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3
Caminho livre médio e difusão -H&R cap 19 • Durante algum tempo, a partícula varre um cilindro de
volume 2
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⇡d v t
Colisão com p2
V
• O caminho livre médio é a distância média entre colisões
• Entre as colisões, a partícula percorre um pequeno cilindro
• Pode ser obtido a partir do comprimento total dividido pelo
de área de secção transversal ⇡d2
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4
Distribuição das velocidades -H&R cap 19
3RT
vrms =
M
• No entanto, não indica qual a fração de partículas com
maior ou menor energia
• Para qualquer velocidade v, o produto P(v)dv (uma
• Seguindo argumentos semelhantes aos anteriores e uma
quantidade adimensional) é a fração de partículas com
derivação complicada, chega-se à distribuição de
velocidades no intervalo dv centrado na velocidade v
velocidades de Maxwell-Boltzmann
Massa molar velocidade
• Se é uma distribuição de probabilidades, então
✓ ◆3/2
• Também a fração de partículas com velocidades dentro de
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M 2 M v 2 /2RT
P (v) = 4⇡ v e Partículas com Z v2
2⇡RT uma determinada região évelocidades entre v1 e v2 N 0
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5
Distribuição das velocidades -H&R cap 19
• Outra velocidade a assinalar na distribuição é a velocidade
mais provável, que tem a probabilidade mais elevada (pico)
• Sendo uma distribuição de probabilidades, a velocidade r
• Obter de
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8RT M
v̄ = vP (v)dv v̄ =
0 ⇡M
vp
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Z 1
3RT
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¯2
v = 2
v P (v)dv ¯2
v = vp
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0 M
v̄
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v¯2
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3RT
vrms =
M
6