Biochemistry is the branch of science that combines biology and chemistry, focusing on the

chemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms. It seeks to understand how
molecules, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, interact to perform the
functions necessary for life.

Key Concepts in Biochemistry

1. Molecules of Life: Biochemistry studies the structure, function, and interactions of

biomolecules, which include:

o Proteins: Essential for structural support, enzymatic catalysis, and signaling.

o Carbohydrates: Serve as energy sources and structural components (e.g., cellulose,

glycogen).

o Lipids: Important for energy storage, membrane structure, and signaling molecules
(e.g., hormones).

o Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA carry genetic information and are involved in protein
synthesis.

2. Metabolism: The biochemical processes that enable organisms to obtain and utilize energy
from nutrients. It includes:

o Catabolism: Breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones to release energy.

o Anabolism: Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy

input.

3. Enzymes: Protein catalysts that accelerate biochemical reactions by lowering the activation
energy. Enzymes are crucial for metabolism and regulation in cells.

4. Genetic Information: Biochemistry explores how genetic information encoded in DNA is

transcribed into RNA and translated into proteins. It studies gene regulation and
expression.

5. Biochemical Pathways: Sequences of chemical reactions occurring within cells to maintain

homeostasis and support growth, reproduction, and response to the environment.

Branches of Biochemistry

1. Structural Biochemistry: Focuses on the study of biomolecular structures, including

proteins, nucleic acids, and complex carbohydrates, using techniques like X-ray
crystallography and NMR spectroscopy.

2. Metabolic Biochemistry: Investigates the pathways and regulation of biochemical reactions

involved in metabolism and energy production.

3. Molecular Genetics: Examines the structure and function of genes at the molecular level,
including DNA replication, transcription, and translation.

4. Clinical Biochemistry: Applies biochemical knowledge and techniques to diagnose and

monitor diseases, assessing biomarkers and metabolic disorders.

5. Biotechnology: Uses biochemical processes and biomolecules to develop products and

technologies, such as genetic engineering and pharmaceuticals.