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노치바ST-UTS
노치바ST-UTS
Technical note
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: This study aims at investigating the influence of high stress triaxiality on the yield strength and ultimate
Received 17 January 2018 tensile strength of commonly used structural steels (ASTM A36, ASTM A572 and ASTM A992). To this end,
Received in revised form 23 April 2018 axisymmetrically notched steel specimens are designed to generate a range of stress triaxialities. Yield
Accepted 3 May 2018
strength and ultimate tensile strength of notched steel specimens are then determined using engineering
Available online 8 May 2018
stress-strain curves obtained from uniaxial tensile testing of notched specimens. Yield strength and ulti-
mate tensile strength of all three types of structural steels are found to increase linearly with increase in
Keywords:
stress triaxiality of test specimens. Based on experimental and complimentary finite element results, pre-
ASTM A36 steel
ASTM A572 steel
dictive equations are proposed to estimate increased yield strength and ultimate tensile strength as a
ASTM A992 steel function of stress triaxiality in structural steels.
Stress triaxiality Ó 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Yield strength
Ultimate tensile strength
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.018
0950-0618/Ó 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
130 H.U. Sajid, R. Kiran / Construction and Building Materials 176 (2018) 129–134
(V-notched specimens). The reference un-notched test specimens Chemical composition (%) ASTM A36 ASTM A572 Gr. 50 ASTM A992
are labelled as SPR (reference un-notched test specimen). Detailed Carbon (C) 0.1500 0.0500 0.1000
geometric illustrations of the un-notched and notched specimens Manganese (Mn) 0.6900 1.3400 0.9300
are provided in Fig. 1. The chemical composition of all the three Phosphorous (P) 0.0180 0.0110 0.0160
steels used in this study as specified by the manufacturer are sum- Sulphur (S) 0.0040 0.0040 0.0440
Silicon (Si) 0.1800 0.1500 0.1900
marized in Table 1. In total, 42 test specimens are tested as a part Copper (Cu) 0.2400 0.2800 0.2500
of this experimental study. These specimens are machined using Chromium (Cr) 0.1500 0.1900 0.1400
computer numerically controlled (CNC) lath machine with a toler- Nickle (Ni) 0.0880 0.1300 0.0900
ance of ± 0.025 mm. Molybdenum (Mo) 0.0195 0.0400 0.0200
Vanadium (V) 0.0048 0.0830 0.0010
The load-displacement behavior of all the test specimens are
Titanium (Ti) 0.0012 0.0010 –
obtained by conducting uniaxial tension tests using servo- Niobium (Nb) 0.0024 0.0030 0.0210
hydraulic MTS 809 system at a displacement rate of 0.02 mm/s. Iron (Fe) 98.4521 97.7180 98.1980
An Epsilon Model 3542 contact extensometer with 1-inch gage
length is used to record the strains. The total load and elongation
in the gage length are obtained at a sampling rate of 99 Hz, for both
un-notched and notched test specimens. Engineering stress-strain some typical finite element meshes used in the vicinity of the
curves of un-notched and notched test specimens are provided in notches are provided in Fig. 5.
Fig. 2. Near perfect repeatability of load-displacement curves is
obtained for all the un-notched and notched test specimens. For 3. Results and discussion
the sake of clarity, stress-strain curve of only one representative
specimen is provided for each un-notched and notched test speci- In this section, stress-strain curves, yield strength (ry) and ulti-
men. Mechanical properties of test specimens evaluated from mate tensile strength (ru) obtained from uniaxial tensile tests are
experimental stress strain curves are provided in Table 2. Non- discussed. Using engineering stress-strain curves, yield strength
linear finite element analysis is conducted to obtain stress triaxial- of each test specimen is determined based on 0.2% strain offset
ity profiles across critical cross-section at two different loading method [18]. The maximum engineering stress is taken as the ulti-
stages: a) initial stage of loading (corresponding to 1.35 ± 0.5% mate tensile strength of steel. As observed in Fig. 2, stress-strain
engineering strain), and b) ultimate load (strain corresponding to curves of notched specimens are characterized by significant
maximum stress in engineering stress-strain curve), as shown in reduction in ductility and increase in ultimate tensile strength as
Fig. 3. Maximum initial stress triaxiality (T ir;max ) ranges from 0.33 compared to un-notched specimens, for all three types of steels.
to 1.15. Finite element analyses are conducted using ABAQUSÒ A well-defined yield plateau is observed in un-notched specimens
finite element modeling software. All test specimens are modeled which diminishes in case of notched specimens with high stress
using four noded bilinear axisymmetric CAX4 elements and geo- triaxiality. It is observed that all notched specimens exhibited sub-
metric non-linearity is considered. J2 plasticity model is used as stantial increase in both yield strength and ultimate tensile
the constitutive model. For all steels, the true stress strain curves strength as compared to un-notched steel specimens. Among
obtained from the corresponding SPR specimens are used as the notched steel specimens, highest yield strength and ultimate ten-
strain hardening curves in J2 plasticity model and are provided in sile strength is exhibited by specimens with highest average initial
Fig. 4. The applied boundary conditions and loading along with and average ultimate triaxialities (UN1 and VN1), respectively. In
25
25 50 25
Cross-section
SPR
4 6.92
1 45° 60°
10 R1.0 10 10
2 2
Fig. 1. Geometric details of axisymmetric test specimens (all dimensions are in mm.).
H.U. Sajid, R. Kiran / Construction and Building Materials 176 (2018) 129–134 131
CN2 CN3
SPR
CN1 SPR
CN2 CN1
CN3
VN1
VN2 (c) ASTM A992
UN1
CN1
SPR
CN2
CN3
Table 2
Experimental material properties of structural steels (obtained from un-notched test specimens) and comparison with ASTM standards.
case of ASTM A36 steel, the yield strength of notched specimens strain corresponding to ultimate load (T uavg ), as shown in
increased by as much as 70% as compared to un-notched steel Fig. 7. Triaxiality is dependent on the shape of the notch and
specimens. Both ASTM A572 and A992 steels exhibited almost material properties. The notches in the test specimens may
similar increase (up to 57% and 60%, respectively) as compared to undergo significant shape change before the ultimate tensile
un-notched specimens. The ultimate tensile strength of notched strength is achieved. This shape change in the notch is
specimens made of all three steels exhibited almost similar accounted by choosing T uavg which is obtained by evaluating
increase (ASTM A36-51%, ASTM A572-54%, ASTM A992-53%) when the spatial average of triaxiality across the critical cross section
compared to ultimate tensile strength of corresponding un- at the strain corresponding to ultimate tensile strength. From
notched specimens. Fig. 6, it is clear that the yield strength increases linearly with
Average yield strength (ry) of (two) test specimens for a increase in stress triaxiality for all the three steels. Similarly,
given geometry is plotted as a function of spatially averaged the ultimate tensile strength is observed to increase linearly
initial triaxiality (T iavg ), as shown in Fig. 6. The spatially aver- with increase in stress triaxiality, for all three types of steels,
aged initial triaxiality (T iavg ) is evaluated by averaging the triax- as shown in Fig. 7. Based on experimental and finite element
iality over the critical cross section of the notched test results, the following predictive equations are proposed to esti-
specimen at a total strain of 1.35 ± 0.5%. The average ultimate mate yield strength and ultimate tensile strength as a function
tensile strength (ru) of two test specimens for a given geometry of spatially averaged initial stress triaxiality, and spatially aver-
is plotted against spatially averaged triaxiality evaluated at a aged ultimate stress triaxiality, respectively.
132 H.U. Sajid, R. Kiran / Construction and Building Materials 176 (2018) 129–134
VN1
UN1 VN1
UN1
CN3
CN2 VN2
VN2
CN2
CN1
CN3 CN1 SPR
SPR
(a) (b)
SPR = Reference un-notched test specimen, CN = C-notch, UN = U-notch, VN = V-notch
Fig. 3. (a) Initial stress triaxiality profiles, (b) stress triaxiality profiles at ultimate load.
Boundary Conditions:
@ x = 0; uz = 0
@ z = 0; ux = 0
(a)
(b) (c)
x
(d)
Fig. 5. (a) Applied boundary and loading conditions, (b) typical C-notch mesh, (c) typical U-notch mesh, and (d) typical V-notch mesh.
H.U. Sajid, R. Kiran / Construction and Building Materials 176 (2018) 129–134 133
4. Conclusions [2] T.L. Anderson, Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, third ed.,
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[3] A.M. Agogino, Notch effects, stress state, and ductility, J. Eng. Mater. Technol.
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[4] R. Kiran, K. Khandelwal, Experimental studies and models for ductile fracture
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1. Yield strength of structural steels increased linearly with
[5] R. Kiran, K. Khandelwal, A triaxiality and Lode parameter dependent ductile
increase in stress triaxiality. About 70% increase in yield fracture criterion, Eng. Fract. Mech. 128 (2014) 121–138.
strength is observed in ASTM A36 steel when the triaxiality is [6] American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), AISC 360-05-Specification for
Structural Steel Buildings, ANSI/AISC, Chicago, 2005.
changed from T iavg ¼ 0:32 to T iavg ¼ 0:84. For a similar change [7] W.D. Jenkins, W.A. Willard, Effect of temperature and notch geometry on the
in triaxiality, ASTM A572 and ASTM A992 recorded 57% and tensile behavior of a titanium alloy, NBS J. Eng. Instrum. 73 (1966) 5–11.
[8] J. Ganesh Kumar, M. Nandagopal, P. Parameswaran, K. Laha, M. Mathew, Effect
60% increase in yield strength, respectively.
of notch root radius on tensile behaviour of 316L (N) stainless steel, Mater.
2. Ultimate tensile strength of structural steels also increased lin- High Temp. 31 (2014) 239–248.
early with increase in stress triaxiality. An increase up to 54% in [9] X. Lei, C. Li, X. Shi, X. Xu, Y. Wei, Notch strengthening or weakening governed
ultimate tensile strength is observed for all the three structural by transition of shear failure to normal mode fracture, Sci. Rep. 5 (2015) 10537.
[10] American Institute of Steel Construction, Manual of Steel Construction,
steels considered in this study when the T uavg is increased from thirteenth ed., AISC, Chicago, 2005.
0.34 to 0.88. [11] ASTM International, A36/A36M-14 Standard Specification for Carbon
Structural Steel, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2014.
[12] ASTM International, Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy
Conflict of interest Columbium-Vanadium Structural Steel, ASTM International, West
Conshohocken, PA, 2015.
[13] ASTM International, Standard Specification for Structural Steel Shapes, ASTM
No conflict of interest. International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2015.
[14] R. Bjorhovde, Development and use of high performance steel, J. Constr. Steel
Res. 60 (2004) 393–400.
Acknowledgements [15] E.M. Aziz, V.K. Kodur, Effect of temperature and cooling regime on mechanical
properties of high-strength low-alloy steel, Fire Mater. 40 (2016) 926–939.
[16] K. Gustafson, P. SE, Evaluation of existing structures, Mod. Steel Constr. 47
The financial support from NDSU Research and Creative Activity
(2007) 41.
and NDSU Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering is [17] G. Hu, M.A. Morovat, J. Lee, E. Schell, Elevated Temperature Properties of ASTM
gratefully acknowledged by the authors. A992 Steel, in: Structures Congress 2009, American Society of Civil Engineers,
2009, pp. 1067–1076.
[18] ASTM International, ASTM A6/A6M-17a Standard Specification for General
References Requirements for Rolled Structural Steel Bars, Plates, Shapes, and Sheet Piling,
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