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Test / Exam Name: Biological Classification Standard: 11th Science Subject: Biology
Student Name: Section: Roll No.:
Questions: 20 Time: 01:00 hh:mm Marks: 38

Q1. Give a comparative account of the classes of Kingdom Fungi under the following: 2 Marks
1. mode of nutrition
2. mode of reproduction

Ans: 1. Phycomycetes- This group of fungi includes members such as Rhizopus, Albugo, etc.
Mode of nutrition: They are obligate parasites on plants or are found on decaying matter such as wood.
Mode of reproduction: Asexual reproduction takes place through motile zoospores or non-motile aplanospores that are
produced endogenously in sporangium. Sexual reproduction may be of isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous type. It
results in the formation of thick-walled zygospore.
2. Ascomycetes- This group of fungi includes members such as Penicillium, Aspergillus, Claviceps, and Neurospora.
Mode of nutrition: They are sporophytic, decomposers, parasitic or coprophilous.
Mode of reproduction: Asexual reproduction occurs through asexual spores produced exogenously, such as conidia
produced on conidiophores. Sexual reproduction takes place through ascospores produced endogenously in sac - like asci
and arranged inside ascocarps.
3. Basidiomycetes- This group of fungi includes members such as Ustilago, Agaricus and Puccinia.
Mode of nutrition: They grow as decomposers in soil or on logs and tree stumps. They also occur as parasites in plants
causing diseases such as rusts and smuts.
Mode of reproduction: Asexual reproduction takes place commonly through fragmentation. Asexual spores are absent. Sex
organs are absent but sexual reproduction takes place through plasmogamy. It involves fusion of two different strains of
hyphae. The resulting dikaryon gives rise to a basidium. Four basidiospores are produced inside a basidium.
4. Deuteromycetes- This group of fungi includes members such as Alternaria, Trichoderma, and Colletotrichum.
Mode of nutrition: Some members are saprophytes while others are parasites. However, a large number act as decomposers
of leaf litter.
Mode of reproduction: Asexual reproduction is the only way of reproduction in deuteromycetes. It occurs through asexual
spores called conidia. Sexual reproduction is absent in deuteromycetes.
Q2. A virus is considered as a living organism and an obligate parasite when inside a host cell. But virus is not classified along with 2 Marks
bacteria or fungi. What are the characters of virus that are similar to non-living objects?

Ans: Virus is an obligate parasite. It is inert outside the host cell. It does not grow, divide or reproduce like normal organisms. Viruses
are intermediate between living and non-living entities. Characters of virus similar to non-living objects are–
1. Absence of protoplast,
2. Ability to get crystallized, e.g., TMV, poliomyelitis virus,
3. Inability to live independent of a living cell,
4. High specific gravity which is found only in non-living objects,
5. Absence of respiration,
6. Absence of energy storing system,
7. Absence of growth and division, instead different parts are synthesized separately.
Q3. Neurospora- an ascomycetes fungus has been used as a biological tool to understand the mechanism of plant genetics much in the 1 Mark
same way as Drosophila has been used to study animal genetics. What makes Neurospora so important as a genetic tool?

Ans: Neurospora crassa is known as’Drosophila of Plant Kingd om’. Itisau sefulmodel organism as it can be easily cultured in
laboratories due to simple life cycle and simple nutrient requirements. Neurospora crassa is the subject of intensive research
leading to significant contributions. By using Neurospora mutants, Mary Mitchell reported the first example of gene conversion.
Barbara McClintock, famous for her work in transposition, showed for the first time, that fungal chromosomes were typically
eukaryotic using it. Further, several aspects of metabolism and cytogenetic were first studied in it. The first sequencing of a
mitochondrial nucleic acid came from this fungus and self-splicing of a mitochondrial intron was demonstrated for the first time.
Neurospora also made significant contributions to the study of the mechanisms underlying protein import into mitochondria.
Moreover, mitochondrial plasmids were discovered and characterized. It has also been important in areas of biological research,
including recombination, DNA repair, differentiation, morphogenesis and cell biology, and notably, DNA methylation and
silencing, findings applicable not only to the fungi, but to other eukaryotes as well.
Q4. How do Basidiomycetes differ from Phycomycetes? 2 Marks
Ans: S.N
Basidiomycetes Phycomycetes
o.
1. The mycelium is septate. The mycelium is aseptate and coenocytic.
2. No asexual spores are formed. Asexual reproduction is by zoospores or aplanospores.
Sexual reproduction is by somatoga
3. Sexual reproduction is isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous.
my.
A fruiting body, the basidiocarp is f No fruiting body is formed; the zygospore or oospore directly undergoes
4.
ormed. development.
A dikaryophase is seen in the life c
5. No dikaryophase is found in the life cycle.
ycle.

Q5. Sunday morning Abhishek and his friends emptied all the overhead tanks belonging to flat owners who were not residing in their 4 Marks
apartments for the last few months. On their return, the owners complained about their empty tanks. Some elderly people even
spoke against Abhishek and his friends. Abhishek humbly apologised for the inconvenience caused.
He explained that water in the tanks had become stagnant and become a breeding ground for mosquitoes which will give rise to
malaria. The people appreciated the boys.
1. What values are reflected by Abhishek in the above case?
2. What is the causal agent of malaria and how does it reach human body?
3. How many phases the causal organism undergoes in its life cycle?
4. As an individual what can you do to avoid malaria in your neighbourhood?

Ans: 1. Social responsibility, commitment towards community health and respect for elders.
2. The causal agent of malaria is Plasmodium the malarial parasite. It is a digenetic parasite with two hosts, i.e., humans and
female Anopheles mosquito.
Female Anopheles injects saliva, while puncturing human skin for obtaining blood. The infected mosquito contains a large
number of sporozoites in its saliva. The same are passed into human blood.
3. Plasmodium has three phases in its life cycle-schizogony, gamogony and sporogony.
4. One can do following activities to avoid malaria in your surroundings:
1. Covering open water drains.
2. Proper drainage for quick transfer of waste water into streams.
3. Spraying of insecticides, fumigation in surroundings, cattle sheds, etc.
4. Using mosquito net, repellents and antimosquito cream.
Q6. In which organisms heterocyst is present? Mention two features of heterocysts. Which features make it suitable for nitrogen- 2 Marks
fixation?

Ans: 1. Heterocysts are present in some cyanobacteria. It is a large-sized, pale coloured, thick-walled cell which occurs in terminal,
intercalary or lateral position in filamentous cyanobacteria, e.g., Nostoc.
2. Features of cyanobacteria are:
1. Mucilage sheath is present.
2. Thylakoids lack phycobilins. Therefore, photosynthesis is absent, but cyclic photophosphorylation occurs.
3. Heterocyst is dependent for its nourishment on adjacent vegetative cells.
The thick wall is impermeable to oxygen, but permeable to nitrogen. It has enzyme nitrogenase which is specialised to perform
nitrogen-fixation.
Q7. Why the members of class-Deuteromycetes are considered the fungi imperfect? 2 Marks

Ans: Deuteromycetes is an artificial class of fungi which has been created to include all those fungi (fungi imperfect) in which sexual
stage is either absent or not known. Their mycelium is usually septate. Coenocytic forms are not known. Clamp connections,
typical of Basidiomycetes are absent. It is believed that most members of Deuteromycetes are actually Ascomycetes in which
sexual reproduction is either absent or yet to be discovered.
Q8. Define the term mycorrhiza. How are these associations affect a plant? Explain with examples. 2 Marks

Ans: Mycorrhiza is a mutually beneficial or symbiotic association of fungi with roots of higher plants. Orchids grow as epiphyte on
plants, have their roots associated with fungi right from the seedling stage.
Many orchids cannot survive without mycorrhizae associations. Many forest trees such as piles appear stunted if mycorrhizal
associations are absent. In the presence of these associations, these plants absorb 2-3 times more nitrogen, potassium and
phosphorus compared to without them.
Q9. What is the nature of cell-walls in diatoms? 1 Mark

Ans: The cell walls of diatoms are made of silica. Their cell wall construction is known as frustule. It consists of two thin overlapping
shells that fit into each other such as a soap box. When the diatoms die, the silica in their cell walls gets deposited in the form of
diatomaceous earth. This diatomaceous earth is very soft and quite inert. It is used in filtration of oils, sugars, and for other
industrial purposes.
Q10. Name the following: 4 Marks
1. A poisonous mushroom having white spores.
2. Edible Basidiomycetes.
3. Fungus used in brewing industry.
4. It is searched by trained pets.
5. Root-like, cards-like hyphal masses having a distinct growing point.
6. Non-motile meiospores develop in Basidiomycetes.
7. Compact groups of hyphae produced to overcome unfavourable conditions.

Ans: 1. Toadstools.
2. Mushrooms and young puffballs.
3. Brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
4. Truffles (tuber-like underground fungus).
5. Rhizomorphs perennate during periods of scarcity of food and water.
6. Basidiospores (develop exogenously).
7. Sclerotia under favourable conditions each one forms a new mycelium.
Q11. How are viroids different from viruses? 2 Marks

Ans: Viroids are the smallest known agent of infectious diseases that contain small single-stranded RNA molecule. They lack capsid
and have no proteins associated with them. Viroids infect only plants. Whereas, viruses have genetic material surrounded by a
protective coat of protein or lipoprotein. The genetic material of viruses are of 4 types – double-stranded DNA, double-stranded
RNA, single-stranded DNA, single-stranded RNA. They infect both plants and animals.
Q12. Find out what do the terms ‘algal bloom’ and ‘red-tides’ signify. 2 Marks

Ans: Sometimes, green algae such as Chlorella, Scenedesmus and Spirogyra, etc., grow in excess in water bodies and impart green
colour to the water. These are called algal blooms. Red. dinoflagellates (Gonyaulax) grow in abundance in sea and impart red
colour to the ocean. This looks like red tides. Both due to algal blooms and 'red tide' the animal life declines due to toxins and
deficiency of oxygen inside water.
Q13. Differentiate between phycobiont and mycobiont. 2 Marks

Ans: S. No. Mycobiont Phycobiont

i. This is the part of lichen composed of fungal part. This is the part of lichen composed flat of algal part.
ii. Mycobiont is dependent on algae for nutrition. Phycobiont makes its own food.
iii. Mycobiont is attached to the substratum. Phycobiont is not attached to the substratum.

Q14. How do dinoflagellates differ from euglenoids? 2 Marks

Ans: S.N
Dinoflagellates Euglenoids
o.
they have a cell wall with stiff cellulosic plates on They have no cell wall, but pellicle, which gives shape and
1.
the outer surface. flexibility to body.
2. They are mostly found in stagnant water. They are freshwater forms marine.
They may be trophic or heterotrophic and predaceous in th
3. They are always photoautophotoautotrophic.
e absence of sunlight.
They have two flagella, one lies transversely and t They have two flagella, both anterior in position but one is
4.
he other longitudinally. very short and one is long.

Q15. Define chrysophytes. Why are they considered as the chief producers in the ocean? 2 Marks

Ans: Organisms like diatoms and desmids are called chrysophytes. They are found in both marine and freshwater and constitute the
major phytoplanktons. Therefore, they are the chief producers in the ocean.
Q16. Match Column I with Column II. 2 Marks
S.No. Column I S.No Column II
A. Diatoms 1. Cyanobacteria
B. Lichens 2. Phytoplanktons
C. Anabaena 3. Archaebacteria
D. Methanogen 4. Symbiosis

Ans: S.No. Column I S.No Column II

A. Diatoms 2. Phytoplanktons
B. Lichens 4. Symbiosis
C. Anabaena 1. Cyanobacteria
D. Methanogen 3. Archaebacteria
Q17. Albugo is parasitic on mustard.[True/ False] 1 Mark

Ans: True.
Q18. Bacteria that live in hot springs are called: 1 Mark
A Halophiles. B Thermoacidophiles. C Methanogens. D None of the above.
Ans: B Thermoacidophiles.
Explanation:
The bacteria that live in hot springs are called thermoacidophiles. Bacteria that live in salty areas are called halophiles. Bacteria
that live in marshy areas are called methanogens.
Q19. Prion consists of _____________. 1 Mark
A DNA B RNA
C Both DNA and RNA D Protein
Ans: D Protein
Explanation:
A prion is an abnormal form of a normally harmless protein found in the brain that is responsible for a variety of fatal
neurodegenerative diseases of animals including humans.
All prion diseases in mammals affect the structure of the brain or other neural tissue and have no known effective treatment.
Prion diseases are always fatal.
Creutzfeldt Jakob disease is the prion disease in humans.
Q20. Contagium vivum fluidum was proposed by: 1 Mark
A D.J. Ivanowsky. B M.W. Beijerinek. C Stanley. D Robert Hook.
Ans: B M.W. Beijerinek.
Explanation:
Beijerinek demonstrated that extracts of infected tobacco plant can cause infection in healthy plants and termed the fluid as
contagium vivum fluidum (infectious living fluid).