC3kO0X+i/pARyVw3+Rsug7dpMeUwGu7cOcB4F7kvnnqxMxb7lmD0GwHA0PQoQF4mT3gr848MJasSww+BLRDw+hptpIAsM/BVP5ayuUbBCu3ZgNeAivEn3+es6DA84B3qwzp4uainr36tGHuUDU/KDzimO4/6nqK7xxxWgZFB2MQAmsDPvaoYyahinmVrF7QHSb6BD79cX1TeqnTibxplReLaMKhTZcfxKP8juNSL0C3xS7QzAKU7AEr4NRONFFbYTSk0a49b7fa7APrgi6E5xXx6dm1f/CSdSeRH+du6GTZpd5O8qtCtHRStSaZnzjurXPtX6IYO9hgrgr2s5uAhhoPRuMU//C5y7RqROFEWXYXDdGT3kTZqo0qN9kuJ/lo76oI4mSS+7HLJxpN8NU6BvobHrwg9d08vEPBcdMAuYJ742AmcvylX8Uk6KtLXhf6Rkvfbe2c7Dx/9bNIx5PKt5XvKvWKXvmx8qrya6VXOa+4W52tP7aGW25trzao+bVr7vr4kYj5prL0qSX/Acu9xlk=</latexit>

obtida desta forma


v¯2
<latexit sha1_base64="INkaEVszrXQNDChfxPSLZicZ6l8=">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</latexit>

Z 1
3RT
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¯2
v = 2
v P (v)dv ¯2
v = vp
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0 M

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v¯2
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• A velocidade de raiz quadrada média é a mesma que


anteriormente r <latexit sha1_base64="3kTk98NlKLwRi3uN/DSX6quCMQk=">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</latexit>

3RT
vrms =
M
6

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