Inner Product

Inner product
Hoang Hai Ha
HCMUT-OISP
Email: hoanghaiha@hcmut.edu.vn
Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 1 / 29

Outline
1 Real world problems
2 Real inner product space
3 Orthogonality
4 MatLab

→
−
Work done by a force F

→
−
Work done by a force F
→
− −
W = F .→
s = F .s. cos α

A real vector space V is called a real Euclidean inner product space if
⟨·⟩· : V × V → R
(x, y ) 7−→ ⟨x, y ⟩− which is called inner product of 2
vectors.

⟨·⟩· : V × V → R
vectors.
The following 4 axioms are satisfied

⟨·⟩· : V × V → R
vectors.
1 ⟨x, y ⟩ = ⟨y , x⟩, ∀x, y ∈ V

⟨·⟩· : V × V → R
vectors.
1 ⟨x, y ⟩ = ⟨y , x⟩, ∀x, y ∈ V
2 ⟨x + y , z⟩ = ⟨x, z⟩ + ⟨y , z⟩, ∀x, y , z ∈ V

⟨·⟩· : V × V → R
vectors.
1 ⟨x, y ⟩ = ⟨y , x⟩, ∀x, y ∈ V
2 ⟨x + y , z⟩ = ⟨x, z⟩ + ⟨y , z⟩, ∀x, y , z ∈ V
3 ⟨αx, y ⟩ = α⟨x, y ⟩, ∀x, y ∈ V , ∀α ∈ R

⟨·⟩· : V × V → R
vectors.
1 ⟨x, y ⟩ = ⟨y , x⟩, ∀x, y ∈ V
2 ⟨x + y , z⟩ = ⟨x, z⟩ + ⟨y , z⟩, ∀x, y , z ∈ V
3 ⟨αx, y ⟩ = α⟨x, y ⟩, ∀x, y ∈ V , ∀α ∈ R
4 ⟨x, x⟩ > 0, x ̸= 0 and ⟨x, x⟩ = 0 ⇔ x = 0.

⟨·⟩· : V × V → R
vectors.
1 ⟨x, y ⟩ = ⟨y , x⟩, ∀x, y ∈ V
2 ⟨x + y , z⟩ = ⟨x, z⟩ + ⟨y , z⟩, ∀x, y , z ∈ V
3 ⟨αx, y ⟩ = α⟨x, y ⟩, ∀x, y ∈ V , ∀α ∈ R
4 ⟨x, x⟩ > 0, x ̸= 0 and ⟨x, x⟩ = 0 ⇔ x = 0.
Example 2.1
On Rn , dot product is standard inner product
n
xi yi = x.y T
P
(x, y ) 7−→ ⟨x, y ⟩ =
i=1
where x = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ), y = (y1 , y2 , . . . , yn ).

Example 2.2
On R2 we define the mapping (x, y ) → ⟨x, y ⟩ ∈ R as below:
(x, y ) 7−→ ⟨x, y ⟩ = x1 y1 + 2x2 y2 + x1 y2 + x2 y1
where x = (x1 , x2 ), y = (y1 , y2 ).

Explain why this mapping is an inner product?
Find ⟨x, y ⟩ where x = (1, 1), y = (2, −1).

Example 2.2
(x, y ) 7−→ ⟨x, y ⟩ = x1 y1 + 2x2 y2 + x1 y2 + x2 y1
where x = (x1 , x2 ), y = (y1 , y2 ).

Find ⟨x, y ⟩ where x = (1, 1), y = (2, −1).
⟨y , x⟩ = y1 x1 + 2y2 x2 + y1 x2 + y2 x1 = ⟨x, y ⟩.

Example 2.2
(x, y ) 7−→ ⟨x, y ⟩ = x1 y1 + 2x2 y2 + x1 y2 + x2 y1
where x = (x1 , x2 ), y = (y1 , y2 ).

Find ⟨x, y ⟩ where x = (1, 1), y = (2, −1).
⟨y , x⟩ = y1 x1 + 2y2 x2 + y1 x2 + y2 x1 = ⟨x, y ⟩.
For z = (z1 , z2 ), we see that ⟨x + y , z⟩ = ⟨x, z⟩ + ⟨y , z⟩.

Example 2.2
(x, y ) 7−→ ⟨x, y ⟩ = x1 y1 + 2x2 y2 + x1 y2 + x2 y1
where x = (x1 , x2 ), y = (y1 , y2 ).

Find ⟨x, y ⟩ where x = (1, 1), y = (2, −1).
⟨y , x⟩ = y1 x1 + 2y2 x2 + y1 x2 + y2 x1 = ⟨x, y ⟩.
⟨αx, y ⟩ = α⟨x, y ⟩.

Example 2.2
(x, y ) 7−→ ⟨x, y ⟩ = x1 y1 + 2x2 y2 + x1 y2 + x2 y1
where x = (x1 , x2 ), y = (y1 , y2 ).

Find ⟨x, y ⟩ where x = (1, 1), y = (2, −1).
⟨y , x⟩ = y1 x1 + 2y2 x2 + y1 x2 + y2 x1 = ⟨x, y ⟩.
⟨αx, y ⟩ = α⟨x, y ⟩.
⟨x, x⟩ = x12 + 2x22 + 2x1 x2 = (x1 + x2 )2 + x22 ≥ 0 and
⟨x, x⟩ = 0 ⇔ x = (x1 , x2 ) = (0, 0).

Length of a vector in an inner product space
Definition 2.1
If V is a real inner product space, then the length of a vector x ∈ V
is denoted by ||x|| and is defined by
p
||x|| = ⟨x, x⟩ . (1)

Length of a vector in an inner product space
Definition 2.1
If V is a real inner product space, then the length of a vector x ∈ V
is denoted by ||x|| and is defined by
p
||x|| = ⟨x, x⟩ . (1)
Definition 2.2
If V is a real inner product space, then the distance between two
vectors u, v ∈ V is denoted by d(u, v ) and is defined by
p
d(u, v ) = ||u − v || = ⟨u − v , u − v ⟩ (2)

Definition 2.3
The angle α between two vectors x, y ∈ V is defined by
⟨x, y ⟩
cos α = , (0 ⩽ α ⩽ π)
||x|| ||y ||

Definition 2.3
⟨x, y ⟩
cos α = , (0 ⩽ α ⩽ π)
||x|| ||y ||
Example 2.3
In R2 the inner product is given
⟨x, y ⟩ = 3x1 y1 + x1 y2 + x2 y1 + x2 y2
where x = (x1 , x2 ), y = (y1 , y2 ). Find the length of vector x = (1, 2).

Find the distance between u = (1, −1), v = (0, 2) and the angle
between them.
Answer. √
∥x∥ = 11.

Definition 2.3
⟨x, y ⟩
cos α = , (0 ⩽ α ⩽ π)
||x|| ||y ||
Example 2.3
⟨x, y ⟩ = 3x1 y1 + x1 y2 + x2 y1 + x2 y2
where x = (x1 , x2 ), y = (y1 , y2 ). Find the length of vector x = (1, 2).

Find the distance between u = (1, −1), v = (0, 2) and the angle
between them.
Answer. √
∥x∥ = 11. √
u − v = (1, −3), d(u,
√ v ) = 6.
⟨u, v ⟩ = 0, ∥u∥ = 2, ∥v ∥ = 2.
The matrix form of an inner product
Evaluating inner product using matrix form

Every inner product in Rn can be written in the matrix form, i.e., for
every pair of vectors x = (x1 , x2 , .., xn ), y = (y1 , y2 , ..., yn ) their inner
product is:
⟨x, y ⟩ = xAy T
where A is a symmetric square matrix whose coefficients aij are

numbers standing before xi yj .

Example 2.4
⟨x, y ⟩ = x1 y1 + 2x1 y2 + 2x2 y1 + 5x2 y2 + 3x3 y3
where x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ), y = (y1 , y2 , y3 ). And given

u = (1, 1, 1), v = (1, 0, 1). Determine ⟨u, v ⟩ and angle between u, v .

Example 2.4
⟨x, y ⟩ = x1 y1 + 2x1 y2 + 2x2 y1 + 5x2 y2 + 3x3 y3

Solution.
T
Rewrite the  using the matrix form: ⟨x, y ⟩ = xAy ,
formula by
1 2 0
where A = 2 5 0.

0 0 3

Example 2.4
⟨x, y ⟩ = x1 y1 + 2x1 y2 + 2x2 y1 + 5x2 y2 + 3x3 y3

Solution.
Rewrite the  using the matrix form: ⟨x, y ⟩= 
formula by xAy T ,
1 2 0 1
where A = 2 5 0 . Then ⟨u, v ⟩ = 1 1 1 A 0
  
0 0 3 1
Find ⟨u, v ⟩, ⟨u, ⟨v , v ⟩ by multiplying
 u⟩, 
1 1
1 1 1 ⟨u, u⟩ ⟨u, v ⟩ 13 6
A 1 0 =
  = .
1 0 1 ⟨v , u⟩ ⟨v , v ⟩ 6 4
1 1
Orthogonality

Orthogonality
Definition 3.1
1 Two vectors x, y ∈ V in an inner product space V is called
orthogonal ⇔ ⟨x, y ⟩ = 0. We denote it by x ⊥ y .

Orthogonality
Definition 3.1
1 Two vectors x, y ∈ V in an inner product space V is called
orthogonal ⇔ ⟨x, y ⟩ = 0. We denote it by x ⊥ y .
2 Vector x is orthogonal to the set M ⊂ V if x is orthogonal to
every vector in M. We denote it by x ⊥ M.

Example 3.1
On R2 the inner product is given
⟨x, y ⟩ = 2x1 y1 − x1 y2 − x2 y1 + x2 y2
where x = (x1 , x2 ), y = (y1 , y2 ), and let u = (1, −1), v = (2, m). Find
m such that u ⊥ v .

Example 3.1
On R2 the inner product is given
⟨x, y ⟩ = 2x1 y1 − x1 y2 − x2 y1 + x2 y2
where x = (x1 , x2 ), y = (y1 , y2 ), and let u = (1, −1), v = (2, m). Find
m such that u ⊥ v .
Ans: m = 3

Theorem 3.1
Vector x is orthogonal to a subspace F if and only if x is orthogonal
to a basis of F .

Theorem 3.1
to a basis of F .
Example 3.2
On R3 given the standard inner product and the subspace

x1 + 2x2 − x3 = 0
F = x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R3
2x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 0
Find m such that vector v = (2, 3, m) is orthogonal to F .

Theorem 3.1
to a basis of F .
Example 3.2

x1 + 2x2 − x3 = 0
F = x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R3
2x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 0
A basis of F is {e = (−5, 3, 1)}.

Theorem 3.1
to a basis of F .
Example 3.2

x1 + 2x2 − x3 = 0
F = x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R3
2x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 0
A basis of F is {e = (−5, 3, 1)}.

v ⊥ F ⇔ v ⊥ e ⇔ −10 + 9 + m = 0.

Orthogonal and Orthonormal Sets

Definition 3.2
1 A
n set of two oromore vectors in a real inner product space
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn is called orthogonal ⇔ all pairs of distinct
vectors in the set are orthogonal.

Definition 3.2
1 A
2 An orthogonal set in which each vector has norm 1 is said to be
orthonormal
||xk || = 1, (k = 1, 2, . . . , n)

Definition 3.2
1 A
orthonormal
||xk || = 1, (k = 1, 2, . . . , n)
Example 3.3
On Rn
2 the standard inner
o product is given. Then the set
M = (1, −2), (2, 1) is orthogonal set.

Definition 3.2
1 A
orthonormal
||xk || = 1, (k = 1, 2, . . . , n)
Example 3.3
On Rn
2 the standard inner
o product is given. Then the set
M = (1, −2), (2, 1) is orthogonal set.

1 2 2 1
N= √ , −√ , √ , √ is the orthonormal set.
5 5 5 5

Orthogonal Complements
Definition 3.3
If F is a subspace of a real inner product space V , then the set F ⊥ of
all vectors in V that are orthogonal to F is called the orthogonal
complement of F .

Orthogonal Complements
Definition 3.3
If F is a subspace of a real inner product space V , then the set F ⊥ of
all vectors in V that are orthogonal to F is called the orthogonal
complement of F .
Theorem 3.2
Let F be a subspace of a real inner product space V , then F ⊥ is a
subspace of V , and:
dimF + dimF ⊥ = dimV

Finding F ⊥ of a subspace F
1 Find a basis of F . Assume that basis of F contains vectors

{e1 , e2 , .., em }
⟨e1 , y ⟩ = 0 
 

⟨e2 , y ⟩ = 0 

 
⊥
2 F = (y1 , y2 , ...yn ) .. ⇒ find the dim and a

 . 

⟨em , y ⟩ = 0
 
basis of this null space.

Example 3.4
n o
Let F = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R3 : x1 + x2 + x3 = 0 be the subspace of R3
and given the inner product
⟨x, y ⟩ = x1 y1 + 2x1 y2 + 2x2 y1 + 5x2 y2 + 3x3 y3
Find the dim and a basis of F ⊥ .

A basis of F is {e1 = (−1, 1, 0), e2 = (−1, 0, 1)}.

Example 3.4
n o
⟨x, y ⟩ = x1 y1 + 2x1 y2 + 2x2 y1 + 5x2 y2 + 3x3 y3

A basis of F is {e1 = (−1, 1, 0), e2 = (−1, 0,
1)}. 
1 2 0
The matrix in inner product formula is A = 2 5 0.
0 0 3

Example 3.4
n o
⟨x, y ⟩ = x1 y1 + 2x1 y2 + 2x2 y1 + 5x2 y2 + 3x3 y3

A basis of F is {e1 = (−1, 1, 0), e2 = (−1, 0, 1)}. 
1 2 0
The matrix in inner product formula is A = 2 5 0.
0 0 3
⊥
Let y = (y1 , y2 , y3 ) ∈ F , we have
⟨e1 , y ⟩ = e1 Ay T = 0, ⟨e2 , y ⟩ = e2 Ay T = 0.  
y
3 0  1

−1 1 0 T 1
⇒ Ay = 0 ⇒ y2 = 0. Thus,
−1 0 1 −1 −2 3
y3
⊥ ⊥
dim F = 1, a basis of F is {(9, −3, 1)}.
Example 3.5
In R3 given the inner product x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ), y = (y1 , y2 , y3 ) as:
⟨x, y ⟩ = 4x1 y1 + 5x2 y2 − x2 y3 − x3 y2 + 4x3 y3 ,
and the subspace F = span {(1, 2, 1), (2, −1, 4), (1, −3, 3), (5, 0, 9)}.
Find the dim of F ⊥ and one its basis.
Solution.
A basis of F is E = {e1 = (1, 2, 1), e2 = (2, −1, 4)}.
Similarly to the previous
 example,
 we find
4 0 0
1 2 1 
B= 0 5 −1, then F ⊥ ≡ null(B).
2 −1 4
0 −1 4

Orthogonal Projections

Theorem 3.3
If F is a finite-dimensional subspace of an inner product space V ,
then every vector x in V can be expressed in exactly one way as
x = y + z,
where y ∈ F , z ∈ F ⊥ .

Theorem 3.3
If F is a finite-dimensional subspace of an inner product space V ,
then every vector x in V can be expressed in exactly one way as
x = y + z,
where y ∈ F , z ∈ F ⊥ .
Definition 3.4
Vector y is called the orthogonal projection of x on F . We denote it
by y = prF x.

Find y = prF x
1 Find a basis of F , let it be S = {e1 , e2 , ..., em }.

Find y = prF x

2 Since y ∈ F ⇒ y = λ1 e1 + λ2 e2 + ... + λm em

Find y = prF x

3 x = y + z, then
x = λ1 e1 + λ2 e2 + ... + λm em + z

Find y = prF x

3 x = y + z, then
x = λ1 e1 + λ2 e2 + ... + λm em + z



 ⟨x, e1 ⟩ = ⟨e1 , e1 ⟩λ1 + ⟨e2 , e1 ⟩λ2 + ... + ⟨em , e1 ⟩λm
⟨x, e2 ⟩ = ⟨e1 , e2 ⟩λ1 + ⟨e2 , e2 ⟩λ2 + ... + ⟨em , e2 ⟩λm

⇔ .

..


⟨x, e ⟩ = ⟨e , e ⟩λ + ⟨e , e ⟩λ + ... + ⟨e , e ⟩λ .
m 1 m 1 2 m 2 m m m

Definition 3.5
The distance between a vector x and the subspace F is defined by
d(x, F ) = ||x − projF x||. (3)

Example 3.6
On R3 given
n the dot product, o the subspace
F = span (1, 1, 1), (0, 1, 1) and the vector x = (1, 1, 2) are given.
Find the orthogonal projection prF x of x on F .
Solution.
Let y ∈ F be the projection vector, then
y = α1 (1, 1, 1) + α2 (0, 1, 1). Denote e1 = (1, 1, 1), e2 = (0, 1, 1).

Example 3.6
On R3 given
n the dot product, o the subspace
F = span (1, 1, 1), (0, 1, 1) and the vector x = (1, 1, 2) are given.
Find the orthogonal projection prF x of x on F .
Solution.
Let y ∈ F be the projection vector, then
y = α1 (1, 1, 1) + α2 (0, 1, 1). Denote e1 = (1, 1, 1), e2 = (0, 1, 1).
We solve the system
(
⟨x, e1 ⟩ = ⟨e1 , e1 ⟩α1 + ⟨e1 , e2 ⟩α2
⟨x, e2 ⟩ = ⟨e1 , e2 ⟩α1 + ⟨e2 , e2 ⟩α2
(
4 = 3α1 + 2α2
→ → Solve α1 , α2 → y .
3 = 2α1 + 2α2

Example 3.7
⟨x, y ⟩ = 4x1 y1 + 5x2 y2 − x2 y3 − x3 y2 + 4x3 y3 ,
and the subspace F = {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) : −x1 + x2 + 2x3 = 0}. Find the

orthogonal projection of the vector x = (2, 1, 5) onto F .

Example 3.7
⟨x, y ⟩ = 4x1 y1 + 5x2 y2 − x2 y3 − x3 y2 + 4x3 y3 ,

A basis of F is {e1 = (1, 1, 0), e2 = (2, 0, 1)}.

Example 3.7
⟨x, y ⟩ = 4x1 y1 + 5x2 y2 − x2 y3 − x3 y2 + 4x3 y3 ,

A basis of F is {e1 = (1, 1, 0), e2 = (2, 0, 1)}.

 
4 0 0
The matrix in inner product formula is A = 0 5 −1.
0 −1 4

Example 3.7
⟨x, y ⟩ = 4x1 y1 + 5x2 y2 − x2 y3 − x3 y2 + 4x3 y3 ,

A basis of F is {e1 = (1, 1, 0), e2 = (2, 0, 1)}.

 
4 0 0
0 −1 4
     
2 1 5 1 2 8 35
Evaluate: 1 1 0 A 1 0 = 9 7 .
2 0 1 0 1 7 20

Example 3.7
⟨x, y ⟩ = 4x1 y1 + 5x2 y2 − x2 y3 − x3 y2 + 4x3 y3 ,

A basis of F is {e1 = (1, 1, 0), e2 = (2, 0, 1)}.

 
4 0 0
0 −1 4
     
2 1 5 1 2 8 35
Evaluate: 1 1 0 A 1 0 = 9 7 .
2 0 1 0 1 7 20
Then the orthogonal
( projection is y = α1 e1 + α2 e2 , we find
8 = 9α1 + 7α2
α1 , α2 from: → find y .
35 = 7α1 + 20α2
The standard inner product on Rn
1 < x, y >= dot(x, y )

2 ||x|| = norm(x)
3 d(x, y ) = norm(x − y )
4 cos α = dot(x, y )/(norm(x) ∗ norm(y ))

Orthogonal Complement
1 f1 , f2 ,
. . . , fm: basis of F . A = [f1 ; f2 ; . . . ; fm ]
f1
 f2  ⊥ ′ ′
A=  . . .  ⇒ Basis of F : null(A, r )

fm
2 If F is the solution subspace of homogeneous system AX = 0
then the basis of F ⊥ consists of all row vectors of matrix B
B = rref (A)

The standard inner product on Rn
Suppose
 the set of f1 , f2 , . . . , fm is a basis of F . 
dot(f1 , f1 ) dot(f1 , f2 ) . . . dot(f1 , fm )
 dot(f2 , f1 ) dot(f2 , f2 ) . . . dot(f2 , fm ) 
A= ,
 ... ... ... ... 
dot(fm , f1 ) dot(fm , f2 ) . . . dot(fm , fm )
 
dot(x, f1 )
 dot(x, f2 ) 
B =  , λ = (λ1 , λ2 , . . . , λm )T = inv (A) ∗ B
 ... 
dot(x, fm )
1 Projection f = λ(1) ∗ f1 + λ(2) ∗ f2 + . . . + λ(m) ∗ fm

2 Distance ||g || = ||x − f || = norm(x − f )
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Inner product

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 1 / 29

1 Real world problems

2 Real inner product space

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 2 / 29

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 3 / 29

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 3 / 29

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 4 / 29

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 4 / 29

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 4 / 29

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 4 / 29

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 4 / 29

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 4 / 29

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 4 / 29

(x, y ) 7−→ ⟨x, y ⟩ = x1 y1 + 2x2 y2 + x1 y2 + x2 y1

where x = (x1 , x2 ), y = (y1 , y2 ).

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 5 / 29

(x, y ) 7−→ ⟨x, y ⟩ = x1 y1 + 2x2 y2 + x1 y2 + x2 y1

where x = (x1 , x2 ), y = (y1 , y2 ).

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 5 / 29

(x, y ) 7−→ ⟨x, y ⟩ = x1 y1 + 2x2 y2 + x1 y2 + x2 y1

where x = (x1 , x2 ), y = (y1 , y2 ).

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 5 / 29

(x, y ) 7−→ ⟨x, y ⟩ = x1 y1 + 2x2 y2 + x1 y2 + x2 y1

where x = (x1 , x2 ), y = (y1 , y2 ).

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 5 / 29

(x, y ) 7−→ ⟨x, y ⟩ = x1 y1 + 2x2 y2 + x1 y2 + x2 y1

where x = (x1 , x2 ), y = (y1 , y2 ).

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 5 / 29

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 6 / 29

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 6 / 29

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 7 / 29

where x = (x1 , x2 ), y = (y1 , y2 ). Find the length of vector x = (1, 2).

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 7 / 29

where x = (x1 , x2 ), y = (y1 , y2 ). Find the length of vector x = (1, 2).

Evaluating inner product using matrix form

where A is a symmetric square matrix whose coefficients aij are

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 8 / 29

⟨x, y ⟩ = x1 y1 + 2x1 y2 + 2x2 y1 + 5x2 y2 + 3x3 y3

where x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ), y = (y1 , y2 , y3 ). And given

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 9 / 29

⟨x, y ⟩ = x1 y1 + 2x1 y2 + 2x2 y1 + 5x2 y2 + 3x3 y3

where x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ), y = (y1 , y2 , y3 ). And given

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 9 / 29

⟨x, y ⟩ = x1 y1 + 2x1 y2 + 2x2 y1 + 5x2 y2 + 3x3 y3

where x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ), y = (y1 , y2 , y3 ). And given

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 10 / 29

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 11 / 29

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 11 / 29

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 12 / 29

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 12 / 29

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 13 / 29

Find m such that vector v = (2, 3, m) is orthogonal to F .

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 13 / 29

Find m such that vector v = (2, 3, m) is orthogonal to F .

A basis of F is {e = (−5, 3, 1)}.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Inner product 13 / 29

Find m such that vector v = (2, 3, m) is orthogonal to F .

A basis of F is {e = (−5, 3, 1)}.