Thermodynamics

Session: 2021-22
Semester: 2nd

First Law of Thermodynamics for

Control Volumes

Achintya Mukhopadhyay
Control Volume Analysis
• Flow processes (processes occurring through boilers, turbines,
compressors, pumps, pipes) easier to analyse using control
volume approach
• Fundamental conservation laws (Conservation of mass,
momentum, energy etc.) derived for control mass (system)
• Conservation relations need to be derived for control volumes
Conservation of Mass
Time t System
Control
Volume

mCV(t)

Δmi

Time t+Δt

mCV(t+Δt)

Δme
Conservation of Energy
Time t System Control
Volume

ei
pi mCV(t)
vi

Δmi

Time t+Δt

ee
mCV(t+Δt) pe
ve

Δme 0 for steady

state steady
flow
Steady State Steady Flow (SSSF) Processes
Common Steady Flow Devices
GATE Problems
• GATE ME 2015
Steam enters a turbine at 30 bar, 300°C (u = 2750 kJ/kg, h = 2993
kJ/kg) and exits the turbine as saturated liquid at 15 kPa (u = 225
kJ/kg, h = 226 kJ/kg). Heat loss to the surrounding is 50 kJ/kg of
steam flowing through the turbine. Neglecting changes in kinetic
energy and potential energy, the work output of the turbine (in
kJ/kg of steam) is ________
 Nozzle
Common Steady Flow Devices
Diffuser

CV
GATE Problems
• GATE XE 2021

• GATE XE 2019
GATE Problems
• GATE ME 2019
A gas is heated in a duct as it flows over a resistance heater.
Consider a 101 kW electric heating system. The gas enters the
heating section of the duct at 100 kPa and 27 ºC with a volume
flow rate of 15 m3/s. If heat is lost from the gas in the duct to the
surroundings at a rate of 51 kW, the exit temperature of the gas is
(Assume constant pressure, ideal gas, negligible change in kinetic
and potential energies and constant specific heat; Cp = 1 kJ/kg•K;
R = 0.5 kJ/kg•K.)
(A) 32 oC (B) 37 oC (C) 53 oC (D) 76 oC
Common Steady Flow Devices
•
GATE Problems
• GATE XE 2017
GATE Problems
• GATE ME 2021
GATE Problems
• GATE ME 2020
Unsteady Flow Processes
•
GATE Problems
• GATE XE 2021
ESE/CSE Problems
• ESE 2016
ESE/CSE Problems
• CSE Main 2020
Unsteady Flow Processes
•
GATE Problems
• GATE XE 2022