correspond with the sex assigned at
MODULE 12: GENDER IDENTITY
GENDER IDENTITY - is defined as a
personal conception of oneself as male
or female (or rarely, both or neither).
- concept is intimately related to the
concept of gender role, which is
defined as the outward manifestations of
personality that reflect gender identity.
- in nearly all instances, is self
identified, as a result of a combination
of inherent and extrinsic factors; gender
role on the other hand, and is
manifested within society by observable
factors such as behavior and
appearance.
- it has been accepted that we form
our gender identities around the age of
three and after that age, it is incredibly
difficult to change that.
- formation of identity is affected by
hormones and environment just as
much as it is by biological sex. -
- oftentimes problems arise when
someone is assigned a gender based
on their sex at birth that doesn’t align
with how they identify. For most
people, their gender is consistent
with their biological sex. For some
people, it is different. This means that
some people who were assigned
male or female by their doctor at birth
express different gender identities
later in life.
According to Yogyakarta principles
(2007) - gender identity is understood
to refer to each person’s deeply felt
internal and individual experience of
gender which may or may not
birth, including the personal sense of
the body (which may involve, if freely
chosen, modification of bodily
appearance or function by medical,
surgical and other means) and other
expressions of gender, including
dress, speech and mannerisms.
- is an internal sense of awareness. For
most people, it can be described as a
kind of man-ness or woman-ness so
to speak. However, gender is not
limited into two, it’s not binary. There
are more genders than men and
women. Gender identity emphasizes
on the question”who am I?
CATEGORIES OF GENDER IDENTITY
1. CISGENDER – are people whose
gender and assigned sex are the same
(someone who was male at birth and
identifies as a man). It comes from the
word “cis”, borrowed from chemistry,
meaning the same. A person whose
gender reflects his/her assigned sex at
birth.
2. TRANSGENDER - are people whose
assigned sex and gender is different. It
is from the word “trans” borrowed
from chemistry, meaning different.
- umbrella term for people whose
gender or expression differs from what
is typically associated with the sex
assigned at birth. Sometimes,”trans' ' is
used as an umbrella term for
transsexual and transgender where
the asterisk acts as a wild card. There
is not one single consistent definition
for each of these terms. Every
community and every individual may
define them differently. Trans is an
identity that someone chooses for
themselves. The LGBTQA belongs to
this umbrella.
a. LESBIANS - women who are
primarily attracted romantically,
erotically and emotionally to other
women.
b. GAYS - experiencing attraction solely
to some members of the same gender.
These people belong to the so called
“queer community”, women attracted
to women and men attracted to men.
c. BISEXUAL - a person who
experiences attraction to some men and
women. A person who experiences
attraction to some people of their gender
and another gender.
d. TRANSSEXUAL - the term is often
used to communicate that one’s
experience of gender involves medical
changes such as hormones or surgery,
that help alter their anatomy and
appearance to more closely align
with their gender identity.
e. INTERSEX - is a general term used
for a variety of situations in which a
person is born with reproductive or
sexual anatomy that doesn’t fit the
boxes of female or male. Sometimes
doctors do surgeries on intersex
babies and children to make their
bodies fit binary ideas of male and
female.
f. QUEER and sometimes
QUESTIONING - Queer is an umbrella
term for transgender who do not ascribe
to a particular sexual orientation or
gender identity. “Questioning” refers to
people who are in the process of
exploring and discovering their sexual
orientation and gender identity.
g. ALLY - (a typically straight/ or
cisgender) person who supports and
respects members of the LGBBTQ
community.
As a whole, gender identity is one’s
innermost concept of self as a male,
female or a blend of both or
neither-how individuals perceive
themselves and what they call
themselves. One’s gender identity can
be the same or different from their sex
assigned at birth. Gender identity can
be viewed from a spectrum.
MODULE 13: GENDER EXPRESSION
GENDER EXPRESSION - or gender
presentation, is a person's behavior,
mannerisms, interests, and appearance
that are associated with gender in a
particular cultural context,
specifically with the categories of
femininity or masculinity.
- this also includes gender roles.
- these categories rely on stereotypes
about gender.
- typically reflects a person's gender
identity (their internal sense of their own
gender), but this is not always the
case.
- is separate and independent both
from sexual orientation and gender
assigned at birth.
- the term gender expression is used in
the Yogyakarta Principles, which
concern the application of international
human rights law in relation to sexual
orientation, gender identity, gender
expression, and sex characteristics.
GENDER NON-CONFORMING - a type
of gender expression that is considered
atypical for a person's externally
perceived gender
MANLY - typical or masculine gender
expression
EFFEMINATE - typical or feminine
expression
TOMBOYISH - in girls and young
women, atypically masculine
expression
BUTCH - in lesbian and queer
women, masculine expressions
FEMME - in lesbian and queer
women, feminine expressions
ANDROGYNOUS - a mixture of typical
and atypical expressions
GENDER-NEUTRAL - or
undifferentiated, a type of expression
that is perceived as neither typically
feminine or masculine
THE FOUR GENDERS OF NOUNS
MASCULINE NOUNS - refer to words
for a male figure or male member of a
species (i.e. man, boy, actor, horse,
etc.)
FEMININE NOUNS - refer to female
figures or female members of a species
(i.e. woman, girl, actress, mare, etc.)
COMMON NOUNS - refer to members
of a species and don't specify the
gender (i.e. parent, friend, client,
student, etc.)
NEUTER NOUNS - refer to things that
have no gender (i.e. rock, table, pencil,
etc.)
THE GENDERBREAD PERSON
Gender identity - is how you, in your
head, think about yourself. It's the
chemistry that composes you (eg
hormonal levels) and how you
interpret what that means
● Woman
● Genderqueer
● Man
Gender expression - is how you
demonstrate your gender (based on
traditional gender roles) through the
ways you act, dress, behave, and
interact
● Feminine
● Androgynous
● Masculine
Biological sex - refers to the objectively
measurable organs, hormones, and
chromosomes. Female = vagina,
ovaries, XX chromosomes; male =
penis, testes, XY chromosomes,
intersex = a combination of the two.
● Female
● Intersex
● Male
Sexual orientation - is who you are
physically, spiritually, and emotionally
attracted to, based on their sex/gender
in relation to your own.
● Heterosexual
● Bisexual
● Homosexual
MODULE 14: EVOLUTION OF
GENDER PARADIGMS AND
PERSPECTIVE (WID, WAD AND
GAD)
WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT (WID)
- approach of development projects that
emerged in the 1960s, calling for
treatment of women’s issues in
development projects;
- By the 1970s, it became clear that
women were being left out of
development. They were not benefiting
significantly from it and in some
instances, their existing status and
position in society were actually
worsened by development.
- approached this issue- the
exclusion of women from
development programs and
approaches. WID saw women as a
group that lacks opportunity to
participate in development.
- The main task, therefore, was to
improve women’s access to resources
and their participation in development.
- The WID approach emphasized the
importance of the integration of women
into development programs and
planning. Accordingly, this was the
best way to improve women’s
position in society.
- The WID approach, although it had
limitations, increased the visibility of
women in development issues. WID
was successful in helping secure a
prominent place for women’s issues
at the United Nations (UN) and other
international development agencies.
- The UN declared that the decade of
1975 to 1985 to be the decade for
women. One of the major
achievements of the decade was the
establishment of women in development
structures or machineries.
- In Zambia, for instance, it was during
this time that the Women’s League of
the then ruling political party United
National Independence Party (UNIP)
was formed as the National machinery
to address women’s development
issues.
WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT (WAD)
- approach comes from the perspective
that equality will be essential to
improving women’s position, but still
frames change in terms of providing
women access to the productive sector
- As a result of criticism of the WID
approach, the Women and
Development (WAD) approach arose
in the latter part of the 1970s.
adopting a Marxist feminist
approach, the main argument of WAD
was that women had always been part
of the development processes. WAD
asserts that women have always been
important economic actors.
- The work they do both inside and
outside the household is critical to
the maintenance of society. However,
this integration has only served to
sustain global inequalities.
- In other words, the WID approach that
placed emphasis on integrating women
into development was not correct.
- The main focus of WAD is on the
interaction between women and
development processes rather than
purely on strategies to integrate women
into development.
- WAD saw both women and men as
not benefiting from the global economic
structures because of disadvantages
due to class and the way wealth is
distributed.
- WAD saw global inequalities as the
main problem facing poor countries
and the citizens of those countries.
- WAD argued that the integration of
women into development was to their
disadvantage and only made their
inequalities worse.
- On the other hand, WAD has been
criticized for assuming that the
position of women will improve if and
when international structures
become more equitable. It sees
women’s position as primarily within the
structure of international and class
inequalities.
- WAD even underplays the role
patriarchy of undermining women’s
development and does not
adequately address the question of
social relations between men and
women and their impact on
development.
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD)
was developed in the 1980s, stepped
away from both WID and WAD and
was founded in socialist-feminist
ideology (Rathgeber, 1990, p. 493).
- The GAD approach holds that the
oppression of women stems
largely from a neoliberal focus on
improving women’s reproductive and
productive capacities.
- In the 1980s, further reflections on the
development experiences of women
gave rise to Gender and Development
(GAD). It brought together both the
lessons learned from, and the
limitations of, the WID and WAD
approaches.
- GAD looks at the impact of
development on both women and
men. It seeks to ensure that both
women and men participate in and
benefit equally from development and
so emphasizes equality of benefit and
control. It recognizes that women may
be involved in development, but not
necessarily benefit from it.
- GAD is not concerned with women
exclusively, but with the way in which
gender relation allot specific roles,
responsibilities and expectations
between men and women, often to the
detriment of women.
- This approach also pays particular
attention to the oppression of women in
the family or the ‘private sphere’ of
women’s lives. As a result, we have
seen projects develop addressing
issues such as violence against
women.
- GAD focuses on the social or gender
relations (i.e., the division of labor)
between men and women in society and
seeks to address issues of access and
control over resources and power.
- GAD goes further than the other
approaches in emphasizing both the
reproductive and productive role of
women and argues that it is the state’s
responsibility to support the social
reproduction roles mostly played by
women of caring and nurturing of
children.
- As such, it treats development as a
complex process that is influenced
by political, social and economic
factors rather than as a state or stage
of development.
PRACTICAL APPROACHES TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN
THE WELFARE APPROACH
- Until the early 1970s, development
programs addressed the needs of
women almost entirely within the
context of their reproductive roles. The
focus was on mother and child health,
child-care and nutrition. Population
control – or family planning as it later
came to be known – was a major
focus as well due to the link made
between population growth and
poverty. The focus was clearly on
meeting practical needs.
- The assumption that women’s position
would improve together with general
improvements in the economy, or with
the economic positions of their
husbands, began to be challenged as it
became clear that women were in fact
losing out.
- Women, as a result, were being
increasingly associated with
backwardness and tradition while men
were increasingly identified with modern
and progressiveness.
THE EQUITY APPROACH
- Feminist calls for gender equality
were important in bringing about this
approach
- the main aim of which was to eliminate
discrimination.
- It emphasized the re- valuing of
women’s contribution and share of
benefits from development
- dealt with both the productive and
reproductive roles of government.
- in contrast to the welfare approach,
saw women as active participants
organizing to bring about necessary
changes.
THE ANTI-POVERTY APPROACH
- This approach focuses on both the
productive and reproductive role of
women with an emphasis on satisfaction
of basic needs and the productivity of
women. A key operational strategy
required access to income generation
and waged employment.
- The tendency with this approach was
to reinforce the basic needs and ignore
the strategic needs of women.
THE EFFICIENCY APPROACH
- aims to have increased production
and economic growth with an emphasis
on full use of human resources.
- Advocates of this approach argue that
gender analysis makes good economic
sense. This is because understanding
men's and women’s roles and
responsibilities as part of the
planning of development activities
helps improve effectiveness and
ensure that women, as well as men
can play their part in national
development.
- The efficiency approach succeeded
in bringing the concerns about women
and gender into the mainstream of
development. However, this was done
with a focus on what women could do
for development, rather than on what
development could do for women.
THE EMPOWERMENT APPROACH
- The aim of this approach is to increase
the self-reliance of women and to
influence change at the policy,
legislative, societal, economic and other
levels to their advantage.
- Its main strategy is
awareness-raising and situates
women firmly as active participants
in ensuring change takes place.
- has been instrumental in ensuring that
opportunities are opened for women to
determine their own needs. However,
empowerment has often been
misunderstood to be an end rather
than a means. This has resulted in
poor women becoming very
knowledgeable about issues while
realizing little change to their material
situation, which is often dire.
WID, WAD and GAD evolved towards
achieving empowerment since the
mid-19th century and up to present.
Aside from that, several practical
approaches had been utilized to
underscore the role of women in
nation-building and vice versa. The
evolution of these theories and
approaches only state that women
empowerment is a developing
principle, alongside development of
the country.
MODULE 15: LAW PROTECTING
HUMAN RIGHTS
THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
- Recognizes the role of women in
nation-building.
- As the fundamental source of law in
the country, the 1987 Philippine
Constitution serves as a basis for all
subsequent laws.
- With regards to women’s right and
gender equality, Article 2, Section 14
states: The State recognizes the role
of women in nation-building, and
shall ensure the fundamental equality
before the law of women and men.
This provision upholds the role of
women in the society as well as
fostering gender equality in the
Philippines. It recognizes that women
play a large role in developing,
maintaining and sustaining growth of
the country. It serves as the ultimate
basis for protecting women’s human
rights and the foundation of gender
equality in the Philippines.
MAGNA CARTA OF WOMEN or RA
9710
- Perhaps one of the most important
laws on the protection of women’s
human rights in the Philippines.
- provides for the rights of women as
well as the role of the government,
private sector and the society in
protecting those rights.
ANTI-VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
ACT AND THEIR CHILDREN ACT OF
2004 (VAWC) or RA 9262
- Provide women with the remedy
of seeking protection order from
the Barangay.
- Classifies marital infidelity as a
form of abuse.
- aims to address the increasing number
of domestic violence in the country.
- In 2017 it was reported that there were
11,558 women victims of physical and
sexual violence (Digal, 2018). The Act
classifies VAWC as a public crime.
This would mean that the commission
of VAWC is an affront to the society
in general and not only to the victim.
This also enables third parties to
procure remedies in favor of the
victim.
The following may be held liable
under this law:
● Husband or ex-husband
● Live-in partner or ex-live in
partner
● Boyfriend/girlfriend or
ex-boyfriend/ex-girlfriend
● Dating partner or ex-dating
partner
The following may be considered
victims of VAWC:
● wife
● former wife
● woman with whom the person
has or had a sexual or dating
relationship
● or with whom he has a
common child
● her child whether legitimate or
illegitimate, within or without
the family abode
The crucial factor that will qualify an
act as a case of VAWC or another
crime is the relationship of the victim
and the person liable. It is essential
that the victim and a person liable
should have a previous or existing
relationship. Thus, a woman can file a
case of VAWC against an ex-boyfriend if
the latter commits any of the acts
prohibited under the law.
The law classifies abuse to the
following categories:
1. PHYSICAL – it involves physical
harm to the victim such as slapping,
punching, kicking and choking.
2. SEXUAL – it includes rape, sexual
harassment, forcing the woman to do
sexual acts against her will or treating
the woman as a sex object.
3. PSYCHOLOGICAL HARM OR
SUFFERING – acts that tends to inflict
psychological harm such as marital
infidelity, public humiliation or verbal
abuse
4. ECONOMIC ABUSE – it includes the
withdrawal of financial support,
destroying of household properties and
controlling of the victim's money.
To protect the victim from further
abuses, the following may apply for a
protection order:
1. Victim
2. Parent or guardian
3. Grandparents
4. Children and grandchildren
 5. Relatives (aunts, uncles,
cousins, in-laws)
6. Local officials and DSWD
social workers
7. Police
8. Lawyers
9. Counselors
10. Therapists
11. Health care providers (nurses,
doctors, barangay health
workers)
12. Any two people who came from
the city or municipality where
VAWC happened and who have
personal knowledge of the crime.
The protection order may be
acquired from the Barangay
Unit and the Courts.
ANTI-SEXUAL HARASSMENT LAW or
RA 7877
- Protect women from harassment
in the workplace.
- Gender-based abuses do not only
occur within the confines of the family
home. Sexual Harassment became a
prevalent issue in the modern
workspace and academic
institutions.
- 1995 both men and women can be
victimized. Under this law, there is an
inherent power disparity in the
workplace and school which some may
exploit others to abuse.
- Based on the 1995 version of the
RA7877, it is a prerequisite that the
offender is occupying a higher position
in the workplace or school than the
victim. Using his or her position, the
offender harasses the victim, who,
for fear of retribution, cannot defend
him/herself.
- Sexual harassment in the workplace
occurs when the offender demands,
requests or otherwise requires any
sexual favor from another for the
purpose of hiring for employment,
renewal of contract or granting of favors
or promotions. It also occurs when the
victim, after rejecting the advances of
the offender, suffers some form of
discrimination, limitation, segregation or
denial of rights from the offender.
- Alternatively, sexual harassment in
schools may occur when the teacher,
professor, instructor, trainer or coach
requires sexual favor from a student in
exchange for high grades, scholarship
or other benefits. Additionally, there is
also sexual harassment when the victim
suffers from discrimination, limitation
and segregation after he or she refused
the offer of the offender.
Sexual Harassment may be
committed through the following:
● Physical
● Verbal
● Visual
● Sexual Bullying
Any person found guilty of sexual
harassment shall be liable to pay fine
and/or imprisonment.
SAFE SPACE ACT or RA No. 11313
- Protects women against
catcalling in streets.
- Penalizes acts of harassment in
public utility vehicles.
- defines Gender-Based Sexual
Harassment in Streets, Public Spaces,
Online, Workplaces, and Educational or
Training Institutions, Providing
Protective Measures and Prescribing
Penalties Therefore.
- This law encompasses all forms of
sexual harassment in various places. It
also includes workplaces and
schools, which is also covered by RA
7877.
Under this law, the following are
deemed illegal and prohibited:
a. Gender-based streets and public
spaces sexual harassment includes
1. catcalling,
2. wolf-whistling,
3. unwanted invitations,
4. misogynistic, transphobic,
homophobic and sexist slurs,
5. persistent uninvited comments or
gestures on a person’s
appearance,
6. relentless requests for personal
details,
7. statement of sexual comments
and suggestions,
8. public masturbation or flashing of
private parts,
9. groping, or
10. any advances, whether verbal or
physical, that are unwanted and
have threatened one’s sense of
personal space and physical
safety, and committed in public
spaces such as alleys, roads,
sidewalks and parks.
Such acts may be committed in
buildings, schools, churches,
restaurants, malls, public washrooms,
bars, internet shops, public markets,
transportation terminals or public utility
vehicles.
Section 6. Gender-Based Sexual
Harassment in Public Utility Vehicles
- If the offense is perpetrated in
a public utility vehicle,
- In addition to the penalties in this
Act, the Land Transportation Office
(LTO) may cancel the license of
perpetrators found to have
committed acts constituting sexual
harassment in public utility vehicles,
and the Land Transportation
Franchising and Regulatory Board
(LTFRB) may suspend or revoke the
franchise of transportation operators
who commit gender-based streets
and public spaces sexual harassment
acts. Gender-based sexual harassment
in public utility vehicles (PUVs) where
the perpetrator is the driver of the
vehicle shall also constitute a breach
of contract of carriage, for the
purpose of creating a presumption of
negligence on the part of the owner
or operator of the vehicle in the
selection and supervision of employees
and rendering the owner or operator
solidarity liable for the offenses of the
employee.
Section 7. Gender-Based Sexual
Harassment in Streets and Public
Spaces Committed by Minors.
- In case the act is committed by
a minor
- In case the offense is committed by a
minor, the Department of Social
Welfare and Development (DSWD)
shall take necessary disciplinary
measures as provided for under
Republic Act No. 9344, otherwise
known as the "Juvenile Justice and
Welfare Act of 2006".
LABOR CODE
- Prohibits nightwork for women.
- To further protect the rights of women,
the Labor Code of the Philippines
contains provisions crafted especially for
female employees such as:
● Prohibition against nightwork
(Art. 130)
● Facilities for women (Art.132)
● Maternity Leave benefits (Art.
133)
● Family planning services (Art.
134)
● Prohibition against
discrimination (Art. 135)
● Stipulation Against Marriage
(Art. 136)
● Other prohibited acts (Art. 137)
Presidential Decree No. 442 “Labor
Code of the Philippines” - Protect
women from economic abuse from their
spouse.
These provisions from the Labor Code
are further reinforced by special laws
such as the Magna Carta of Women
and RA. No. 11210 or the “105-Day
Expanded Maternity Leave Law”
1997 ANTI-RAPE LAW or RA No. 8353
- Protect women from marital rape.
- amended the provision of the Revised
Penal Code pertaining to the crime of
rape. The law now covers marital rape
and is based on lack of consent.
- Furthermore, it is no longer required
to present proof of resistance or
penetration. However, “force,”
“threat” and “intimidation” are still
cited as possible circumstances for
rape.
- Under the Revised Penal Code: Art.
335. When and how rape is committed.
— Rape is committed by having carnal
knowledge of a woman under any of the
following circumstances:
1. By using force or intimidation;
2. When the woman is deprived of
reason or otherwise unconscious;
and
3. When the woman is under twelve
years of age, even though neither of
the circumstances mentioned in the two
next preceding paragraphs shall be
present.
MODULE 16: LEGAL MANDATES &
MECHANISM OF GAD
THE CONVENTION on the
ELIMINATION of all forms of
DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN
(CEDAW)
- adopted on December 18, 1979 by
the UN General Assembly
- is often described as an international
bill of rights for women
- consists of 30 articles which
enumerate and discuss discrimination
against women and lay out possible
national action that states may take to
end such discrimination.
- serves as the basis for actions and
policies aimed towards realizing equality
between women and men by ensuring
that women have equal access to, and
equal opportunities in, political and
public life which include the right to
vote and to run for public office. It
also guarantees equal access to
education, health and employment.
- All States who signed the
convention agree to take all
appropriate measures, including
legislation, policy making and
temporary special measures, so that
women can enjoy all their human rights
and fundamental freedoms.
- The Convention includes provisions
on Discrimination, Policy Measures,
Guarantee of Basic Human Rights
and Fundamental Freedoms of
women, Special Measures, Sex Role
Stereotyping and Prejudice,
Prostitution, Political and Public Life,
Representation, Nationality,
Education, Employment, Health,
Economic and Social Benefits, Rural
Women, Law and Marriage and
Family Life.
BEIJING PLATFORM
- In September 1995, on the fiftieth
anniversary of the founding of the
United Nations and on the occasion
of the Fourth World Conference on
Women, the UN adopted the Beijing
Declaration and Platform for Action
in Beijing.
- enumerates the women’s rights that
should be safeguarded by all countries.
It affirms the following policies:
a. The equal rights and inherent
human dignity of women and men
and other purposes and principles
enshrined in the Charter of the United
Nations,
b. the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights and other international
human rights instruments
1. The Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination against Women
2. The Convention on the Rights of
the Child
3. The Declaration on the
Elimination of Violence against
Women and
4. The Declaration on the Right to
Development
Some of the women’s right promoted
by the Beijing Platform are the
following:
1. Women’s empowerment
2. Full participation on the basis of
equality in all spheres of society,
including participation in the
decision-making process and access to
power
3. Equal rights, opportunities and
access to resources,
4. Equal sharing of responsibilities for
the family by men and women
5. Involvement of women in economic
and social development
6. Equal opportunities and full and equal
participation of women and men as
agents and beneficiaries of
people-centered sustainable
development
7. Control all aspects of their health, in
particular their own fertility
8. Involvement of women local, national,
regional and global peace through
conflict resolution and the promotion of
lasting peace at all levels
9. Full participation of women, in
effective, efficient and mutually
reinforcing gender-sensitive policies and
programs
The Beijing Declaration and Platform
for Action focuses on 12 Critical
Areas of Concern which are:
A. Women and poverty - Persistent
and increasing burden of poverty on
women
B. Education and Training of Women -
Inequalities and inadequacies in and
unequal access to education and
training
C. Women and health - Inequalities
and inadequacies in and unequal
access to healthcare and related
services
D. Violence against women
E. Women and Armed Conflict - The
effects of armed and other types of
conflict on women, including those living
under foreign occupation
F. Women and the Economy -
Inequality in economic structures and
policies, in all forms of productive
activities and in access to resources
G. Women in power and
decision-making - Inequality between
men and women in the sharing of power
and decision-making at all levels
H. Insufficient mechanisms for the
advancement of women - at all levels
I. Human rights of women - Lack of
respect for and inadequate promotion
and protection of the human rights of
women
J. Women and the media -Stereotyping
of women and inequality in women’s
access to and participation in all
communication systems, especially in
the media
K. Women and the environment -
Gender inequalities in the management
of natural resources and in the
safeguarding of the environment
L. The girl-child - Persistent
discrimination against and violation of
the rights of the girl child
MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
(MDGS)
- features eight areas of concern which
are expected to be addressed by the
international community by 2015. It
serves as a blueprint for all nations in
planning their own development goals.
1. to eliminate extreme poverty and
hunger;
2. to achieve global primary
education;
3. to empower women and promote
gender equality;
4. to reduce child mortality;
5. to promote maternal health;
6. to fight malaria, HIV/AIDS, and
other diseases;
7. to promote environmental
sustainability; and
8. to develop a universal partnership
for development.
- Among the areas of concern under the
MDGs is the Promotion of Gender
Equality and Empowerment of Women.
Goal number 3 seeks to eliminate
gender disparity in all levels of
education no later than 2015. This
goal does not only center on education
but encompasses all facets of life such
as social, economic, political and familial
spheres. Though there were noticeable
improvements in terms of gender
equality over the years, it cannot be said
that the goal of gender disparity was
realized by 2015.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
GOALS
- After the lapse of the period allotted
for the Millennium Development
Goals, the United Nation then
proposed a new set of goals intended
to be achieved by the year 2030.
- serves as a blueprint for all States to
achieve a better and more sustainable
future for all. These goals focus on
different challenges that the world is
currently facing such as poverty,
inequality, climate change,
environmental degradation, peace and
justice.
- There are 17 Goals in total which are
all interconnected, with the goal of
ensuring that no one is left behind.
1. No Poverty
2. Zero Hunger
3. Good Health and Well-being
4. Quality Education
5. Gender Equality
6. Clean Water and Sanitation
7. Affordable and Clean Energy
8. Decent Work and Economic
Growth
9. Industry, Innovation and
Infrastructure
10. Reduced Inequality
11. Sustainable Cities and
Communities
12. Responsible Consumption and
Production
13. Climate Action
14. Life Below Water
15. Life on Land
16. Peace and Justice Strong
Institutions
17. Partnerships to achieve the
Goals
Much like the Millennium Development
Goals, Gender Equality (No.5) is still
considered as a critical area in the
Sustainable Development Goals. It is
hoped that by the year 2030,
gender-based discrimination and
gender disparity will be eliminated in
all nations
MAGNA CARTA OF WOMEN or RA
9710
- In the Philippines, heeding the call
for a more comprehensive law that
will safeguard the rights of women,
the Philippine Legislature enacted
- This landmark law enumerates the
rights of women as well as the
responsibility of the State in promoting
gender equality.
- The law provides for the increase in
the number of women in third level
positions in government to achieve
gender balance as well as equal
representation in all levels of
development planning and program
implementation.
- provides for two (2) months leave with
full pay for women employees who will
undergo surgery caused by
gynecological disorders.
- In terms of employment, the law
provides for the elimination of
discrimination in the employment of
women in the field of military, police
and other similar services as well as
in the granting of promotional privileges
and opportunities as their men
counterpart, including pay increases,
additional benefits, and awards, based
on competency and quality of
performance.
- The law also provides for equal
access and elimination of
discrimination in education,
scholarships, and training. This also
includes us, the prohibition against
"expulsion, non-readmission,
prohibiting enrollment, and other
related discrimination of women
students and faculty due to
pregnancy out of marriage.
- It also features provisions promoting
the non-discriminatory and
non-derogatory portrayal of women in
media and film to uphold the dignity of
women and their role and contribution in
family, community, and the society. The
law also provides for equal status for
men and women on the titling of the
land and issuance of stewardship
contracts and patents.
True or False: Identify if the following
statements are true or false.
1. Gender Equality is Number 5 in the
Sustainable Development Goals. - True
2. The Philippine Law that outlines the
rights of women is known as RA 9710 or
Magna Carta for Women. - False
3. The Beijing Declaration and Platform
for Action focuses on 12 Critical Areas
of Concern. - True
4. Goal number 3 of the Millennium
Development Goals seeks to eliminate
gender disparity in all levels of
education no later than 2015. - True
5. CEDAW is a Philippine law that
enumerates the rights of women. - False
6. The Sustainable Development Goals
are supposed to be achieved by the
year 2015. - False
7. The Beijing Declaration and Platform
for Action was adopted on the fiftieth
anniversary of the founding of the
United Nations. - True
8. The Magna Carta of Women provide
for the equal access and elimination of
discrimination in education,
scholarships, and training. - True
9. The Sustainable Development Goals
lists Gender Equality as Number 7 of
areas of concern. - False
10.Violence against women is one of the
12 critical areas of concern of the
Beijing Declaration and Platform for
Action. - True
MODULE 17: GENDER
MAINSTREAMING & PROCESSES,
PLAN, COMMITMENT, &
ACCOUNTABILITY
What Gender Mainstreaming is all
about
- Premised on principles of human
rights, social justice resulting in
equitable distribution of resources.
- Taking into account gender equity
concerns in all policies, programs,
administrative and financial activities
and in organizational procedures, and
thereby contributing to a profound
organizational transformation.
- Strategies and processes to integrate
gender-responsive goals in the
directions, policies, projects and
services of organizations and agencies.
- A strategy for making women’s and
men’s concerns an integral dimension of
the design, implementation, monitoring
and evaluation of programs and policies
in all political, economic and societal
spheres.
Where do we mainstream gender?
● Household
● School
● Organization/Agencies
● Community
● Through the Entry Points
- Policies
- People
- Programs and Projects
- Enabling Mechanisms
In order to mainstream gender, one
needs to take into account the
following:
1. who are the stakeholders of a
policy/program/project;
2. what kind of consultations
need to take place and with
what groups;
3. what ways have been sought
to include the perspectives of
all groups of male and female
stakeholders; and
4. what are the expected impacts
(positive and negative) of the
policy programs on each group
of stakeholders.
Why do we need to do gender
mainstreaming?
1. A society’s well-being depends on
ensuring that all its members feel
that they have a stake in it and do not
feel excluded from the mainstream.
2. Every individual and all people are
entitled to participate in, contribute to
and enjoy civil, economic, social,
cultural and political development in
which all human rights and
fundamental freedoms can be fully
realized.
3. This requires all groups, but
particularly the most vulnerable, to
have opportunities to improve or
maintain their well-being.
4. Gender mainstreaming ...
4.1 is based on international human
rights standards like CEDAW
(Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination Against
Women), Beijing Platform for Action,
MDGs (Millennium Development Goals)
and SDGs (Sustainable Development
Goals) and directed to promote and
protect these rights, whether in the
social, economic, political, civil or
cultural spheres (or a combination of
these).
4.2 has the ability to identify those
most marginalized and excluded in
society, as a result of the gender
system.
4.3 can enhance equitable
development by empowering people
and communities to make their own
decisions about what development
means to them and how it will be
achieved.
4.4 Is particularly useful in
development planning due to its
potential to alleviate injustice,
inequality and poverty.
5. Equitable access and control of
society’s resources including
socially-valued goods, services,
rewards and opportunities.
6. A society’s well-being depends on
ensuring that all its members feel
that they have a stake in it and do not
feel excluded from the mainstream.
What are the advantages and benefits
of gender mainstreaming?
1. It makes gender difficult to
ignore.
2. Diffuses responsibility of GAD
throughout the organization.
3. Makes GAD an integral part of
everything we do and
everything we are.
Gender Mainstreaming as Strategy
- is a globally accepted strategy for
promoting gender equality. It is not an
end in itself but a strategy, an
approach, a means to achieve the goal
of gender equality. It ensures that
gender perspectives and attention to the
goal of gender equality is central to all
activities such as policy development,
research, advocacy, dialogue,
legislation, resource allocation,
planning, implementation, monitoring
and evaluation of programs, projects
and activities.
- It reminds us that every policy and
activity should have gender perspective
or implications, policies and programs
are most effective when the impacts on
genders are considered and the needs
and rights of all groups involved are
addressed. This is to ensure that
women and men benefit equally and
that inequality is not perpetuated.
- Based on its principles, we must be
context sensitive, meaning if we want
to mainstream gender, we must be
aware of the norms, ideas, culture and
practices of the environment and be
reminded that different approaches or
strategies may be called for in
different situations.
- Before mainstreaming, we need to
do social investigation to check if others
have done similar initiatives in the same
community or organization and know the
resources that can facilitate the tasks.
- The interlinked concepts of gender,
gender analysis, gender mainstreaming
and gender sensitive indicators are
presented below. It shows that gender
analysis is significant as well on gender
mainstreaming.
Gender analysis - is a strategy for
identifying the different roles and needs
of men and women in any given
situation. Through this, planners can
develop and implement concrete
measures to promote equality of
opportunity and treatment between men
and women.
- systematic way of looking at the
different impacts of development on
women and men, it requires recording
and exploring the different roles and
experiences of men and women in the
development process and monitors
these differences based on data sets
disaggregated by sex. These data sets
are known collectively as indicators.
- ought to be done at all stages of the
development process as it facilitates an
examination of how a particular activity,
decision or plan will affect men
differently from women. It explores these
differences so policies, programs and
projects can identify and meet the
different needs of men and women, it
likewise facilitates the strategic use of
distinct knowledge and skills possessed
by women and men.
The Philippine Commission on
Women (PCW) introduced two (2)
common tools for gender analysis
which can facilitate gender
mainstreaming particularly for the
institutions, agencies and organization,
they include the following:
1. The Enhanced Gender
Mainstreaming Evaluation
Framework (GMEF) is a tool to
measure the extent of the gender
mainstreaming efforts of organizations,
both national government agencies
(NGAs) and local government units
(LGUs). It is also meant to assist the
Gender and Development Focal Point
System (GFPS) members in measuring
gains and successes, as well as
pinpoint areas for improvement in the
way they mainstream GAD perspective
in their respective organizations.
2. The Harmonized Gender and
Development Guidelines (HGDG) for
Project Development, Implementation,
Monitoring and Evaluation was
formulated by the National Economic
and Development Authority (NEDA) in
2004 in collaboration with the Philippine
Commission on Women (PCW0,
formerly the National Commission on
the Role of Filipino Women or NCRFW)
and the Official Development
Assistance-Gender and Development
(ODA-GAD) Network, with funding
support from the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP) and
the Asian Development Bank (ADB).
- was developed to provide a common
instrument in integrating gender
perspectives in development programs
and projects among government
agencies, donor organizations, and
other stakeholders. It has been in use
for more than a decade now and it has
successfully facilitated gender
mainstreaming efforts, including the
recognition of the value of GAD
checklists.
From the eight (8) sectoral checklists
developed in 2004, 20 sectoral
checklists are currently being used.
Since 2013, a number of government
agencies have provided resources
and developed their own GAD
checklists tailored to the needs of
their sectors such as the Agriculture
and Fisheries Checklist developed by
the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic
Resources (BFAR), Tourism Checklist
developed by the Department of
Tourism (DOT), and the GAD Checklist
for the Energy Sector developed by
the Department of Energy (DOE).
Processes of Gender Mainstreaming
1. Conscientization - Gender
mainstreaming is a transformative
process which begins with raising
consciousness about women’s
subordinate and differential roles that
male and female play because of
gender role definitions
- is a realization that most if not all of
women’s personal problems are caused
by institutionalized patterns of
discrimination and marginalization and
not by personal inadequacies. It is an
interactive participatory process that
seeks to enable beneficiary groups
(men and women) to examine their own
realities and enable them to plan their
future.
2. Advocacy - is the process of creating
support, strengthening that support
through consensus building and
fostering a favorable climate and a
supportive or enabling environment.
It is not just about influencing opinion
but also about influencing it in
strategic areas where issues and
concerns are decided upon and to
influence these strategic areas or
stakeholders proactively so that they
cause a set of actions to happen, and
affect as many people as possible in an
informed, coordinated and sustained
way.
Forms of Advocacy Campaign
a. Legislative Advocacy - advancing a
cause through legislation, research is an
indispensable part of advocacy,
legislators demand facts and figures and
they can be done for national or local
issues.
b. Media Advocacy - advancing a
cause through the use of tri-media
(print, radio and television). Media
advocacy is the most effective way to
gain public support for proposed
policies, because the media can
popularize the issue, the public is able
to identify with the problems and policy
solutions being proposed.
c. Community Advocacy - this refers to
the process of mobilizing the community
for support. It can be in the form of
awareness-raising seminars, forums,
special events, indigenous media and
group discussion with the community
members and sectoral organizations.
3. Capability-Building - it enables the
individual GAD advocate to develop
specializations that will help him/her
facilitate the attainment of gender
equity. It may include training on gender
sensitivity, GAD mainstreaming,
planning and budgeting, gender analysis
tools, advocacy, personal effectiveness,
leadership, interpersonal
communication, public speaking, etc.
4. Capacity-Building - it enables the
organization to address gender issues
and concerns in all aspects of its work.
Types of capacity-building includes
the: vertical approach which means
from students, faculty, staff members,
program heads, deans and university
key officials; horizontal approach
includes student to student, faculty to
faculty, key officials to key officials. It
may include systems review and
analysis, policy analysis, sharing of
experiences, field exposure, review of
VMGO (vision, mission, goals and
objectives), procedural manual,
staff/office competency.
5. Operationalization - this is the
explicit integration of GAD concerns in
all aspects of the organization and in the
different phases of the project cycle. It
ensures that gender is included as a
substantive area of all policies and
programs of the organization, there are
multi-sectoral teams on GAD, alliance
building and trainers’ pool.
6. Institutionalization - it includes
different mechanisms like: allocation of
adequate budget and sufficient logistics
to implement GAD-related programs,
projects and activities (PPAs);
mechanisms and processes for gender
responsive planning using gender
analysis and gender sensitive indicators;
gender-responsive information system
and knowledge base; integrating gender
accountability and related dimensions in
key result area and performance
indicator; and conduct of gender audit.
Crafting of a Gender Affirmative
Action
Significant part of crafting a gender
affirmative action is to review the
context of gender milestones which
composed of the following:
1. Gender Blind - lack of recognition of
gender as an essential determinant of
life choices that are available in society.
2. Gender Aware - recognition of
gender inequality that there are
differences between men and women in
terms of access to and control over
resources, including opportunities for
development. When one is gender
aware, then he/she recognizes the
reality of the gender gap. One can also
see and appreciate the differences of
the needs and interests of women and
men. Being gender aware comes with
the recognition that there is inequality.
3. Gender Sensitive - recognition of the
underlying and hidden cause of gender
inequity. Differences are felt undesirable
and unjustifiable. Problems resulting
from inequity and discrimination are
identified.
4. Gender Responsive - presence of
programs, projects and processes that
systematically incorporate or address
gender concerns and issues.
5. Gender Fair/Equity - society where
women and men equitably share in the
responsibilities, power, authority and
decision-making and enjoy the benefits.
6. Gender Accountable - gender equity
is viewed as the key commitment of the
organization; it assumes responsibility to
make gender an integral part of what the
organization is and what it does.
With gender mainstreaming, we also
have to craft the strategy and develop
our plans. But familiarity, ability and
developing plans are not enough, we
have to do the work that’s why the
Philippine Commission on Women,
National Economic Development
Authority and the Department of Budget
and Management Joint Circular (PCW,
NEDA , DBM JC) 2012-01 mandate the
Guidelines for the Preparation of
Annual Gender and Development
(GAD) Plans and Budget and
Accomplishment Report to
Implement the Magna Carta of
Women.
The main purpose is to prescribe
guidelines and procedures for the
formulation, development, submission,
implementation, monitoring and
evaluation including accounting of
results of agency annual GAD plans and
budget including accomplishment
reports and to provide the mechanisms
for the development of programs,
projects and activities to respect, protect
and fulfill the rights of women at the
socio-economic cultural, economic and
political spheres.
Pursuant to the Magna Carta of Women
(MCW) and the General Appropriations
Act (GAA), all government departments,
including their attached agencies,
offices, bureaus, state universities and
colleges, government-owned and
controlled corporations, local
government units and other government
instrumentalities shall formulate their
annual GPB (GAD Plan and Budget)
within the context of their mandates to
mainstream gender perspectives in their
policies, programs and projects.
At least five percent (5%) of the total
agency budget appropriations
authorized under the annual GAA
shall correspond to activities supporting
GAD plans and programs. The GAD
budget shall be drawn from the agency’s
maintenance and other operating
expenses (MOOE), capital outlay (CO),
and personal services (PS). It is
understood that the GAD budget does
not constitute an additional budget over
an agency’s total budget appropriations.
Essential Elements in GAD Planning
and Budgeting
1. Creation and/or Strengthening of
the GAD Focal Point System
- As required by the MCW and
following the PCW Memorandum
Circular 2011-01 (Guidelines for
the Creation, Strengthening and
Institutionalization of the Gender
And Development [GAD] Focal
Point System), all agencies
should have an institutionalized
and functional GAD Focal Point
System (GFPS).
2. Capability Building on Gender and
Development
- A clear understanding and
appreciation of gender and
development is a prerequisite for
a successful GPB. Agencies are
required to regularly undertake
orientations and capacity
development on GAD including
GAD-related laws and
commitments for their
employees. Training should
include gender mainstreaming,
gender analysis and
gender-responsive planning and
budgeting.
3. Conduct of Gender Audit
- Gender audit is an examination of
the agency’s level of gender
mainstreaming or extent of the
gender-responsiveness of its
policies, programs and projects,
the level of gender awareness
and competence of its personnel
and the presence or absence of
enabling mechanisms that
support gender main streaming.
The result of the gender audit
could be a basis of capacity
development programs that must
be implemented and in
enhancing the
gender-responsiveness of
agency policies and PAPs.
4. Institutionalizing GAD
Database/Sex-Disaggregated Data
- The agency shall develop or
integrate in its existing database
GAD information to include
gender statistics and
sex-disaggregated data that have
been systematically produced or
gathered as inputs or bases for
planning, budgeting,
programming, and policy
formulation.
Commitment to Action
What is Commitment?
1. Commitment is not just a vision, it
is giving of your time, talent and
energy.
2. Commitment is not just a promise.
It is a strong conviction; it can survive
the test of time and difficulties.
3. Commitment is not just words, it is
action.
4. Commitment is not just feelings, it
is doing.

Expressing commitment to a cause

enables us to give spirit to our lives
and this keeps us deeply involved in
the betterment of ourselves, other
people, our communities and our
society. It may represent a symbol or
your intended contribution to the GAD
program and this will be part of our
journey where it includes the
transformation of ourselves and of our
relationships. How we will live as gender
advocates will also be seen in our
dealings with our significant and
relevant others in the households,
school mates and school personnel,
members of our organization or in our
organizations. May this commitment will
always be with you and it bring
equalitynand peace not only to your
home but to your school, organization
and community.