ENGLISH COMPOSITION

TOPIC : PARAGRAPH WRITING

TEAM PARAKH

Address : PARAKH INSTITUTE, RIDDHI-SIDDHI JAIPUR

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 ENGLISH PARAGRAPH

RAS MAINS – 2023

PAPER-4TH COMPREHENSIVE TEST SERIES BY PARAKH RAS

PARAKH IMPORTANT 20 TOPICS

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SR. NO. TOPIC
1. ONE NATION, ONE ELECTION

2. INDIA’S G20 PRESIDENCY - 2023

3. ATMNIRBHAR BHARAT ABHIYAN

4. FREEDOM OF SPEECH & EXPRESSION IN INDIA

5. NARI SHAKTI VANDAN : WOMEN’S RESERVATION IN LEGISLATURE

6. NEW EDUCATION POLICY : THE WAY AHEAD

7. CHANDRAYAN MISSION - 3

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8. ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES AND IT’S IMPACT ON RAJASTHAN

9. MODERN TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR IMPACT ON SOCIETY

10. ELECTORAL REFORMS IN INDIA

11. TERRORISM

12. ELECTRIC VEHICLES : THE FUTURE OF TRANSPORTATION

13. GENERATION GAP

14. NEW CHALLENGES TO PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY IN

INDIA
15. THE WORK FROM HOME CULTURE AND IT’S FUTURE

16. DIGITAL INDIA : THE FUTURE OF GOVERNANCE

17. CULTURAL IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION

18. REAL INDIA STILL LIVES IN VILLAGES

19. RELIGION AND POLITICS

20. MEDIA AND IT’S ROLE IN DEMOCRACY

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 ONE NATION, ONE ELECTION
INTRODUCTION :
The idea of One Nation, One Election (ONOE) means conducting the Lok Sabha, and all Vidhan Sabha
(state assemblies) elections together, once in five years. This excludes elections of panchayats, state
municipalities and by-elections. The initiative will need a constitutional amendment, which will require ratification
by 50% of the states. The Center has taken a significant step towards implementing the One Nation, One Election
concept by forming a committee led by former President Ram Nath Kovind.

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After the enforcement of the Constitution on January 26, 1950, the first-ever general elections for both
the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies occurred simultaneously in 1951–1952. This practice continued for the
following three Lok Sabha elections until 1967, streamlining the election process. In 1959, the cycle was
disrupted as the Central government invoked Article 356 of the Constitution, leading to the dismissal of the Kerala
government due to a perceived failure of constitutional machinery. Presently, only specific states such as

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Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha conduct their assembly polls concurrently with the Lok
Sabha elections.

Simultaneous elections offer several benefits. Reduction in effort, time, and expenditure due to
consolidated election cycles. It is estimated that the ECI spent over Rs. 4,000 cr. on the 2019 elections. Mitigation
of governance disruptions caused by the Model Code of Conduct during elections. Streamlined campaign
expenses, potentially leading to cost savings. Improved voter turnout and enhanced credibility of the electoral
process. Deployment of security forces is normally throughout the elections and frequent elections take away a
portion of such armed police force which could otherwise be better deployed for other internal security purposes.
Regular elections hamper the delivery of essential services due to the engagement of public servants, including
a large number of teachers, in the election process.

Challenges include synchronizing terms, preventing mid-term dissolutions, and addressing the costs
associated with electronic voting machines (EVMs). Counterarguments raise concerns about influencing voter
choices, potential erosion of government accountability, and implications for democratic principles and
federalism.

CONCLUSION :
Simultaneous election is an idea whose time has come. However, since the issue is concerned with the
federal structure of the Constitution, it needs to be discussed and debated properly across the political
spectrum to assuage the concerns of regional parties. This will make it easier to implement the idea in the
country. If simultaneous polls do reduce the duration of conducting polls, political parties will have ample time to
address national issues and enhance governance.

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 INDIA’S G-20 PRESIDENCY - 2023
INTRODUCTION :
As India assumes the presidency of the G20 in 2023, it marks a significant milestone for the country on the
global stage. The G20, comprising the world's major economies, plays a crucial role in addressing global economic
challenges, fostering cooperation, and shaping policies that impact nations across the globe.

MAIN BODY :
India's presidency brings with it a unique set of opportunities and responsibilities. Firstly, India's G20
presidency is an opportunity to showcase the nation's commitment to inclusive and sustainable development. With a
population of over a billion people, India's policies and initiatives have a profound impact on the global community. The
presidency provides a platform to highlight India's efforts in poverty alleviation, healthcare, and education, and to
advocate for policies that promote shared prosperity.

India's presidency also presents a chance to address pressing global issues. With the world facing challenges
such as climate change, pandemics, and economic inequality, India can use its leadership to push for cooperative

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solutions. Given its rich cultural heritage and diverse population, India can emphasize the importance of unity in
diversity and foster a sense of collective responsibility among G20 nations.

Economic reforms and trade policies will likely be key areas of focus during India's G20 presidency. As one of
the fastest-growing major economies, India can use its position to promote inclusive trade practices, technological
advancements, and investment opportunities. This can contribute to global economic growth and stability, with a focus
on lifting developing nations.

In the realm of technology and innovation, India's G20 presidency offers a chance to advocate for policies that
bridge the digital divide. With a thriving IT industry and a burgeoning start-up ecosystem, India can champion initiatives
that ensure equitable access to technology and promote digital literacy on a global scale.

Moreover, India can leverage its G20 presidency to strengthen diplomatic ties and foster collaboration with
member nations. By engaging in dialogues on geopolitical issues, India can contribute to conflict resolution and peace-
building efforts, showcasing its commitment to a stable and harmonious world order.

However, with opportunity comes responsibility. India will need to navigate the diverse interests of G20 member
nations, finding common ground and building consensus on various issues. Striking a balance between the priorities of
developed and developing nations will be crucial to ensuring the success of India's G20 presidency.

CONCLUSION :
In conclusion, India's G20 presidency in 2023 is a momentous occasion that holds immense potential for shaping
global policies and fostering cooperation. As the world grapples with multifaceted challenges, India can play a pivotal
role in steering the G20 towards inclusive and sustainable solutions. Through diplomatic engagement, economic
initiatives, and a commitment to shared goals, India can leave a lasting impact on the global stage during its tenure as
the president of the G20.

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 ATMNIRBHAR BHARAT ABHIYAN (Self-reliant India Campaign)
INTRODUCTION :

"Aatmanirbhar Bharat" is a transformative vision and initiative introduced by the Indian government that envisions a self-
reliant and resilient nation. The term, which translates to "Self-sufficient India" has become a rallying cry for economic and
industrial independence. The initiative was launched to address the challenges posed by external factors, such as global economic
uncertainties and disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

MAIN BODY :
At the heart of Aatmanirbhar Bharat is the idea of reducing dependency on imports and fostering domestic production
across various sectors. The vision recognizes the importance of building a robust and self-sustaining economy, driven by
indigenous industries and innovation. This strategic shift aims to create a more secure and stable economic environment by
minimizing vulnerability to external shocks. The aim is to make the country and its citizens independent and self-reliant in all
senses. Five pillars of Atmnirbhar Bharat – Economy, Infrastructure, System, Vibrant Demography and Demand have been outlined.

One of the key pillars of Aatmanirbhar Bharat is the promotion of indigenous manufacturing and production. The
initiative encourages businesses to invest in and develop local capabilities, reducing reliance on foreign goods and services. This not

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only strengthens the domestic industrial base but also generates employment opportunities, contributing to the socio-economic
development of the nation.

In addition to boosting manufacturing, Aatmanirbhar Bharat places a strong emphasis on fostering innovation and
research. By investing in research and development, the initiative seeks to enhance the competitiveness of Indian industries on a
global scale. This focus on innovation is crucial for staying ahead in a rapidly evolving and technology-driven world.

Aatmanirbhar Bharat also aims to cultivate a culture of entrepreneurship and self-reliance. The government has
implemented various policy measures and incentives to support startups and small businesses. By nurturing a vibrant ecosystem for
entrepreneurs, the initiative seeks to unleash the creative potential of the Indian workforce and drive economic growth.

Furthermore, the initiative recognizes the importance of self-sufficiency in critical sectors such as healthcare, defense,
and technology. Strengthening these sectors ensures that India can meet its strategic and security needs without depending on
external sources. While the vision of Aatmanirbhar Bharat is ambitious, it aligns with the global trend of nations prioritizing self-
sufficiency and resilience. By focusing on economic independence, India aims to position itself as a key player in the global arena,
capable of navigating challenges and contributing significantly to the world economy.

Along with Atma Nirbhar Bharat mission, the government took several bold reforms such as Supply Chain Reforms for
Agriculture, Rational Tax Systems, Simple & Clear Laws, Capable Human Resource and Strong Financial System which will help in
achieving self-reliance in a faster way.

CONCLUSION :
In conclusion, Aatmanirbhar Bharat is a comprehensive and ambitious initiative that seeks to transform India into a self-
reliant and resilient nation. By promoting indigenous manufacturing, fostering innovation, supporting entrepreneurship, and
strengthening critical sectors, the initiative aims to build a robust and sustainable economy. As India continues on this path of self-
sufficiency, it is poised to emerge as a key player in the global economic landscape, contributing to its own prosperity and that of the
world

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 FREEDOM OF SPEECH & EXPRESSION IN INDIA
INTRODUCTION :

Freedom of speech and expression is a cornerstone of democracy, and in India, it is safeguarded as a fundamental
right under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution. This right is crucial for the functioning of a democratic society as it allows
individuals the liberty to express their thoughts, opinions, and ideas without fear of censorship or reprisal.

MAIN BODY :

India is a democratic country and thus it calls for active participation of all the citizens in the decision-making
process. To allow all the citizens to participate in the process, there needs to be a guaranteed right that people can exercise to
express their opinion and conviction. Thus, freedom of speech has a major role to play in the smooth functioning of the Indian
democracy. Freedom of speech also allows one to achieve self-fulfilment and grow in various aspects of life. It helps an
individual in self-development. If one is restricted from expressing oneself, it may hamper one’s complete personality
development and growth that may further hinder the growth of the nation as a whole.

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The Constitution of India guarantees this freedom, recognizing its significance in fostering a pluralistic and open
society. However, the framers of the Constitution also recognized the need for certain limitations, and reasonable
restrictions on freedom of speech are enumerated under Article 19(2). These restrictions include concerns such as public
order, defamation, incitement to an offense, and the security of the state. Over the years, India has witnessed a complex
interplay between the right to freedom of speech and the necessity to balance it with other societal interests.

As a fundamental right sometimes it is misused like hate speech, fake news, Secessionist and anti-state
propaganda, Indecent or obscene content. In the digital age, issues related to online freedom of expression have become
increasingly prominent. The government's attempts to regulate digital content and social media platforms through rules like
the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, have raised concerns
about potential censorship and threats to online free speech. Artistic expression has also been a battleground for debates on
freedom of speech. Instances of censorship, bans on films, or objections to artworks on grounds of obscenity or religious
sentiments have led to discussions on the balance between artistic freedom and societal sensibilities.

The judiciary in India plays a pivotal role in upholding the right to freedom of speech and expression. The courts
have consistently asserted the importance of this fundamental right and have struck down laws or actions that infringe upon
it. Public awareness and activism also contribute significantly to the protection and promotion of free speech.

CONCLUSION :

Freedom of speech and expression in India is a vital aspect of the democratic fabric of the country. While the
Constitution guarantees this right, the ongoing challenges, legal complexities, and societal debates underscore the need for a
nuanced approach. Striking a balance between individual liberties and societal interests remains crucial to preserving and
nurturing the democratic ethos that freedom of speech and expression embodies.

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 NARI SHAKTI VANDAN – WOMEN’S RESERVATION IN LEGISLATURE
INTRODUCTION :

Parliament has passed the Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-Eighth Amendment) Bill, 2023 which seeks to
reserve one-third of the total number of seats for women in Lok Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies and Delhi
Assembly. The Women’s Reservation Bill is called as Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam.

MAIN BODY :

Political parties are inherently patriarchal and therefore, there is a need for affirmative action in the form of
reservations to ensure the just representation of women in Parliament. It is believed that a higher representation of
women in the Parliament will ensure that women’s issues are discussed more effectively. Even today, women in
India lag behind men in various aspects. According to the Global Gender Gap 2023, India ranks 127 on the index out
of 146 countries. At the rate given in the report, it would take another 162 years to close the Political Empowerment
gender gap. Political empowerment made only slight gains compared to previous years with women representing
about 15% of the total number of parliamentarians.

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It is now seen that women in Panchayat leadership positions have made a big difference in many respects
even though they are seen as rubber stamps of their husbands or fathers. They have been more accessible, controlled
the liquor problem to a large extent, invested in public goods, and curbed corruption, among other things. It is also
argued that we need more women in decision-making roles to address the pressing issue of increasing crimes against
women, the skewed sex ratio in many parts of the country, low nutrition levels, etc.

Some people oppose the women’s reservation bill. Providing reservations to women runs counter to the
principle of equality enshrined in the Constitution. Women do not form a homogenous group like the caste groups,
so women’s reservation is not akin to caste-based reservations and the same argument cannot be made for both. Some
also argue that the reservation of seats in Parliament would restrict the choice of voters to women candidates. This
argument has led to suggestions of alternate methods for women’s reservations such as reservations within political
parties and dual-member constituencies (where constituencies will have two MPs, one of them being a
woman). However, this may backfire as political parties may contest women from unwinnable seats, or they may not win
at all from the seats they contest. Certain sections also argue that this proposition may lead to the destruction of what is
considered the ‘ideal family’.

CONCLUSION :

Women’s reservation in the Parliament and the Assemblies is a contentious issue and one that seems to
polarise opinions across society. However, there is no denying that it is of utmost importance that women’s
representation in politics as a whole is enhanced. This is the right way forward as more women representation would
mean women’s issues are discussed more effectively and purposefully in policymaking.

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 NEW EDUCATION POLICY : THE WAY AHEAD
INTRODUCTION :

The National Education Policy (NEP) - 2020, replaced the existing education policy that dated back to 1986. The NEP 2020
aims to bring about transformative changes in the education system, catering to the evolving needs of the 21st century. The policy
covers various levels of education, from early childhood to higher education.

MAIN BODY :

This new policy has the aim of universalizing education from pre-school to secondary level. It plans to do that with a
100% GRE (Gross Enrollment Ratio) in schooling. The plan is to achieve it by 2030. The new policy seeks rectification of poor
literacy and numeracy outcomes associated with primary schools, reduction in dropout levels in middle and secondary schools and
adoption of the multi-disciplinary approach in the higher education system. Apart from this, the policy also focuses on early
childhood care, restructuring curriculum and pedagogy; reforming assessments and exams, and investing in teacher training and
broad-basing their appraisal.

In adopting a 5+3+3+4 model for school education starting at age 3, the policy recognises the primacy of the formative

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years from ages 3 to 8 in shaping the child’s future. Another key aspect of school education in the new policy is the breaking of the
strict division of arts, commerce and science streams in high school. This can lay the foundation for a multi-disciplinary approach
in high education. Another laudable aspect of the scheme is the introduction of vocational courses with an internship. This may
nudge the vulnerable sections of society to send their children to school. Also, it would help in realisation of the goal of Skill India
Mission.

The NEP proposes the extension of the Right to Education (RTE) to all children up to the age of 18. According to the
policy, in spite of periodic inspection, transparency, maintaining quality standards and a favourable public perception will
become a 24X7 pursuit for the institutions, leading to all-round improvement in their standard. Allowing Foreign Universities, the
document states universities from among the top 100 in the world will be able to set up campuses in India. This will lead to an
infusion of international perspective and innovation, which will make the Indian education system more efficient and competitive.

There are some drawbacks also. In the National Education Policy 2020, language is a negative factor as there is a
problematic teacher to student ratio in India, thus introducing mother languages for each subject in academic institutes is a
problem. Sometimes, finding a competent teacher becomes a problem and now another challenge comes with the introduction of the
NEP 2020, which is bringing study material in mother languages. According to the national education policy 2020, students of the
private schools will be introduced to English at a much earlier age than the students of the Government schools. The academic
syllabus will be taught in the respective regional languages of the Government school students. This is one of the major new
education policy drawbacks as this will increase the number of students uncomfortable in communicating in English thus widening
the gap between sections of the societies.

CONCLUSION :

The new National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, is a good policy as it aims at making the education system holistic, flexible,
multidisciplinary, aligned to the needs of the 21st century and the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. The intent of policy seems
to be ideal in many ways but it is the implementation where lies the key to success..

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 CHANDRAYAN MISSSION-3
INTRODUCTION :

The first mission i.e. Chandrayaan-1 was launched in 2008. It marked a new success for the country and India became the
fifth country in world history to reach the lunar surface. The most prominent discovery of this mission was the presence of water
molecules in the lunar south pole. Chandrayaan-2 was followed by a second mission that was launched in 2019. It was successfully
inserted into the lunar orbit but failed to make a soft landing on the lunar surface. However, it was declared partly successful
because the orbiter was still functional for around 7.5 years. Chandrayaan-3 is a mission by the Indian Space Research Organization
(ISRO) aiming to land and navigate a rover on the moon. It launched in 2023, carrying a lander called Vikram, a rover called Pragyan,
and a propulsion module.

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Mission Objectives :
• To demonstrate Safe and Soft Landing on Lunar Surface,
• To demonstrate Rover roving on the moon and,
• To conduct in-situ scientific experiments.

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Major Findings :
• Lunar Surface Temperature Surprise: Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) measured temperatures
reaching 70 degrees Celsius, surprising scientists who expected temperatures between 20 to 30 degrees Celsius.
• Lunar Surface Elements Confirmed: The Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy instrument onboard 'Pragyan' rover
confirmed the presence of Sulphur on the lunar surface near the south pole. Elements such as Aluminum, Calcium, Iron,
Chromium, Titanium, Manganese, Silicon, and Oxygen were also detected.
Significance of the Indian Space Programme :
• Leadership in Space Technology- It joins the elite group of nations - Russia, USA and China—with demonstrated lunar
soft landing capability.
• Strategic Significance of Soft Landing- Soft landing capability demonstrated by Chandrayaan-3 holds strategic
importance for India with applications extending to Standard Refuelling and Docking technology and Smart Space Robot
technology, enabling interplanetary science missions and sample retrieval.
• Investigates Lunar Properties: Chandrayaan-3 carries seven science payloads across its modules. Propulsion module
studies earth's atmosphere, lander module investigates lunar surface properties, and rover module analyzes lunar rocks
and soil.
• Soft landing capability contributes valuable insights to India's missile defence program.
• Space Tourism and Economic Activities: Increasing interest in space tourism may lead to private space parks.

CONCLUSION :

Chandrayaan-3 was a gigantic success for India. To commemorate Chandrayaan-3 triumph and the soft landing of Vikram
lander on the moon, National Space Day will be celebrated on August 23 every year as announced by government. In the vast space
of our universe, where mythology and science come together so often, Chandrayaan-3 shines brightly as a symbol of India’s astral
hope and exploration. It shows India's strong determination to uncover the moon's mysteries.

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 ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES AND ITS IMPACT ON RAJASTHAN
INTRODUCTION :

Rajasthan, known for its arid and semi-arid climate, is highly susceptible to environmental changes that can significantly
impact its ecosystems, economy, and the well-being of its residents. Several environmental changes have been observed in Rajasthan,
and their impacts are noteworthy.

MAIN BODY :
Climate Change: Rajasthan has been experiencing changes in temperature patterns, with an increase in both average
temperatures and the frequency of extreme weather events. This has implications for agriculture, water resources, and public health.
Rising temperatures can exacerbate water scarcity issues and affect crop yields.
Water Scarcity & Water Management Challenges: Rajasthan faces chronic water scarcity due to its arid nature. Changes in
precipitation patterns and increased evaporation due to rising temperatures further intensify water scarcity. This has a direct impact
on agriculture, livestock, and human settlements, leading to challenges in water availability for various purposes. Rajasthan has been
facing challenges in managing its water resources efficiently. Over-extraction of groundwater, inadequate water conservation
measures, and the impact of climate change on precipitation patterns contribute to water management challenges.

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Droughts: The state is prone to recurrent droughts, and changes in climate patterns may contribute to their increasing
frequency and severity. Droughts have adverse effects on agriculture, particularly rain-fed crops, and can lead to food insecurity,
economic losses, and migration from affected areas.
Desertification: Parts of Rajasthan are susceptible to desertification, a process where fertile land turns into desert.
Overgrazing, deforestation, and improper land management practices contribute to soil erosion and degradation, exacerbating the
desertification process.
Loss of Biodiversity: Environmental changes, including habitat loss and degradation, impact Rajasthan's unique biodiversity.
The Thar Desert is home to several endemic species, and alterations in the environment can threaten the survival of these plants and
animals.
Impact on Agriculture: Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns affect agricultural productivity. Rajasthan heavily
depends on agriculture, and variations in climate can lead to crop failures, affecting the livelihoods of farmers and the overall
economy of the state.
Extreme Weather Events: The state is vulnerable to extreme weather events such as cyclones, dust storms, and heatwaves.
These events can cause damage to infrastructure, disrupt daily life, and pose threats to public health.
Impact on Livestock: The changing climate affects the availability of fodder and water for livestock. This has consequences
for the pastoral communities that depend on livestock for their livelihoods.
Public Health Concerns: Environmental changes, especially heatwaves, can pose health risks to the population. Heat-related
illnesses, waterborne diseases during periods of water scarcity, and vector-borne diseases influenced by changing climatic conditions
are significant concerns.

CONCLUSION :

Addressing these environmental challenges in Rajasthan requires a comprehensive and sustainable approach, integrating climate-
resilient practices, water conservation measures, and efforts to protect biodiversity. Community involvement and awareness are
essential for successful adaptation and mitigation strategies.

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 MODERN TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR IMPACT ON SOCIETY
INTRODUCTION :

“The advance of technology is based on making it fit in so that you don't really even notice it, so it's part of
everyday life.”
- Bill Gates
Technology has revolutionized the way we live, work, and interact with one another. In only a few short decades,
technological innovation has altered every aspect of human existence. Technology has played a crucial part in developing
the modern world, from the development of the wheel to the most recent advances in artificial intelligence.

MAIN BODY :
IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON SOCIETY
POSITIVE IMPACTS :

Better Communication : The advancement of communication is one of the most noticeable benefits of

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technology to modern civilization. People from all over the world can communicate with one another because of the
widespread availability of social media, messaging applications, and video conferencing technology. Because of this,
people can maintain relationships with their loved ones, expand their social circles, and form communities with shared
interests and values.
Enhanced Information Access : With the advent of the internet, formerly inaccessible knowledge is now at
everyone’s grasp. The Internet has made it possible for anybody to gain exposure to new ideas, practices, and
perspectives with only a few mouse clicks. Also, this has aided in the spread of knowledge in vital areas like health,
science, and politics, allowing for more well-informed citizens.
Increased Education : Because of technological advancements, learning is now more convenient and productive
than ever before. As e-learning platforms proliferate, students no longer need to be physically present in a classroom to
benefit from its content.
Efficiency Gains : A wide variety of tasks may now be completed more quickly and with less material waste.
Companies may save money and boost production by using robots for routine activities like data input and
manufacturing. Because of this, businesses have been able to expand their offerings, boosting the economy and leading to
the creation of new jobs.
Agriculture : Applying technology and technical innovations in agriculture have significantly increased efficiency
and output. Agritech helps farmers in various aspects of their farming operations. From increasing crop production to
reducing water, fertilizer, and pesticides to improving working conditions for farm workers.
Medical Advancements: With the help of technology, doctors and researchers have made significant strides in
treating and preventing diseases. Technology has made it possible for medical professionals to access patient records and
communicate with other healthcare providers, which has improved the quality of care for patients.
The government has utilized technology in two main areas. These include the facilitation of the delivery of
citizen services and the improvement of defence and national security.

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NEGATIVE IMPACTS :

Reduced Social Engagement : While technology has made communication easier, it has also reduced the need
for interpersonal contact. People’s reliance on electronic means of communication has increased alongside the
proliferation of social media, making them less likely to conduct significant face-to-face exchanges. Because of this, many
people are feeling lonely and isolated, which can have serious psychological implications.
Screen Time Increased : Screen time has grown as a result of technological advancements, which can have
harmful impacts on both physical and mental health. Eye fatigue, back discomfort, and trouble sleeping have all been
associated with excessive screen usage. In addition to the negative effects on health and relationships, addiction may
develop when people spend too much time in front of screens.
Job Displacement : Jobs have been lost due to automation because robots and software can do the labour
formerly done by humans. Because of this, many individuals have lost their employment or are struggling to make ends
meet. There are now possibilities in areas like artificial intelligence and robots thanks to technological advancements, but
many people are finding it challenging to make the shift.
Privacy Issues : Privacy issues have surfaced as a result of technological advancements, as private information

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is increasingly mined for profit and political gain. This has raised concerns about security breaches, theft of personal
information, and governmental snooping. There have also been concerns raised regarding the morality of social media’s
data practices, which have led to criticism of the platforms.

CONCLUSION :

The state of technology in the future is exciting and dynamic. Artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things,
augmented and virtual reality, blockchain, 5G networks, quantum computing, biotechnology, robots, the cloud, and
cybersecurity are just some of the most significant technological breakthroughs that will alter our world in the next
years. Nevertheless, technology has the potential to reduce employment opportunities and increase the economic
disparity. It is vital that we, as a society, remain aware of these hazards and take steps to reduce them while still
enjoying the advantages that technology provides.

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 ELECTORAL REFORMS IN INDIA
“ Democracy is based upon the conviction there are extraordinary possibilities in ordinary
people. ” – Harry Emerson Fosdick

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INTRODUCTION :

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India is the largest democracy in the world. Elections are the most important and

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internal part of the democratic system of governance. Elections are controlled by the Election
Commission of India. But there is many ills and distortions in the process of election and they
need immediate remedy.

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In India, the term “Electoral Reforms ” refers to the evolution and modification of
the electoral system. The Electoral Reforms seek to promote clean politics, free and fair

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elections, and ideal legislators. It contributes to making Indian democracy a true democracy in

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both letter and spirit.

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NEED FOR ELECTORAL REFORMS :

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There are several flaws in free and fair election like Money Power. Money power

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has a detrimental effect on our electoral system. It causes widespread corruption and plays a
significant role in the black money industry. Muscle Power, silent and merciless booth
capturing. The criminalization of politics and the politicization of criminals. Misuse of
Government Machinery, It is a prevalent belief that the government in power at the time of
an election will utilize improper means to promote the electoral success of members of its
own party.
Casteism, In some instances, specific caste groups have shown fervent support
for specific political parties. As a result, political parties make concessions to appeal to various
castes and castes also attempt to pressure parties into providing tickets for the elections of
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their members. Communalism, The political ethos of pluralism, parliamentarianism,
secularism and federalism in India is seriously threatened by communal polarization.
Absence of Moral Principles in Politics. Politics in India has turned into a business as a result

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of political corruption. The Gandhian principles of sacrifice and service are absent from
India’s political landscape

ELECTORAL REFORMS IN INDIA :

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India’s electoral reforms are evidence of the development and the adjustments

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made to the election procedure to support fair competition. India’s electoral reforms can be
separated into two key stages, Electoral Reforms in India before 2010 & Electoral Reforms in

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India after 2010.
Before 2010, Lowering of the Voting Age from 21 to 18 years old by the 61st

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Constitutional Amendment Act of 1988, Deputation to Election Commission, Increase in

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Proposers, Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) – 1989, In 1989, a provision was introduced for
the postponement of elections or their countermanding in the event of booth capturing,

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Elector’s Photo Identity Card (EPIC) to prevent fraudulent voting and voter impersonation
during elections, During the 48 hours leading up to the hour set for the poll’s conclusion

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Liquor sales are prohibited.
After 2010, The Commission has set a limit on the amount of money that can
be spent in elections, Limitations on exit polls, Voting by postal ballot, Across 2013, the ECI
voted to broaden the scope of voting by postal ballot across the nation, Raising Awareness
To commemorate the foundation day of the EC, the government chose to honour January 25
as “National Voters Day.”
Candidates must disclose their criminal histories, financial situation and other
information. Additionally, it is now illegal to give false information in an affidavit and is

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punishable by up to six months in prison or a fine or both. The creation of NOTA that enables
voters to express their dislike of each and every candidate in a voting process. Voter
verifiable paper audit trail (VVPAT) is meant to be an impartial system of verification for

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voting machines that enables voters to check that their vote was cast accurately and to audit
the results that have been electronically stored.

A
In January 2018 Electoral bonds are introduced for transparent method of

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financing elections, An applicant may follow the development of his or her application using
the Political Parties Registration Tracking Management System (PPRTMS), Systematic
Voters’ Education and Electoral Participation Programme (SVEEP) To inform voters,

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ECI organises voter awareness initiatives.

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CONCLUSION :

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“ There is just the same inviolable connection between the means and the end as there is

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between the seed and the tree ”. – MAHATMA GANDHI

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It is widely acknowledged that the country’s voting system has several flaws that

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need to be fixed over the years. But it should be done gradually and continuously after much
discussion and deliberation. The significance of the concerns related to electoral changes has
been recognized by successive governments at the Centre. Election reform recommendations
from the Election Commission and various committees have occasionally been taken into
consideration and also put into practice.

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 TERRORISM
INTRODUCTION :

Terrorism is defined as the unlawful use of force or violence against people or property in
order to frighten or intimidate a government or its populace into pursuing specific political or social
goals. Recently, we can see the horrors of war between Israel and Palestine due to terrorist
organizations like Hamas.

MAIN BODY/CONTENT :

The ideology behind any act related to terrorism can be fueled by various beliefs or motives.
Terrorism Based on Ethnicity, Daniel Byman defines ethnic terrorism as “deliberate acts of ethnic
hatred.” Like Tamil Nationalist organizations in Sri Lanka and insurgent groups in North East India.

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Terrorism Based on Religion, Terrorist operations in the modern world are mostly driven by
religious prerequisites, they call it Jihad. According to Hoffman, terrorists who are motivated in whole
or in part by a religious urge regard violence as a heavenly obligation or a holy deed.
Left-wing Terrorism, Leftist ideologies hold that all current social arrangements and political
structures in capitalist society are predatory in nature and that a violent revolution is required to
effective changes. The most visible cases are the Maoist movements in India and Nepal.
Right-wing Terrorism, In general, right-wing groups strive to retain the status quo or revert
to a prior state that they believe should have been preserved.
Narco-terrorism is related to drug trafficking-related violence linked with terrorist groups and
operations all over the world, particularly in Central and South-East Asia.
State-sponsored Terrorism is as old as conventional war itself. It is less constrained and
produces more casualties on the target. From the standpoint of the offender, state-sponsored terrorism
is the most effective form of terrorism in terms of the cost-benefit ratio.
Terrorism in India :
India faces Terrorism from secessionists in Kashmir from left-wing extremist groups in central,
east- central, and south-central India. India is on the list of the countries which are most affected by
Terrorism in the world. According to Global Terrorism Index – 2022, India was the 13th most
affected country by Terrorism. In India, Jammu and Kashmir are the most affected regions by
Terrorism. RED CORRIDOR is affected by Left-wing terrorism.
India faced fatal attack on Parliament, 26/11 attack on Mumbai, Pathankot attack, Uri attack,
Pulwama attack, Dantewada attack, Sukuma attack etc.

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 To Combat the Threat of Terrorism India formed National Investigation Agency. India also
has Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), the Intelligence Bureau (IB), etc. to fight Terrorism. In
India, the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act is the primary anti-terrorism law. To gather
information related to security, the National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) has been established. An
operational hub has been created for the National Security Guard to ensure a rapid response to
terrorist attacks.

Challenges Related to Terrorism :

No Global Definition of Terrorism, Expanding Web of Terrorism, Terror Financing, Furthermore,

the lack of regulation of crypto currency could make it a breeding ground for terrorists, Bio-Terrorism,
small amounts of biotic agents can be effortlessly hidden, transported and discharged into vulnerable
populations. Cyber Attacks, data is the new oil, terrorists use unlawful attacks in a country's
cyberspace, networks and use the information to intimidate or coerce a government or its people in

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furtherance of political or social objectives.

CONCLUSIUON/WAY FORWARD :

A holistic approach for dealing with cyber terrorism is necessary, whether it's conducting
cyber search operations or extending the scope of counter measures against cyber attacks. Terrorism
in all its forms and manifestations should be condemned. The international community should rise
above political differences and defeat the challenge of terrorism. Accepting a universal definition
of terrorism and global sanctions against nations that are state sponsors of terrorism can pave a way
for peaceful world order.

Capacity Building, India should move in the direction of specialisation of military to fight
cross-border terrorism ensuring co-ordination among the intelligence and security agencies to check
infiltration of terror activity. India also needs to enhance its National Criminal Justice system and
implement strict legal protocol against terrorism

Curbing Terror Financing & Reducing Youth's Exposure to Terrorism. Also, undertaking
policies to tackle economic and social inequalities will help in deterring disgruntled youth from being
lured towards terrorism.

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ELECTRIC VEHICLES : THE FUTURE OF TRANSPORTATION

STRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION : State some basic facts and relate it with current scenario.
MAIN BODY : Discuss about -
• Basics of EVs.
• India’s Focus on EVs.
• Advantages of EVs due to which they are being popular.
• Challenges before EVs development.
• Government efforts towards development of EVs.
CONCLUSION : You can discuss some data or end with some suggestions.

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INTRODUCTION :

Transport is a fundamental requirement of modern life, but the traditional combustion

engine is quickly becoming outdated. Petrol or diesel vehicles are highly polluting. The
increasing level of air pollution in Indian cities has been a cause of concern for policymakers.
More than 25 Indian cities are within the 100 most polluted cities in the World.

Over the last two months, India's petrol and diesel prices and pollution levels in
metros have been at an all-time high. So, the question arises - Does electric vehicles will
shape the future of the transportation industry in India?

MAIN BODY :

An EV operates on an electric motor instead of an internal combustion engine

and has a battery instead of a fuel tank. Electric vehicles have been gaining popularity
worldwide as people become increasingly aware of the adverse effects of fossil fuel-powered
vehicles on the environment.

Following the Paris climate agreement, a global movement toward electric vehicles is
taking hold. The reduction of carbon emissions is one of the main goals of the agreement,
which aims to mitigate the effects of global warming. Today, the rapid growth in the uptake of

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EVs is the defining characteristic of the global electric mobility revolution. At the moment,
about 20% of all cars on the market are powered by electricity.

India is one of the few countries in the world that backs the global EV30@30
campaign. The primary objective of this campaign is to have 30% of all new cars sold in the
country be electric by 2030.

"Panchamrit”, India's five-part plan to fight climate change, was a big topic at the
COP26 in Glasgow. At the Glasgow summit, India promoted many ideas, including the use of
renewable energy to meet half of India's energy requirements, a cut in carbon emissions of
one billion tonnes by the year 2030 and an aim to achieve net-zero emissions by the year
2070.

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It is important to examine the reasons why it is being said that EVs are the future
of transportation. Firstly they are Environment-Friendly, The fact that electric vehicles have
no negative impact on the environment is unquestionably the most compelling argument in
favour of owning one. These vehicles are ideally suited for use in urban areas because, in
addition to lowering noise levels, they help to maintain the natural make-up of the air. They
have a zero-emission rate and no noise pollution.
Secondly, Cost-effective Transportation, Electric cars are completely charged by the
electricity you provide, eliminating the need to purchase petroleum or diesel. As the cost of
fuel rises, driving a gasoline-powered vehicle can wreak havoc on your wallet. The average
Indian spends over 75,000 rupees annually on fuel, which could be avoided with electric
vehicles.
Thirdly, Safe to Drive, The same fitness and testing procedures are used for electric
cars as they are for other types of fuel-powered vehicles. In the event of an accident, the
airbags will deploy and the battery's power will be cut. This could save your life and the lives
of other passengers in the car.
Fourthly, Low Maintenance, Lubrication is no longer required because there is no
combustion engine. When compared to a combustion engine powered by gasoline or diesel, an
electric motor has fewer moving parts and fluids so it requires less regular maintenance. This
has also reduced the cost of maintaining these vehicles.

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Fifthly, Tax and financial benefits, Registration fees and road tax on purchasing electric
vehicles are lesser than petrol or diesel vehicles.

However, there are some challenges associated with EVs. Lack of Charging
Infrastructure, Issue of Slow Charging, Lack of a Stable Policy For EV Production, India is
technologically deficient in the production of electronics that form the backbone of the EV
industry, such as batteries, semiconductors, controllers, etc., Lack of Associated
Infrastructural Support like lack of clarity over AC versus DC charging stations, grid stability
and range anxiety, Lack of Availability of Materials For Domestic Production like lithium
and cobalt which are required for battery production, Lack of skilled workers etc. are the
major obstacles in the development of EVs.

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The Indian government has taken a number of steps to develop and promote the
country's electric vehicle ecosystem, including the remodelled Faster Adoption and
Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME II) scheme; Production-Linked Incentive (PLI)
scheme for Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) for the supplier side; The recently launched PLI
scheme for Auto and Automotive Components for manufacturers of electric vehicles.

CONCLUSION :

According to the Economic Survey 2023, India's domestic electric vehicle industry will
develop at a 94.4 percent compound annual growth rate (CAGR) between 2022 and 2030,
reaching 10 million sales every year by that point. Furthermore, it is anticipated that by 2030,
the electric automotive industry will generate 50 million direct and indirect jobs. So it is
important to focus on this sector.

Although there are some challenges, looking at the benefits of EVs and government
efforts, it can definitely be said that they are the future of transportation. So it is the need of
the hour to increase R&D in EVs, sensitize the public, have viable electricity pricing and
create a closed-loop mobility ecosystem.

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 GENERATION GAP
INTRODUCTION :

The generation gap arises when there is a great difference of age between two
people so their views do not match. In today’s scenario, the world is changing
quite rapidly. Generation Gap is explained as the difference of views and
ideologies between people belonging to two different generations. It can be a
difference in political views, religious beliefs, or general attitude towards life.

MAIN BODY/CONTENT :

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Everything is influenced by the change of time - the age, the culture,
mannerism, and morality. This change affects everyone. The generation gap is
an endless social phenomenon. Every generation lives at a certain time under
certain circumstances and conditions. So, all generations have their own set
of values and views. Every generation wants to uphold the principles they
believe in. This is a problem that has continued for ages.

Everyone wants to live and behave in his way and no one wants to
compromise with his or her values and views. This is the main cause of
clash. If we look at reasons for emergence of generation gap we found that
it might have emerged when the younger generation started challenging the
primitive thoughts and beliefs and raising their voices against the irrational
superstitions and rituals thriving in society.

The people belonging to later generations were more open and brave
enough to put forward their personal choices and not just blindly follow the
elders’ suggestions.

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 The gap widened when the older people decided to stick with their
ancient perspectives rather than adapting with the changing social
environment while the younger generations started building on their fresh
perspectives about the existing and upcoming social situations.
Communication gap is one of the significant reasons for the onset of this gap
and continuously widens the rift between generations.

If we search for problems associated with generation gap we came to

know that the increased misunderstanding between the old and new
generations tends to result in frustration and unhealthy, rebellious and

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argumentative behaviour.

The most disturbing element is the communication gap between

different generations. The today’s generation or better say the ‘Tech-kids’ are
busy with the technological innovations of their times like mobile phones and
computers. This bothers the older people as they feel neglected when given
less time and attention. The elders move to solitude and become adamant,
whereas the younger ones become stubborn and frustrated.

If we look at positive side of this generation gap we can say it is

always good to have a wide range of ideas, views and opinions. It indicates
how we are developing and advancing but sometimes this becomes
worrisome when the views and ideas are not accepted by both generations.
Parents create a certain image in their minds for their children. They want to
bring up their children with values that they have been brought up with and
expect their children to follow the same. Parents want children to act
following their values, as they believe, it is for their benefit and would do
well for them.

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 Children on the other hand have a broader outlook and refuse to
accept the traditional ways. They want to do things their way and don’t like
going by any rulebook. Mostly, young people experience conflict during their
adolescence. They are desperately searching for self-identity. Parents at
times fail to understand the demands of this fast-paced world. Ultimately,
despite love and affection for each other both are drained out of energy and
not able to comprehend the other. Consequently, there is a lack of
communication and giving up on relationships.

Nothing in the world can be as beautiful as a parent-child relationship.

It should be nurtured very delicately and so it is important to bridge the

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gap between the two generations. It is time to realize that neither is
completely right nor wrong. Both generations have to develop more
understanding and acceptance for each other.

Spending more time with each other like family outings, vacations,
picnics, shopping, watching movies together could be some effective ways to
build up a strong bond with each other. Both the generations need to study
the ways of the society during their growing period and have mutual
respect for it. To reduce the friction between the two generations, both
parents and children have to give space to each other and define certain
boundaries that the latter should respect.

CONCLUSION :

This world is changing very fast and at the same time human being is
also changing itself, we should keep changing with the changing world. The
society and the country can gain a lot if the generation gap is bridged,
and the old and the young persons are able to pool their energies and work

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in unison to achieve the desired goals in life and to contribute richly to human
welfare.

If the old persons are willing to give up their rigidity, the feeling of
frustration among the youth will be curbed and they would be willingly share
the responsibility of nation-building. The old people are naturally more
experienced, the responsibility of guiding the youth, therefore, devolves on them.
They should realise that the youth are more emotional and enthusiastic. They
need to be motivated to do something instead of being criticized if they make
some mistake.

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The youth on their part should also show more willingness to accept the
advice of the elders which is for their own good. Enthusiasm is welcome but
rashness and smugness are undesirable. They should know the importance of
learning from the experience of the elders-which can only be done through
temperance.

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 NEW CHALLENGES TO PARLIAMENTRY DEMOCRACY IN INDIA

INTRODUCTION :

– Abraham Lincoln

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“ Democracy is the government of the people, by the people and for the people. ”

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Democracy refers to a political system in which government is formed by the people,
implemented either directly or through elected representatives. Although it has been
accepted as the best form of Government in the modern world. Yet it has its own problems.

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India may best describe as Representative Parliamentary Democracy. It epitomizes the
"Sovereign Will" of the people of India. Our constitution provides for parliamentary form of

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government. We have borrowed the constitutional features of several democratic countries.
But our parliamentary model is predominantly based on the British system. The Head of

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Government in our system, the Prime Minister, can hold office only so long as he commands

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the confidence of the Lok Sabha.

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CHALLENGES TO PARLIAMENTRY DEMOCRACY IN INDIA :

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However major obstacles in the smooth working of the Parliamentary democracy in
India also co-exist. The heterogeneous composition of India acts as a major hindrance to the
democratic working of the Parliamentary System. The challenges come both from prevailing
domestic and international conditions as well as lack of adequate prerequisites for a smooth
functioning of democracy. These are discussed below.
Illiteracy among people was a matter of grave concern for the successful functioning of
the parliamentary democracy in India on the eve of independence and it still continues to be a
major challenge.

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 Poverty, It is generally said that for a hungry person right to vote does not have any
meaning. For him/her the first requirement is food. Therefore, poverty is considered as the
greatest bane of parliamentary democracy.

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Gender Discrimination, Discrimination against girls and women exists in every walk of
life. But we know that gender equality is one of the basic principles of parliamentary

A
democracy. But the discrimination against females continues to be a fact of life.

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Castism, The most detrimental and inhuman aspect of the caste system is the practice
of untouchability which is continuing in spite of the constitutional ban imposed on it. This
has led to segregation of so called low castes or ‘Dalits’, depriving them of education and

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other social benefits. Casteism has played a negative role even in the democratic political
processes.

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Communalism and religious fundamentalism have acquired a very dangerous form
and alarming proportion in India. In recent past also communalism has proved to be a great

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threat to our social and political life on several occasions.

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Indian parliamentary democracy has also been struggling with regionalism which is
primarily an outcome of regional disparities and imbalances in development.

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Corruption in public life has been a major concern in India. Corruption continues to

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exist in covert and overt ways at all three levels - political, bureaucratic and corporate sector.
In recent years, criminalization of politics in India has become a debatable issue.
Politician indulge in violence and take refuge in other unhealthy, undemocratic methods to
win elections.
There is deep concern at the decline in the quality of parliamentary debate; disorder
and chaos in sessions; Disruptions and adjournments; Lack of participation; Poor quality of
legislation; Lack of diversity; Low Productivity; Reduced working hours of Parliament; Less
scrutiny of Bills/government policies and Use of money and muscle power during elections
reflects Democracy's shortcomings.

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CORRECTIVE MEASURES :

It is thus clear that democracy in India faces certain serious challenges. These are
causes of serious concern to all. Certain significant corrective measures that have been

S
adopted and can be initiated are as follows.
Universal Literacy, alleviation of poverty, Elimination of Gender Discrimination,

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Removal of regional Imbalances, Good Governance, Administrative Reforms, The success of
all the above stated corrective measures primarily depends on the efficient functioning of

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administration, Judicial Reforms, Sustainable Development, Effective Functioning of
Legislatures.

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Code of conduct, The Indian Parliament has adopted a code of conduct for its
members, which lays down guidelines for their behaviour and conduct during the sessions.

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As in 2021, Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla urged members to adhere to the code of conduct and
avoid disruptive behaviour during the Budget session.

A
Technology adoption, The Indian Parliament has also adopted technology to improve

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its functioning. Online portals and apps have been developed to facilitate better
communication between members and enable remote participation. For example, during

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the COVID-19 pandemic, the Parliament adopted video conferencing to conduct virtual

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sessions and enable remote participation.
Committee system, The Indian Parliament has established various committees to
examine and scrutinize bills and policies before they are presented to the House. The
committees enable expert opinions and inputs and ensure that the legislative output is of
high quality.
Disciplinary Action, The Parliament can take disciplinary action against MPs who
engage in disruptive behaviour. This action includes suspension and expulsion from the
House.

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CONCLUSION :

“ A functioning, robust democracy requires a healthy, educated, participatory followership,

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and an educated, morally grounded leadership. ” - Chinua Achebe

A
The Indian Parliamentary democracy faces several challenges that hinder its ability to

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effectively fulfill its roles as a legislative and representative body. However, measures such as
adopting a code of conduct, technology adoption, the committee system and disciplinary
action can address these challenges.

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The way forward for the Indian Parliamentary democracy is to continue adopting such
measures to promote transparency, accountability and inclusivity in its functioning and

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enhance its effectiveness.

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THE WORK FROM CULTURE AND ITS FUTURE
INTRODUCTION :

The work-from-home culture has undergone a remarkable transformation in

recent years, spurred by technological advancements and the global response to the
COVID-19 pandemic. What was once considered a novel and temporary arrangement has
now become a permanent fixture in the professional landscape. This shift has not only
revolutionized the way people work but has also prompted a re-evaluation of traditional
office structures.

MAIN BODY :

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The work-from-home arrangement offers a multitude of benefits, contributing to
its growing popularity among both employers and employees. One of the primary
advantages is the flexibility it provides. Employees can structure their work hours to
accommodate personal responsibilities, leading to improved work-life balance. The
elimination of daily commutes not only saves time but also reduces stress and
contributes to a more eco-friendly lifestyle.

Remote work often fosters increased productivity, as individuals can create

personalized, comfortable work environments tailored to their preferences. Furthermore,
companies can tap into a broader talent pool, hiring individuals regardless of geographic
location. The work-from-home culture also promotes inclusivity, as it accommodates
those with mobility challenges or other disabilities. Additionally, cost savings arise for
both employees and employers, with reduced commuting expenses and lower overhead
costs for office spaces. As technology continues to advance, enabling seamless virtual
collaboration, the benefits of working from home are likely to endure and shape the
future of work.

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 While the work-from-home model comes with various advantages, it is not without its
limitations. One significant challenge is the potential for blurred boundaries between
work and personal life. The absence of a physical separation between the office and home
can make it difficult for individuals to disconnect, leading to longer work hours and increased
stress. Communication barriers may arise, as spontaneous interactions and face-to-face
discussions are often replaced by digital communication tools, which might hinder the free
flow of information and ideas.

Collaboration and team building can also be impacted, as the lack of in-person
interactions may reduce the sense of camaraderie and shared purpose among team
members. Additionally, some jobs require specialized equipment or a physical presence,

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making remote work impractical for certain industries. Maintaining a company's culture and
fostering a sense of belonging among remote employees can be challenging. Finally, not
everyone has access to a conducive home office environment, which can hinder productivity
for those without dedicated workspace or facing domestic distractions.

As we look to the future, it is evident that the work-from-home culture is here to

stay. Companies are likely to adopt hybrid models that blend remote and in-person work,
allowing for greater adaptability and customization. Embracing this evolution requires a focus
on fostering virtual collaboration, maintaining employee well-being, and leveraging
technology to create seamless digital workspaces. The future of work appears to be a
dynamic fusion of physical and virtual environments, providing individuals with the
autonomy to choose the mode that best suits their needs and preferences.

CONCLUSION :

Work from home is a part of new normal after Covid. Balancing the benefits of remote
work with limitations remains a key consideration for organizations aiming to adopt or
sustain a work-from-home culture.

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DIGITAL INDIA : THE FUTURE OF GOVERNANCE
INTRODUCTION :

In the age of rapid technological advancement, the concept of Digital India has
emerged as a transformative force, reshaping the landscape of governance and
administration. This ambitious initiative, launched by the Indian government, envisions a
digitally empowered nation, leveraging technology to enhance efficiency, transparency, and
citizen engagement across various sectors.

MAIN BODY :

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The future of governance in India is intricately tied to the successful implementation
and evolution of Digital India. One of the key pillars of Digital India is the expansion of
digital infrastructure, aiming to connect the remotest corners of the country. The
proliferation of high-speed internet and the widespread adoption of smartphones have
played pivotal roles in bridging the digital divide.

This connectivity not only facilitates communication but also opens up avenues for e-
governance, bringing government services directly to the fingertips of citizens. From applying
for official documents to accessing welfare schemes, the digitization of services streamlines
processes, reduces bureaucratic hurdles, and ensures quicker service delivery.

Data-driven decision-making is another hallmark of the Digital India initiative. The

collection and analysis of vast amounts of data enable policymakers to formulate more
informed strategies. Big data analytics and artificial intelligence contribute to predicting
trends, identifying areas for intervention, and optimizing resource allocation. This data-
centric approach enhances the effectiveness of governance by promoting evidence-based
policies that address the specific needs of diverse populations.

Digital India also places a strong emphasis on financial inclusion through initiatives

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like the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana. The integration of digital payment systems and
the promotion of cashless transactions have not only reduced the reliance on traditional
banking but have also mitigated corruption and tax evasion. The move towards a cashless
economy fosters transparency, accountability, and traceability in financial transactions,
aligning with the broader goals of good governance.

Digital India has emerged as a game-changer in the delivery of government

schemes to citizens, revolutionizing the way public services are accessed and administered.
The initiative focuses on harnessing the power of technology to bridge gaps, increase
efficiency, and ensure the seamless dissemination of government schemes to the last mile.

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One of the pivotal aspects of Digital India is the emphasis on e-governance, which
involves the digitization of government processes and services. This transition from
traditional paper-based systems to online platforms has significantly reduced bureaucratic
red tape, minimizing delays and making government services more accessible.

The direct benefit transfer (DBT) mechanism is a hallmark of Digital India, ensuring
that the benefits of government schemes reach the intended beneficiaries without
intermediaries. By linking bank accounts with Aadhaar, the unique biometric identity of
Indian residents, the government has facilitated the direct transfer of subsidies, pensions,
and other financial aid.

Furthermore, the digitalization of education and healthcare sectors under Digital

India has far-reaching implications for the nation's development. E-learning platforms
make quality education accessible to students in even the most remote areas, breaking down
geographical barriers and fostering a knowledge-driven society. In healthcare, telemedicine
and digital health records enhance the efficiency of medical services, making healthcare
more accessible and responsive to the needs of the population.

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 Despite the significant progress, challenges remain, including concerns related to
data privacy, digital security, cybersecurity threats, digital illiteracy and ensuring
comprehensive coverage, especially in remote areas. The need for continuous infrastructure
development pose formidable obstacles. Safeguarding digital assets, ensuring privacy, and
promoting digital literacy are imperative to harness the full potential of the digital
revolution.

CONCLUSION :

In conclusion, Digital India represents a paradigm shift in governance, promising a

future where technology acts as a catalyst for positive change. By leveraging the power of

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digital infrastructure, data analytics, and connectivity, the government can enhance service
delivery, promote inclusive development, and create a more transparent and accountable
administration. The ongoing evolution of Digital India is a testament to the nation's
commitment to embracing technology as a cornerstone for a progressive and digitally
empowered future.

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 CULTURAL IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION
INTRODUCTION :

Globalization is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that refers to the increasing

interconnectedness and interdependence of countries through the exchange of goods, services,
information, and ideas. It involves the integration of economies, cultures, societies, and political
systems on a global scale.
Globalization has exerted a profound and multifaceted impact on India's rich and diverse
cultural landscape. This influence, spanning economic, social, and cultural dimensions, has
brought about both transformative opportunities and challenges for the nation.

MAIN BODY :

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Globalization has integrated India into the world economy, promoting economic growth
and development. The influx of foreign direct investment (FDI), multinational corporations,
and global trade has led to increased economic opportunities. However, the economic shift has
also sparked concerns about cultural commodification, where traditional practices and artifacts
are often commercialized for global markets.

The cultural fabric of India has undergone a process of hybridization, as global

influences merge with traditional elements. This is evident in various aspects of daily life, from
fashion and cuisine to art and entertainment. The blending of Western and Indian styles has
given rise to a unique fusion, contributing to a globalized cultural identity that embraces
diversity.

One of the most visible manifestations of globalization's cultural impact in India is the
transformation of lifestyle choices. Urbanization and the rise of the middle class have been
accompanied by a shift in consumption patterns, with global brands and products becoming
increasingly prevalent.

Advances in communication technology and the proliferation of media have facilitated

the exchange of cultural ideas on a global scale. Indian cinema, particularly Bollywood, has
gained international recognition, exposing the world to the vibrant narratives and artistic

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expressions of Indian culture. Simultaneously, Western media has made its mark on Indian
audiences, influencing perceptions and societal norms.

The prominence of English as a global language has significantly impacted India.

English is now widely used in business, education, and communication, enhancing India's global
competitiveness. However, this linguistic shift raises concerns about the erosion of regional
languages and the potential loss of cultural nuances embedded in diverse linguistic expressions.

The rapid pace of globalization has led to cultural dissonance and identity crises,
particularly among the younger generation. The clash between traditional values and modern
influences has given rise to a sense of ambiguity and tension. Moreover, the uneven distribution
of the benefits of globalization has exacerbated socio-economic disparities, posing challenges to

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inclusive cultural development.

Recognizing the need to preserve and promote cultural heritage, various initiatives have
emerged to safeguard traditional practices, art forms, and historical sites. Efforts to strike a
balance between embracing global influences and preserving indigenous traditions are
underway, with a focus on maintaining cultural authenticity amid the forces of globalization.

However, it is crucial to acknowledge that the cultural impact of globalization in India is

not a unidirectional process. India, with its rich heritage, has also contributed significantly to
the global cultural mosaic. The popularity of Indian cuisine, yoga, traditional attire like sarees,
and Bollywood films exemplifies the global embrace of Indian culture.

CONCLUSION :

In conclusion, the impact of globalization on India's culture is a dynamic and evolving

phenomenon. While it has facilitated economic growth, cultural exchange, and increased global
visibility, it has also presented challenges related to identity, linguistic diversity, and the
commodification of culture. Navigating these complexities requires a nuanced approach that
celebrates diversity, fosters cultural preservation, and harnesses the positive aspects of
globalization for the enrichment of India's cultural heritage.

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 REAL INDIA STILL LIVES IN VILLAGES
STRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION :
You can start with the background OR Start with some basic facts OR You may start
with defining the Village.
MAIN BODY :
• Here we have to discuss the topic of the paragraph in detail. Why has it
been said like this?
• What are the factors that make villages important in the study of real India?
• In this, socio-cultural, political, economic and environmental dimensions can
be discussed.
• Along with this, the challenges related to village life can also be briefly
discussed.
• A brief discussion of the efforts being made by the government for the
development of villages is required.

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CONCLUSION :
Conclude the topic with some relevant suggestions.

INTRODUCTION :

Mahatma Gandhi is often quoted as having said, “Real India lives in its villages”.
The wisdom of his version was based on the fact that, in the early decades of the
20th century, Indian urban segment constituted only 11% of the total population.
It was the villages in which 89% of the population lived. The development of the
VILLAGE INDIA for Gandhi was the development of India. As per the Census of 2011, nearly
70% of the country’s population still resides in rural areas.

MAIN BODY :

Villages continue to have an important role in India’s social, cultural, political,

economic and environment regardless of the fact that urbanisation and the rise of cities have
drawn many rural populations to the cities.

It is the villages that have connected India to its roots. Unlike the cities, the villagers
don't live their lives secluded; they enjoy getting together, living like a close-knit family, and
helping each other in adversities. This sense of community and belonging is greatly valued.

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 Even with so many problems, life in an Indian village is one to look forward to, as the
Indian culture is very much intact and the celebrations are huge. When all as a community
celebrate together, with folk music, dance, and songs, all festivals are celebrated with a lot of
zeal, especially the harvest season. India should take pride in such rich culture and traditions.

In ancient India there are several references to village republics. For example, in the
Mahabharata in Shanti Parva, Bhishma Pitamah gives a detailed description of village republics
to Yudhisthira. In The Buddhist literature also, extensive references are given about the village
republics in India. In the Arthashastra also, there is classification of kings’ duties related to
the administrative affairs of the village.

At present only the villages decide whose government will be formed. Along with

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this, development has taken place at the local level through local self-governance and the
society has become more politically inclusive.

Rural economy constitutes 46 per cent of national income. Despite the rise of
urbanisation more than half of India’s population is projected to be rural by 2050. Thus
growth and development of rural economy and population are a key to overall growth and
inclusive development of the country.

The Economic Survey notes that 65 per cent (2021 data) of the country’s population
lives in the rural areas and 47 per cent of the population is dependent on agriculture for
livelihood. Thus, the focus of the government on rural development is imperative.

Although there have been environmental changes in the villages too, nature is still
available in its original form. There is less pollution here than cities. The villages have
developed their lifestyle in accordance with nature. Here nature is worshiped and lives are
also sacrificed to protect it. Bishnoi community of Rajasthan is famous all over the world for
the conservation of nature. Here people have developed many local techniques like Johar,
Tanka for water conservation.

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 There are also some challenges associated with rural life. Lack of good
infrastructure, lack of schools and well-trained and experienced teaching staff hinder the
progress of the few children who attend the school. It is very difficult to break old customs
and traditions and change the mindset of the elders of the family, who are usually the
decision-makers and their rigid attitude makes it harder for newer generations.

The chronic ills of Illiteracy, Ignorance, Indolence and Poverty characterized the vast
and scattered population of rural India. Even being illiterate and attached to their land, the
villagers lead a simple life. That’s the reason, villages are not an important part of the
mainstream policy of India.

The government has already been implementing major schemes for the
development of rural areas like The Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana - National Rural Livelihood

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Mission, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, Deen Dayal
Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana-Gramin, Jal Jeevan
Mission, Phase II of the Swachh Bharat Mission(G), Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana, Pradhan
Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, SAUBHAGYA Yojana etc.

CONCLUSION :

In our “urbanised” minds, the meaning of vibrance lives in the alleys of

urban shopping centres, in the galleries of our shopping malls and in the lively atmosphere of
our pubs. Villages for us are something too far from us where, in our minds, people live in
poverty and ignorance. Vibrance can also be associated with our villages is something too
far-fetched for us to imagine. All this is set to change. Unleashing the latent energy of our
villages by capitalising on their inherent strengths and making them the mainstream instead
of claiming to be connecting them to the mainstream can help India generate the next wave
of inclusive economic growth coupled with social transformation.

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 PARAGRAPH : RELIGION AND POLITICS

APPROACH

INTRODUCTION : Define Religion & Politics

MAIN BODY/CONTENT : 1. Discuss the relation between Religion & Politics.

2. Discuss historical perspective.
3. Discuss about Right to freedom of religion.
4. Discuss about use of Religion for political purposes.

CONCLUSION : It should be suggestive and positive.

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INTRODUCTION :

There is no doubt that in the making of our present civilization religion has contributed
a lot more than any other institution. Yet it is an irony that more blood has been shed in
the name of religion and more people have lost their lives in communal riots than in all the
epidemics or other natural calamities that have struck mankind. Politics means the activities
of the government or people who try to influence the way a country is governed. What a pity
that our politicians and fundamentalists have destroyed the true spirit of religion.

MAIN BODY/CONTENT :

Religion is a personal affair that has nothing to do with public matters including
politics. Religion is a force that teaches man the norms of humanity, tolerance and spirit of
charity. On the other hand politics is a means to achieve worldly power. But the prevailing
political culture has polluted the social and moral standards of politicians. They use
religion as a potent weapon to rouse and inflame the religious passions of the people to
achieve their political ends.

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As a matter of fact the country was divided on communal lines right in the year 1909
when Minto-Morley reforms were introduced. The Muslims were granted separate
electorate. Two nation theory propagated by the Muslims was obviously welcome to the
English. Again the country was partitioned on communal lines. Then how can one expect
that the Indian politics will remain free from religion.

The political conditions in J&K have further aggravated communal tension in the
country. The atmosphere in the country is already charged with religious tension.
Religion and politics relationship poses no threat to country's polity as long as
politicians do not misuse religion for their political ends. The problem of
communalism is peculiar to India because of parliamentary form of government. How is it

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possible to delink religion and politics particularly in a country like India?

After independence, India adopted a secular form of polity. We have specifically

provided for religious freedom to all religions to propagate their religions. Right to
freedom of religion is one of our Fundamental Right enshrined in Articles 25, 26, 27
and 28 of our Constitution. Then where have we gone wrong that today every religion
in India is politicised? In this context the Indian polity presented a very dismal picture
from the very beginning while our leaders professed delinking of religion from politics,
they created the bogey of majority ruling over the minority.

In this clandestine manner they continued to keep their hold on the Muslim vote
bank. It is historically true that Nehru was in search of a safe constituency dominated by
Muslims for Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. The haven for him was found in Rampur (UP).

However, Indian politics has suffered in the process. Today political atmosphere
is charged with communal divide. It is not out of place to mention that the communal
divide has become so alarming in the country that the integrity and the unity of the
country is at peril. The nation is often caught in communal conflagrations and killings
and burning of properties. During communal riots the people of different religions are
converted into a blood thirsty mob.

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 "Religion is my heart and soul above my economic activities. What do we
mean mixing religion and politics?" said Gandhi Ji. Gandhi Ji was a secularist but a
staunch Hindu. Nobody objected to his being a Hindu because he loved man, not his
religion. What about our modern politicians? The root cause of what ails our country lies
with politicians.

Media is equally responsible when it sensationalises the news relating to discord

between religious communities. Deaths, rapes or any other irreligious act is identified
by the name of caste and religion.

CONCLUSION :

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Communal harmony among the people means the banishment of wily politicians.
India needs a sagacious leader at the top who should bring about healing to festering
sores of Indian society. Opportunistic politicians which are unscrupulous in the matter of
money and human lives must be dealt with a final blow. Religion and politics are a fatal
cocktails that go to the heart of those who practice this heady combination.

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PARAGRAPH : ROLE OF MEDIA IN GENERATING PUBLIC OPINION
&
MEDIA AND IT’S ROLE IN DEMOCRACY

APPROACH

INTRODUCTION : Define Media, Media as a forth pillar of democracy.

MAIN BODY/CONTENT : 1. Discuss how media shape public opinion?

2. How it deal with government?
3. How it mediate between public and government?
4. How it focuses on various issues and build an opinion?

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5. How it affect democracy?

CONCLUSION : Approach media’s actual responsibility and suggest some measures.

INTRODUCTION :

Media, the plural of medium, broadly describes all channels of communication,

including everything from printed paper to digital data. Media plays a vital role in a
democratic country like India where public opinion has major respect. Media is regarded
as the fourth pillar of the democracy, the other three being legislative, executive and the
judiciary. It is even said to be a 'mirror' and 'moulder' of public opinion.
In other words we may say that the public replicates or follows as well as
accumulates opinions and decisions through the media and the information displayed by it.
People not only obtain real information about public matters from the news media, but also
pick up how much prominence to assign to a subject on the basis of the highlighting done
on it in the news.

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MAIN BODY/CONTENT :

Internet including e-mails and blogs, television, radio and newspapers play a
significant role in the formation of outlooks and opinions of the general public. News media
highlights the personalities (politicians, film industry people and other celebrities) and
issues and the common man believes and forms an opinion about them according to the
news.
Today's picture of the media is entirely different. Public can talk about the incidents
happening not only in the country, but also outside the geographical boundaries only due to
awareness created by media. Media also plays a crucial role in enlightening and
educating the people. It can aid public involvement through advocating issues and
transferring knowledge, skills and technologies to the people.

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Awareness about various rural development programmes could be spread by
using the media. Media awakens the people against many evils prevalent in the society.
Apart from this, it covers many students on a single platform through its educational
programmes.

The impact of media can be seen on the youth also. Youth exposure to media has
increased evidently in past few years. The usage of personalised forms of media, comprising
text messages and social networking sites has exponentially expanded. It is also contributing
to greater awareness of political issues and prospects for public activities.

Posting a blog or using twitter to create awareness amongst the youth about any
incident makes them more involved with the incident and its consequences or aftermath.
Today, individuals not only get information about government from news sites, but they
also respond by posting their opinions on the news and initiate discussions on
various forums or by joining groups on Facebook, Instagram, X etc.

Media played a significant role in pacing up the movement led by Anna Hazare.
Round the clock coverage and upholding the pitch, media ensured that the protests occur
throughout the country and there is a mass rage and frenzy. TV and newspapers were
noticeably the driving force behind the Anti-Corruption Movement.

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 An effective opposition is necessary for the success of democracy. Sometimes the
media also acts like an opposition in the absence of strong opposition. The media acts as a
kind of link between the government and the people. It acquaints the people with the
policy and principles of the government. It reminds the ministers that they are in office as
the representatives of the people to whom they are answerable.

The success of democracy depends upon the judicious use of one's vote which is
possible by political education only and the media is the most effective source available to
us for this type of education. The newspapers furnish us with impartial views and authentic
news. The democratic element will always be present to some extent in the media. Thus the
media has great responsibilities in the functioning of democracy.

But it is important for media to report in a fair and unbiased manner. The media

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should apprehend the consequential importance of events happening around and report issues
in an impartial and dispassionate manner. It should bring all aspects of incidents before
the public. Ignoring this point of conduct will lead to severe damage to democracy as hiding
any part of the story results in creation of wrong and prejudicial public opinion.
For instance, some channels start showing such scenes and images, which are of no
importance and have an adverse effect on the mind of viewers. Showing of sexual and rape
cases, with minute details given by the anchor and showing brutal scenes of murder, crosses
the limit of ethics and morality. Few media groups have even started daring to produce
news on their own. Media often use the phrase 'from highly placed sources' to give things a
realistic shade. It is thus important to understand that media plays a crucial role in generating
public opinion and democracy. It affects the mindsets of people and hence it should present
the matter in an unbiased way.

CONCLUSION :

The information reaches door to door through the media. Hence, it is their social and
moral responsibility to present a factual and authentic picture of any incident without
thinking much about money-making or TRP generation. With such a hug responsibility
towards the people, media should be more sensible and alert instead of casual approach
towards an event because it is they on whom the general public relying.

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