Advocacy & Governance

hgjsfnt ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
wGojfb 1fkg
of] k'l:tsf tof/ kfg]{ qmddf lrtjgsf] ;f}/fxfdf jg ;|f]t cWoog tyf sfo{ ;d"x
-km/]i6PS;g_ n] hglxt ;+/If0f d~r -k|f–] kAnLs_ / cgf}krfl/s If]q ;]jf s]Gb| -OG;]s_ sf
df:6/ k|lzIfs / lkmN8 sfo{stf{x?sf]nflu ;~rfng u/]sf] hgjsfnt tflndaf6 /fd|f]
phf{ ldn]sf] 5 . pQm tflndsf k|lzIffyL{x? k|lt xfdL cfef/ k|s6 ub{5f} . km/]i6PS;gsf
x]dGt cf]emfn] of] k'l:tsf tof/ kfg{sf nflu j}rfl/s ljifoj:t'df ug'{ ePsf] ;xof]u, 8f=
g]qk|;fb ltlD;gfn] j}rfl/s k[i7kf]if0f, ljlw / k|s[ofut b[li6sf]0faf6 lbg' ePsf] ;'emfj
k|lt xfdL x[bob]vL g} cfef/ k|s6 ub{5f}+ . ;fy} of] k'l:tsf tof/ ug]{ qmddf ljleGg :t/df
k[i7kf]if0f tyf ;Nnfx / ;'emfj lbg'x'g] OG;]ssL >LdtL OlGb/f km'Fofn / k|f–] kAnLssf >L
e/tdl0f zdf{nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}+ . g]kfn :jL; ;fd'bflos jg kl/of]hgfsf 8f=
e/ts'df/ kf]v/]nn] ljifoj:t' dfly lbg' ePsf] ;'emfj / ;Nnfxn] xfdLnfO{ of] k'l:tsf
tof/ kfg{ lgs} dbt u/]sf] 5 . xfdL pxfF k|lt cfef/ JoQm ub{5f} . To:t} ;fd'bflos jg
pkef]Qmf dxf;+3sf >L lbn/fh vgfnn] lbg'ePsf] ;Nnfx / ;'emfjsf nflu ;d]t xfdL
cfef/ k|s6 ub{5f}+ .
sDKo'6/ ;]l6Ë tyf l8hfOgdf ;xof]uu/L of] k'l:tsf tof/ ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ cd[t clwsf/L
wGojfbsf kfq x'g'x'G5 . cGTodf of] k'l:tsf tof/ kfg{ cfly{s ;xof]u lbg]
o"=o;=P=cfO=l8= tyf b Pl;of kmfpG8];g k|lt xfdL cfef/L 5f}+ .
I
e"ldsf
;dfh ljsf;sf] qmddf ha /fHosf] pTklQ eof] Tolta]nf /fHosf] sfd gful/sx?af6 s/
lng' / zflGt ;'/Iff k|bfg ug'{ lyof] . ljZjsf] ablnbf] kl/j]z / ljsf;sf] k|efjaf6 xfd|f]
/fHo klg c5'tf] /xg ;s]g . s/ lnP/ zflGt ;'/Iff ug]{ bfloTj;“u} hgtfsf nflu ljsf;
ul/lbg] bfloTj klg /fHonfO{ ylkof] . /fHon] cfÎgf] k|fyldstfsf] ;"rL leq zflGt, ;'/Iff /
ljsf;nfO{ dxTjsf ;fy cª\uLsf/ u¥of] . x'g t /fHon] ljsf; k|lqmof ;'? ug'{ eGbf
cufl8 wfld{s cf:yfjfg JolQm jf ;d"xx?n] ;fdflhs ljsf;sf If]qdf ljleGg
lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf lyP .
xfd|f] b]zsf] ;Gbe{df eGg] xf] eg] @))& ;fn eGbf cufl8 ePsf] ljsf; k|of; cfd
gful/ssf nflu eGbf klg tTsflng zf;s ju{s} nflu ePsf] s'/fdf ladlt 5}g . @))&
;fnaf6 ;'? ePsf] ljsf; cjwf/0ffn] @)!# ;fn;Dd cfOk'Ubf ;ª\ul7t ?k lnof] .
k~rjifL{o of]hgfsf gfddf /fHon] ;ª\ul7t ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ cufl8 a9fof] .
;'?df /fHon] dfq} ug]{ eGg] 7flgPsf] ljsf;nfO{ ;dosf] kl/jt{g;“u} o;sf stf{x?df klg
km]/abn cfPsf] 5 . clxn]sf] cj:yfdf ljsf; ;DaGwL ljj]rgf ubf{ gful/s ;dfhnfO{
cnu /fVg ;lsb}g . ljsf;sf cjwf/0ff, sfo{gLlt, /0fgLlt / lqmofsnfkdf klg
pNn]vgLo km]/abn cfO;s]sf] 5 . ljsf; s] xf] < ljsf;sf] nflu s:tf] cjwf/0ff ;xL x'g
;Sb5 < ljsf; k|lqmofdf s;sf] s] e"ldsf x'g ;Sb5 < /fHo, bftf / gful/s ;dfhsf]
;DaGw ljsf;sf ;jfndf s:tf] x'g' 7Ls x'G5 < ljsf; / ;'zf;gsf] ;DaGw s;/L
:yflkt x'G5 < eGg] ax; xfd|f] ;dfhdf hf/L 5 / hf/L /xg' klg kb{5 . log} ;jfnx?nfO{
s]Gb|laGb'df /fv]/ of] tflnd k'l:tsfn] 5nkmn cufl8 a9fPsf] 5 .
o"=o;=P=cfO=l8=sf] cfly{s ;xof]u tyf b Pl;of kmfpG8];g, g]kfnsf] Joj:yfkgdf
g]kfnsf] k"jL{ tyf dWo t/fO{sf lhNnfx? ;Kt/L, l;/xf, wg'iff / ;nf{xLdf æhgjsfnt
tyf :yflgo ;/sf/sf] pQ/bfloTj ;'b[l9s/0fÆ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePsf] 5 . pQm sfo{qmd
d'VotM b'O{ efudf afFl8Psf] 5 . æk|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkg tyf hgjsfnt ;'b[9Ls/0f
sfo{qmdÆ h'g hglxt ;+/If0f d~r -k|f–] kAnLs_ / æ;'zf;gsf nflu dlxnf hgjsfnt
sfo{qmdÆ cgf}krfl/s If]q ;]jf s]Gb| -OG;]s_ n] nfu" ul//x]sf] 5 . pQm sfo{qmd
;~rfngdf b'j} ;+:yfnfO{ cfjZos k|fljlws ;xof]uLsf] ?kdf km/]i6PS;gsf] e"ldsf /b}
cfPsf] 5 .
of] sfo{qmdn] hgjsfnt k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[l9s/0f tyf :yflgo ;/sf/sf] pQ/bfloTj a9fpg]
p2]Zon] ljleGg lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] 5 . hgjsfnt k4ltsf]af/]df
kl/of]hgfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L, :yflgo sfo{stf{ / ;/f]sf/jfnf hg;d'bfo tyf ;+3
;+:yfx?nfO{ cled'lvs/0f u/fpg k|f–] klAns / OG;]saf6 hgjsfnt ;DaGwL ljleGg
tflnd ;xof]uL k'l:tsf agfO{ tflnd ;d]t lbO{b} cfPsf] 5 . oxL k|s[ofdf yk
cjwf/0ffut 1fg / Jojxfl/s cEof;sf] ;Lk lbP/ cem a9L Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ p2]Zon]
km/]i6PS;gaf6 of] hgjsfnt k4lt ;xof]uL k'l:tsf -vf; u/L tflndsf nflu_ tof/
kfl/Psf] 5 .
II
tflnd ;xof]uL k'l:tsfsf] d'Vo kIfx?

k|:t't tflnd ;xof]uL k'l:tsf hgjsfnt k4ltaf6 g]kfn / ef/tdf ;~rflnt ;fdflhs
cfGbf]ngx?sf] Jojxfl/s cEof;sf] cg'ej / l;sfOx?nfO{ ;d]6]/ tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 .
d'Vot g]kfnL ;dfhsf jlu{o zlQm ;+/rgf, ;|f]t afF8kmfF6 / To;sf] pkof]usf] l:ylt,
;fdflhs åGb / To;sf] zflGtk"0f{ Joj:yfkgsf ljifo / If]qdf ;xefuLx?nfO{
cled'vLs/0f u/fpg tflnd k'l:tsfdf ljleGg kf7x? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . of] tflnd
k'l:tsf hgjsfnt s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fsf] Jojxfl/s 1fg / ;Lk pknAw u/fpg
tyf hgjsfnt ;DaGwL ;jfnx? klxrfg ug{ ;d]t lgs} pkof]uL x'g]5 eGg] cfzf
ul/Psf] 5 .
of] tflnd ;xof]uL k'l:tsfdf hgjsfnt sfo{nfO{ ;s];Dd ;/n agfpg] k|of; u/L
Jojxfl/s ?kdf k|of]udf cfpg] ljifo j:t'nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . of] k'l:tsf lkmN8df sfd ug]{
sfo{stf{, ;fd'bflos ;ª\u7g, ;xhstf{, dWod :t/Lo Joj:yfks, :yflgo u}=;=;=, cflb
nfO{ pkof]uL x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnd ;xof]uL k'l:tsfsf] p2]Zo
of] ;xof]uL k'l:tsfaf6 kf7sx?n] / ;xefuLx?n] cfwf/e"t ?kdf lgDg 1fg, ;Lk /
j}rfl/s :ki6tf kfpg ;Sg]5g M
• hgjsfnt k4lt s] xf] / lsg cfjZos 5 <
• hgjsfnt k4ltn] s;/L oyfl:yltnfO{ ?kfGt/0f ug{ ;3Ffp5 <
• ;jfn 5gf}6 / ;ª\u7g lgdf{0fsf] cfjZos 1fg / l;k s]–s] x'g\ <
• ;s[otfjfbL sfo{stf{ -PlS6lei6_ sf] u'0f, Ifdtf / e"ldsf s]–s] x'g\ <
• cleofg ;~rfng ug]{ 1fg / ;Lk s]–s] x'g\ <
• /0fgLlt / bfpk]r s] x'g\ / s;/L ug'{ k5{ <
• hg bafjsf lqmofsnfkx?af/] ljZn]if0f ug{ cfjZos ;Lk / 1fg s] x'g\ <
;du|df kf7sx? ;fdflhs kl/l:yltsf] ljZn]if0f ub}{ hgjsfnt k|s[ofnfO{ k|efjsf/L
?kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ .
tflnd cjlw
of] ;xof]uL k'l:tsf cg';f/ tflnd ;~rfng ubf{ % lbg cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnd ;~rfngsf nflu rflxg] ;fdfu|L
!= Go"h lk|G6 k]k/ &= dfl:sË 6]k
@= dfs{/ k]g -jf]8{ dfs{/ / *= snd
k/dfg]G6 dfs{/_ (= sfkL
#= s}+rL !)= g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$&
$= sf8{jf]8{ k]k/ !!= :yflgo :jfoQ zf;g P]g÷
%= d]6fsf8{ lgodfjnL
^= km'ln:s]k sfuh !@= xjfO6 jf]8{
!#= cfjZostf cg';f/ cGo ;fdfu|L
III
ljifo;"rL
ljifoj:t' k[i7
ljsf; k4ltx¿ ======================================================================================= !
;fdflhs Gofo ========================================================================================= #
;fdflhs ;+/rgf ====================================================================================== ^
zlQm;DaGw ljZn]if0f ================================================================================= (
;'zf;g / zf;gsf] k|sf/ =========================================================================== !!
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ============================================================================================= !$
jsfnt s] xf] < ======================================================================================= !^
jsfntsf k|sf/ ======================================================================================= !&
hgjsfnt lsg < ===================================================================================== !(
hgjsfntsf] of]hgf ================================================================================= @)
hgjsfntsf nflu rflxg] cfwf/e"t tTjx¿ ================================================= @#
hgjsfntsf nflu ;ª\u7g ======================================================================= @%
clwsf/d'vL ;ª\u7g / ;]jfd'vL ;+:yfsf dfGotfsf] km/s =============================== @&
hg;ª\u7gsf] g]t[Tj ================================================================================== @(
hgjsfntsf] g]t[Tjsf] ;+/rgf ==================================================================== #)
;d:of klxrfg ======================================================================================== #@
;d:of s;/L ;jfn aGb5 < ====================================================================== #%
;jfnsf] k|fyldsLs/0f ============================================================================== #&
;/f]sf/jfnf ljZn]if0f ================================================================================ #(
kLl8t / lj/f]wLsf] zlQm ljZn]if0f ================================================================ $@
;xof]uLsf k|sf/ ======================================================================================= $#
tYotYofª\s ;ª\sng, ljZn]if0f tyf k|rf/k|;f/ ============================================= $$
;jfn;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'g ljZn]if0f ============================================================= $%
;~hfn -;ª\u7gsf] j[xt ;DaGw_ ================================================================ $&
hgkl/rfngsf nflu cleofg ===================================================================== $(
cleofgdf bfpk]r ==================================================================================== %#
cleofgdf ;~rf/dfWod ============================================================================ %%
cleofgdf jftf{ jf ;Demf}tf ======================================================================= %&
IV
ljifoj:t' – ljsf; k4ltx¿

;do M @ 306f
p2]Zo
ljutsf ljsf; k|lqmof cjwf/0ffx?sf af/]df ljZn]if0f ug{ / t'ngfTds ¿kdf
a'e\mg dbt ug{]5 .
ljlw
dl:tis dGyg
cfd 5nkmn
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
;xhstf{n] /fVg'kg{] k|Zg

1. xfd|f] ;Gbe{df ljsf; k|lqmof s;/L ;'?cft eof] <
2. ljsf; k|lqmofn] s:tf–s:tf cjwf/0ff kf/ ub{} oxf“ cfOk'Uof] <
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
ljsf;sf b[li6sf]0f gLlt lqmofsnfk
lqmofsnfk
cjwf/0ff
efUojfbL of] ;dfh k/f]ksf/ ug]{ ?b|L ug]{
O{Zj/sf] wfld{s cg'i7fg ug]{ k"hf ug]{
;[li6 xf] bfg÷bftJo ug]{ efujt k'/f0f nufpg]
;dfh h:tf] /fxt af8\g]
5 l7s 5 bfgk'0o ug]{
cfly{s k/f]ksf/L sfd ug]{
;fdflhs
cj:yf
k"j{ hGdsf]
kfk, wd{sf]
kmn xf]
;'wf/jfbL of] ;dfhdf ahf/sf] ;'wf/af6 k''n, ;8s, ljdfg:yn,
;'wf/sf] ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf 6]lnkmf]g ljB't h:tf
cfjZostf ;'wf/ ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f
5 k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ug]{
ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] gof“ k|ljlw / pks/0f
lgdf{0fdf hf]8 leq\ofpg]
1
ljz]if1x?sf] pkof]u aflx/L ljz]if1x?sf] /fo

klZrdL lzIffdf hf]8 ;Nnfxdf of]hgf th'{df
ug]{
?kfGt/0fjfbL of] ;dfhsf] ;fdflhs zlQm ;ª\u7gsf] lgdf{0f ug]{
;+/rgf / ;Gt'ng / ;+/rgfdf hgtfsf kL/dsf{sf
kl/kf6L g} kl/jt{g ug{ k5fl8 ;jfnx?df clx+;fTds
cGofok"0f{ kfl/Psf÷k/]sf ju{sf] ;fdflhs cfGbf]ng ug]{
5 ;zlQms/0f dfgjclwsf/sf] axfnL
ul/a x'g' / ;dfgtfsf] nflu ug]{
wgL x'g'df Gofof]rLt ljt/0f nf]stflGqs k|0ffnL
;fdflhs k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ cg';f/ hglxtsf] /Iff
;+/rgfut / cyf{t\ k|fs[lts tyf ug]{
gLltut cfly{s ;|f]t / hg bafjd"ns sfo{qmd
sf/0f 5 ;fwgsf] ljt/0fdf ug]{
;fdflhs ul/a tyf k5fl8 k5fl8 kfl/Psf
;+/rgfdf kfl/Psf ju{nfO{ JolQm÷ju{nfO{
cfd"n ljz]if k|fyldstf ;zlQms/0f ug]{
kl/jt{gsf] lbg] ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] Goof]lrt
vf“rf] 5 hgtfn] ljt/0f ug]{
clwstd?kdf clwsf/ / ;|f]tsf]
dfgjclwsf/ / ljs]lGb|s/0f ug]{
df}lns clwsf/sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs,
pkef]u / cEof; ug]{ /fhg}lts zf]if0fsf] cGTo
;fdflhs Gofo sf] ug]{
:yfkgf ug]{ hg clwsf/df cfwfl/t
hglj/f]wL gLltdf zzlQms/0f ug]{
km]/jbn ug]{
;xhstf{n] dflysf] tflnsf k|:t't u/]kl5 lgDg ljifodf

ljifodf 5nkmn rnfpg' /fd|f] x'G5
!= xfdLn] jf xfd|f] ;+:yfn] u/]sf sfd s'g ljsf; cjwf/0ff cGtu{t kb{5g\ / lsg <
@= xfdLn] xfd|f] d"No, dfGotfdf k'glj{rf/ ug{ ;+:yfut¿kdf 5nkmn ug'{ h?/L 5 ls
5}g < 5 eg] s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
3. xfdLn] ca s'g k|s[ofnfO{ /f]Hg] <
JolQm jf ;+:yfn] h:tf] cjwf/0ff cjnDag ub{5g\g\ ;f]xL cg';f/ g} b[li6sf]0f,

gLlt, lqmofsnfkx¿ ;+rflnt x'G5g\
5g\ .
cGTodf ;xhstf{n] efUojfbL / ;'wf/jfbL cjwf/0ffaf6 xfd|f] ;dfhdf ;fdflhs
Gofo :yfkgf x'g ;s]g eGg] /fosf ;fy ;fdflhs Gofo eGg] ljifodf k|j]z
ug]{ .
2
ljifoj:t' – ;fdflhs Gofo

;do M ! 306f #) ldg]6
p2]Zo
;fdflhs Gofosf] cjwf/0ffaf/] cjut x'g]5
;dfhn] 5]p nufPsf JolQmx¿ s;/L cGofodf kl//x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf]
ljZn]if0f x'g]5
;fdflhs Gofosf] nflu ug'{ kg]{ cfwf/e"t s'/fsf]af/]df hfgsf/L x'g]5
ljlw
k|To]s ;xefuLnfO{ Ps d]6fsf8{ lbO{ ;fdflhs Gofo eg]sf] s] xf], xfn;Ddsf]
a'emfO{ n]Vg cg'/f]w ug{]
;xefuLn] n]v]kl5 k|To]s a'“bfnfO{ cfd 5nkmndf Nofpg]
Ps ;xefuLn] n]v]sf] csf{] ;xefuLnfO{ l6Kk0fL ug{ pT;flxt ug{]
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt

1. ;fdflhs Gofo eg]sf] s] xf] <
2. ;fdflhs Gofosf nflu s] ug{ cfjZos 5 <
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
;fdflhs Gofosf] nflu ;sf/fTds lje]b
xfd|f] ;dfhdf hft, ju{, lnª\u, 7fFp / wd{sf] aLrdf e]befj 5 . Psflt/ dfG5]x¿ oxL
e]befjsf sf/0fn] zlQm;DkGg 5g\ / csf{]y/L dfG5]x¿ lg/Lx / sdhf]/df kl/0ft
ePsf 5g\ . oxL sf/0fn] ubf{ g]kfnL ;dfhdf ;fdflhs Gofosf] ;jfnn] w]/} klxnfb]lv
rrf{ kfpg] u/]sf] 5 .
x'g t ;fdflhs GofonfO{ ;a}n] cf–cfˆgf] lsl;dn] JofVof u/]sf 5g\ . gf/LjfbLx¿
Gff/Ld'lQmnfO{ ;fdflhs Gofosf cr"s pkfo 7fG5g\ . dfS;{jfbLx¿ ;fdflhs GofonfO{
k"/} juL{o lrGtg;Fu hf]8]/ JofVof ub{5g\ . blntx¿ hflto lje]b lj?4sf] cfGbf]ng
cl3 ;fbf{ ;dfhdf ;fdflhs Gofo :yfkgf eO cfˆgf] d'lQm b]V5g\ . o;/L ;fdflhs
Gofosf] l;4fGtnfO{ ;a}n] cfˆgf] lxt cg's"n JofVof / ljZn]if0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;du|df
;fdflhs Gofosf] l;4fGtnfO{ xfd|f] ;dfhdf /x]sf ;du| cGofok"0f{ lje]bnfO{ cGTo ug{]
k|lqmofsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
3
clxn] xfd|f] /fHo 7"nfa9f / af]]njfnfsf] kIfkftL 5 . ;fdflhs Gofo klg kIfkftsf]
jsfnt ug{] cjwf/0ff xf] . olb ;dfgtfsf] s'/f ug{] xf] eg] sdhf]/ kIfsf nflu kIfkft
clt cfjZos 5 . h;nfO{ ;sf/fTds kIfkft klg eGg ;lsG5 . clxn];Dd /fHon] hf]
alnof 5g\, pg}nfO{ ;|f]t;fwg y'kf/L kIfkft u¥of] t/ xfdLn] ca p7fpg' kg{] ;jfn
eg]sf] sdhf]/x¿nfO{ ;|f]t / ;fwg pknAw u/fpg] kIfdf x'g' kb{5 . o; cy{df
;fdflhs Gofosf] cjwf/0ff ;dfgtfsf nflu sdhf]/ ju{nfO{ kmfObf k'Ug] u/L Gofof]lrt
ljt/0f ug]{ s'/fdf cfwfl/t 5 . olb xfdLn] ljBdfg c;dfg ;dfhdf ;dfgtf Nofpg]
xf] eg] ;dfg ljt/0f k|0ffnLn] k'Ub}g . ;dfg ljt/0f k|0ffnL t sdhf]/ ju{sf nflu 7"nf]
cGofo ePsf] 5 . ljsf; kmf“6df ;dfg ljt/0f cfsif{s / nf]slk|o gf/f t x'g ;Snf
t/ o;n] ;dfhsf cGofok"0f{ lje]bx¿ slxNo} x6fpg ;Sb}g . ;dfg ljt/0fn] a?
;dfhsf ljBdfg lje]bx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f ub{5 . ;dfgtfsf nflu sdhf]/ ju{sf kIFdf
c;dfg ljt/0f k|0ffnLn] plrt 7fp“ kfpg'kb{5 . ljt/0f k|0ffnL dfq} geP/ ljleGg
vfn] ;Defjgf / cj;/nfO{ klg c;dfg ?kdf sdhf]/ ju{sf] kIfdf ;'lglZrt
ug'{kb{5 .
o;/L x]bf{ xfd|f] /fHosf] ljt/0f k|0ffnL ;dfgtf Nofpg] gfddf pN6f] af6f]df lx“8]sf]
b]lvG5 . c;dfg ;|f]t / zlQm /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;dfg ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] cEof;df nfu]sf]
5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;a} uf=lj=;=nfO{ a/fa/ /sd ljlgof]hg ul/G5 . sf7df8f+}sf]
;'ljwf ;DkGg uf=lj=;=nfO{ / x'Dnfsf] cgsG6f/ uf=lj=;=nfO{ a/fa/ /sd lbP/ s;/L
;dfgtf x'G5 < of] k|lqmof ;f]emf] / l;wf cy{df x'Dnf h:tf] 7fp“sf] nflu cGofo xf] .
ljwjf eQf, j[4 eQf ;a}df /fHon] clVtof/ u/]sf] gLlt ;dfg ljt/0f k|0ffnL xf] . s]
;a} j[4 jf ljwjfx¿nfO{ Ps ;o ?k}of“ h?/L 5 < s] c;xfo ljwjf jf j[4nfO{ Ps;o
?k}of“n] ;Ddflgt hLjg rNb5 < o:tf s]xL j[4 jf ljwjfx¿ 5g\ h;nfO{ Ps ;o
?k}ofsf] vf“rf] 5}g . pgLx¿nfO{ ;Ddfgsf nflu of] /sd lbg nfu]sf] xf] eg] ;Ddfg
ug{] cg]sg pkfox¿ klg 5g\ . k};f af“8]/ dfq} ;Ddfg x'g] xf]Og . sdhf]/, j[4 jf
ljwjfnfO{ w]/} lbP/ pgLx¿sf] hLjgnfO{ /fHon] ;Ddfg u¥of] eg] s;}nFO{ lrQ b'Vb}g .
ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ /fHon] ;fdflhs Gofodf cfwfl/t l;4fGt adf]lhd sfd ug{ h?/L
5 . xr'jf lsl;dn] ul/Psf] ljt/0f k|0ffnLn] slxNo} klg ;dfgtfsf] lbzf lng ;Sb}g .
sdhf]/ / zlQm ;DkGg aLrsf] lje]bnfO{ cGTo ug{ /fHo sdhf]/ ju{sf kIfdf pleg
h?/L 5 .
clxn] xfd|f] ;dfhdf k|s[ltsf] ;|f]t -hn, hª\un, ;fj{hlgs hUuf_ s;sf] lgoGq0fdf
5 < To:tf ;|f]taf6 sf] nfeflGjt ePsf] 5 < of] ljifo ulx/f] 5nkmn ePsf] 5}g t/
klg xfdLnfO{ ;f]emf] ¿kdf yfxf 5 o:tf ;|f]tx¿sf] k|of]u ;dfhsf pRr ju{n] g}
ul//fv]sf] 5 . olb xfdL ;fdflhs Gofosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cjnDag ug{] / To;nfO{ g}
xfd|f] d"No dfGotf agfpg] xf] eg] To:tf ;|f]tx¿sf] k|of]uaf6 ;dfhsf] sdhf]/ ju{ a9L
nfeflGjt x'g'kg{] l:yltsf] l;h{gf s;/L ug]{ eGg] s'/fdf ;fj{hlgs ax; ug]{÷rnfpg'
kg]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5 .
4
;fdflhs Gofon] a9jf ug]{ csf{] cjwf/0ff s] xf] eg] Pp6f JolQm jf ;fgf] ;d"x jf
cToGt} yf]/} JolQmx¿ cGofodf k/] klg Tof] pk]Iff ug]{ ljifo xf]Og . pbfx/0fsf nflu
a]nfa]nfdf xfd|f] ;dfhdf tyfslyt af]S;L k|yf k|s6 x'G5 . olb ;fdflhs Gofosf]
l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag gug{] xf] eg] Go"g ;Vofdf /x]sf tyfslyt af]S;Lsf] rk]6fdf
k/]sf kLl8t dlxnfx¿n] d'QmL kfpg] ;Defjgf /x“b}g .
;ª\
;ªul7t
\ul7t ?kdf ;fdflhs Gofosf cjwf/0ffnfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf o;/L k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .
1. alnof]n] sdhf]/ nfO{ lyrf]ldrf] ug{ kfpg' x'Fb}g .

2. ;+3 ;+:yf÷:yflgo ;/sf/÷/fHo hlxn] klg sdhf]/ ju{sf] kIfdf nfUg' k5{ .
3. pTkfbgd'ns If]qdf k|fyldstfsf ;fy nufgL ul/g' k5{ h;af6 sdhf]/ kIfnfO{
a9L kmfObf ldnf];\ .
4. lhljsf s;}sf] x/0f ug'{ x'Gg÷lhljsf rnfpg] clwsf/ ;a}sf] a/fa/ xf] .
5. ;|f]t tyf cj;/sf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0fsf nlu ;sf/fTds lje]b x'g'k5{ .
6. ;+VofnfO{ dfq dxTj lbO lg0f{o ul/g' x'b}g . k|To]s JolQmsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt
ug'{ k5{ . k|To]s JolQm k|lt bfloTj af]w x'g'k5{ .
7. ;|f]t tyf cj;/x? s;}nfO{ rflxP eGbf a9L s;}nfO{ rflxP eGbf sd x'g'x'b}g .
8. ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;a}n] kfpg' k5{ .
9. k5f8L kfl/PsfnfO{ ;|f]tsf] afF8kmf6 / cj;/ ljt/0fdf klxnf] k|fyldstf
lbg'k5{ .
;xhstf{n] dflysf] s'/f k|:t't u/]kl5 lgDg ljifodf 5nkmn rnfpFbf /fd|f] x'G5 .
3. xfd|f] ;dfh slt ;fdflhs Gofosf] cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t 5 <
4. xfd|f] sfdn] ;dfhdf ;fdflhs Gofo :yflkt ug{ slt dbt ldn]sf] 5 <
5. xfd|f] dfq} xf]Og, cGo u} ;=;=x¿, kf6L{x¿, :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] sfd slt
;fdflhs Gofof]Gd'v 5 <
;fdflhs Gofo rrf{ ubf{ xfdLn] xfd|f] ;dfhsf] agf]6 cyf{t\ ;fdflhs ;+/rgfnfO{
cy{d"ns 9ª\un] ljZn]if0f ul/Pg eg] ;xL lgisif{df k'Ug ;ls“b}g eGg] wf/0ffsf ;fy
;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf] ljZn]if0f eGg] ljifodf k|j]z ug{ plrt x'G5 .
5
ljifoj:t' – ;fdflhs ;+/rgf

;do M @ 306f
p2]Zo
;dfhsf] agf]6 ljZn]if0f ug{ dbt ldNg]5 .
;dfhsf] agf]6sf] sf/0fn] cj;/df b]lvPsf] k|ToIf c;/ ljZn]if0f ug{ dbt
ldNg]5 .
ljlw
dl:tis dGyg
5nkmn
u'Rrf v]n
k|Zgf]Q/ -;'?df ;xhstf{sf] k|Zg g} o; ;qsf] d'Vo cfsif{0f xf]_
1. xfd|f] ;dfh s;/L ag]sf] 5 <
2. ;dfh agf]6sf d''Vo tTjx¿ s] s] x'g\ <
3. cj;/sf b[li6sf]0fn] xfd|f] ;dfhsf ju{ / ;d"xx¿nfO{ juL{s/0f ug'{k5{ ls
kb{}g <
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
xfd|f] ;dfhdf dlxnf–k'?if, ljleGg hfthflt, wgL ul/a, a"9fa"9L, o'jso'jtL, uf“pn] /
;xl/of h:tf ;d"xx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ;a} ;d"x /x]klg d"n¿kdf cfly{s, ;fdflhs,
/fhgLlts, tyf ;f+:s[lts cj:yfn] g} ;du| ;fdflhs ;+/rgfnfO{ JofVof ub{5 .
dflysf oL kIfx?nfO{ kl/j]z / ;Gbe{;“u hf]8]/ x]g'{ kb{5 . cfly{s ¿kdf pTkfbgsf
;fwg ;|f]tdfly s;sf] kx'“r 5 < s;n] lgoGq0f u/]sf] 5 < h:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ g} ldlxg
?kn] ljZn]if0f ug'{kb{5 . /fhgLlts cj:yfnfO{ cf}krfl/s jf cgf}krfl/s ?kn]
;d'bfodf /x]sf ;ª\u7gx¿df ePsf] e"ldsf cyf{t\ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xefuLtfh:tf
;jfnx¿nfO{ g} hf]8]/ JofVof ljZn]if0f ul/g' kb{5 . log} s'/fx¿n] g} ;dfhdf JolQm
jf ;d"xsf] x}l;ot lgwf{/0f x'G5 . ;fdflhs cj:yfnfO{ ;fdflhs ;ª\u7g / ;dfhdf
logsf] k|efj;“u hf]8]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 . xfd|f] ;dfhdf ;a}sf cf–cfÎgf ;+:s[ltx¿ 5g\ .
hflt, hghflt, ef}uf]lns ljljwtf h:tf s'/fx¿n] ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf ;Dej 5 .
s;}sf] ;+:s[lt 7"nf], ;fgf], lg/k]If, /fd|f] jf g/fd|f] 5}gg\ . s]jn c;dfg dfq 5g\ . t/
clxn] xfd|f] ;dfhdf 7"nf ju{sf] efiff / ;+:s[ltn] ;fgf] ju{sf] efiff / ;+:s[ltnfO{
lsr]sf] 5 . 7"nf b]zsf] ;fdfg, e]ife"iff, efiff / ;+:s[ltn] ;fgf b]zsf] ;fdfg, e]ife"iff,
efiff / ;+:s[ltnfO{ vfOlbPsf] 5 . jf:tjdf of] 7"nf] b"ef{Uok"0f{ cj:Yff xf] . xfdLn]
6
a'em\g' kg]{ Pp6f tYo s] xf] eg] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts tyf ;f+:s[lts ljZn]if0fn]
g} ;du| ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf] jf:tljs :j?k b]Vg ;lsG5 .
dflysf s'/f k|:t't u/]kl5 ;xefuLnfO{ u'Rrf v]n v]nfp“bf o;nfO{ Jojxfl/s ¿kdf
a'em\g dbt ub{5 . b]zdf ljBdfg cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts cj:yfn]
JolQm jf ;d'bfosf] ;|f]t / ;fwg dflysf] kx'“r, lgoGq0f / cj;/nfO{ lglZrt ub{5 .
of] s'/f tnsf] u'Rrf v]nsf] dfWodaf6 a'em\g ;lhnf] kb{5 .
u'Rrf v]n
;a} ;xefuLx¿nfO{ @–@ j6f u'Rrf af“8\g] / Pp6f uf]nf] 3]/fleq u'Rrf /fVg cg'/f]w ug{] .
;xefuLnfO{ pQm uf]nf] cyf{t\ u'Rrf /fv]sf] 7fp“af6 s]xL yf]/} -@ hgf_ ;xefuLnfO{
u'Rrfaf6 s/La b'O{ ld6/ 6f9f a:g cg'/f]w ug{] / km]l/ rf/ ld6/ 6f9f cln w]/} -% hgf_
;xefuLnfO{ a:g cg'/f]w ug{] / af“sL ;a} -sl/j !) hgf_ ;xefuLnfO{ ^–& ld6/ k5fl8
a:g cg'/f]w ug{] . ;xefuLnfO{ Pp6f 9\ofs lbg] -8:6/n] klg sfd rnfpg ;lsG5_ .
klxnf] cyjf cufl8 a;]sf ;d"xnfO{ 9\ofsn] xfgL u'RrfnfO{ aflx/ lgsfNg cg'/f]w ug{] .
To;kl5 bf];|f] / t];|f] ;d"xnfO{ klg cg'/f]w ug{] .
o; v]n v]nfpFbf k|i6 kfg{' kg{] lgodx¿
1. klxnf] cyf{t\ cufl8sf] ;d"xnfO{ Ps hgfnfO{ b'O{ k6s xfGg lbg] .
2. bf];|f] ;d"xdf hDdf b'O{ k6s xfGg lbg] cyf{t\ b'O{ hgfn] Ps Ps k6s xfGg] .
3. t];|f] ;d"xdf Ps hgfnfO{ Ps k6s xfGg lbg] .
4. j[Qaf6 aflx/ lg:s]sf u'Rrfx¿ ;a} ;d"xn] b]Vg]u/L ;d"x ut ?kdf aflx/ lgsflnP
cg';f/ l6kf]6 ug{] .
5. ;a} u'Rrf aflx/ glg:s] ;Dd Pj+l/tn] v]n bf]xf]¥ofpg] .
6. ;a} u'Rrf j[Qaf6 lgl:sPkl5 ;a} ;xefuLnfO{ cf–cfÎg} :yfgdf a:g cg'/f]w u/L
5nkmn cuf8L a9fpg] .
5nkmnsf nflu ;xof]uL k|Zgx¿
1. of] v]n s:tf] nfUof] <
2. cufl8sf] ;d"xn] s;/L lhTof] < k5fl8sf] ;d"xn] s;/L xf¥of] <
3. s] cufl8 /x]sf] ;d"x k5fl8 a;]/ lhTg ;Sb5g\ <
4. v]nsf] lgod s:tf] lyof] < s;n] agfof] < xfg]{n] lgodaf/] lsg k|Zg p7fPgg\ <
5. xfd|f] ;dfhdf o:tf] v]n 5 ls 5}g <
6. xfd|F] ;dfhsf] ;+/rgf v]nsf] s'g s'g s'/f;“u t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 <
7. clxn] xfd|f] ;dfhdf h] h] lgod d'No, dfGotf 5g\, tL ;a}nfO{ sfod /fvL ;dfgtf
;Dej 5 <
7
v]nkl5 ;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt

o; v]ndf k5fl8 nfOgdf kg{] dfly w]/} cGofo 5 . ;'?df xfGg klg cufl8sf
;xefuLnfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . w]/}k6s klg lbOPsf] 5 . o;y{ of] v]n cGofok"0f{ 5 . o;sf
gLltlgodx¿ cufl8sf] ;d"xnfO{ h;/L klg lhtfpg] vfnsf 5g\ . o;df v]n v]Ng]sf]
bf]if 5}g . bf]if t o; v]nsf lgod agfpg]x¿sf] xf] . lgod oxL /flvGh]n k5fl8
a;]sfn] lhTg ;Sb}g . t;y{ of] v]n v]Nbf dfG5] jf u'Rrf kl/jt{gn] dfq xf]Og lgod
kl/jt{g g} ;dfgtfsf] Ps dfq pkfo xf] .
xfdLn] dflysf] v]ndf u'8\g] gu'8\g] u'Rrf cyjf v]n v]Ng]x¿nfO{ bf]if lbof}+ eg] cyf{t
ul/a agfOPsf, ;fdflhs ;+/rgfn] 5]p nufPsf JolQm jf ;d"xx¿nfO{ bf]if lbof} eg]
sdhf]/ ju{nfO{ dbt k'¥ofpg ;lsb}g . o;df ;f]emf] / k|i6 a'em\g] s'/f s] xf] eg] of]
v]nsf] lgod g} cufl8sf] ;d"xsf] kIfkftL 5 . xfdLn] dfly ljZn]if0f u¥of}+ ;dfhdf
klg u'Rrf v]ndf h:t} v]nx¿ eO/x]sf 5g\ .
d"ne"t ¿kdf o:tf v]nx¿ zlQmsf cfwf/df x'G5g\ . ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf] ljZn]if0f
ubf{ zlQm ;DaGwnfO{ ljZn]if0f ul/Pg eg] ck"/f] x'ghfG5 . zlQmsf cfwf/df ;dfhdf
c;dfgtfx? a9\b} 5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ dfGg] xf] eg] zlQm ;DaGwsf] ljZn]if0f ulx/fO{df
uP/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf] d'Vo cª\u zlQm xf] . clxn]sf] zlQmnfO{
oyf:yfgdf g} 5f]8]/ pGgt ;dfhsf] kl/sNkgf ug{ ;lsb}g eGg] ;xhstf{sf] /fo;fy
zlQm ;DaGw ljZn]if0f eGg] ljifoj:t'df k|j]z ubf{ pko"Qm x'G5 .
8
ljifoj:t' – zlQm;DaGw ljZn]if0f
;do M ! 306f
p2]Zo
zlQmsf ;|f]tx¿ s]–s] x'g\ eGg] af/]df ;xefuLnfO{ a'em\g dbt ldNg]5 .
zlQm s;/L a95 jf 36\5 eGg] s'/f yfxf x'G5 .
ljlw
;d"xsfo{
k|:t'lt
5nkmn
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
1. zlQm s] xf] <
2. zlQm s;/L k|fKt x'G5 <
3. zlQm s;/L sd x'G5 <
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
w]/} dflg; jf ;d'bfonfO{ cfÎgf] lxt cg's"n lx“8fpg jf lgoGq0fdf /fVg ;Sg]
Ifdtf zlQm xf] .
d"n¿kdf zlQm tLg s'/faf6 k|fKt x'G5 h;nfO{ …lk#Ú l;4fGt klg eGg ;Sb5f}+ .
1. /fhgLlts zlQm – ;ª\u7g (Political Power)
2. JolQmTj (Personality)
3. rn÷crn ;DklQ (Property)
xfdLn] dflysf tLg l;4fGtnfO{ u|fdL0f :t/df lgofn]/ x]g'{kb{5 . u|fdL0f tyf /fli6«o
:t/sf zlQm ;DaGwnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{] xf] eg] /fhgLlts zlQmåf/f ;dfh lgb{]lzt ePsf]
h:tf] b]lvG5 . t/ zlQms]Gb| /fhgLlt dfq} xf]Og . u|fdL0f Onfsfdf x]g{] xf] eg]
/fhgLlttkm{ gnfu]sf hldgbf/ / :yfgLo ;DklQjfn cyf{t\ lhDd"jfn d'lvofsf] klg
zlQm sd 5}g . sf]xL JolQm wg eP/ /fhgLltdf gnfu] klg pgLx¿;“u kx'“r x'G5 .
snfsf/, ufossf/, v]nf8L, kqsf/, ljåfg, n]vsh:tf JolQmx¿;“u o:tf] vfnsf] zlQm
/x]sf] x'G5 . h;nfO{ xfdL JolQmTjsf] zlQm eGg ;Sb5f}+ .
9
To:t}, d"ntM zlQm b'O{ k|sf/n] sd x'G5 . Pp6f cfkm}+df l5GgleGg eP/ gi6 x'G5 eg]
csf{] tl/sf gof“ zlQmsf] hGd eP/ k'/fgf] zlQmnfO{ lj:yflkt ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu
ax'bnLo Joj:Yffsf] cfudg cfGbf]ngsf/Lsf] zlQmn] k~rfot;“u ePsf] zlQmnfO{
lj:yflkt u/]/ ePsf] xf] . clxn]sf] ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngn] /fhgLlts zlQmnfO{ dfq a9L
b]v]sf] cg'e"lt x'G5 . ;a} s'/F /fhgLltåf/f g} lgb{]lzt 5g\ t/ o;sf] cy{ of] nufpg
x'“b}g ls c? zlQmx¿ 5“b} 5}gg\ .
xfdL ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngdf nfu]sf JolQm jf ;d"xx¿n] u/Lj, blnt / 5]p kfl/Psf
JolQmx¿sf] JolQmTj a9fpg] sfdnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5 . ;jn ;ª\u7g
lgdf{0f eO;s]kl5 ;ª\u7gsf zlQmsf cf8df sdhf]/ ju{sf] JolQmTj rf“8f] ljsf;
x'G5 . ljleGg d~rx¿df sdhf]/ ju{n] cfÎgf egfO /fVb} hfg], kx'“r a9fpb} hfg]
qmd;“u} JolQmTj ljsf; x“'b} hfG5 . hlt sdhf]/ ju{sf] JolQmTj ljsf; x'b}hfG5 Tolt
cleofgsf÷cfGbf]ngsf lj/f]wL jf ;dfh ?kfGt/0fsf cj/f]ws 36\b} hfG5g\ . hlt
cj/f]wsx¿ 36\b} hfG5g\ Tolt kl/jt{gsf/Lsf] dgf]an a9\b} u5{ gof“ zlQmsf] pbo
x'G5 . gof“ zlQmsf] pbo ePkl5 k/Dk/fut d"No / dfGotfx¿ cfkm}+ eTs“b} hfG5g\ /
gof“ ;}4flGts tyf Jofjxfl/s dfGotfx¿ :yflkt x'“b} hfG5g\ .
zlQm ;Gbe{ ;fk]If x'G5 . Pp6} JolQmsf] zlQmsf :j?k -form_ ljleGg cj:yf /
;Gbe{df ljleGg /x]sf] kfOG5 . zlQmsf d'nt $ :j?kx? x'G5g . lt x'g\–
1. x}sdjfbL -power over_ M of] zlQmsf] :j?k al9 x}sdjfbL k|j[ltsf] x'G5 .
of] :j?ksf] zlQmsf] k|of]u Psfb JolQmn] u5{g .
2. k|hftGqpGd'v -power to_ M of] zlQmsf] :j?k s]xL k|hftfGqLs x'G5 . of]
:j?kdf g]t[Tjbflo JolQm jf ;d"x k|hftfGqLs d"No / dfGotfsf] jsfnt
u5{g t} klg ;ª\u7gfTds 9f“rf / lhDd]jf/L :jo+n] s]lx x}sdjfbL k|j[QL
NofO xfN5 .
3. ;fd'lxsjfbL -power with_ M of] zlQmsf] :j?k ;fd'lxs g]t[Tj /
;fd'bfoLs sfo{df k|of]u x'g] vfnsf] :j?k xf] . xfd|F] ;fd'bflos jgsf]
cjwf/0ffdf of] k|i6 b]lvG5 .
4. cfTd1fgjfbL -power from within_ M of] :j?k pTs[i6 vfnsf] zlQmsf]
:j?k xf] h;df ju{, lnË / hftdf lje]b b]lvb}g . ;a} k|lt ;dfg Jojxf/
x'G5 . of] vfnsf] zlQmsf] :j?k 7"nf 7"nf a'4 h:tf dxfk'?ifx?sf] l;4fGt
/ Jojxf/ af6 b]Vg ;lsG5 .
dflysf] ljZn]if0f ul/;s]kl5 xfdLn] ;dfh rNg] tl/sfx¿ cyf{t\ zf;gaf/] 5nkmn ug'{
h?/L 5 . clxn] ;dfhsf] o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ ?kfGt/0f ug{ ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff cufl8
cfO/x]sf] s'/f ;xhstf{n] atf“pb} 5nkmn cufl8 a9fpg' kb{5 .
10
,
ljifoj:t' – ;'zf;g / zf;gsf] k|sf/

;do M # 306f
p2]Zo
;xefuLn] zf;g / zf;gsf k|sf/x? yfxf kfpg] 5g\ .
;'zf;gsf] jf:tljs cy{, ;/f]sf/jfnf / ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] e"ldsfdf ;xefuLnfO{ yk
1fg ldNg]5 .
ljlw
;d"x sfo{
k|:t'lt
5nkmn
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
k|:t'ltdfly 5nkmn
1. xfdLn] zf;gnfO{ slt k|sf/df juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 <
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
zf;gx? s]jn ;/sf/ rnfpg] s'/fsf] nflu dfq ;Lldt geO lgDg lnlvt txdf x'g]
u5{g eGg]af/] k|Zg ub}{ ;xhstf{n] 5f]6f] k|:tl't ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . d"Vo?kdf txx? lgDg
x'g ;S5g\ .
− kl/jf/ leqsf] zf;g
− ;d"x txsf] zf;g
− ;ª\u7g÷;+:yf leqsf] zf;g
− /fli6o txsf] ;/sf/ rnfpg] zf;g
− cGt/f{li6«o txsf] zf;g
pk/f]Qm ;a} txsf zf;gsfaf/]df pbfx/0f ;lxt k|:t't u/]kl5 lgDg # ls;Ldsf zf;gsf
k|sf/ k|:t't ug{' /fd|f] x'G5 .
zf;gnfO{ ;fdGotof tLg lsl;daf6 JofVof u/]sf] kfOG5 . hf] lgDg cg';f/ 5g\ –
1. s'–zf;g
2. ;fdfGo :t/sf] zf;g
3. c;n zf;g cyf{t\ ;'zf;g
dflysf tLgj6f cjwf/0ff k|:t't u/]kl5 s|dzM ltgsf rl/qx¿af/] ;xefuLx? aLr
dl:tis dGyg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;xefuLn] dl:tis dGyg u/]kl5 ;xhstf{n] lgDg s'/f k|:t't
ug{' kg]{ x'G5 .
11
s'–zf;g ckf/bzL{ gLltlgodx¿ tyf gLlt lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf hg;xefuLtfsf] sdL,

k|lqmof / k|fyldstfdf ;fgf] ;d"xn] dfq} ljrf/ /fVg] cj;/ kfPsf], zlQm
s]Gb|n] dfq} lg0f{o ug{] u/]sf] / hgtfnfO{ u'd/fxdf /fVg] / if8oGqsf]
;xf/fn] dfq} zf;g l6sfpg vf]Hg] k4ltnfO{ lgs[i6 cyf{t\ v/fa zf;gsf
¿kdf JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . o;df gful/sx?nfO{ ;lqmo gful/ssf ?kdf
eGbf pkef]ujfbLsf] ?kdf cfTd;ft\ ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
;fdGo hgtfsf] ljkIfdf klg hfg g;Sg], ;fdfGotof hgtfsf cfjfhx¿ klg
:t/sf] ;'Gg], hglxtsf s'/f klg ug{], ;/sf/ s] ub{5 eGg] ;"rgf klg cfÎgf]
zf;g ;+oGqdfkm{t\ hfx]/ klg ug{] t/ hgtfsf] kIfdf lg0f{o ug{ eg] g;Sg]
zf;gnfO{ ;fdGo:t/sf] zf;gsf] ¿kdf JoFVof ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf]
zf;gsf ;~rfnsx¿n] dg x'“bfx'“b} klg hgtfsf] kIfdf nfUg w]/} cj/f]wx?
5g\ eGg] dfGotf cufl8 ;fl//x]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf] zf;gsf] d'Vo rl/q
hgtfsf] kIfdf lg0f{o klg ug{ g;Sg] / hgtfsf] ljkIfdf klg hfg g;Sg]
/xG5 .
;'zf;g d"n¿kdf kf/bzL{ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf Jofks hgtfsf] ;xefuLtf / hgtfk|lt
pQ/bfoL eP/ ljwL cg';f/ ul/Psf] zf;g k4ltnfO{ c;nzf;g jf
;'zf;g eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . kf/bzL{tf eGgfn] cfo–Joosf] ljj/0f hgtf
;dIf cf}krf/Ls qmddf ;fj{hlgs ug{' dfq}sf] ¿kdf x]l/g' x'“b}g . vf;u/L
kf/bzL{tfsf] d'Vo nIo s] xf] < s;n] s] sfd ug{] xf] < s;/L ug{] xf] < eGg]
ljifodf clwsf+z hgtfn] cfÎgf ljrf/x? /fVg / lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] cj:Yff
x'g'kb{5 . ;'zf;gsf ljz]iftfx? d'Vo u/L lgDg dflgG5g\ . clwsf/sf]
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ / e"ldsfsf] :ki6tf, ;xefuLd"ns lg0f{o
k|s[of, ;|F]t dflysf] kx'“rdf hft, ju{, lnËsf] ;dfg k|ltlglwTj, ;fdflhs
Gofo, lhDd]jf/Lkgsf] af]w, /fHo, lghL If]q / gfu/Ls ;dfh aLr zlQm
;Gt'ng, kf/bzL{tf, n}lËs lje]bsf] cGTo, ul/a / lg;xfod'vL Joj:yf,
df}lnsxssf] lglZrttf, dhj't ;'/Iff cflb .
k|:t'ltkl5 ;xhstf{n] /fVg'kg{] k|Zg

2. ;'zf;gsf nflu s–s;sf] s]–s] lhDd]jf/L 5 < lgjf{xstf{x¿ sf]–sf] x'g\ <
dflysf] k|Zgdfly ;fdfGo 5nkmn ePkl5 ;xhstf{n] tn pNn]v ul/Psf s'/fx? k|:t't
ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 .
;a}eGbf klxnf ;'zf;gsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ sf] x'g\ eg]/ klxrfg ug{ cfjZos x'G5 .
d'Vo¿kdf lgDg tLg kIfnfO{ ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ¿kdf x]l/Psf] 5 . /fHo
1. /fHo
2. ahf/÷lghLIf]q
gful/s ;dfh ahf/÷lghLIf]q
3. gful/s ;dfh
dflysf tLg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿dWo] /fHoleq w]/} cª\ux¿ kb{5g\ .
12
/fHo d'Vo¿kdf /fHoleq sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsf / Joj:yflksf u/L #

cª\ux¿ x'G5g\ . xfdLn] x]g}{ kg]{ d'Vo s'/f s] xf] eg] pk/f]Qm # cª\ux¿df
;fdflhs ;+/rgfn] 5]p nufPsf ul/a, dlxnf, blnt cflbaf;Lh:tf
;d"xx¿sf] ;|f]t tyf cj;/df kx'“r 5 ls 5}g < /fHon] pknAw u/fpg'
kg{] hgtfsf] g};lu{s clwsf/ -vfg kfpg], nfpg kfpg], af; kfpg], k9\g
kfpg] clwsf/_ ;]jf;'ljwf sdhf]/ ju{df k'u]sf] 5 ls 5}g < clxn]
/fHosf ;a} cª\ux¿df pkNnf] / dWod ju{sf] g} lgoGq0f 5 . h;sf]
lgoGq0f 5 p;n] cfÎgf] lxt cg's"n lg0f{o ug]{ clxn]sf] d"nwf/sf] k|j[lQ
xf] . x'gt, /fHosf ;a} cª\ux¿nfO{ hgtf k|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg' kg{] xf]
t/ clxn] cfd hgtf cfkm" k|lt / cfkm"eGbf dfly pQ/bfoL x'g] u/]sf]
kfOPsf] 5 . o;/L x]bf{ /fHosf cª\ux¿ hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g'kg{] cj:yf
l;h{gf ePsf] 5}g . To;}n] clwsf+z u/Lj hgtfx¿ /fHosf cª\ueGbf w]/}
6f9f 5g\ .
ahf/÷ clxn] ;+;f/df g} lghL If]qsf] lqmofzLntfnfO{ dxTjsf ;fy lnOPsf] 5 .
lghLIf]q o;sf b'O{j6f dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf b]lvPsf] 5 . klxnf], :jefljs ?kn] lghL
If]q gfkmfsf nflu lqmofzLn 5 t/ lghL If]qsf] bfloTj s]jn d'gfkmf dfq}
x'g'x'“b}g . p;n] cfd ;dfhnfO{ klg ;]jf ;'ljwf k|bfg ug'{ kb{5 . bf];|f],
lghL If]qn] clxn]sf] tfTsflng cj:yfdf s:tf] vfnsf] hgzlQm rflxPsf]
5, cWoog, cg';Gwfg u/]/ pb\3f]if ug{] / To:tf] vfnsf] hgzlQm tof/
ug{ cfkm"n] klg e"ldsf v]Ng' xf] . o;f] u/]sf] v08df a]/f]huf/L ;jfnnfO{
sd ug{ lghL Ifq]sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g;Sb5 . t/ clxn] s] b]lvG5 eg]
ahf/ jf lghL If]qn] /fHonfO{ cfkm\gf] lgoGq0fdf /fv]sf] 5 . csf]{ cy{df
/fHon] ahf/sf] :jfy{;“u c3f]lift\ ;Demf}tf u/]sf] 5 .
gful/s xfdLn] dfly b'O{ y/L zlQmx¿sf] rrf{ u¥of}+ . clxn]sf] cj:Yff ljrf/ ubf{
;dfh s] b]lvG5 eg] /fHodf gful/s ;dfhsf] kx'“r / lgoGq0f x'g'kg{]df ahf/sf]
lgoGq0fdf 5 . o;f] x'g'df /fhgLltdf v:s“b} uPsf] d"NodfGotf,
pkef]ujfbL ;+:s[lt, vlr{nf] r'gfjk4lt tyf /fhgLltdf b]lvPsf]
u}/lhDd]jf/Lkg g} k|d'v ¿kdf cufl8 ;fg{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] gfu/Ls
;dfhsf] e"ldsf lbgfg'lbg a9\b} uPsf] 5 . c;n zf;gsf nflu gful/s
;dfhn] jftf{, bafj, ;+jfbåf/f /fHosf cª\ux?nfO{ ;xL uf]/]6f]df Nofpg
k|d'v e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ kb{5 .
/fHo:t/af6 ;'zf;gsf nflu kxn x'“b} gePsf] eg] xf]Og . a? kxn kof{Kt 5}g .
/fHosf] sf]0faf6 ;'zf;gsf nflu ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] dfGotf w]/} klxnfb]lv cufl8 ;fl/Psf]
5 . o;f] ePtf klg To;n] ;xL uf]/]6f] lng ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . dflysf] k|:t'lt kl5
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f eGg] ljifodf k|j]z ubf{ ;xh x'G5 .
13
ljifoj:t' – ljs]Gb|Ls/0f
;do M ! 306f
p2]Zo
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f eg]sf] s] xf] / ;'zf;gnfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0fn] s;/L a9fjf lbG5 eGg]
af/]df cjut x'g]5 .
ljlw
t'ngfTds cWoog
dl:tis dGyg
5nkmn
1. ljs]Gb|Ls/0f eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
2. ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf s]–s] kmfObfx¿ 5g\ <
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ ljleGg txdf ljleGg JoQmL tyf ;+:yfx?n] cf–cfˆg} lsl;dn] JofVof
u/]sf] kfOG5 . s]xL JofVof lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ .
Deconcentration: s]lGb|o ;/sf/;Fu ePsf] clwsf/ If]q, lhNnf / ufpF OsfO tx;Dd
lbOg] k|lqmof xf] . o;df ;/sf/L ;+oGqx? vf]n]/ vf; u/L ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ clwsf/ tNnf]
lgsfonfO{ lbOG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu jg dGqfnon] ug]{ sfd jg ljefu, lhNnf jg
sfof{no x'Fb} /]~hkf]i6 ;Dd k'Ug' k'¥ofpg'
Delegation: lgoldt sd{rf/L tGq eGbf km/s ;+oGqnfO{ sfd ug]{ clVtof/L lbg] sfd
delegation xf] . h:t}M s'g} cfof]u agfP/ sfd ug'{
Devolution: :yfgLo :t/df /x]sf hgtfsf ;ª\u7gx?nfO{ lg0f{osf] ;Dejt ;Dk"0f{
clVtof/L lbOg] k|s[of xf] . h:t}M :yfgLo JolQmx?åf/f lgdL{t jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xnfO{
/fli6«o jgsf] s]xL lx:;f ;fd'bflos jgsf] ?kdf ;'Dkg'
Deregulation: ;/sf/åf/f lgoGq0f ul/Psf ljljw s'/fx? h:t} cg'bfg, d"No lgoGq0f
cflbnfO{ x6fpg' / jrt, nufgL tyf pkef]u cflbsf] lg0f{onfO{ ahf/åf/f lg0f{o ug{
lbOg] k|s[of xf]
Privatization: /fHon] hgtf k|ltsf cfˆgf ljleGg lhDd]jf/LnfO{ lgefpgsf nflu
lghL, :jo+;]jL tyf cGo u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{ clVtof/L lbOg] k|s[of xf] .
Denationalization: /fHon] ;/sf/L pBf]uwGbf jf ;DklQ hgtfåf/f ;~rflnt sDkgL
jf sfdbf/åf/f ;~rflnt sDkgLnfO{ a]Rg] k|s[of xf]
14
Decentralization: :yfgLo lgsfox? h:t} uf=lj=;=, lh=lj=;=, gu/kflnsf cflbnfO{

sfd ug]{ clVtof/L lbg] k|s[of
clxn] xfd|f] ;dfhdf Pp6f JolQm, ju{ jf ;d"xsf] lg0f{on] csf]{ JolQm ju{ jf ;d"xsf]
hghLjgdf c;/ kl//x]sf] 5 . cfÎgf] lg0f{o jf cfkm"nfO{ cfkm}+n] ug{ kfpg' kg]{ jf
To:tf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf eO;s]sf] 5}g . ;DalGwt
7fp“, JolQmsf nflu ul/g] lg0f{o w]/} 6f9faf6 ul/Psf] x'G5 . of] k|lqmofn] jf:tljs tYo
tyf dd{ a'em]/ lg0f{o ug]{ eGbf klg lg0f{otxdf /x]sf JolQmsf dgf]ut ljrf/af6 lg0f{o
x'g] x'“bf klg ck]lIfs[t glthf xfl;n gx'g] l:ylt k}bf ePsf] 5 . lg0f{o s;n] ub{5
eGg] s'/fn] g} cfd ;xefuLtf / :jfldTjnfO{ lglZrt ub{5 .
xfn ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] ;jfndf xfd|f b]zn] u/]sf k|of;x¿df ;}4flGts cjwf/0ffdf g}
k'glj{rf/ ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L kIfsf] Wofg tflgPsf] 5 .
ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cy{ /fHosf cª\u cyjf zfvf k|zfvfx¿nfO{ ufp“ :t/df n}hfg' xf] eGg]
dfGotfn] w]/} 7fp“ kfPsf 5g . ef}lts ¿kdf /fHosf cª\ux¿nfO{ ufp“;Dd k'¥ofpg'
dfq} ljs]Gb|Ls/0f eg]/ a\'lemof] eg] To;n] ;xL glthf lgsfNg ;Sb}g . zfvf
k|zfvfx¿nfO{ ufp“:t/;Dd n}hfg' Ps :t/sf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f xf] t/ Toxf“ klg s;n]
lg0f{o ub{5 < s;n] Ph]08fsf] to ub{5 < / Ph]08fx?sf] sfof{Gjogdf s;sf] k|d'v
e"ldsf /xG5 < eGg] ;jfn g} k|d'v xf] .
/fHosf zfvf k|zfvfx¿nfO{ ufp“:t/;Dd k'¥ofpg'sf] cy{ /fHooGqdf kx'“r gePsf,
lg0f{odf ;xefuL x'g gkfPsf cyf{t\ /fHo ;+/rgfeGbf aflx/ k/]sf JolQmx¿nfO{
;+/rgfleqsf] lg0f{o k|s[ofdf Nofpg' xf] . lg0f{ob]lv 6f9f /x]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ glhs kfg'{
xf] . cfd hg;xefuLtfåf/f s] ug]{, lsg ug]{, s;n] ug]{, s;/L ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] 6'ª\uf]
nufpg lg0f{o k|s[ofx?nfO{ hg :t/;Dd k'¥ofpg' xf] .
xfdLn] dfly ljsf;sf r/0fx¿, ;fdflhs Gofo, ;fdflhs ;+/rgf, ;'zf;g,
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f h:tf ;jfnx¿sf] JofVof, ljZn]if0f ul/of] . ca d"n s'/f eg]sf] gful/s
txaf6 s] s:tf cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t eP/ s] s:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng eP 5]p
kfl/Psf, sdhf]/ ju{sf] /fhgLlts ;xefuLtf a9\nf < ;'zf;g, ;fdflhs Gofodf
cfwfl/t ;dfh :yfkgf xf]nf < eGg] s'/fsf] ax; rnfpg' g} clxn]sf] dxTjk"0f{ ;jfn
xf] .
To;f] t, ;/sf/ tyf u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 o:tf] k|of; x'“b} gePsf] xf]Og t/ klg
cjwf/0ff b[li6sf]0f, gLlt, pko'{Qm lqmofsnfkx¿ cjnDag ug{ g;s]sf]n] ck]Iffs[t
glthf lg:sg ;s]g . ljutsf cg'ejdf ;dfhsf] ljsf;s|d;“u} ljsf; cjwf/0ffdf
klg kl/jt{g x'“b} cfPsf] 5 / hgtfsf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtfsf nflu ljut s]xL ;do
cufl8b]lv gful/s ;dfhdf jsfnt ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffn] 7fp“ kfPsf] 5 . ca xfdL o;
;DaGwL 5nkmndf k|j]z ub{5f}+ eGg] /fosf ;fy hg -s]Gb|Lt_ jsfnt eGg] ljifodf
k|j]z ug'{ pko'Qm x'g]5 .
15
ljifoj:t' – jsfnt s] xf] <

;do M ! 306f
ljlw
dl:tis dGyg
a'“bf l6kf]6
5nkmn
1. xfn;Dd jsfnt eGgfn] s] a'emfO /x]sf] 5 < s] a'em\g'x'G5 <
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
jsfnt s] xf] / s;/L ug{] eGg] ljifodf ljleGg cEof;stf{x?n] cfÎgf d"No / dfGotfdf
cfwfl/t eP/ cEof; ul//x]sf 5g\ . jsfnt ubf{ ckgfOg] tl/sf, ;dfhdf o;n] Nofpg
vf]h]sf] k|efj / k|efjsf] :t/nfO{ x]/]/ jsfntsf] d"No dfGotf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
jsfntnfO{ ljleGg lsl;dn] x]g{ ;lsG5 . h:t}M
1. lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg{] /0fgLlt .
2. ;a} txdf -sfof{Gjogb]vL gLlt tx_ ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg] ;jfndf cfwfl/t
/0fgLlt .
3. wf/0ff, afgL / ;DaGwdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] lg/Gt/ k|lqmof .
4. aflxl/ofn] ul/lbg] geP/ aflxl/of ;d]tsf] ;xof]udf cfkm}+ ug{] k|lqmof .
5. ;fdflhs ;+/rgfn] 5]p nufPsf sdhf]/ ju{x¿n] yf]/} aflx/L ;xof]udf ;ª\ul7t
tl/sfn] cfˆg} g]t[Tjdf cfˆg} ;d'bfosf] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf] nflu nflu/xg]
k|lqmof .
jsfntsf s]xL ljz]iftfx? 5g\
5g\ h;nfO{ /fd|/L dgg u/]/ dfq o;sf] efjgf a'‰g tyf
Jojxf/df nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 . tL ljz]iftfx? lgDg 5g\
5g\ .
-!_ jsfnt /fhg}lts k|lqmof xf] h;n] ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf] k|s[ofnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg
dbt u5{ .
-@_ jsfnt lg/Gt/ rlng} /xg] k|lqmof xf] .
-#_ jsfnt clx+;fTds k|lqmof xf] .
;xhstf{nfO{ ;'emfj
• gof“ ljifodf k|j]z u/]sf] x'gfn] ;xhstf{n] k|:t't ul/;s]kl5 ;xefuLx¿nfO{ 5nkmn
ug{ 6Lsf–l6Kk0fL ug{ / lh1f;f /fVg k|of{Kt ;do lbg' k5{ .
• jsfnt s] xf] eGg] ;jfndf 5nkmn eP/ a'emfO{df :ki6tf cfP kl5 jsfntsf
k|sf/sf ljifodf 5nkmn ubf{ plrt x'G5 .
16
ljifoj:t' – jsfntsf k|sf/

;do M ! 306f
p2]Zo
s]–s] p2]Zo lnP/ s:tf] s:tf] jsfnt ul/G5 ;xefuLnfO{ yfxf x'g]5 .
ljlw
dl:tis dGyg
a'“bf l6kf]6
5nkmn
;xhstf{n] /fVg'kg{] k|Zg <
1. jsfnt slt k|sf/sf x'G5g\ <
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
jsfntsf k|sf/x?
1. hglxt jsfnt
of] ;fwf/0ftof 7'nf] If]qdf Jofks?kn] ul/g] cleofg h:tf] xf] h;df k|foM k]z]j/
JolQm, ;+rf/ hut, l6Kk0fLstf{ cflb JolQmx¿ ;+nUg x'G5g\ . h:t}M ;fj{hlgs lxtsf
ljifodf s'g} JolQm jf ;+:yfn] ug]{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{ jsfnt .
2. gLltut jsfnt
of] lglZrt gLltut p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu dfq s]lGb|t eP/ ul/g] jsfnt xf] h;df
gLltut kl/jt{gn] jf:tljs kl/jt{g x'G5 eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 .
3. ;fdflhs
;fdflhs Gofo jsfnt
of] k|ToIf¿kdf vf;u/L ul/a tyf lk5l8Psf JolQm jf ;d'bfosf ;jfnx¿nfO{ s]lGb|t
u/L gLltut tyf /fhg}lts x:tIf]ksf nflu ul/g] jsfnt xf] h;df jf:tljs
kl/l:yltsf] cWoog u/L r/0fj4 9ª\un] ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿ ul/G5 tyf ;dfhdf
ePsf ljleGg ju{sf] zlQm ;DaGw / hg ;xefuLtfsf af/]df hf]8 lbOg] ul/G5 .
4. hg s]Gb|Lt jsfnt -hgjsfnt_
of] ;'–;ª\ul7t /fhg}lts k|lqmof xf] h;df gful/ssf] ;+o'Qm tyf ;dGjofTds
k|of;åf/f ;dfhdf ljBdfg c;dfgtf, cGofo, cTofrf/ tyf alxisf/nfO{ ;dfKt
kfg{ gLlt, Jojxf/, ljrf/ tyf d"No–dfGotfx¿nfO{ kl/jt{g ul/G5 .
5. ;xefuLd"ns jsfnt
17
of] gLlt lgdf{0ftxdf kx'“r a9fpg] clek|fon] ul/g] jsfnt xf] h;df k|hftflGqs
zf;g Joj:yf :yfkgf ug{ gful/s ;dfh / ;/sf/ b'j}sf] bfloTj x'G5 eGg] dfGotf
x'G5 .
6. dlxnfjfbL jsfnt
;fdflhs If]qdf x'g] k'?if / dlxnfaLrsf] c;dfgtfnfO{ lgd"{n ug{sf nflu lg0f{o
k|lqmofdf x:tIf]k ug]{ /0fgLlt, ;Lk tyf cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf jsfntnfO{ x]l/g] ul/G5 .
jsfntsf k|sf/x¿sfaf/] ;xhstf{sf] k|:t''ltkl5 logsf leGgtfaf/] 5nkmn rnfp“bf
/fd|f] x'G5 t/ Tof] eGbf klxn] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ s'g k|sf/sf] jsfnt k|lqmof cjnDag
ug{] eGg] af/] wf/0ff /fVg df}sf lbg'k5{ . hgs]lGb|t jsfnt k|lqmof eGbf c? jsfnt
k|lqmof km/s 5 ls 5}g < eGg] af/]df 5nkmn rnfpg cfjZos x'G5 . s'g} klg ;jfn
dfly jsfnt ubf{ Ps eGbf a9L lsl;dsf jsfnt ug'{ kg]{ x'g ;S5 . dfly pNn]v
ul/Psf jsfnt Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s x'G5g\ eGg] s'/fdf s]xL ;do ;fk]If pbfx/0f
;lxt k|i6 kfg'{ pQd x'G5 .
18
ljifoj:t' – hgjsfnt lsg <
;do M ! 306f
p2]Zo
;fdflhs kl/jt{gdf hg -s]lGb|t_ jsfntsf] e"ldsf tyf o;sf] k|efjaf/]] yfxf
kfpg] .
ljlw
;d"x sfo{
k|:t'lt
5nkmn
1. lsg xfdLn] hgjsfntsf] s'/f ul//x]sf 5f}+ <
2. hgjsfntn] ;dfhdf s:tf] k|efj kfnf{ <
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
hgjsfntn]
• cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts tyf ;fdflhs ;+/rgfn] 5]p kf/]sf] JolQm tyf
;d'bfonfO{ ;zlQms/0f ub}{ ;dfhdf ;'zf;g :yflkt ug{ dbt ub{5
• ;a} txdf c;Gt'lnt zlQm af“8kmf“6 / ;|f]t dflysf] kx'“r / lgoGq0fsf] lj/f]w u/L
zlQm / ;|f]tdfly Gofof]lrt ljt/0fsf dfGotf :yflkt ug{ dbt ub{5
• ufp“:t/sf cleofgnfO{ ;+rf/dfWod, /fhgLlts kf6L{x? / :yfgLo lgsfo;“u ;+jfb
ub{} gLlt k|lqmof;“u hf]8\g dbt k'¥ofp“5
• o; k|lqmofn] sfg'gdf ;d]l6Psf hgtfsf clwsf/x¿ sfof{Gjog ug{, ck|hftflGqs
sfg'gnfO{ k|hftflGqs ¿kdf abNg / sfg'g g} geP agfpg dbt ub{5
jsfnt s] xf] < slt k|sf/sf x'G5g\ < jsfntn] ;dfhdf s] k|efj kfb{5 eGg]
cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿ dfly 5nkmn u/]kl5 jsfnt k|lqmofnfO{ s;/L cufl8 a9fpg] eGg]
ljifodf 5nkmn rnfp“bf pQd x'G5 .
19
ljifoj:t' – hgjsfntsf] of]hgf

;do M ! 306f
p2]Zo
hgjsfnt ug{sf nflu of]hgfsf] dxTjaf/] k|i6 eO{ of]hgf th'{df ug]{ 1fg,
;Lk xf“l;n k|fKt ug]{5g\ .
ljlw
dl:tis dGyg
5nkmn
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
;xhstf{n] /fVg' kg]{ k|Zg
1. hgjsfntdf of]hgfsf] dxTj lsg 5 <
2. hgjsfnt of]hgfsf ljz]iftfx? s]–s] 5g\ <
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
lglZrt p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ul/g] hgjsfntsf nflu ;|f]t, ;fwg tyf ;do l;ldt
x'g] x'G5 . ;fy} kl/jt{gzLn, hl6n, clglZrt / cgk]IfLt jftfj/0fdf klg sfd u/L
7f]; lgisif{ lgsfNg' kg]{ ePsf]n] ubf{ hgjsfntsf] of]hgf agfpg' h?/L x'G5 .
of]hgfdf kl/jt{gsf /0fgLlt, cleofgx?, sfo{ tyf lqmofsnkx?sf] ;fy} k|efjsf]
ljZn]if0f÷d"NofÍg ug]{ tl/sfx?sf] af/]df :ki6 kfl/g' kb{5 . ;xefuLd"ns k4ltaf6
hgjsfntsf] of]hgf th'{df ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . lsgeg] o; k4ltaf6 lgDg kmfObf
x'G5g\ .
• ;ª\u7g / ;+hfnsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 . ;ª\u7g leq / ;ª\u7gx? aLr g]t[Tj ljsf;
/ ;+rf/df ;xof]u ub{5
• hgtfnfO{ ;zlQms/0f u5{ lsgsL cfˆgf]kgsf] ljsf; u5{, pTk|/] 0ff hufFp5,
ljZjf; a9fFp5, k|efj÷k|ltj4tf a9fpF5, ljrf/sf] ;femf a'emfO agfpF5
• hgtfnfO{ gofF 1fg, ;Lk tyf l;sfO lbG5 . sfd ug]{ pTk|]/0ff / jftfj/0f lbO{
;[hgfTds s'/fsf] dxTj a9fpFb5
• /fhg}lts lzIffnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ub{5 h;n] gful/s ljsf;sf nflu /fhgLlt /
cg'ej ;DaGwL gofF 1fgnfO{ dxTj lbG5
• ;Demf}tfsf nflu agfOg] of]hgfnfO{ alnof] kfb{5 . hgtfsf rfxgfx?sf] ;fy}
d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnf÷bfj]bf/x?sf] zlQm ;DaGwnfO{ klg :ki6 kfb{5
20
• ;jfnsf ;DaGwdf /fhg}lts ?kn] hgtfnfO{ ;ª\ul7t ub{5 . ljleGg

;/f]sf/jfnf÷bfj]bf/x?nfO{ j:t' l:yltsf] hfgsf/L lbg], p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu
pTk|]/Lt ug]{ ub{5 h;n] ubf{ cleofgx?n] a9L cflwsf/Lstf tyf zlQm
kfpFb5g\ .
hgjsfntsf] of]hgf th'{df Pp6f lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof xf] . ;'?sf lbgdf c;+nUg
JolQm jf ;d"x klg kl5Nnf lbgsf lqmofsnfkx?df ;+nUg x'g ;Sb5g\ .
cGo ljsf; sfo{sf] of]hgf th'{df h:tf] geO hgjsfnt of]hgf a9L /0fgLlts x'g' k5{ .
/0fgLlts x'g' eg]sf] xf]l;of/ k"j{s ;|f]t pkof]u ub}{ 5f]6f] / nfdf] cjlwsf p2]Zox?
kl/k"tL{ ug'{ xf] . o;sf nflu jfXo df}sf, cj;/x?jf6 kmfObf lng] / vt/f, ;Lldttfsf
;d:of;Fu h'Wg ;xof]u ug]{ cfˆgf] hg ;ª\u7gsf] ;|f]tsf] af/]df ljZn]if0f ug'{ k5{ . h6Ln
/fhg}lts jftfj/0fdf rnfvLk"0f{ 9+un] of]hgf agfpg' kg]{ x'gfn] cGo k/Dk/fut of]hgf
k|0fnLsf] eGbf hgjsfntsf] of]hgf km/s x'G5 . hgjsfntn] n'sfOPsf ljifoj:t', larf/
tyf d"No dfGotfsf ljljwtf tyf km/skg, ck"0f{ hfgsf/L tyf ljjfbnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf]
x'G5 . hgjsfnt / o;sf] of]hgf;Fu;Fu} ug'{ k5{ . lsgsL x/]s lqmofsnfksf] d"Nofª\sg
u/]/ dfq csf]{ :t/sf] sfo{qmd th'{df ug{ ;lsG5 .
hgjsfnt of]hgfn] tnsf ljz]iftfx?nfO{ Wofg lbG5 .
1. hgjsfntsf] cfˆg} d"No dfGotf x'G5 . o;n] kIf lnG5 . o;sf d"No dfGotfx? /
k|ltj4tfx? tYo hlQs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ .
2. hgjsfntsf of]hgf Ps kl5 csf]{ r/0fsf] x'g] tyf Ps} k6s ckl]Ift pknlAw
cfpg] vfnsf] x'b}g . of] t ub}{, hfFRb} l;Sb{}, ;'wfb}{ hfg] k|lqmof xf] .
3. hgjsfnt of]hgfn] lqmofsnfk jf sfdsf] lbzf dfq lgb]{zg u5{ / gb]lvPsf
cj;/x?nfO{ ;d]t k|fKt ug{ clek|]l/t u5{ .
4. hgjsfnt of]hgfn] of]hgf k|s[of tyf jsfnt k|lqmofdf ;aeGbf a9L k|efj k/]sf
JolQm -kLl8t_sf] ;+nUgtfnfO{ dxTj lbG5 .
5. hgjsfnt of]hgfn] k5fl8 kfl/Psf, bafOPsf tyf x]lkPsf ju{sf] /fd|f] ljZn]if0f
ug'{sf ;fy} r]tgf :t/ a9fpg] ;ª\u7gnfO{ alnof] kfg{ dbt u5{ .
6. hgjsfnt of]hgf k|lqmofdf ljjfb / ;Demf}tf a/fa/ eO /xG5 .
7. hgjsfnt of]hgfdf ;}4flGts 1fg tyf Jojxfl/s 1fg / cg'ej tyf l;sfOnfO{
a/fa/ dxTj lbOG5 . ;fy} ljleGg If]qsf 1fgx? lnP/ ;du| /0fgLltx? th'{df
ul/G5 .
k|efjsf/L hgjsfnt of]hgfsf nflu s]xL ;'emfjx?
-!_ ;fwf/0f cf}hf/ k|of]u ug]{ .
-@_ :ki6 / ;fwf/0f zAb tyf efiff k|of]u ug]{ .
-#_ ;xhstf{sf] ;+nUgtf / e"ldsf a9fpg] .
-$_ of]hgf th'{df k|lqmofnfO{ ultzLn agfpg] .
-%_ d"No dfGotf tyf cg'dfgx?nfO{ 5nkmndf Nofpg] .
21
of]hgf th'{dfsf nflu ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ s]xL s'/fx?M

-s_ cfˆgf] ljZn]if0f ug]{
• d sf] x'F <
d]/f d"No dfGotf, b[li6sf]0f / cg'dfgx? s]–s] x'g\ h;n] of]hgf /
lqmofsnfknfO{ c;/ kfb{5g\ eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'g'k5{ . o;n] ubf{ s'g} klg
JolQmnfO{ ;d"xdf sfd ug{, af]Ng ;lhnf] x'G5 .
• xfdL sf] xf}+ <
xfd|f] ;ª\u7gsf] nIo, p2]Zo, uGtJo tyf /0fgLltx? s]–s] x'g\ tyf /fhg}lts
kl/jt{gsf] nIo s] xf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 kfg'{ k5{ . o;n] ubf{ Psoa4tf /
;fd"lxs k|ltj4tfsf] efjgfdf j[l4 x'G5 .
• xfdL sxfF÷stf uO/x]sf] 5f}+ <
xfd|f] ;ª\u7gn] ul//x]sf] hgjsfntsf kmfObf / a]kmfObf s] s:tf b]lvb}5g\
eGg]af/]df :ki6 x'g'k5{ . o;n] ubf{ gofF lbzf vf]Hg / ;d"xnfO{ cfˆgf ultljlw
tyf rfxgfx?sf] Jojxf/Ls kIf af/]df yfxf kfpg ;hLnf] x'G5 .
• xfdL c?nfO{ s;/L x]5f}{+ <
/fhg}lts pknlAwsf nflu nfluk/]sf ;ª\u7gx? tyf lglt lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg
;ª\u7gx?sf] xfd|f] ;ª\u7gk|lt dfg, k|lti7f, 5fk, ;DaGw tyf ljZjf;lgotf
cflb s:tf] 5 eGg] s'/fdf cfˆgf] wf/0ff :ki6 x'g'k5{ . o;n] ubf{ eljiodf ul/g]
hgjsfntsf] ljz]if ;jfnx?sfaf/]df df}sf tyf vt/fsf] ulx/f] cWoog ug{
;lhnf] x'G5 .
-v_ j[xt jftfj/0fsf af/]df a'‰g]
o; r/0fdf ljleGg zlQmx?, dflg;x?, ;ª\u7gx? tyf ljrf/x? /fhg}lts If]qdf s;/L
;+u7Lt eP/ /x]sf 5g\ eGg] ljZn]if0f ul/G5 . of] ljZn]if0f k|foM /fli6«o :t/df ul/G5 .
t/ cGt/fli6«o / :yfgLo :t/df ul/g] ljZn]if0fnfO{ klg dxTj lbg' k5{ . s]xL cfwf/e"t
k|Zgx?af6 ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t}M
− sf] ;Fu s] s:tf] zlQm 5 <
− sf] ;Fu a9L zlQm 5 <
− sf] ;Fu 36L zlQm 5 <
− of] zlQm c;Gt'ng s;/L rln/x]sf] 5 <
− of] zlQm c;Gt'ng s;/L kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 < cflb .
o;sf nflu ljleGg cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;+/rgfx?sf] ljZn]if0f, zlQmjfnfx?sf] klxrfg
tyf P]ltxfl;s 36gfqmdx?sf] ljZn]if0f ug'{ kb{5 . o;n] ubf{ cfkm"n] sfd ul//x]sf]
kl/l:yltsf af/]df hfgsf/ eOG5 ;fy} cfˆgf of]hgf agfpg ;lhnf] x'G5 .
22
ljifoj:t' – hgjsfntsf nflu rflxg] cfwf/e"t

tTjx¿
;do M ! 306f
p2]Zo
hgjsfnt k|lqmof s;/L cufl8 a9\b5 eGg] yfxf kfpg] 5g\ .
ljlw
dl:tis dGyg
5nkmn
k|:t'lt

1. hgjsfnt k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg cfwf/e"t ¿kdf s] s] tTjx¿ rflxG5 <
2. s;/L k|lqmof cufl8 a9\b5 <
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
1. ;ª\u7g
2. ;jfn
3. cleofg
;xhstf{af6 k|:6 kfg'{kg{] s'/f
lagf ;jfn, lagf ;ª\u7g, lagf cleofg jsfnt k|lqmof cufl8 a9\b}g . ;jfn /
;ª\u7g eof] t/ cleofg ;~rfng ePg eg] To;n] s'g} ;sf/fTds k|efj 5f]8\g ;S5
eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; ug{ ;ls“b}g . ;jfn / cleofgn] dfq lg/Gt/tf kfO{/fv]df
kl/jt{g;Dd k'Ug] s'/fsf] ;Defjgf x'“b}g . o:tf] k|lqmof kfgLsf] kmf]sfh:tf] p7\g] /
lanLg x'g] k|lqmof h:tf] dfq} xf] . ;zlQms/0f, /fhgLlts k|lqmofdf x:tIf]k, ;|f]t /
zlQmsf] ;Gt'lnt ljt/0f k|lqmofsf] ;'?jft x'“b}g . ;ª\u7g klg 5, cleofg ;~rfng
ug{] p2]Zo klg 5 t/ ;jfn 5}g eg] cleofg ;~rfng gx'g] dfq} xf]Og ;ª\u7g klg
cl:tTjdf /lx/xg ;Sb}g . ;jfn / cleofgn] g} ;ª\u7gnfO{ ;'b[9, r':t / alnof]
agfp“b} hfG5 .
xfdL ;a}nfO{ yfxf ePsf] s'/f xf] ls clxn]sf] ljsf; k|lqmofdf ul/ax?sf] ;ª\u7g x'g
h?/L 5 . xfn ;dfhdf cl:tTjdf /x]sf ;ª\u7gx?n] jf:tljs ?kdf ul/ax?sf
23
cfjfh p7fPsf] cg'ej sd ul/Psf] 5 . a? xfdLn] olta]nf 5nkmn ug'{kg]{ ljifo

eg]sf] hgjsfntsf nflu rflxg] ;ª\u7g s:tf] xf] < Tof] ;ª\u7gsf] rl/q s:tf]
x'g'kb{5 < ;ª\u7gsf d"No / dfGotfx? s:tf x'g'kb{5 < eGg] g} xf] eGg] /fosf ;fy
;ª\u7gaf/] lj:t[t 5nkmn ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .
xfdLn] dfly ;jfn / ;ª\u7gsf] w]/} g} 5nkmn u¥of}+ . ;ª\u7g 7"nf] ePkl5 dfq ;jfn
p7fpg] k|j[lt xfd|f] ;fdflhs kl/j]zdf b]lvG5 t/ ;jfn;Fu;Fu} lgdf{0f x'g] ;ª\u7g
7"nf] / zlQmzfnL x'Fb} hfG5 . ;ª\u7g 7"nf] ePkl5 ;jfn p7fpg kv{g] xf] eg] ePsf
;ª\u7gx¿ klg sdhf]/ x'“b} hfG5g\ . ljgf ;jfn ;ª\u7g w]/} nfdf] ;Dd /xg ;Sb}g .
hqf] ;ª\u7g 5 ToxL cg';f/sf] ;jfn p7fpg'kb{5 . ;jfn / ;ª\u7gsf] o:tf] 3lgi6
;DaGwnfO{ xfdLn] /fd|f];Fu a'em\g' kb{5 . oxL a'emfOn] g} cleofgsf lqmofsnfkx¿sf]
;kmntf lglZrt ub{5g\ .
24
ljifoj:t' – hgsfntsf nflu ;ª\u7g

;do M # 306f
p2]Zo
hgjsfntsf] nflu s:tf] ;ª\u7g rflxG5 k|i6 x'g]5 .
ljlw
;d"x sfo{
k|:t'lt
5nkmn

1. ;ª\u7g eg]sf] s] xf] <
2. ;d"x / ;ª\u7g aLrdf s] km/s 5 <
3. hgjsfntsf nflu s:tf] ;ª\u7g rflxG5 <
;xhstf{nfO{ ;'emfj
;ª\u7g lsg rflxG5 < / ;ª\u7g eg]sf] s] xf] < eGg] ljifodf ;xefuLaf6 g} kof{Kt
dfqfdf ljZn]if0f x'g] x'gfn] o;df ;xhstf{sf] nfdf] k|:t'lt h?/L 5}g . a? ;d"x /
;ª\u7gaLrsf] km/s / hgjsfntsf nflu s:tf] ;ª\u7g cfjZos 5 eGg] ;jfndf
eg] ;xhstf{n] clnslt Jofks 5nkmn rnfpg' kg{] x'G5 . ljleGg p2]Zok|flKtsf
nflu ul7t ;d"xx?nfO{ g} ;ª\u7g eg]/ kl/efiff ug]{ ul/Psf] 5, t/ o:tf ;d"x /
hgjsfntsf nflu cfjZos ;ª\u7gsf] cfw/e"t dfGotfdf g} km/s 5 eGg] s'/f
k|:t't u/]kl5 ;d"x / ;ª\u7gaLrsf] km/snfO{ a'“bfut ?kdf o;/L /fVg ;lsG5 .
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
k/Dk/fut ;d"xx¿ hgjsfntsf] nflu ;ª\;ªu7g
\u7g
of] ;Lldt p2]Zosf] nflu u7g o;sf] p2]Zo a[xt\ x'G5 .
ePsf] x'G5 .
;d"xn] u/]sf] sfdsf] kmfObf 7"nf] kl/df0fdf hgtf nfeflGjt x'g ;S5g\ .
;d"xnfO{ dfq x'G5 .
;Lldt JolQmaf6 kl/rfng x'G5 . 7"nf] hg;+Vofåf/f kl/rflnt tyf 7"nf] dfqfdf
k|efj kg]{ x'G5 .
25
art, C0f, cfocfh{g, ;Lkd"ns ;fdflhs cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f -vf;u/L ju{, lnË,
tflnd h:tf ljifosf] nflu hftsf] cfwf/df x'g] lje]bsf]_ u/L tfTsflng
;d"x ag]sf] x'G5 . ;jfn;Fu hf]l8P/ ;ª\u7g lgdf{0f x'G5 .
ljsf;sf] nflu cfˆgf] k|of; ljsf;sf] nflu ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf] kl/jt{gdf
a9fpg s]lGb|t x'G5 . hf]8 lbG5 .
;fdfGotof u}/ /fhgLlts ;f]rsf] /fhgLlts ;f]r, zflGtk"0f{ kl/jt{g / ;fdflhs
x'G5 . ;+jfbnfO{ a9jf lbg] k|s[ltsf] x'G5 .
o:tf ;d"xsf] ultljlw ;d"xdf ;dfhsf] x/]s kIfdf e"ldsf x'G5 .
dfq ;Lldt x'G5
dfly ufp“:t/df lgdf{0f x'g] ljleGg ;d"x / hgjsfntsf nflu cfjZos ;ª\u7gsf]
km/s a'“bfut ?kdf k|:t't ul/of] . ca xfd|f] ;dfhdf vf;u/L b'O{ y/L ;ª\u7gx?
ePsf] cjwf/0ff cufl8 ;fg{ ;lsG5 . 5f]6s/Ldf hgclwsf/df cfwfl/t ;ª\u7g /
;]jfd'vL ;+:yf aLr dfGotf, sfo{gLlt / /0fgLltdf k|i6 km/sx? b]vfpg' cfjZos
x'G5 .
26
ljifoj:t' – clwsf/d'vL ;ª\u7g / ;]jfd'vL ;+:yfsf

dfGotfsf] km/s
;do M ! 306f
p2]Zo
b'j} ;+:yfsf] dfGotfx¿sf] lr/kmf/ u/L k|i6 x'g]5g\ .
ljlw
dl:tis dGyg
5nkmn
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt

!= clwsf/d'lv ;ª\u7g / ;]jfd'vL ;+:yfsf dfGotfdf s] km/s 5 <
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
xfd|f] ;Gbe{df ;+:yf / ;ª\u7gsf] a'emfOdf s]xL xb;Dd cGof}ntf /x]sf] 5 . cem
vf;u/L ;]jfd'vL / clwsf/d'lvsf] ;+3÷;ª\u7gsf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; x'“b}cfPsf]
;Gbe{df tL b'O{aLrsf] tflTjs cGt/ klg xfdLn] cfTd;ft\ ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 . vf;u/L oL
b'O{sf] aLrdf ljsf;;DaGwL dfGotf, sfo{qmd k|:t'lt, /0fgLltsf] km/s xfdLn]
5'6\ofpg'kb{5 .
;xefuLn] cfÎgf] ljrf/ /fv]kl5 ;xhstf{n] lgDg s'/f k|:t't ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 .
If]qx¿ hgclwsf/df cfwfl/t ;+:yf ;]jfd'vL ;+:yf
ljsf; ;]jf ;'ljwf hgtf cfkm}+n] lng] s'/f xf] ;]jf ;'ljwf lbg] s'/f xf]
;DaGwL ljsf;sf] /fhgLlts rl/q x'G5 ljsf; u}/ /fhgLlts
dfGotf ljsf; ef}lts dfq geO{ dfgjLo ljifo xf]
Ifdtfsf] ljsf; klg xf] ljsf; eg]sf] d"n?kdf
;fdflhs Gofosf l;4fGtnfO{ ;dfhn] ef}lts ;]jf ;'ljwf xf]
cª\uLsf/ ug'{k5{ ;fdflhs Gofosf
l;4fGt ldlxg?kn]
x]l/b}g
sfo{qmdsf] ;du| ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f;“u ;/f]sf/ k|fljlwls / If]qut
27
k|s[lt /fVb5 ;/f]sf/ dfq} /fVb5

;jfn jf d'2fdf cfwfl/t x'G5 kl/of]hgfd'vL x'G5
;+:yfsf p2]Zocg';f/ sfo{qmddf k|z:t kl/of]hgfsf] 9f“rfleq
nrstf x'G5 sfo{qmd ;Lldt x'G5
;+:yfk|lt k|lta4 sfo{stf{x?af6 hflu/]x?af6 ;~rflnt
;~rflnt x'G5 x'G5
/0fgLlt ;d'bfonfO{ ;ª\ul7t / ;zQm agfpb} hlt;Sbf] w]/} ;d'bfodf
clx+;fTds tyf /rgfTds cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] lj:tf/
;3fp“5 ug]{
;jfn jf d'2f;“u ;DalGwt ;]jf ;'ljwf pknAw
;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ d'2fdf ;+nUg u/fpg] u/fpg]
;]jf ;'ljwfx? ;a}sf] enf]sf] ?kdf
k'¥ofp“5
k|:t'lt / 5nkmnkl5 hgjsfnt sd{rf/Lsf] dfgl;stfaf6 ug{ g;lsg] s'/f k|i6 kfg'{
pko'Qm x'G5 . hgjsfntsf nflu ;ª\u7g p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu k|ltj4, ;r]t, ;s[o /
l;sfOd'vL x'gsf ;fy} tfTsflng ;fdflhs zlQm ;DaGwnfO{ k|xf/ ug{] /fhgLlts
;f]rsf] x'g'kb{5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 kfg{ cfjZos 5 . x'gt cfh g]kfndf dfq} xf]Og blIf0f
Pl;ofd} Pp6f ljjfb 5, u}=;=;= n] /fhgLlts k|lqmofdf efu lng x'G5 ls x'“b}g <
/fhgLlteGbf aflx/af6 ;dfhsf] ;du| ?kfGt/0fsf] ;Defjgf 5}g . t/ xfdL u}=;=;=df
cfa4 ePsfx¿n] la;{g gx'g] tYo s] xf] eg] xfdL kf6L{ /fhgLlt ub{}gf}+, xfdL r'gfj
n8\g] dxTjfsf+Iff ;lxtsf] /fhgLlt ub{}gf}+ t/ xfdL ;jfndf cfwfl/t eP/ cufl8
a9\b5f}+ . of] kLl8tx¿ PsLs[t eP/ ul/g] ;jfn;“u hf]l8Psf] /fhgLlt xf] tfklg xfdLn]
gful/s ;dfh ;fd' s] k|i6 kfg'{ kb{5 eg] xfdL kf6L{ / r'gfjeGbf laNs'n aflx/ 5f}+,
t/ ;jfnleq 5f}+ .
dfly xfdLn] clwsf/d'lv ;+:yfsfaf/]df rrf{ u¥of}+ . To:tf ;+:yf s'g ¿kdf cufl8
hfG5 eGg] s'/f To;sf] g]tT[ jdf lge{/ /xG5 . To;}n] g]t[Tjsfaf/]df 5nkmn ug'{
cfjZos 5 .
28
ljifoj:t' – hg;ª\u7gsf] g]t[Tj

;do M ! 306f
p2]Zo
hgjsfntsf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tj s:tf] x'g'kb{5 yfxf x'g]5 .
ljlw
;d"xsfo{

k|:t'lt

5nkmn

;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt

1. ;]jfd'vL ;+:yf / clwsf/d'vL ;+:yfsf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[TjaLr km/s x'g h?/L 5
ls 5}g, 5 eg] s]–s] s'/fdf cfwf/e"t leGgtf x'g'kb{5 <
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
;]jfd'vL ;+:yf / clwsf/df cfwfl/t ;+:yfsf] g]t[Tjdf klg cfwf/e"t km/s 5 . ;]jfd'vL
;+:yfsf] g]t[Tj / sfo{stf{x? cfÎgf] If]qdf Joj;flos bIftf / cg'ej /fVb5g eg]
clwsf/df cfwfl/t ;+:yfsf] g]t[Tj tyf sfo{stf{x? hg clwsf/sf ;jfndf ;r]t /
;ª\u7g, ;jfn / cleofg k|lt k|ltj4 x'G5g\ . ;+:Yffsf] p2]Zo clwsf/df cfwfl/t 5 t/
g]t[Tj ;]jfd'vL rl/qsf] 5 eg] To;n] jsfnt k|lqmofnfO+{ cufl8 a9fpg ;Sb}g .
g]t[TjnfO{ xfdLn] ;+:yfsf] Joj:yfkgkIf;“u hf]8]/ x]g'{kb{5 .
;]jfd'vL ;+:yfsf] Joj:yfkg g]t[Tj clwsf/d'vL ;+:yfsf] Joj:yfkg g]t[Tj
!= k|zf;g rnfp“5 (Administers) ! gof“ rLhsf] vf]hL ub{5 (Innovates)
@= gLltlgoddf Wofg lbG5 @= hgzlQm -sfo{stf{_ df Wofg lbG5
#= lgoGq0fdf hf]8 lbG5 #= pTk|]/0ff hufp“5
$= tfTsflns ljifodf Wofg lbG5 $= bL3{sfnLg ;f]raf6 sfd ub{5
%= slxn] / s;/L eGg]df Wofg lbG5 %= s] ug{], lsg ug{] / s;/L k|efjsf/L
9ª\un] ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fdf Wofg lbG5
^= Go"gtd gu/L gx'g] s'/fdf Wofg ^= a[xb\ ;Defjgfsf] vf]hL ub{5 -lIflthlt/ x]b{5_
lbG5 . hldglt/ x]5{
&= c?sf] gSsn u5{ &= gof“ rLhsf] cfljisf/ ub{5
*= xfnsf] l:yltnfO{ :jLsf/ ub{5 *= xfnsf] l:yltnfO{ r'gf}tL lbG5 -ljb|f]x ub{5_
(= sfo{x¿ 7Ls 9ª\un] ub{5 / /fd|F] (= 7Ls7Ls sfo{x¿ ub{5 . /fd|f] kl/0ffd /
glthfsf] cfzf /fVb5 k|efjdf ljZjf; ub{5
dfly k|:t't a'“bfx?df ;xefuLsf] ljrf/ cfbfgk|bfg ub}{ hgjsfntsf] g]t[Tj ;+/rgf cyf{t\
agf]6af/] 5nkmn ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 .
29
ljifoj:t' – hgjsfntsf] g]t[Tjsf] ;+/rgf

;do M ! 306f
p2]Zo
hg -s]lGb|t_ jsfntsf] nflu s:tf] ;Lk ePsf] JolQmx¿sf] g]t[Tj 6f]nL ag]df
/fd|f] x'G5 eGg] s'/f k|i6 x'g]5 .
ljlw
dl:tis dGyg
5nkmn
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
;xhstf{n] /fVg'kg{ k|Zg
1. hgjsfnt k|s[ofsf] g]t[Tj ug]{ JolQmdf jf ;d"xdf s:tf] u'0f x'g'kb{5 <
;xhstf{ k|:t'lt
hgjsfntdf w]/} JolQm, ;+:yf jf ;ª\u7gx¿sf] ;+nUgtf x'g] ePsf]n] o;sf] g]t[Tj ug'{
cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ tyf r'gf}ltk"0f{ klg 5 . w]/} lsl;dsf sfd ug'{kg]{ ePsfn] g]t[Tjsf
e"ldsfx¿ ljleGg x'G5g\ . h:t}M cfGtl/s ;ª\u7g lgdf{0f, njL, ;Demf}tf, hg
kl/rfng, cleofg ;~hfn lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfng cflb ug{ . g]t[Tjsf nflu slxn]sf“xL
a9L cf}krf/ls / b]lvg] e"ldsf x'G5g\ eg] sltko cj:yfdf cgf}krfl/s / gb]lvg]
e"ldsfx¿ klg x'G5g\ . Pp6} JolQm;“u ;a} vfnsf lqmofsnfksf] g]t[Tj ug]{ ;Lk, Ifdtf
/ 1fg gx'g klg ;S5 . To;}n] ljleGg JolQmn] ljleGg lqmofsnfksf] g]t[Tj ug'{ h?/L
x'G5 . t/ ;a} g]t[Tj txn] JolQmut, ;fª\u7lgs tyf gLltut txdf x'g] zlQm v]nsf]
;+j]bglzntfnfO{ a'‰g h?/L 5 . g]t[Tj ju{n] Psftkm{ ;zlQms/0f, ;xefuLtf / ;d"x
agfpg]÷dha't kfg]{ sfddf ;+nUg x'g'k5{ eg] csf]{tkm{ ;Lldt ;|f]t ;fwgsf afah't
hl6n tyf clglZrt / ultzLn /fhg}lts jftfj/0fdf k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] l56f] / /fd|f]
k|efj kfg]{ lg0f{o lng'kg]{ x'G5 . To;}n] ljleGg kl/l:yltdf ljleGg lsl;dsf] rl/q,
ljz]iftf ePsf g]t[Tjsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . jsfntsf nflu cfjZos g]t[Tjsf s]xL
ljz]iftfx¿ o; k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .
1. ;xlhs/0f g]t[Tj -Facilitative leadership_
2. lg0f{o lbg] g]t[Tj -Assertive leadership_
3. ;xof]uL g]t[Tj -Supportive leadership_
4. cfnf]rgfTds g]t[Tj -Disruptive leadership_
30
hgjsfnt cleofgsf sfo{stf{df x'g'kg{] u'0fx¿
• cGofo cTofrf/ b]Vgf;fy To;sf] sf/0f -lsg_ eGg] ;jfn p7fO la/f]w ug{
;Sg]
• hgtfnfO{ ;ª\ul7t ug{ ;Sg]
• ljsNkx? k|:t't ug{ ;Sg]
• lk5l8Psf, k5fl8 kfl/Psf ju{ jf kLl8tsf] kIf lng ;Sg]
• ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf nflu ljsf;jfbL /fhgLlt ug{ ;Sg]
• x]lkPsf JolQm jf ;d'bfosf kIfdf bfpk]r k|of]u ug{;Sg]
• pQ/eGbf k|Zg w]/} ug{;Sg]
• lxgtfaf]w x6fP/ cfTdljZjf; a9fpg ;Sg]
• ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;r]tLs/0f ug{ ;Sg]
• lg/Gt/¿kdf k|lta4 9+un] nfUg ;Sg]
• Jojxfl/s ¿kdf ;d'bfosf] c;nL ldq x'g;Sg]
• tYo tYofª\s ;lxt cleofgstf{x?sf] tkm{af6 oyfy{k/s ax; ug{ ;Sg]
• lab|f]xL efjgf ePsf] / ;dfh kl/jt{gdf nflu kg{ ;Sg]
31
ljifoj:t' – ;d:of klxrfg

;do M ! 306f
p2]Zo
;d:ofsf ljz]iftfdf k|i6tf cfO ;d:ofnfO{ s;/L kl/eflift ug]{ eGg] af/]df
hfgsf/L x'G5 .
ljlw
dl:tis dGyg
5nkmn
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
!= ;d:of eg]sf] s] xf]
@= ;d:ofsf ljz]iftfx? s]–s] x'G5g\
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
;d:ofsf] klxrfg u/L o;nfO{ kl/eflift ug{ hgtfsf] ;xefuLtf u/fOPdf /fhlgtLs
tyf hgjsfnt k|lqmofdf pgLx?sf] JolQmut :t/sf] k|ltj4tf a9\g] x'G5 . h;n] ubf{
pgLx?sf] cfnf]rgfTds lrGtg -critical awareness_ a9\g] / ;lqmo ?kn] gful/ssf]
e"dLsf lgefpg k|]l/t x'g'sf] ;fy} ljleGg JolQmx? aLr ;d:of ;DaGwL låljwfsf] cGTo
x'G5 . ;d:ofnfO{ cfwf/e"t -7f];_ ;d:of / k|lqmofut ;d:of u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg
ug{ ;lsG5 . cfwf/e"t ;d:ofn] 7f]; ?kdf jf ef}lts ?kdf g} k|efj kfb{5 h:t}M
cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf] xgg\ x'g' . k|lqmof ;d:ofn] lg0f{o k|lqmof tyf To;sf] Jojxfl/s
k|of]u ;Fu ;DaGw /fVb5 . h:t}M kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf, e|i6frf/, ;fdflhs lje]b
cflb . b'j} lsl;dsf ;d:ofx? Ps cfk;df cGt/ ;DalGwt / k|foM kl/k"/s x'G5g\ .
t/ klg hgjsfntsf] ;"?cft cfwf/e"t ;d:of;Fu ;DalGwt ;jfnaf6 ;'? u/]df hg
kl/rfng ;lhnf] x'G5 .
ljleGg JolQmsf ;d:of k|ltsf wf/0ff / a'emfOx? km/s–km/s x'g] ePsf]n] lglZrt
;d:of k|ltsf ;femf a'emfO agfP/ dfq hgjsfnt k|lqmofnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;lsG5 .
tnsf s]xL k|Zgx?n] ;femf a'emfO nfO{ :ki6 kfg{ dbt ub{5g\ M
-!_ ;d:of of] xf] eg]/ s;n] kl/eflift ub{5 <
-@_ of] ;d:ofaf6 k|TIfo ?kdf sf] k|efljt x'G5 <
-#_ of] ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g'k5{ eg]/ uDeL/ ?kn] nfUg] JolQm jf ;+:yf sf]–sf]
x'g\ <
-$_ of] ;d:ofaf6 k|efljt gePtf klg o;sf] ;dfwfgsf] nflu ;xof]u ug]{
32
JolQm jf ;+:yf sf]–sf] x'g\ <

;d:ofnfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ k|lqmof klg hgjsfntsf] of]hgf k|lqmof h:t} ub}{, hf“Rb},
l;Sb}, ;'wfb}{ hfg] k|lqmof xf] . o:tf] ljZn]if0faf6 sfd ug{ ;lsg] Pp6} ;femf lgisif{df
k'Ug ;lhnf] x'G5 . ljZn]if0f k|lqmofdf ;f]Wg], ;'Gg], 5nkmn ug]{, lrGtg dgg ug]{, ljjfb
tyf ;Demf}tf ug]{, hfgsf/Lx? ;ª\sng ug]{, dxTjk"0f{ ;d:ofsf] k|fyldsLs/0f ug]{,
cWoog / cg';Gwfg ub}{ hfg] cflb sfd lg/Gt/ ?kdf ub}{ hfg' kb{5 .
;d:ofsf ljz]iftfx?
-!_ ;d:of k/]kl5 ;dfwfgsf nflu dflg; a9L lqmofzLn x'G5 h;n] ubf{ xfdLnfO{
eljiosf] ?k/]vf tof/ kfg{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
-@_ xfdL cfkm}df k"0f{ gx'g] x'gfn] cGo JolQmsf] ;xof]usf] cfjZostf kb{5
h;sf nflu ;d:ofn] 3R3RofpF5 .
-#_ xfdLnfO{ ;[hgzLn eP/ ;f]Rgsf nflu afWo agfpFb5 .
-$_ xfdLn] ;fwf/0ftof gb]Vg] af6f] o;n] b]vfpFb5 .
-%_ k|To]s gofF r'gf}tL / ;d:ofn] xfdLnfO{ gofF kf7 l;sfFpb5 .
-^_ eljiodf x'g ;Sg] vt/fsf] af/]df ;d:ofn] r]tfjgL lbG5 .
-&_ x/]s ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf pkfo x'G5g .
;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f
ckof{Kt ljZn]if0faf6 cfPsf ljrf/ tyf ;d:ofx? hgjsfntsf lx;fan] ;fx|} dx“uf
tyf slxn]sfFxL /fhgLlts ?kn] vt/f klg ;fljt x'g ;Sb5g\ . hgjsfntsf] s]Gb|ljGb'
g} nuftf/ ul//xg] ljZn]if0fdf x'G5 . ljZn]if0f ubf{ lsg, s;/L eGg] s'/fsf] k|Zg ul/g}
/xg' kg]{ ePsf]n] of] k|lqmof slxn]sfFxL lbSs nfUg] x'G5 tf klg o;n] n's]sf ;TonfO{
phfu/ ub{5 h'g k|Zgstf{sf] afgL / ;Lkdf e/ kb{5 . hgtfnfO{ /fhgLlts ?kn]
;r]t agfpgsf nflu ulx/f] ljZn]if0f ug'{ h?/L 5 . Pp6} ;d:ofsf klg w]/} sf/0fx?
x'g ;Sg] / sf/0fx? Ps cfk;df cGt/ ;DalGwt jf ljjflbt klg x'g ;S5g\ . To;}n]
lglZrt t/Lsf jf k|lqmofaf6 ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f ul/g' pko'Qm x'G5 .
;d:ofsf] ljzn]if0f ubf{ s'g kIfaf6 x]/lPsf] 5 Tof] a'‰g h?/L x'G5 lsgsL Pp6}
;d:ofnfO{ cfly{s kIfaf6 / wfld{s kIfaf6 x]bf{ km/s–km/s ?kdf b]Vg ;lsG5 . To:t}
s'g b[li6sf]0faf6 ;d:ofnfO{ x]l/G5 Tof] klg :ki6 x'g' h?/L 5 . h:t} Pp6f k9]n]v]sf]
ljåfg dfG5]n] / cgk9 dfG5]n] ug]{ ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f km/s–km/s x'g ;S5 .
;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f / k|fyldsLs/0f Ps cfk;df hf]l8Psf 5g\ . dxTjsf cfwf/df
ljleGg cfwf/x? agfP/ ;d:ofx?nfO{ k|fyfldsLs/0f ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . dflg;x?n]
k|fyldsLs/0fsf cfwf/x? tyf ljZn]if0f k|lqmof b'j}df 5nkmn u/L lgisif{df k'Ug
pko'Qm x'G5 lsgsL pgLx?n] ;d:ofnfO{ ljleGg kIfx?af6 x]l//x]sf x'G5g\ . pgLx?sf]
;d:of ;dfwfgsf rfxgfx? klg km/s km/s x'G5g / s] ePdf ;d:of ;dfwfg ePsf]
xf] egL gfKg] s;Lx? klg km/s km/s x'g ;S5g\ .
33
oxfF ;d:of ljZn]if0f / k|fyldsLs/0fsf nflu ^ cf]6f cf}hf/x? pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\
h;n] ;d:ofsf leqL sf/0fx? kQfnufpg, a'‰g, k|fyldstf tf]Sgsf nflu ;femf
cfwf/ to ug{, jsfntsf nflu s]lGb|t ug]{ kIfaf/] :ki6 x'g / /0fgLlt th'{dfsf nflu
/fhgLlts tyf gLltut kIfsf yk hfgsf/Lx? kQfnufpg dbt ub{5g\ .
-!_ k|fyldstfdf kg]{ ;d:of ;d"xsf] ljZn]if0f
-@_ ;d:of klxrfg tyf k|fyldsLs/0f
-#_ ;d:ofsf sf/0f, k|efj tyf ;dfwfgx?
-$_ ;d:ofx?sf] sf/0f tyf k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f
-%_ ;fwf/0f ;+/rgfut ljZn]if0f
-^_ ;d:ofnfO{ ;jfndf ?kfGt/0f ug]{ / ;jfn 5fGg] cfwf/x?
34
ljifoj:t' – ;d:of s;/L ;jfn aGb5 <

;do M ! 306f
p2]Zo
;xefuLn] ;d:ofnfO{ ;jfndf ?kfGtl/t ug{ ;Lk l;Sb5g\ .
ljlw
d]6fsf8{df n]Vg]
k|:t'lt
5nkmn
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt

1. ;jfn / ;d:ofdf s] km/s 5 <
2. s:tf] ;d:of ;jfn aGb5 <
3. ;d:of s;/L ;jfndf ?kfGtl/t x'G5 <
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
;d:of / ;jfn km/s km/s s'/f x'g\ . ;d:of ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf] ljifo gx'g ;S5 eg]
;jfn ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf] ljifo x'G5 . oBlk ;d:of / ;jfn b'j}n] JolQm jf ;dfhnfO{
jfwf k'¥ofO/x]sf] x'G5g\ . ;d:ofdfly hgjsfnt x'g;Sb}g eg] ;jfndfly hgjsfnt
x'G5 .
;xhstf{n] a'“bfut ¿kdf s:tf] ljifo ;jfn aGb5 eGg] s'/f lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ubf{
/fd|f] x'G5 .
• ;d'bfonfO{ cGofo, cTofrf/, zf]if0f, bdg, pTkL8g / e]befj ef]Ug' k/]sf] tyf
clwsf/ xgg\ ePsf] ljifo ;jfn aG5
• ;d'bfosf] hLljsfdf c;/ kf/]sf] ljifo ;jfn aG5
• ;fdflhs Gofo;“u ;DalGwt ljifo ;jfn aG5
• ;d:of JolQmut / ;fd'lxs b'j} x'G5 t/ ;jfn ;fd'lxs x'G5
• ;jfn x'gsf nflu h'g ;d'bfosf] ;d:of xf], pgLx¿n] ;femf ?kdf dx;'; u/L
To;sf] ;dfwfg ug{ cleofg rnfpg lg0f{o ug{ ldNg] ljifo x'g' k5{
• ;fj{hlgs ax; / ljjfbdf cfPsf] cGo ljifox? ;jfn aG5g\
35
;xefuLsf] ljrf/ pk/ 6Lsfl6Kk0fL ljrf/ ljdz{ ePkl5 ;xhstf{n] lgDg s'/f k|:t't
ub}{ ;d:ofnfO{ ;jfndf ?kfGt/0f ug]{ Jojxfl/s tl/sf atfpg' /fd|f] x'G5 .
• ;a}eGbf klxn] pQm ;d:ofn] lylrPsf kLl8tx¿;“u ulx/f] ;+jfb yfngL ug'{
kb{5
• :yfgLo lgsfo, /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿ tyf ;dfhsf ;a} kIfx¿;“u cGt{lqmof ub}{
hfg' kb{5
• ;jfnsf] 5nkmnnfO{ la:tf/} kLl8tx?sf] 3]/feGbf aflx/ 5nkmnsf] ljifo agfpg],
;~rf/ dfWoddfkm{t ;fj{hlgsL/0f ug{] . ha ;d:of sf] af/]df ;fj{hlgs ax;
;'? x'G5 ta ;d:of ;jfndf kl/0ft x'G5
• ;d:ofnfO{ /fhgLlts/0f ug'{ kb{5 . /fhgLlts/0f ug]{ eGg] ljifonfO{ kf6L{s/0f
eg]/ a'em\g' x'b“}g . a? ;a} /fhgLlts kf6L{, ;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] pQm
;d:ofnfO{ 5nkmn / ax;sf] ljifo agfpg] jftfj/0f tof/ kfg'{ kb{5 . cGoyf
;d:of ;jfndf ?kfGtl/t x'g ;Sb}g
• ;jfn ag] kl5 d'vgldn] ljjflbt bfjLx? b]vfkb{5g\
• ;jfnnfO{ 6'qmofP/ ;fgf] ;fgf] agfP/ x]g'{ k5{ . Pp6f 7"nf] ;jfn leq cg]sg
;fgf ;jfnx? x'g ;S5g\
xfdLn] sfd ug{] ;d'bfodf Ps xf]Og cg]sg ;d:ofx¿ 5g\ hf] ;jfn aGg ;Sb5g\ .
w]/} ;d:ofaf6 ;d'bfo lylrPsf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;d:ofsf] k|fyldsLs/0f u/L s'g
;d:ofnfO{ ;jfn agfP/ cufl8 n}hfg] xf] eGg] af/]df :ki6 x'g' h?/L / uDeL/ sfd
5 . ;jfn 5gf}6 / k|fyldsLs/0f ug]{ s'/f ;du| kl/l:yltsf] ljZn]if0fdf cfwfl/t eP/
ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 cGoyf hgjsfnt k|lqmof cufl8 a9\g ;Sb}g .
36
ljifoj:t' – ;jfnsf] k|fyldsLs/0f

;do M @ 306f
p2]Zo
s'g / s:Tff] ;jfn hgjsfntsf nflu cufl8 a9fpg] eGg] s'/f ;xefuLnfO{
yk 1fg x'g]5 .
ljlw
;d"x sfo{
k|:t'lt, 5nkmn
1. ;d'bfodf /x]sf cgluGtL ;jfnx¿dWo] ;a}eGbf klxnf s'g ;jfn p7fpg'
pko'Qm x'G5 < jf ;jfn 5fGg'sf cfwf/x¿ s] x'g\ <
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
;jfn k|fyldsLs/0fsf
yldsLs/0fsf cfwf/x¿
• dflg;sf] hLjgdf jf:tljs ;'wf/ cfpg]
• dflg;nfO{ cfÎgf] zlQmsf] /fd|f] klxrfg lbg]
• w]/} dflg;nfO{ k|efj kf/]sf]
• k|efjsf] uDeL/tf kof{Kt ePsf]
• ;fjnsf cfwf/df ;ª\u7g, ;~hfn tyf u7aGwgsf] lgdf{0f x'g ;Sg]
• dlxnf / k5fl8 kfl/Psf ju{sf JolQmnfO{ /fhgLltsf] d'Vo wf/df cfpg df}sf
lbg]
• gof“ g]t[Tj ;[hgfsf] df}sf lbg]
• clwsf/nfO{ cª\uLsf/ ub}{ /fhg}lts r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{
• :ki6 ¿kdf ;d:ofsf] /fhgLlts tyf gLltut ;dfwfg x'g ;Sg]
• :ki6 nIo tyf ;dofjwL tf]lsPsf]÷ePsf]
• :yfgLo ;jfnnfO{ /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o :t/;Dd hf]8\g ;lsg]
• ;|f]t ;fwg h'6fpg df}sf kfOg]
• cfÎgf nIonfO{ cfkm} cufl8 n}hfg clek|]l/t÷k|f]T;fxg ug]{
• cfÎgf] kIfdf lg0f{o u/fpg ;lsg] -;kmntf kfpg ;lsg]_
• sfg'g cfÎgf] kIfdf ePsf] ;jfn
37
dflysf a'“bfx? ;xhstf{n] k|:t't u/]/ dfq} k'Ub}g . a'“bfut ?kdf pbfx/0f ;d]t lbP/
5nkmn rnfpg' k5{ .
oxf“ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/f s] xf] eg] klxnf]k6s p7fPsf] ;jfn ;s];Dd ;kmntf;Dd k'Ug]
vfnsf] x'g'k5{ . c;kmntf / xf/ cg'ej ePdf kLl8tx¿ km]l/ ;+u7Lt x'g sl7g x'G5 .
xfdLn] a? ;fgf], w]/} ;xof]uL ePsf], sfg'g kIfdf ePsf] h:tf s'/f ljZn]if0f ug{ kLl8t
hgtfnfO{ ;xhLs/0fdfkm{t\ dbt k'¥ofpg'kb{5 . Pp6f ;kmntfn] c? ;kmntfsf] ;kgf
b]vfp“5 . ;kmntfsf] pT;fxn] gof“ lh1f;f k}bf ub{5 . lh1f;fn] dflg;nfO{ sfo{d'vL
agfp“b5 / gof“gof“ ;kmntf xf“l;n ug{ lg/Gt/ pTk|]l/t ul//xG5 .
;xefuLx¿n] clxn];Dd ;jfn s] xf] < ;d:of / ;jfndf s] km/s 5 < ;jfnx¿sf]
k|fyldlss/0f ug{] ;}4flGts tyf Jofjxfl/s 1fg k|fKt ul/;s]sf x'g]5g\ . t/
hgjsfnt k|lqmofnfO{ s;/L cufl8 a9fP/ ;kmntf;Dd k'¥ofpg] eGg] ljifodf cndn
ePsf] x'g;S5 t;y{, ;jfnsf] k|fyldsLs/0f ul/;s]kl5 pQm ;jfnnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df
/fv]/ ul/g' kg]{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ljZn]if0fnfO{ k|:t't ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .
38
ljifoj:t' – ;/f]sf/jfnf ljZn]if0f

;do M ! 306f #) ldg]6
p2]Zo
5gf}6 ePsf] ;jfndf sf] kIfdf < sf] ljkIfdf < sf] t6:y < /xG5 eGg]
ljZn]if0f ug]{ tl/sf hfgsf/L x'g]5 .
ljlw
dl:tis dGyg
k|:t'lt, 5nkmn
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
1. Pp6f ;jfndf dflg;x¿ slt y/Ldf of egf} slt w'|jdf ljeflht x'g ;Sb5g\ <
-k|Zg c:ki6 ePdf lj/f]wL, ;dy{s jf cGo s] s] x'g ;Sb5g\ eg]/ 5nkmn ubf{
;xefuLaf6 w]/}s'/f cfpg ;Sb5 _
39
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
ha xfdLn] ;jfn p7fp“b5f} ta x/]s ;jfndf ;dfhdf /x]sf dflg;x¿ ;fdfGotof

rf/ v]dfdf ljeflht x'G5g\ . ;jfn km]l/Pkl5 dflg;sf] e"ldsf klg km]l/g ;S5 . s'g}
Pp6f ;jfndf lj/f]wL ePsf] JolQm csf{] ;jfnsf] ;xof]uL aGg ;S5 . ;jfnut
ljZn]if0fdf sf]xL :yfoL zq' / :yfoL ldq eGg] s]xL x'“b}g . of] e"ldsf lgtfGt ;jfndf
lge{/ /xG5 . ha ;jfn km]l/G5 ta ldqzlQm / lj/f]wL klg km]l/G5 . sf] s'g lsQfdf
pleg] xf] eGg] s'/f ;jfndf lge{/ /xG5 . lxhf]sf la/f]wL cfh ldq x'g;S5g\ . cfhsf
ldq ef]ln lj/f]wL x'g;S5g\ . xfdLn] p7fPsf] ;jfn sf];“u ;DalGwt 5, s:tf] k|s[ltsf]
5, n] g} ;a}s'/f lge{/ ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu blntnfO{ dlGb/ k|j]zsf] s'/f ug{] xf]
eg] ufp“sf wfld{s k"hf/Lx¿ ljkIfL aGg ;S5g\ t/ xfdLn] wfld{s / ;fd'bflos jgsf]
s'/f p7fof}+ eg] pgLx¿ xfd|f ldq aGg;S5g\ . ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ljZn]if0f ;jfnlkR5]
ul//xg h?/L 5 / of] k|lqmofnfO{ lg/Gt/tf klg lbg'kb{5 .
oxL cjwf/0ff cg';f/ lj/f]wLsf tkm{af6 klg ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{ h?/L x'G5 .
hgjsfntsf] sfo{qmd th'{df ubf{ o; lsl;dsf] ljZn]if0fn] 7"nf] an lbG5 . dfly
pNn]lvt rf/} ju{sf JolQm, ;d'bfo jf ;+:yf;Fusf] ;DaGwdf la:tf/ tyf hgjsfnt
sfo{sf nflu 5'§f 5'§} /0fgLlt lng'kg]{ x'G5 . h:t}M æxfdLÆ ju{nfO{ ;w} dha't agfO
/fVg' k5{ eg] æ;fyLÆ ju{nfO{ ;lqmo kfg{sf nflu sf]l;; ug{'k5{ . To:t} æ9'nd'n]Æ
ju{nfO{ ;DemfOa'emfO cfˆgf] kIfdf kfg'{ k5{ eg] ælj/f]wLÆ ju{nfO{ e|d pTkGg u/fpg],
40
km'6fpg] sdhf]/ kfg]{ cflb ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 . To:t} vf; u/L æxfdLÆ ju{ / ælj/f]wLÆ
ju{sf af/]df alnof] kIf, sdhf]/ kIf, df}sf tyf vt/fx?sf af/]df ;d]t ljZn]if0f ug'{
cfjZos x'G5 .
a? xfdLn] ljrf/ ug'{kg{] tYo s] xf] eg] lj/f]wL s;/L 36fpg] < 9'nd'n]nfO{ s;/L
cfkm\gf] kIfdf kfg{] < ;xof]uL s;/L a9fpg] < of] hgjsfnt cleofgdf lgtfGt
cfjZos sf}zn xf] . t;y{ xfdLn] o; ljifodf 5nkmn ug'{kb{5 .
;xefuLx?sf] /fo lnO 5nkmn ul/;s]kl5 ;xhstf{n] lgDg s'/f k|:t't ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 .
• lj/f]wLnfO{ km'6fpg sf]l;; ug{]
• lj/f]wLsf] aLrdf e|d pTkGg ug{]
• 9'nd'n] hlxn] klg lht / zlQm lt/ nfUg] x'“bf cleofg ;kmn x'“b}5 eGg]
k|rf/k|;f/n] 9'nd'n] cfÎgf] kIfdf kfg{ dbt ldNb5
• lj/f]wLsf] cfTdfljZjf; 36\g] / kLl8tx¿sf] cfTdfljZjf; a9\g] lqmofsnfkx¿
;~rfng ug{]
• lhNnf tyf /fli6«o:t/df kLl8tx¿sf w]/} ;xof]uL 5g\ eGg] k|rf/ ug{] -Jofjxfl/s
pbfx/0fn] k|i6 ;Gb]z lbPsf] 5, hlt cleofgnfO{ kLl8tn] ult lbG5g\ Tolt
aflxl/ofn] ;xof]u lbG5g\_
dflysf] s'/f k|:t't ul/;s]kl5 ;xhstf{n] sdhf]/ ju{df /x]s]f df}gtfsf] ;+:sf/sf]
k|:t'lt ug'{ kb{5 . df}gtfsf] ;+:sf/n] ;dfhnfO{ ?kfGtl/t x'gaf6 /f]S5 . t;y{
df}gtfsf] ;+:sf/ kl/jt{gsf nflu cToGt} afws 5 eGg] s'/f 5nkmn rnfpg] .
41
df}gtfsf] ;+:sf/ – sdhf]/ ju{sf] rl/q

of] ju{ rl/q ;dfh ?kfGt/0fsf] nflu 7"nf] ;|f]t x'g;S5 . cGofo, cTofrf/, kL8f,
bdg ef]lu/fv]sf] of] ju{nfO{ To:tf kL8faf6 pDsg c;fWo} /x/ x'G5 . x/bd p;n]
cfÎgf] ;xof]uL vf]lh/x]sf] x'G5 . slxn]sf“xL cfÎgf] pko'Qm ;xof]uL gkfp“bf lg/f; klg
x'G5 . lg/f;fnfO{ cfzfdf kl/0ft ug{ / pT;fx hufpg ;xof]uLx¿sf] k|fylds bfloTj
x'G5 . of] ju{sf] Pp6f ljz]iftf df}gtfsf] ;+:sf/ xf] .
…xf]Ú eGg' c?n] eg]sf s'/fdf ;xdlt hgfpg] / k|ltjfb gug]{ k|j[lt xf] . zlQmdf ePsf
7"nfa8fx¿n] h] eGb5g\ To;nfO{ …xfÚ] eGg] ;+:sf/ sdhf]/ ju{df ljBdfg 5 . …xf]Ú
eGbf vt/fx¿ cfO{ kb{}g / ;'/lIft x'gsf nflu …xf]Ú eGg Hofb} ;lhnf] 5 . t/ o;n]
;dfhdf ?kfGt/0fnfO{ c8\sfP/ /fVb5 . ;dfhdf rn]sf ofjt\ k/Dk/fx¿nfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbG5 . ul/a / sdhf]/ ju{n] …xf]Ú eGg yfn]sf] w]/} eO;Sof] . ca 7Lsa]7Ls
5'6\ofO{ s] …xf]Ú eGg] / s] …xf]OgÚ eGg] eg]/ sdhf]/ ju{sf] Wofg Totf hfg h?/L 5 .
sdhf]/ ju{n] cfkm"nfO{ clxt x'g] w]/} s'/f klg …xfÚ] eGg afWo 5 . h;sf] kl/0ffdn]
sdhf]/ ju{nfO{ /fd|f] ePsf] 5}g . …xf]Ú eGg] zAbn] slxNo} klg kl/jt{g Nofp“b}g .
kl/jt{gsf nflu …xf]OgÚ eGg] zAbsf] clws dxTj 5 . ;a} kl/jt{gx¿ …xf]OgÚaf6 ;'?
ePsf 5g\ . …xf]OgÚn] gof“ vf]h u/fp“5, gof“ ;+;f/ b]vfp“5 . oyfl:yltnfO{ eTsfp“5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu, /f0ffsfndf /f0ffnfO{ …xf]Ú eg]sf] eP kl/jt{g ;Dej lyPg .

k~rfotsfndf k~rfot …xf]Ú eg]sf] eP ax'bnLo Joj:yf :yfkgf x'g] lyPg . …xf]OgÚn]
hlxn] klg gof“ ;+;f/sf] vf]h ug'{sf ;fy} gof“ ;+:s[lt / ;+/rgfnfO{ ;fdflhsLs/0f
ub{5 . To:t} c? pbfx/0fdf blntx¿ dlGb/ k:g x'“b}g eg]/ slyt pkNnf hftx¿n]
eg] To;nfO{ blnt agfOPsfx¿n] …xf]OgÚ eg]/ eg]gg\ . c?n] agfPsf dfGotfnfO{
:jLsf/ u/] . t;y{ of] k/Dk/f clxn];Dd klg l6s]sf] 5 . xfdL lsg dlGb/ k:g x'“b}g <
ltdLx¿n] eg]sf] s'/f …xf]OgÚ eg]/ blntx¿n] eGg ;s]gg\ / k/Dk/fn] lg/Gt/tf kfof] .
ca clncln …xf]OgÚ eGg] cfjfhx¿ cfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . dlGb/ k|j]zsf ;jfndf b]z
JofkL¿kdf cfjfh p7\g yfn]sf] 5 . blntx¿ dlGb/ k;]sf ;dfrf/ cvjf/x¿df
cfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . of] ;a} …xf]OgÚ eGg]sf] kl/0ffd xf] . …xf]OgÚn] k/Dk/fut s'/fx¿nfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbb}g . klZrd g]kfndf cem} klg xf]6ndf lrof vfPkl5 blntx¿ cfkm}+n]
lunf; dfem\g' kg{] k/Dk/fn] w]/yf]/ lg/Gt/tf kfO/x]sf] 5 . of] k/Dk/f Tolta]nf dfq}
tf]l8G5 ha blntx¿n] lunf; dfe\mg gdfGg] s'/f ;fj{hlgs hfx]/ u/L dfem\g
5f]85g\ . ltdLx¿n] eg]sf] s'/f 7Ls 5}g eg]/ blntn] eGg yfn]kl5 o;nfO{ s;}n]
wfGg ;Sb}g . t;y{ x/]s kl/jt{gx¿ …xf]OgÚaf6} ;'? x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f 5nkmn ug{
cfjZos 5 .
42
ljifoj:t' – kLl8t / lj/f]wLsf] zlQm ljZn]if0f

;do M ! 306f
p2]Zo
kLl8t / lj/f]wLsf] zlQm ljZn]if0f ug{] tl/sf yfxf x'g]5 .
ljlw
;d"xsfo{
k|:t'lt
5nkmn

tnsf rf/ ljifodf ;jfndf cfwfl/t eP/ kLl8t / lj/f]wL b'j}sf] ljZn]if0f
;d"xsfo{df ug{] .
1. ;jnkIf
2. sdhf]/L
3. df}sf÷cj;/
4. r'gf}tL
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
;d"xsfo{ dfkm{t\ ;jfndf cfwfl/t eP/ kLl8t / lj/f]wL b'j}sf] ;jn kIf, sdhf]/ kIf,
df}sf / r'gf}tLsf af/]df ljZn]if0f ug{ h?/L x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ lj/f]wLsf] sdhf]/L
/fd|f];“u kQf nfUg]5 . cfÎgf ;jn kIfnfO{ hf]ufp“b}, sdhf]/LnfO{ ;'wfg{, ePsf]
df}sfnfO{ pkof]u ug{ / s'g s'g /0fgLltaf6 r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ ;fdgf ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]
s'/fsf] cEof; ug{ dbt x'g]5 . lj/f]wLsf] sdhf]/L xfd|f]nflu ;jn kIf x'G5 eg] xfd|f]
sdhf]/L lj/f]wLsf] ;jn kIf x'G5 . To:t} xfd|f] ;fd'ePsf] r'gf}lt lj/f]wLsf] cj;/ x'G5
eg] xfd|f] cj;/ lj/f]wLsf] nflu r'gf}lt x'G5 . slxn]sf“xL r'gf}tL / cj;/ ;dfg klg
x'G5g\ . dflysf] ljZn]if0fn] :yfgLob]lv /fli6«o :t/df j[xt jftfj/0f a'em\g dbt
ub{5 .
xfdLn] dfly lj/f]wL, 9'nd'n] / sdhf]/ ju{sf] ;du| rl/q ljZn]if0f u¥of}+ . ca xfdLn]
;xof]uLsf] k|sf/sf] klg ljZn]if0f ug'{ h?/L 5 .
43
ljifoj:t' – ;xof]uLsf k|sf/

;do M ! 306f
p2]Zo
;xof]uLsf] k|sf/ / e"ldsf yfxf x'g]5 .
ljlw
dl:tis dGyg
5nkmn
k|:t'lt

1. hgjsfnt k|lqmofdf ;xof]uL slt k|sf/sf x'G5g\ <
2. ;lqmo ;xof]uLsf] e"ldsfdf s] s] s'/f kb{5g <
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
3. ;lqmo ;xof]uL
4. lgl:qmo ;xof]uL
5. lg/Gt/ ;xof]uL
6. df}sf df}sfsf] ;xof]uL
dflysf rf/ k|sf/sf ;xof]uL k|:t't u/]kl5 xfdL hf] hgjsfnt k|lqmofdf ;+nUg 5f},
pm ;lqmo / lg/Gt/ ;xof]uL xf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 kfg'{ kb{5 .
;fy} ;lqmo ;xof]uLsf] e"ldsf g} ;jfnnfO{ s;/L cufl8 a9fpg] eGg]df dxTjk"0f{
x'G5 .
dl:tis dGygåf/f ;xefuLsf] /fo cfPkl5 ;lqmo ;xof]uLsf] e"ldsfsf]af/]df

;xhstf{n] lgDg s'/f k|:t't ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
• ;"rgf÷tYo tYofª\s ljZn]if0f ug{
• ;jfnnfO{ k|rf/k|;f/ u/L ;fj{hlgs ug{
• sfg'g ljZn]if0f ug{
• ;~hfn lgdf{0f ug{
• nlj ug{
44
ljifoj:t' – tYotYofª\s ;ª\sng, ljZn]if0f tyf

k|rf/k|;f/
;do M ! 306f
p2]Zo
;jfnnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] tYo tYofª\ssf] dxTj a'em\g ;lsg] 5 .
ljlw
dl:tis dGyg
5nkmn
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
;xhstf{n] /fVg'kg]{ k|Zg

!= tYo tYofª\s ;ª\sng, ljZn]if0f / k|rf/ k|;f/n] cleofgdf s] kmfObf x'G5 <
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
;jfn;“u ;DalGwt tYo tYofª\sx¿ ;ª\sng ubf{ To;n] cleofgdf dbt
k'Ub5 . ;'ud / b'u{d If]q, hftL, ju{, lnËsf] cfwf/df b]lvPsf lje]b ;DaGwL tYofª\x?
hgjsfntsf b[li6sf]0fn] dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;fd'bflos jgdf
wgLdfgLx¿ lg0f{o u5{g\ / ul/ax? ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf 7luPsf 5g\ eGg' eGbf g]tT[ j
slxn] / s;/L kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 < s'g hftdf 5 < s'g ju{df 5 < Tof] jgaf6 s]–s]
NofOG5 < ul/an] s] kfPsf 5g\ < wgLn] s] kfPsf 5g\ < eg]/ tYo tYofª\snfO{
clen]vLs/0f ug{] / ToxL clen]vsf cfwf/df cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf;“u 5nkmn eof] eg]
To;n] cGofodf k/]sf ;d"xsf JolQmx¿ ;fy ;xof]u h'6fpg'sf ;fy} ;DalGwt kIfnfO{
klg ;r]tLs/0f ub{5 . df]6fdf]6L s'/f ug{'eGbf tYo tYofªs;lxt 5nkmndf hf“bf w]/}
an k'Ub5 . tYo tYofª\ssf] ;fy} s] eO/x]sf] 5 < / s] x'“b}5 < s] x'g]jfnf 5 < h:tf
ljifodf ;"rgf lng cfbfgk|bfg ug{ / 5nkmn ug{ h?/L 5 .
cleofgdf cfwf ;kmntf tYo tYofª\

tYofªs
\ h'6fpg ;Sg' xf] .
– ufGwL
45
ljifoj:t' – ;jfn;“u ;DalGwt sfg'g ljZn]if0f

;do – $% ldg]6
p2]Zo
;jfn;“u ;DalGwt sfg'gL kIfx?sf]af/]df ;xefuLx?nfO{ kl/lrt u/fpg
ljlw
5nkmn
k|:t'lt
;xhstf{n] /FVg' kg{] k|Zg
1. gLlt ljZn]if0f lsg h?/L 5 <
2. xfdLn] p7fPsf] ;jfnsf] sfg'gL cfwf/x¿ s] s] x'g\ cyf{t\ s'grflx“ b:tfj]hnfO{
;dfP/ cufl8 a9\g'kb{5 <
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
cf}krf/Ls /fhgLlts kl/kf6L, lgtL lgdf{0f k|lqmof tyf cfGtl/s zlQm ;+/rgf tyf
zlQm v]nsf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ hgjsfntnfO{ ;kmn agfpgsf nflu x:tIf]k ug]{ ljGb' kQf
nufpg ;lsG5 . o;n] gLlt kl/jt{gsf nflu ;DefJotfsf] klxrfg lbG5 .
hgjsfntsf] ;jfn / lglZrt gLlt, JolQm tyf ;+:yfsf] ;DaGwsf af/]df yfxf x'G5 .
h;n] ubf{ ;Defljt ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] klxrfg ug{ dbt ldN5 . gLlt ;DaGwL cWoog
tyf cg';Gwfg nuftf/ ?kdf ul//xgfn] hgjsfnt sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+un] cufl8
a9fpg ;lsG5 . /fhgLlts tyf gLltut kIfx?sf] cWoog lgDg a'Fbfx?df s]lGb|t /x]/
ug{ ;lsG5 .
• ljleGg /fhg}lts k|0ffnL / ltgdf x'g] ljlw, k|lqmof, ;+:yf, JolQm tyf ltgsf
e"ldsf
• gLlt lgdf{0fsf r/0fx? tyf gLlt kl/dfh{gsf p2]Zo tyf tf}/ tl/sfx?
• cGo gLltut k|fjwfgx? h:t}M cGt/f{li6«o d"No dfGotf, ;Dd]ngdf ul/Psf
k|ltj4tfx?, :yfgLo :t/sf ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, ;fdflhs d"No dfGotfx? cflb
• ah]6 ljZn]if0f tyf hgjsfnt -nufgL, lqmofsnfk, pknlAw tyf k|efj_
sfg'gL b:tfj]h
hgjsfntsf] nflu sfg'gL cfwf/ lgs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . xfdLn] p7fPsf ;jfnsf]
sfg'gL k|df0f s] 5 < sxf“ 5 < dflysf ;a} kIf s]nfpg' k5{ . ;fy} cleofgsf qmddf
46
oL b:tfj]h / pNn]lvt sfg'gL cfwf/ af/]df ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?;“u Jofks 5nkmn

ug'{ k5{ . s]xL sfg'gL b:tfj]hx? lgDgfg';f/ x'G5g\ .
• k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs÷;f+:s[lts dfGotf, gLlt, d'n'sL P]g
• lgb{]zg -lnlvt÷df}lvs_
• P]g, lgodfjnL
• ;+ljwfg
• låkIfLo÷ax'kIfLo÷cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tf÷;xdltkq÷3f]if0ffkq
47
ljifoj:t' – ;~hfn -;ª\u7gsf] j[xt\ ;DaGw_

;do M ! 306f
p2]Zo
;~hfnsf] cfjZostf / ;~hfn agfp“bf Wofg lbg'kg{] s'/f k|i6 x'g]5 .
ljlw
d]6fsf8{df n]vg
5nkmn
k|:t'lt

1. hg jsfntsf nflu lsg ;~hfn cfjZos 5 <
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
s'g} klg hgjsfnt ug'{kg]{ ;jfndf ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yf, JolQm cflb;“u ;~hfn lgdf{0f
ug{' k5{ . k|efjsf/L tl/sfn] ;~hfn lgdf{0f ugf{n] cfÎgf ;jfn, dfu, c8fg tyf
k|:tfjx¿ k|:t't ug{ / cfjZos 7f“pdf /fVg ;lhnf] x'G5 . o;sf nflu hgjsfntdf
k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kn] ;+nUg x'g] JolQmx¿sf] ;+nUgtf x'g' h?/L x'G5 . s'g} klg ;+:yf
jf JolQm;“u ;~hfn lgdf{0f ug{ To;sf] cfwf/e"t p2]Zo, s[ofsnfk, /0fgLlt, zlQm
s]Gb|, lg0f{o k|0ffnL, sfd ug]{ tf}/ tl/sf, ;do tyf d'Vo lg0f{ostf{ / g]tfsf af/]df
/fd|f] hfgsf/L x'g'k5{ / o;sf ;fy} zlQm s]Gb| / ;/f]sf/jfnf÷bfj]bf/x¿sf] /fd|f]
ljZn]if0f ub}{ ljleGg dfWodåf/f hfgsf/L lbg] tyf ;DaGw la:tf/ ug]{ sfd ug'{ k5{ .
Wofgk"j{s sfd ug]{ tyf cfÎgf] zlQmsf] k|bz{g ug]{ sfo{n] ;~hfn lgdf{0fnfO{ ult k|bfg
ub{5 .
cfÎgf cfjfh tyf egfOnfO{ a9L alnof] / ;zQm agfpgsf nflu ;~hfn, u7aGwg /
;f“7uf“7n] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbG5g\ t/ ;~hfn agL ;xsfo{ ug{ / lbuf] ¿kdf rNgsf
nflu w]/} g} ;|f]t, ldlxg]t / ;do nfU5 . vf; u/L ;b:ox¿ aLr 7Ls lsl;dsf]
;+rf/, lg0f{o k|lqmof, ljjfb Joj:yfkg tyf hjfkmb]xLtfsf s'/fx¿nfO{ /fd|/L ldnfPsf]
v08df ;~hfn /fd|/L rNg ;S5 .
ljleGg sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ ;~hfn agfpg tyf ;xsfo{ ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 . ;~hfndf x'g]
ljljwtf / km/skgsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfd ufx|f] x'G5 . ;+rf/df cj/f]w ePdf, ;+:yfsf]
ljZjf;lgotf sd ePdf, cfsl:ds lg0f{o -h'g hgjsfntsf nflu slxn]sfxL
ck/Lxfo{ klg x'g ;S5, / l56} lg0f{o lbg'k5{_ ePdf, ;fgf ;+:yfx¿n] cfÎgf] :j–
zf;sLo clwsf/ u'd]sf] cg'ej u/]df, ;~hfnsf ;b:o / cfÎgf ;b:o aLr k|lt:kwf{
48
ePdf, ;|f]tsf] af“8kmf“6df clgoldttf ePdf, sfo{qmd tyf c8fg cflbdf k|i6tf
gePdf ;~hfn aGg / /xg ufx|f] x'G5 . oL s'/fx¿ k|lt cToGt} ;r]t / ;hu eP/
dfq k|efjzfnL u7aGwg jf ;f“7uf“7sf] lgdf{0f / ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 .
/fd|f] ;~hfn :yfkgfsf nflu s]xL ;'emfjx¿

1. hgjsfntsf ;jfn k|lt :ki6 x'g' k5{ .
2. ;b:otfsf nflu lglZrt cfwf/ agfpg' k5{ / gof“ ;b:otf a9fpg] tyf lbuf]
Joj:yfkgsf ;+/rgf agfpg' k5{ .
3. ;~hfnsf] If]qflwsf/ tf]Sg'k5{ . s] ug'{ x'G5 s] ug'{ x'“b}g tf]Sg' k5{ .
4. ;~hfn ;d"x 7"nf] ePdf ;fgf] sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltsf] rog ug{' k5{ .
5. ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿sf] of]hgf, tof/L, ;dGjo / sfof{Gjog ug{ ljleGg
sfo{bnx¿ agfpg' k5{ .
6. ;do ;dodf sfdsf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg u/L cfjZos ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg' k5{ .
7. Ps cfk;sf] dfGotf, dfg–;Ddfg, lhDd]jf/L cflbnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu
cfrf/ ;+lxtf agfpg' k5{ .
8. ;~hfnsf] cfjZostf cleofg ;~rfngsf] qmddf dx;'; eP/ ;~hfn agfp“bf
;s[o k|efjsf/L x'G5 . ;~hfn csf]{ u}=;=;= gjgf]; eGg] s'/fdf ;hu /xg' k5{ .
cf}krfl/stfsf nflu ;~hfn agfpg x'“b}g . ;~hfn klg sfo{ lbzfdf nlIft -
Action Oriented_ x'g' k5{ .
49
ljifoj:t' – hgkl/rfngsf nflu cleofg

;do M ! 306f
p2]Zo
cleofgsf lqmofsnfkx¿af/] ;xefuLnfO{ 1fg x'g]5 .
ljlw
dl:tis dGyg
5nkmn
k|:t'lt
1. cleofgdf s] s:tf lqmofsnfkx? ug{ ;lsG5 <
2. cleofg ;kmn agfpg] /0fgLltx? s]–s] x'g ;S5g\ <
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
lglZrt p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu hgtf ;r]t / ;+u7Lt eO{ kl/rflnt x'g' h?/L 5 . hg
kl/rfng lagf gLltut ;'wf/ ePtf klg nfu" x'g ;Sb}g . h:t}M d'n'sL P]gsf sltko
s'/fx? Jojxf/df nfu" ePsf 5}gg\ h:t} 5'jf5't, afnljjfx cflb . To:t} hgkl/rfng
ljgf ;zlQms/0f / ;xefuLtf h'6fpg klg sl7g x'G5 . hgkl/rfngn] hgtfnfO{
;'lzlIft kfg'{sf] ;fy} lqmofzLn agfpF5 .
ljleGg lsl;dn] hgtf;Dd k'Ug] / hgkl/rfng ug{ ;lsG5 h:t}M ;xefuLd"ns of]hgf
/ ;ª\u7g lgdf{0f, ;~rf/ hutsf] k|of]u, ljleGg sfo{qmdx?sf] cfof]hgf cflb . hgtf
;Dd k'Ug] / hgkl/rfngsf /0fgLltn] ubf{ lgDg kmfObf x'G5g .
• hgjsfntsf nflu hgtfsf] / /fhg}lts ;xof]u la:tf/ x'G5
• ;jfnnfO{ gful/ssf] ;dy{g / ;xof]u ePsf] s'/f k|bz{g x'G5
• lj/f]wL jf clwsf/ jfxsnfO{ ;Demf}tfsf] 6]andf hfgsf nflu sfg'gL÷cflwsf/Ls
tyf g}lts bafj ;[hgf ub{5
• cleofgx? k|lt j[xt\ hg ;d'bfonfO{ ckgTjsf] efjgf k}bf u/fpFb5
• gful/sx?sf] ;xefuLtf, ;DnUgtf / cEof;nfO{ gofF prfOdf k'¥ofpg dbt
ub{5
cleofg
cleofg ;'? ubf{ Ps}rf]l6 7"nf sfo{qmdx¿sf] cfof]hgf ul/“bf Tolt kmnbfoL x“'b}g .
klxnf] s'/f t ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;“u 5nkmn ub}{ cfÎgf ljrf/x¿ k|i6 /fv]kl5 dfq}
50
bafjd"ns sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 . cGoyf c?n] b]Vbf cleofg /x/n] u/]sf]
h:tf] b]lvG5 . ;a} ;Defjgfsf 9f]sfx¿ aGb ePkl5 dfq} bafjd"ns sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug{'k/]sf] dfGotf kLl8t / ;xof]uLn] cufl8 ;fg'{kb{5 . c?n] a'em\bf
cfGbf]ngnfO{ /x/ a'em] eg] To;n] ;sf/fTds glthf lgsfNg g;Sg] dfq} xf]Og ;xof]u
klg 36fp“5 . o;f] ePsf] x'gfn] ;+jfbaf6 yfngL ub}{ bjfjd"ns sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
ubf{ pQd x'G5 .
ljleGg lsl;dsf bafjd"ns sfo{qmdx? lgDgfg';f/ x'g ;S5g\ M
• ;a} kIf;“u ;Djfb ug{]
• 1fkg kq lbg]
• dfu;lxt clN6d]6d lbg]
• k'g tfs]tf ug{]
• kqsf/ ;Dd]ng ug{], k|]; lj1lKt lgsfNg]
• krf{kf]i6/ lgsfNg], 6f“:g]
• ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO ug{]
• lj/f]wsf] nflu sfnf]kl§ af“Wg]
• lj/f]w ¥ofnL ug{] -df}g ¥ofnL ug{], nfnl6g h'n'; lgsfNg], wgf{ lbg], gf/fjfhL ug{],
rSsfhfd ug{], x8tfn ug{], cg;g a:g], l/n] cg;g, cfd/0f cg;g, ;fª\s]lts
cg;g, eb| cj1f, ;Tofu|x, cGo ======_
cleofgdf bafjd"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ klxn] ;fgf] lqmofsnfk ug{] / qmdzM 7"nf]
lqmofsnfk ub{} hfg' k5{ . cleofg zflGtk"0f{ ?kdf ;~rfng ug'{k5{ . cleofgsf
lqmofsnfk / r/0fx¿ ;jfndf cfwfl/t x'G5g\ . slxn]sfxL“ ;+jfbåf/f g} ;jfnsf] 6'Ëf]
nfUg;S5 . slxn]sfxL“ cln 7"nf] lsl;dsf] bafj jf 3]/fpsf] cfof]hgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
;jfn / ljkIfL jf clwsf/ jfxssf] cj:yf x]/L cleofgsf r/0fx¿sf] klg lgwf]
ug'{k5{ t/ ;fdfGotof ;+jfb jftf{af6 g} cleofg ;'? ug'{kb{5 . To;kl5 pTkGg
kl/l:yltsf] 7f]; ljZn]if0f u/L c? lqmofsnfkx¿sf] cfof]hgf ug{] sfd
cleofgstf{x¿sf] l;h{gfTds Ifdtfdf e/ k5{ . cleofgsf r/0fx¿ olt / o:tf
x'G5g\ eGg] pNn]v ug'{ Jojxfl/s ?kdf ;xL x'“b}g . o;nfO{ ;"qa4 /fVg ;Sbf klg
;ls“b}g, /fVg x'“bf klg x'“b}g . pTkGg kl/l:yltsf] ljZn]if0fn] g} cleofgsf] r/0f /
lqmofsnfksf] lgwf] ub{5 .
lgj]bg
lgj]bg eg]sf] sfg'g adf]hLd JolQm jf ;d"xn] s'g} lhDd]jf/ lgsfoaf6 k|i6 ug'{ kg]{
;]jf jf ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ k]z ul/g] lnlvt xf] . ;fdfGot of] Ps kfgfdf n]lvG5 .
o;sf] lz/df h'g lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Laf6 ;]jf jf ;'ljwf dfu ul/Psf] xf] To;nfO{
;+jf]wg ul/G5 / k'5f/df dfu ug]{ sf] ;xL gfd 7]ufgf x'G5 . k|fo h;f] lgj]bgdf l6s6
6fF;]/ ;/sf/L b:t'/ ltl/G5 . lgj]bs eb| tyf chL{ ug]{ efiffdf n]lvG5 .
51
1fkg kq
;dfhsf] s'g} ljifo jf ;Gbe{df lhDd]jf/ lgsfoaf6 k|bfg ul/g' kg]{ ;]jf ;'ljwf k|bfg
ePsf] 5}g jf k|bfg eO/x]sf] eP klg kof{Kt 5}g jf cem a9L ;]jf jf ;'ljwfsf]
cfjZoQmf 5 jf hgtfsf] clwsf/ xgg\ eO/x]sf] 5 h;af6 ;dfhsf] s'g} ju{, ;d"x jf
JolQm gsf/fTds ?kdf k|efljt eO/x]sf 5g eg] k|efljt ju{, ;d"x jf JolQmn] To:tf]
;]jf, ;'ljwf jf clwsf/ k|rng u/fO kfpF egL lhDd]af/ lgsfodf dfu ug]{ jf To:tf]
lgsfosf] Wofgfsif{0f ug{ lbPsf] lnlvt 1fkgkq xf] . 1fkg kq cfjZoQmf cg';f/ 7"nf]
;fgf] x'g ;S5 . 1fkg kqdf ;dfhdf h'g ju{, JolQm jf ;d"xnfO{ gsf/fTds c;/
k/]sf] 5 To;af/] tYo tYofÍ / k|df0fx? klg ;fdflji6 u/fpg' k5{ . kl/l:yltdf s] /
s;/L kljt{g Nofpg h?/L 5 To;af/] ;d]t pNn]v u/L cfˆgf] dfu bfjLx? k|i6?kdf
/fVg' k5{ . 1fkg kqdf dfu k"/f gu/LPdf cfGbf]ng ug]{ r]tfjgL ;d]t lbg ;lsG5 .
hgjsfntsf nflu pko'Qm ;do
hgjsfntnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf] nflu kl/jlt{t / ultzLn /fhgLlts jftfj/0fsf]
ljZn]if0f ul//xg' k5{ . s]xL /fhgLlts df}sfx? x'G5g\ h;df hgjsfnt ;kmn x'g
;S5 . h:t}M r'gfj x'g] ;do, cGt/f{li6«o ;ef÷;]ldgf/÷uf]i7L x'g] ;do, gLlt
lgdf0f{sf a}7sx? x'g] ;do, sfg'g / gLlt lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf ljleGg cj:yfx? tyf
;dfhdf 7"nf] k|efj kfg]{ ck/fwx? tyf k|sf]kx? ePsf a]nfdf cflb
/0fgLlt s:tf] x'g' k5{ <
-!_ ;'xfpFbf] M ;d"xsf] nIo / b[li6sf]0f jftfj/0f tyf cj:yf cflb ;'xfpFbf] x'g'k5{ .
-@_ kof{Kt M ;d:of ;dfwfg k"0f{ ?kn] x'g' h?/L 5 .
-#_ k|efjsf/L M p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ lglZrt ;do / ;|f]tn] Eofpg] x'g'k5{ .
-$_ ;+j]bgzLn M ;dfhdf÷;d'bfodf cGo k|efjx? s]–s] kg{ ;Sb5g\ . ;sf/fTds
k|efj a9fpg] / gsf/fTds k|efj gkg]{ vfnsf /0fgLlt lng' pko'Qm x'G5 .
/fd|f] /0fgLlt ;w}+ cfˆgf] Ifdtf tyf alnof] kIfsf] e/df / afXo df}sfx?sf] ;xof]u÷kmfObf
lnP/ p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu tof/ /xG5 . ljleGg cj:yfdf ug{ ;lsg] hgjsfnt /0fgLltx?
lgDg 5g\ .
-!_ gd"gf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{
-@_ ;dGjo ug]{
-#_ lj/f]w ug]{
-$_ glh/ k|of]u ug]{
-%_ hgtfnfO{ lzlIft ug]{, ;';'lrt ug]{ tyf ;+rf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ .
-^_ cWoog, cg';Gwfg ug]{
-&_ ;To / tYodf cfwfl/t eP/ nf]Eofpg]
-*_ ;ª\u7g alnof] agfpg]
-(_ ;zlQms/0f ug]{ cflb
52
pNn]vLt ;a} /0fgLltx?sf cf–cfˆg} ;jn kIfx? 5g\ h;n] ljz]if kl/l:yltdf /fd|f]
glthf NofpFb5g\ .
;kmn hgjsfntn] lgDg % kIfdf kl/jt{g u/]sf] x'G5 .
-!_ ;/sf/ tyf /fHo -gLlt, sfg'g, P]g, sfo{qmd, Jojxf/, k4lt, JolQm, lg0f{o k|lqmof,
ah]6, kx'Fr cflb_
-@_ lghL If]q -gLlt, sfo{qmd, cEof;, Jojxf/, jfgL cflb_
-#_ gful/s ;dfh -Ifdtf, ;ª\u7g, lhDd]jf/L, zlQm, 1fg, ljZjf;, ;dfgtf cflb_
-$_ /fhgLlts If]q tyf ;+:sf/ -k|hftflGqs kl/kf6L, ;xefuLtf, kf/blz{tf,
hafkmb]xLtf, alxisf/, ;~rf/, c;lxi0f'tf, x]kfO, ;dfgtf cflb_]
-%_ JolQm -hLljsf]kfh{g, cfwf/e"t ljsf;sf If]qdf kx'Fr, ;r]ttf, cfTdljZjf;,
P]Soa4tf ;Lk, sfo{, x]kfO cflb_
53
ljifoj:t' – cleofgdf bfpk]r

;do M ! 306f
p2]Zo
cleofgdf bfpk]rsf] dxTj yfxf x'g]5 .
ljlw
dl:tis dGyg
5nkmn
k|:t'lt
1. cleofgdf bfpk]rsf] lsg dxTj 5 <
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
1. bfpk]rsf] k|of]un] clwsf/ afxsx¿nfO{ ;r]lts/0f ub{5 .
2. bfpk]rsf] z}nL cgf}7f] / /dfOnf] ;d]t x'g] x'gfn] ;+rf/dfWodnfO{ cfsif{0f ub{5 .
3. bfpk]rsf] k|of]un] ljkIfLnfO{ x}/fg kfb{5 / ;jfnnfO{ rf“8f] 6'ª\Uofpg] lbzfdf
ljkIfLnfO{ dfgl;s ¿kdf tof/ kfb{5 .
bfpk]rsf] Ps pbfx/0f
d'DaO{ ;x/df ljj]s kl08t gfd u/]sf Ps hgf PlS6lei6 x'g'x'G5 . pxf“ aw'jf
dhb'/x¿nfO{ d'Qm u/fpg] cleofgdf nfUg'ePsf] 5 . Ps k6s ljj]shL d'DaO{sf] Ps
ul/a a:tLdf hfg'eof] . To; ufp“df clwsf+z dflg;x¿ l/S;f rnfP/ cfÎgf] u'hf/f
rnfO/x]sf lyP . t/ pgLx¿;“u cfÎgf] l/S;f lyPg . ;a}n] dflnssf] l/S;f ef8fdf lnP/
rnfPsf lyP . l/S;fsf] ef8f b}lgs ? #) dflnsnfO{ a'emfpg'kg{] x'gfn] ul/ax¿nfO{
hLljsf wfGg lgs} d'l:sn k/]sf] lyof] . ljj]sn] ;a} l/S;frfns dhb'/x¿nfO{ ;ª\ul7t
u/]/ a}ª\s;“u C0f dfUg hfg] / C0f lnP/ l/S;f lsGg] lg0f{o u/fP .
ef]lnkN6 l/S;f dhb'/x¿nfO{ lnP/ a}ª\s k'u]sf ljj]snfO{ To; a}ª\ssf d]g]h/n]
l/S;fjfnnfO{ C0f lt5{ eGg] ljZjf; gePsf]n] pgLx¿nfO{ C0f glbg] s'/f atfP . ljj]sn]
w]/} cg'goljgo ubf{ klg a}ª\s d]g]h/ l/S;f rfnsx¿nfO{ C0f lbg c;xdt eP . ljj]s
b'MvL eP/ kms{] t/ lg/fz eg] ePgg\ . pgn] Pp6f bfpk]r /r] . em08} !%) hgf l/S;f
rfnsx¿nfO{ ? !)) sf b/n] k};f hDdf kfg{ nufP / b'O{ lbgkl5 !%) hgf l/S;f
rfnsx¿nfO{ lnP/ ljj]s ToxL a}ª\sdf vftf vf]Ng] kmf/fd / ef}r/ dfu]/ ;a} l/S;f
rfnsx¿sf] vftf v]fNg a}ª\sdf lgj]bg lbP . sfg'g adf]lhd gful/sx?n] vftf vf]Ng
cfp“bf a}ª\s d]g]h/n] OGsf/ ug{ ;s]gg\ t/ !%) hgf dflg;x¿sf] vftf vf]Nbf w]/}
;do;Dd w]/} sd{rf/Lx¿ vl6g'k¥of] hals /sd Psbd} yf]/} dfq a}ª\sdf hDdf x'g
54
cfof] . dhb'[/x¿ vftf vf]n]/ 3/ uP / ef]lnkN6 k'g a}ª\sdf cfOk'u] . dhb'/x¿nfO{ b]v]/
a}ª\s d]g]h/ rlst eP . k|To]s dhb'/sf] xftdf ? () sf] r]s lyof] . !%) hgf dhb'/sf]
r]s e'QmfgL lb“bf a}ª\ssf] ;f/f ;do vr{ eof] . a}ª\sn] cGo sfd s]xL ug{ kfPg .
ef]lnkN6 km]l/ ltg} dhb'/ ? () sf] ef}r/ e/]/ a}ª\sdf k};f hDdf ug{ uPsf] b]v]/ a}ª\s
d]g]h/ cjfs eP . a}ª\sn] cGo s]xL sfd ug{ g} gkfpg] eof] . d]g]h/n] ljj]snfO{ af]nfP/
eg] of] s] ug'{ePsf] tkfO{n] < ljj]sn] eg] olb tkfO{“ ul/a l/S;f rfnsnfO{ C0f lbg'x'Gg
eg] of] l;nl;nf dlxgf};Dd hf/L /xg] 5 . sfg'g adf]lhd tkfO{+n] k};f x/]s k6s hDdf
ug'{ / e'QmfgL lbg}k5{ . a}ª\s d]g]h/ afWo eP/ C0f lbg ;xdt eP / l/S;f rfnsx¿n]
C0f lnP/ l/S;f vl/b u/] .
bfpk]r slta]nf s;/L nufpg] eGg] ljifonfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s lng'k5{ . of]

cleofgstf{x?sf] l;h{gzLntfdf g} lge{/ kb{5 . l;h{gzLn eP/ s:tf] ;jfndf s:tf]
bfpk]r k|of]u ug{] eGg] s'/f s;}n] klg JofVof ug{ ;'xfp“b}g . cj:yf / jftfj/0f s:tf] 5
tyf ;jfnsf] ulx/fO ;+j]bglzntf s] 5, cfÎgf] Ifdtf tyf ljkIfL jf clwsf/ jfxs
-dutyholder_ sf] ;f]r / Jojxf/ cflbsf af/]df /fd|/L ljZn]if0f u/]/ dfq bfpk]rsf] k|of]u
ug'{k5{ . sfg'gL k|lqmof leq} /x]/ dfq bfpk]rsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
55
ljifoj:t' – cleofgdf ;~rf/dfWod

;do M ! 306f
p2]Zo
;~rf/dfWodnfO{ s;/L cfslif{t ug{] eGg]af/]df hfgsf/L x'g]5 .
;jfnnfO{ s;/L ;fj{hlgs ug{] eGg] ljifosf] Jojxfl/s 1fg x'g]5 .
ljlw
dl:tis dGyg
5nkmn
k|:t'lt
1. ;~rf/ dfWodn] cleofgnfO{ s;/L 6]jf k'¥ofp“5 <
2. ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ s;/L cleofg k|lt cfslif{t ug{ ;lsG5 <
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
s'g} klg lglZrt nlIft ;d"x÷;d'bfosf nflu hgjsfnt ubf{ va/ tof/ ug]{ / 7Ls
t/Lsfn] ;~rf/ u/L ;'lZfIf0f ug]{ sfd ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . hgjsfnt ug]{ ;d"x
leq}sf] cfGtl/s ;~rf/sf ;fy} pgLx?n] afXo JolQm jf ;d"x;“u ug]{ ;~rf/df
hgjsfntsf] ;kmntf e/ kb{5 . ;~rf/sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ s'/f va/ xf] . k|fKt
hfgsf/L tyf tYox?sf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ s'g} klg ;jfn dfly cfˆgf] c8fg tyf dfu s]
/fVg] xf] lgSof}{n ug'{k5{ . ;f] c8fgnfO{ ts{k"0f{ 9ª\un] k'i6\ofO“ u/] kl5 ;f] s'/f va/sf]
?kdf ljsl;t x'G5 .
k|efjsf/L va/ agfpgsf nflu s]xL ;'emfjx?
-!_ cfˆgf nlIft ju{ sf] x'g\ yfxf kfpg]
-@_ cfˆgf /fhg}lts jftfj/0f tyf rfnx? yfxf kfpg]
-#_ va/ ;fwf/0f / 5f]6s/Ldf ;a}n] a'‰g] u/L agfpg]
-$_ hLjgdf 36]sf 36gf / pbfx/0fx?sf] k|of]u ug]{
-%_ 7Ls, z'4 / zlQmzfnL efiff k|of]u ug]{
-^_ 7Ls tYo / tYofÍ k|of]u ug]{
-&_ ;~rf/ dfWod cg';f/ ;'xfFpbf] va/ agfpg]
-*_ nlIft ;d"xnfO{ va/ ljZn]if0f u/L cfˆg} lgisif{ lgsfNg k|]l/t ug]{
-(_ nlIft ;d"xnfO{ lqmoflzn x'g k|]l/t ug]{
-!)_ ;jfnsf ;Defljt ;dfwfgx? k|:t't ug]{
56
va/sf] k|s[lt cg';f/ ljleGg ;~rf/sf ;fwgsf] pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t}M kqklqsf,
/]l8of], l6=eL=, ;8s gf6s, JolQmut ;Dks{, cflb . j[xt\ ;~rf/ hutsf] k|of]u u/L w]/}
eGbf w]/} JolQm÷;d'bfonfO{ ;';"lrt tyf ;'lzIf0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ;~rf/ dfWodx?df
hgjsfntsf cleofgsfaf/]df ;dfrf/ k|sfzLt x'gfn] M
• 7"nf] hg;d"xdf ;~rf/ k|;fl/t x'G5
• clwsf/ jfxsx? ;r]t x'G5g\
• /fi6«sf ljleGg If]qaf6 tyf cGt/f{li6«o hutaf6 lqmofk|ltlqmof cfpg yfNb5g\
h;n] ubf{ cleofgsf] k|rf/ x'g'sf ;fy} cleofgsf] kIfdf hg;dy{g a9\b} hfG5
• cleofg ;+rfng ug{]x¿n] p7fPsf d'2f ;fj{hlgs ax;sf] ljifo aGg hfG5 . h;n]
ubf{ ;DalGwt lgsfon] cfjZos hjfkm ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf lbg dbt ub{5
• To;n] hgtfnfO{ ;r]tLs/0f u5{
• kLl8tx?df pT;fx hfUg] / ljkIfLdf lg?T;fx l;h{gf x'g] ;+efjgf /xG5
xfdLn] p7fpg nfu]sf] If]qdf o:tf ;jfndf Wofg lbg] ;+rf/sdL{ slt 5g\ < sf] sf]
5g\ < h:tf ljifox?df /fd|f] u[xsfo{ u/L pgLx?;“u ;jfnsf cfwf/df ;DaGw a9fpg'
kb{5 . ;+:yfn] u/]sf sfdx? pgLx?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fP/, kLl8tx?sf] e]nf uf]i7Ldf
kqsf/x?nfO{ pkl:yt x'g cg'/f]w u/]/, kLl8tx?;“u k|ToIf ;+jfb ug]{ jftfj/0f tof/
kf/]/ cyf{t\ kqsf/ ;Dd]ng u/]/ ;jfnnfO{ aflx/ Nofpg ;lsG5 . clxn] ;Ddsf]
Jofjxfl/s cEof;df kqsf/x?nfO{ kLl8t If]q 3'Dg cg'/f]w ug'{, lnP/ hfg' /
kLl8t;“u pgLx?sf] k|ToIf ;+jfb ug]{ jftfj/0f tof/ kfg'{ nfebfos 7xl/Psf] 5 . ;a}
;~rf/sdL{ o:tf] ;jfndf gnfUg ;S5g\ . t/ clxn] ;jfnd'vL kqsfl/tf klg lgs}
cufl8 a9]sf]n] o:tf s[ofsnfkx?n] pgLx?nfO{ cfslif{t ug{ ;lsG5 . kqsf/x? klg
;jfn vf]Hb}5g\ . xfdLn] e'Ng gx'g] Pp6f tYo s] xf] eg] cleofgdf ;~rf/ dfWodsf]
cToGt} k|an e"ldsf /xG5 . 7fpF, kl/l:ylt, ;jfn, ;do cg';f/ pgLx?;“usf] ;DaGw
cufl8 a9fpg' g} pko'Qm x'G5 .
57
ljifoj:t' – cleofgdf jftf{ jf ;Demf}tf

;do M ! 306f
p2]Zo
;Demf}tf ug]{ cjwf/0ffut tyf Jojxfl/s 1fg / ;Lk yfxf x'g]5 .
ljlw
dl:tis dGyg
5nkmn
k|:t'lt
!= jftf{ ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx? s]–s] x'g <
;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt
jftf{ cleofgsf] Ps cª\u xf] . ;jfn dfly cleofg rnfO/x]sf cfGbf]ngsf/L / h;sf]
lj?4df cleofg ul/Psf] 5 Tof] zlQm aLr cleofgsf] klxnf] r/0fb]lv jftf{ k|f/De x'g
;S5 . jftf{ eg]sf] s]xL lng] / s]xL lbg] s'/f ePsf]n] jftf{ ubf{ lgDg s'/fdf Wofg lbg'
k5{ .
• jftf{ ubf{ 6f]nL lgdf{0f ug]{
• jftf{ 6f]nLdf cfˆgf s'/f k|i6 /fVg ;Sg] JolQmx? 5gf}6 ug'{k5{
• cfˆgf kIfsf rfxgf, dfu / c8fg lglZrt ug'{ k5{
• jftf{df cfˆgf] w]/} dfux? ;'?df k|:t't ug'{ k5{ t/ Go"gtd dfuaf6 tn emg'{
x'Fb}g, c8fg 5f]8\g' x'Fb}g
• jftf{df ;xdlt ePdf lnlvt ;Demf}tf ug{ la;{g' x'Fb}g
cleofgsf bf}/fgdf s'g} klg a]nf ;Demf}tf ug'{kg]{ kl/l:ylt tof/ x'g ;Sb5 . ha
kLl8tx?n] bjfad"ns sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ub{5g\ To;n] clwsf/ afxsnfO{
;Demf}tfsf nflu afWo kfb{5 . ;Demf}tfdf kLl8tx? bx|f];Fu pkl:yt x'g ;s]gg\ eg]
cleofgnfO{ jftf{n] ;fy{s ?k lbg ;Sb}g . hlt;'s} 7"nf] cleofg u/] klg jftf{df
/fd|f];Fu / k|i6;Fu s'/f /flvPg eg] cleofg kmnbfoL gx'g] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g .
xfd||f] cg'ejdf 7"nf]–7"nf] cleofg ;~rfng ug{] t/ jftf{sf] 6]andf cleofgstf{x?n]
k|i6;“u c8fgsf ;fy s'/f g/fVbf cleofgsf] t'ngfdf pknlAw sd xfl;n x'g] u/]sf]
pbfx/0fx? k|z:Q} 5g\ . t;y{ jftf{ s;/L ;kmn agfpg], s]–s] s'/f /fVg], s;n] /fVg],
s;/L /fVg] eGg] s'/fsf] cToGt} 7"nf] dxTj x'G5 . jftf{ ug{ hfg'eGbf cufl8 kof{Kt
u[xsfo{ ug{eg] cToGt h?/L 5 . To:t} ;Demf}tf ug{sf nflu ;d]t cfGtl/s tof/L
58
ug'{k5{ . cfkm"n] p7fPsf ;jfnnfO{ s;/L cufl8 a9fpg], k|:t't ug]{, cf}krf/Ls /
cgf}krfl/s zlQm v]ndf Jojl:yt tl/sfn] ljkIfL jf clwsf/ jfxs -Dutyholder_
;“u jftf{ ug]{ eGg] ljifodf /fd|f] tof/L ePdf dfq ;kmntf xft k5{ .
;Demf}tf tof/Lsf
tof/Lsf nflu s]xL ;'emfjx¿
1. ;a} vfnsf vf;u/L cfÎgf] alnof] kIf k'i6L ug]{ / csf]{ kIfn] vf]hL ug]{ vfnsf
k|df0f tyf sfuhtx¿ ;fydf n}hfg] .
2. cfÎgf egfOnfO{ k'i6L ug]{ tyf csf]{ kIfsf af/]df ;d]t ;Dej eP;Dd w]/} eGbf
w]/} hfgsf/L tyf l;sfO{ ;ª\sng ug]{ .
3. ljleGg ljsNkx¿sf] vf]hL tyf k|:t'lt ug]{ h;n] cfÎgf dfu k"/f x'g ;S5g\ /
csf]{ kIfn] ;lhn} :jLsf/ ub{5 .
4. cfÎgf] ljrf/n] cK7]/f] kg]{ cj:yf cfPdf cfÎgf ;xof]uLx?;“u /fo ;Nnfx u/]/
gof“ b[li6sf]0f cg';f/ rNg tof/ x'g] .
5. ;Demf}tf lnlvt / :ki6 cy{ nfUg] u/L ug'{k5{ .
;kmn jftf{sf nflu s]xL ;'emfjx¿

1. of]hgf agfpg] tyf sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L tf]Sg] -s;n] s'gs'g a]nfdf s]–s] s'/f
s;/L af]Ng]_ .
2. cfˆgf] kl/ro lbg] .
3. lg0f{ostf{nfO{ p;sf] lat]sf sfdsf af/]df k|z+;f JoQm ug]{ .
4. ;Dej x'g] lalQs} lg0f{ostf{sf] JolQmut sfdsf] tfl/km ug]{ .
5. cfkm" hfgsf/L lbg / cfjZos ;xof]u ug{ tof/ /x]sf] s'/f :ki6 kfg]{ .
6. jftf{sf nflu tof/ /xg] .
7. ljjfbf:kb ljifo j:t'nfO{ g5'6fpg] .
8. gxtfl/g], gcflQg], efj's gx'g] .
9. lg0f{ostf{sf] k|lta4tf lng] k|of; ug]{ .
10. cfkm\gf] k|of;sf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] .
11. lnlvt ?kdf wGojfb gf]6 k7fpg] .
59

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hgjsfnt ;xof]uL k'l:tsf

tflnd ;xof]uL k'l:tsfsf] d'Vo kIfx?

ljifoj:t' – ljsf; k4ltx¿

;xhstf{n] /fVg'kg{] k|Zg

ljz]if1x?sf] pkof]u aflx/L ljz]if1x?sf] /fo

;xhstf{n] dflysf] tflnsf k|:t't u/]kl5 lgDg ljifodf

JolQm jf ;+:yfn] h:tf] cjwf/0ff cjnDag ub{5g\g\ ;f]xL cg';f/ g} b[li6sf]0f,

ljifoj:t' – ;fdflhs Gofo

;xhstf{n] /fVg'kg{] k|Zg

1. alnof]n] sdhf]/ nfO{ lyrf]ldrf] ug{ kfpg' x'Fb}g .

ljifoj:t' – ;fdflhs ;+/rgf

v]nkl5 ;xhstf{sf] k|:t'lt

ljifoj:t' – zlQm;DaGw ljZn]if0f

ljifoj:t' – ;'zf;g / zf;gsf] k|sf/

s'–zf;g ckf/bzL{ gLltlgodx¿ tyf gLlt lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf hg;xefuLtfsf] sdL,

k|:t'ltkl5 ;xhstf{n] /fVg'kg{] k|Zg

/fHo d'Vo¿kdf /fHoleq sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsf / Joj:yflksf u/L #

Decentralization: :yfgLo lgsfox? h:t} uf=lj=;=, lh=lj=;=, gu/kflnsf cflbnfO{

ljifoj:t' – jsfnt s] xf] <

ljifoj:t' – jsfntsf k|sf/

ljifoj:t' – hgjsfnt lsg <

ljifoj:t' – hgjsfntsf] of]hgf

• ;jfnsf ;DaGwdf /fhg}lts ?kn] hgtfnfO{ ;ª\ul7t ub{5 . ljleGg

of]hgf th'{dfsf nflu ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ s]xL s'/fx?M

ljifoj:t' – hgjsfntsf nflu rflxg] cfwf/e"t

;xhstf{n] /fVg'kg{] k|Zg

cfjfh p7fPsf] cg'ej sd ul/Psf] 5 . a? xfdLn] olta]nf 5nkmn ug'{kg]{ ljifo

ljifoj:t' – hgsfntsf nflu ;ª\u7g

;xhstf{n] /fVg'kg{] k|Zg

ljifoj:t' – clwsf/d'vL ;ª\u7g / ;]jfd'vL ;+:yfsf

;xhstf{n] /fVg' kg]{ k|Zg

k|s[lt /fVb5 ;/f]sf/ dfq} /fVb5

ljifoj:t' – hg;ª\u7gsf] g]t[Tj

ljifoj:t' – hgjsfntsf] g]t[Tjsf] ;+/rgf

hgjsfnt cleofgsf sfo{stf{df x'g'kg{] u'0fx¿

ljifoj:t' – ;d:of klxrfg

JolQm jf ;+:yf sf]–sf] x'g\ <

ljifoj:t' – ;d:of s;/L ;jfn aGb5 <

;xhstf{n] /fVg'kg{] k|Zg

ljifoj:t' – ;jfnsf] k|fyldsLs/0f

ljifoj:t' – ;/f]sf/jfnf ljZn]if0f

ha xfdLn] ;jfn p7fp“b5f} ta x/]s ;jfndf ;dfhdf /x]sf dflg;x¿ ;fdfGotof

df}gtfsf] ;+:sf/ – sdhf]/ ju{sf] rl/q

pbfx/0fsf nflu, /f0ffsfndf /f0ffnfO{ …xf]Ú eg]sf] eP kl/jt{g ;Dej lyPg .

ljifoj:t' – kLl8t / lj/f]wLsf] zlQm ljZn]if0f

;xhstf{n] /fVg'kg{] k|Zg

ljifoj:t' – ;xof]uLsf k|sf/

;xhstf{n] /fVg'kg{] k|Zg

dl:tis dGygåf/f ;xefuLsf] /fo cfPkl5 ;lqmo ;xof]uLsf] e"ldsfsf]af/]df

ljifoj:t' – tYotYofª\s ;ª\sng, ljZn]if0f tyf

;xhstf{n] /fVg'kg]{ k|Zg

cleofgdf cfwf ;kmntf tYo tYofª\

ljifoj:t' – ;jfn;“u ;DalGwt sfg'g ljZn]if0f

oL b:tfj]h / pNn]lvt sfg'gL cfwf/ af/]df ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?;“u Jofks 5nkmn

ljifoj:t' – ;~hfn -;ª\u7gsf] j[xt\ ;DaGw_

;xhstf{n] /fVg' kg]{ k|Zg

/fd|f] ;~hfn :yfkgfsf nflu s]xL ;'emfjx¿

ljifoj:t' – hgkl/rfngsf nflu cleofg

ljifoj:t' – cleofgdf bfpk]r

bfpk]r slta]nf s;/L nufpg] eGg] ljifonfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s lng'k5{ . of]

ljifoj:t' – cleofgdf ;~rf/dfWod

ljifoj:t' – cleofgdf jftf{ jf ;Demf}tf

;kmn jftf{sf nflu s]xL ;'emfjx¿

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