Pnetoal Elenels

that
System)A tem s any Prseers
frodduees atnt ngal in respase

Aigal.

Sutem

DISCrele
Syte
dscrebo
Discrele dyste will make olp

Pisital
Systen

DataElepmehsto rae

Vhriable Vriall
AnpulatieLet
Primars Converso
(le-et tlemt Trsrisig
clemeal ilet
leet

-frimarg Sey elet

Siynal lemet
codtioming
pta hotetien Ele
 nit - 2
Seting Elemets
Seusing elemeda Aeteteeta the in pt
convert nto

Funetioal clemeds Prinarg Aesing elemely

Sheal ouditionirg leets arable Conesic

| Variake Variable JData

Sensng Onveraont
iiemets
ranadato Tycmsnissto Areyeett
lenent Elemets lemeut

Primarg Semsing lemet Semse the iyp &Convert

it into elostal Ngnl
’ st dacludes Transdueer
Tonsdees Conerts
Csnverts ne eueray into othey.

2 tale Passve deuice

Active devie.

lassve Dewice er feynal Spply.

magnetic,Theymoeleetie lemat
Ative g: Eletro PoseY veqyed.
No extemel SsC-3
Pestive Semsirg elemcits ’ clangete
Prodees in Reatanee fesistance
chage bignal
an be rey
A freootsed)
Methoda for measurig change in allK
coveyt i n t
Potentismeter ctc)
itaye, tep, erre value
Resistance thermometer Algnal(vo
resistance
dnto a measured.
StYain Gauges lhich can be
Load cel /Aresure cell
chage te
By thio we agal
Restitane- otedlometer = yesistawe o du pdt
the neastoe
Cancloge
outaua Sot
ko
o w i l l be asoig
t
vaviable Resistanee
Ohae Resistnce o ipt.
wire wound Potetometer tase by at ten clo
/chaye tuelinpt vo otat veltuge ote
(in resitune thus change in Suts the de
Vo
tfaye
nslati
ard

voltage

Wive wound
() Lenear
fotetioete (*) CiHCular wie oound
Potetiometes
 trausdueey.
Lije temperature to Resistente ofe) cohose yesis tance depend
Resistnao Thex momeeo on teme vatu re )

KT = Rolltd T+
BT+ -)
So shen bnpt
oc
Ro = Resistanee at
(oefliie)
wshen
inpt tenp
[o this js temp to Resistaues
tyousdcer]
for Resigtanee Thesmoeley
Platinun
ostly wsed
we w
(-18o-+ 54o c)
teunperatre ito stancd
Platinum
windine -latinm
jneasuyed. Leada
Copper
Pabinum
Cerounieboly
T
>Resist.
ctemperntureThervoeter Rsistmee
TeTmistors L Resis tance temeatre elemet
ns Made rom slicen then
A called ther miator, Sisol
Ge

Wogk as
tenperture tansceoy
Reverse
Iso shen
Theymisfoy

non Linlay Thermistor

SSC-y
 Leads lead
alass alas
Bead Bead

Adw
(bend) (trobe)
(onpact,danbe

(D'sK ) (Rod)

Strain Gauge
metalconduetor then
we Compreas or eyterd any
ita resiutance get change inat sta chaage in Eletical
(Force, Rrem)Gase Slgnal

Strain aauye can meare the eytesion or

Compreasion
AA w eser ohoe resistante Vasies witth applied
force.
Cenyert apoled foYce, teasa, weigtt ele to
change eletril Yeastnee sheh
te meas ured. )
 wite tye Stroin Gausea

Strain Gae

Lood cell Pressre cell

to Cseato
hs gnikude

trausdueer hoe reiytence vasy k

pplied to t weghl machie
hosce is
Load cell type ngdraulie
stvain gauge

Theoo Ae Strai Gauge

Glostte
Memnber
sty
huges

SSC-S
 ( Lineas vsi able Difhevetiol Tyansfogmar)
LMDT
(Dsplacement Senaor
Lnto
nto letical Singel
Comyert Lirear Dibplacenet

Seoydrs Priarg
wiids Seos dan
S

Arm Soft Ien Core

Dsphcamet

LVDT

Solt fycon core can MoVe

Ac Aupoly to prinars
Ac
ae
ohen No displacent Primars

sott Ien Core)

dupscenet

So it can be
Aenoed.

e
 Diadw fos
Adindage dsflacenet neodod
roR
MOYe
good op
29 ridiola rayctie ensitiity
34 Elethial Taolation
t ) low Powey corduo

Aepliatiens e LVeT
rebMYe, wt ete measuwenet

wire extensy.

ELetomntie Seuoors_ ’ velocty Seusoy

ted to measare velocity angular lecd,.
work principle f Fayadays Las
leromagnetic brduetsn
tu for h coi
/E= -dw
(E dt

Made trom
wsleol moves the fuy changes
Mitrial So ent changlo Can be neared
 Thesmoeletre Sewstg Elements
Thermo couple
luued en lanurenet ok teupeyetyye.
2 delleet metal wire are Conneted 4
emf prodced b[ fhe
woy keng rineife Hot Red color)

) See kack elloet A

ten se metel heated Cu oled (telow cotor)

tletrom Aty oing from Hot to cold
(uIret tudeed in cht metal,t s
temerature ditlereee Provido poteatial dilhere
Tenperastyre measulmet
Meaburenet oun thesmOclule
Tenp. cauolled

Ion
oving
Measa lail
Point instrumet
Constartan
Lead
the emt geresated by moving toil instun
s measurld
box used ag elesenee aiat.
Temp. (ontoled 'n box
TherMO(oule measured upto 1400 C
 Teehomates measyremet bt eed.
Two tyle DC Tiahoreler

DC Tetoncter

Speed Tonmdtof Moving

Coil
to 6e S Vo tinetey
eaed
leynant
Magnet
Moviag Coil disn Rotation dir'n
emf Produeed Measure Aleod

Ac Teeometer
Rotating Magnet

Pesmenent
Maynet
AC gerendor
 lglt c to etvial e.
Elemeta Convert
photo srsig
roto cietic Lslen Likt enteys e surfece
naterial then

genevation is allod photo elsotrie etlel.

ohen i_kt
Dwice in ashich
hoto Diode it poees
prodeCA reat
LJork tn RB.
L'len lght eters en jenelin
then de to lyht
intesty elieen-kole
Pir geneated in
the dedetion rejn
thu urreut produes.

V
Park Curr
Codels Symlol
VuA
Work as optcal dotetor.
PEN Photodiodo
"3)’ Avalanoke
nt

Aalacld Pegetion
keg
 ped to dotet oical Ssnal
’ &pdar device
Low noiee h

Depletie
Regs
(colleetoy) N

le
Colletos Regian
acfea.
Liglt ap?ihed an se ths eltricit
So e hole geneyata e
20

coll etor
voltoye

LDR) Lidt Aapeat fesstor

Photo Resintor( Yesistanee
Aesitive resitter ohee
e LDR are lIght light Lntensity enCveases.
dee reases D
ade tom
Senicsndetor LDR
 te vemSe Cell Phcto Tibe

Voltoie cellsolay cell s/u

2 fhoto any iasing t is to Pral-ae eleticity
Not afPked

the photon rees the Shet

lotu hole pals

So curro.t flowA.
get eleotch
hae to
(ondotve cell/Photo Ressto
Photo
(LDR)iyt ppedent Ressley
 Light-emittingdiode (LED)
Light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device
that emits light when an electric current is passed
through it.
ANODE CATHO0E
ANOO CATHO0E

Gallium phosphide (GaP):yellow and green LEDS

Advantages of LED
Low power requirement
High efficiency
Long life.

APPLICATIONS

Indicator lights

LCD panel backlighting: Specialized white LEDs are used in flat-panel computer displays.
Fiber optic data transmission.

Remote control. Most home-entertainment "remotes" use IREDs to transmit data to the main
unit.

Optoisolator

LCD (liquid crystaldisplay)

Aliquid-crystai display (LCD) is a flat-panel display devicethat usesthe light-modulating
properties of liquid crystals.
LCDuses a liquid crystal to produce a visible image.
 HowMIRKOR/
LCDyo
Working
Polarizing
Film
Liquid crystal display is composed of several Polarizing
Film (F)
layers which include two polarized panel filters Cover
Glass
and electrodes.

The main principle behind liquid crystal

molecules is that when an electric current is Mirror
(A)
applied to them, they tend to untwist. This Glass
causes a change inthe light angle passing Filter (B)

through them. This causes a change in the Negative

Electrode (C)
angle of the top polarizing filter with respect to Liquid Crystal
Layer (D) Positive
it. So little light is allowed topass through that
Glass Displayed
Electrode Fitter (E) Image
particula area of LCD. Thus that area becomes
darker, comparing to others.

Advantages of an LCD's:
LCD's consumes less amount of power compared to CRT and LED
LCD'S are consist of some microwatts for display in comparison to some mill watts for
LED'S
C LCD are of low cost
Provides excellent contrast
LCD Sare thinner and lighter when comparedto cathcde raytube and LED

Disadvantages of an LCD's:
Require add1tional light sources
Range of temperature is limited for operation
Lowreliability
Speed is very low
LCD S ieed an AC drive

Applications of Liquid Crystal Display

Display of electronic devices, Liquid crystal thermometer, Optical imaging, medical applications
 |Chnnel
Transnite TYonsiteY
>channd |TTrnsmiter
eleneter otetor Aegoured
chanel
Stem Telemedg Genzal
sten wire ehannl
OTraasri
tey’ 3lart
Block each|Eplan Nasisetin
Satellite
Teehnalogy Radar u’
lonmunicatisn Analg Oigital
Telephony 2
relegrhy Ralo
fudustial ’
operatio Delense
dstaee the measure Ue Telemetny
Rto
Cormniaton
msSid Trans
hit
 Thee of relemety sytem
2 tyle

15 landline Telemetry > Voltage Teleneting Sstean

Current Telemtring system
Postion

Radio Frenenly (RF) Telemetrg

Wired chanel used
landlthe Telemety Stmple Trausmission chanl

an this 'yal trasit ed throgh Gabies,

’Baformatdu can be Aralos oY Digitl.
ýpto bQ Measune
() Voltage Telemetarig wticl
meases
Telemeting cAonnel

End dewjce

measuYe is caleustd
hich we need to
by convertty t ènto oltage Josm.
 Cuvet TelemetesinA Sgstom
Curret hich can be
TS measyed.

Vo ltage Curret Telometrig Ail lar.

bourdon
Tute

From Bourdon Tube we Can measuye Prersre

C) fositicn Telemteving systen ’

outt hn form e
pTS displaceet

Ky terminl

zero
Readig
if bulonee

sale
in k
Bourdon
Tube

SSC-16
 Advctige ot land ne Telemety
’ Low cost

Disadv
Neoo wires
Lou fee. response.

kado Freasacay (RF.) Telemelrg

Link transnit Aignal.
RadioR i n aed to
No need ot phystal wives.
to transit e dataN tor Log dstauee
ti

inpt
Transmi tey tModltos fosey
Anplfer

triable
frea geeator

dewice
Dteeod

frea.
tusie RF Telemtry
 nit4
toditieung
cleotrial
Signal
(orditioi rg
Dutpt
Primag
TYusceey /S toroae
/Proceirg /Dsplay

Aignal (ondtianig is to make the

Te work ot
mesurable,

Sigl Reaordey
Ayseal Malifier
neter
chemical Tronodcer
Auantiy (syl odtioming)
Dgitl Dsply

Ditel rinter
Basic Instrumentation Amplifier
circuit
An instrumentation amplifier allows an engineer to adjust the gain of an amplifier
without having to change more than one resistor value. Compare this to the differential
amplifier, which requires the adjustment of multiple resistor values.

3 R R

RS
Rgan Voul

R$ R R

Av=
VO
V1-V2 -(1+2 -)
From the equation for gain it is clear that the differential operation does not depend on
due to
matching of input resistors. Also the input resistance offered by the amplifier is very high
high input resistance of opamp and no current is drawn from source

Advantages of instrumentation amplifier

resistors in input
The gain of the instrumentation amplifier can be varied by just varying
circuit without affecting the resistors in difference amplifier circuit.
High CMMR.
High input resistance
 Recordig Need
To store data

Aral keanday
Diitl Reeosdey

Analog leodey > 0salgvophie Recordag

Magretic Tape Reeodos

1> GraphiC-Reeosde
slhich s written dn fom
Recod and datu
Graphics, Can dsplayit
’ st is live drig
Iey re 2 Type

(&) Stip chart KecoYders

(6)’ x-Y ReeosdeYS
 Strip chart keroglors )

Rage (o-disi
(fomatien seleator
to 6e reo rded Penlstylu)

Chayf |chat novenet

SPecd Driye
selietoy
moves dond.
along 9Yaph papey
peed cotl
A
there s u dinite speed So
Range sSeleotor à traus deey Lshieh
to Atable os
T9e ot Ship chayt Keeoder -
14 Galvano mefer Type
2 Nall Tupe

19 Galvanohguetey Type Recader coil elent

Coil
Movemet

-Roller
 npt retohp
two measwable
yelato blw
yeeoYds Yelatn,\Refrenee
X
Ssource
Atenuaor

Pen
dirn

AH enuator
terence Arm
Source Anplfier tAvive
Motoy

balance x-Chaanel
Civck

the riaticu rodees the

emf which Moves the pen
direetioy.
two Servo motors aye uaco.

t Speed measurenent ot ot ors

Diode, vetitieY
9 Plotting charateristie e
Curve
Streey Strain uve
4