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laplaceb
laplaceb
laplaceb
Example 1 Since
1
L[eat] = ,
s−a
it follows that
1
L−1 = eat .
s−a
Example 2 Since
a
L[sin at] = ,
s2 + a2
it follows that
a
L−1 = sin at.
s2 + a2
The properties of the inverse of the Laplace trans-
form
= αF (s) + βG(s)
It then follows from the above definition that
L−1 [αF (s) + βG(s)] = αf (t) + βg(t)
• Variable transform
if L−1[F (s)] = f (t),
Solution:
16 −1 2
(a) L−1 3
= 8L 3
= 8t2.
s s
s+1 s 1
(b) L−1 = L −1
+ 2
s2 + 1 s2 + 1 s +1
s 1
= L−1 + L −1
s2 + 1 s2 + 1
= cos t + sin t.
√
3 3 2
(c) L−1 2 = L−1 √ √
s +2 2 s + ( 2)2
2
3 √
= √ sin( 2t)
2
Example 4
1
L−1
s2 + 4s + 9
Solution:
At first sight, this does not seem to agree with any-
thing in our list of standard transforms. However, if we
complete the square in the denominator we get
1 1
=
s2 + 4s + 9 (s + 2)2 + 5
a
and this is now very much like 2 2
with s replaced
√ s + a
by (s + 2) and with a = 5.
Using the first shift theorem, if F (s) is the Laplace trans-
form of f (t), then F (s + a) is the transform of e−at f (t),
hence, we have
√
√
−1 1 1 −1 5 1 −2t
L =√ L =√ e sin( 5t)
s2 + 4s + 9 5 (s + 2)2 + 5 5
Example 5 Find the inverse Laplace transform of
6s + 8 3s2 + 6s + 2
(a) 2 , (b) 3
s + 3s + 2 s + 3s2 + 2s
by partial fractions
Solution:
(a) We express it in a form of partial fractions
6s + 8 6s + 8
=
s2 + 3s + 2 (s + 1)(s + 2)
2 4
= +
s+1 s+2
and so
6s + 8
L−1 = 2e −t
+ 4e −2t
s2 + 3s + 2
(b) Following the previous example, we have
3s2 + 6s + 2 3s2 + 6s + 2
=
s3 + 3s2 + 2s s(s2 + 3s + 2)
1 1 1
= + +
s s+1 s+2
1
+ L−1
s+2
= 1 + e−1 + e−2t
The convolution theorem
Solution:
Solution:
Let
3 1
F (s) = , and G(s) =
s s2 + 4
Then
1
f (t) = L−1[F (s)] = 3, and g(t) = L−1[G(s)] = sin 2t
2
3
L−1 = L −1
[F (s)G(s)]
s(s2 + 4)
= (f ∗ g)(t)
t t
sin 2v 3
Z Z
= 3 dv = sin 2tdv
0 2 2 0
t
3 − cos 2v
=
2 2 0
3
= (1 − cos 2t)
4
Solving linear differential equations
The basic idea is that using the Laplace transform to
make the differential equation into an algebraic equa-
tion.
dy
+ y = 9e2t, y(0) = 3.
dt
Solution:
The Laplace transform of both sides of the equation is
found
9
sY (s) − y(0) + Y (s) =
s−2
Using the initial condition y(0) = 3, we have
9
sY (s) − 3 + Y (s) =
s−2
9 3(s + 1)
(s + 1)Y (s) = +3=
s−2 s−2
3
Y (s) =
s−2
Taking the inverse Laplace transform yields
3
y(t) = L−1[Y (s)] = L−1 = 3e2t
s−2
Example 9 (RL circuit with ramp input) Use the
Laplace transform to solve
di
iR + H = t, i(0) = 0, t ≥ 0.
dt
−H 1 H
= + + R
R2 s Rs2
R2 H +s
Taking the inverse Laplace transform yields
H t H −Rt/H
i(t) = − + + e
R2 R R2
t H
= + 2 (e−Rt/H − 1), ; t ≥ 0
R R
Example 10 Solve the system of differential equa-
tions
x′ = x − 2y,
y ′ = 5x − y,
subject to the initial conditions x(0) = −1 and y(0) = 2.
Solution:
If we apply the Laplace transform to both sides of these
equations, we obtain
L[x′] = L[x − 2y],
L[y ′] = L[5x − y].
Using the initial condition, we transform this system into
sX(s) + 1 = X(s) − 2Y (s),
(1)
sY (s) − 2 = 5X(s) − Y (s).
where X(s) = L[x(t)] and Y (s) = L[y(t)].
7
= 2 cos 3t − sin 3t
3
Transfer Functions
Solution:
Taking Laplace transform of the differential equation
gives
sY (s) − y(0) − 4Y (s) = 3X(s)
(s − 4)Y (s) = 3X(s) (since y(0) = 0)
Y (s) 3
G(s) = =
X(s) s−4
Theorem (The second shift theorem) Let
L[f (t)] = F (s)
and a is a constant, then
Solution:
Removing the e−3s term from the expression leaves
5
L−1 2
= 5te−2t u(t)
(s + 2)
Using the second shift theorem, the inverse Laplace
transform of the original expression is
−3s
5e
L−1 2
= 5(t − 3)e−2(t−3) u(t − 3)
(s + 2)