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1 Different voices –
different times
1.1 What is a prologue?

E
The word
prologue comes from an

Focus
PL
ancient Greek word, πρόλογος
(prológos), which is made from
the prefix pro (‘before’)
and the root word
lógos (‘word’).
M
Pro has more than one meaning when used as a prefix:

1 for (a substitute); 2 for (in favour of); 3 going or putting forward;

4 coming before.
SA

1 Use the context of each sentence to decide on the meaning of the prefix in
the words in bold. Write the corresponding number next to each sentence.

a The school is promoting healthy eating this week.

b We debated the pros and cons of uniform in last week’s assembly.

c The doctor carried out a life-saving procedure on the baby.

d As soon as I had read the prologue, I knew I would enjoy this book.

e Pronouns stand in for nouns to prevent repetition.

6
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 We are working with Cambridge Assessment International Education towards endorsement of this title.
1.1 What is a prologue?

2 Choose three words from the boxes and write a sentence for each
to demonstrate that you understand their meanings.

profession on
project pronunciati
prodigy prolific prospect
t
proficien

E
b

Practice
3

Antarctic
PL
Anti (also ant) meaning ‘against’ or ‘opposite’ can be an antonym for pro.
Choose the correct words from the boxes to match each definition.
Only use a dictionary to check your answers at the end.

antibiotic
antibody

antiseptic
anti-climax
anticlockwise
M
antithesis
antidote
antifreeze antisocial
SA

Don’t confuse
anti with ante –
ante means before:
antechamber,
antecedent.

a A substance produced in your blood to fight disease:

b The very cold area around the South Pole:

c A disappointing experience, less exciting than expected:

d A medicine that prevents harmful bacteria in the body:

7
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1 Different voices – different times

e A liquid added to water to lower its freezing temperature:

f A chemical used to prevent infection in an injury:

g A chemical to limit the effects of poison:

h In the opposite direction to the movement of the hands of a clock:

Challenge

E
4 Choose the correct prefixes from the boxes to complete each word. Then use a
dictionary to write the meaning of the prefix next to each completed word.

hyper octa peri

Example:
ex

PLpost

ultra violet extremely

infra

pre
sub syn
over

ultra
M
a cast f   active

b structure g   pare

c meter h   clude
SA

d pone i   merge

e gon j   chronise

8
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 We are working with Cambridge Assessment International Education towards endorsement of this title.
1.2 Delve into detail

1.2 Delve into detail

Focus
Etymologic
1 Use the etymological dictionary al dictiona
ry entry
entry to answer the questions below. phobia n. A
n irrational
something. or extreme
First record fear of
possibly via ed use in En
French pho glish c. 178
bie. Origina 6

E
was extracte lly the word
d from com
phobia as a pound word
suffix in an s using
from the Gre cient Greek
ek word φó , stemming
fear, panic βοç (phobo
or terror. s ) meaning

PL Many of the suffixes

and prefixes we use originally
came from ancient Greek or Latin words.
Knowing the root word means you help
M
unlock the meanings of other words
containing the root word. Root words can
appear as suffixes, prefixes or in the middle
of words. Etymological dictionaries
give the word’s origin as well as
its meaning.
SA

a What does ‘phobia’ mean?

b What word class is it?

c When was it first used in English?

d What is the origin of the word?

e Use the word phobia in a sentence of your own.

9
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1 Different voices – different times

Practice
2 Circle all the words in the word search containing phobia.
Use a dictionary to help you.

Search for phobia

and then find the rest of the
word. There are 12 words

E
containing phobia in all.
What does each
one mean?

T
M
L

Y
A

I
U

B
PL
S

I
T

O
R

H
F

J
O

M
E
P

A
H

X
O

M
B

J
T

H
I

J
A

O
I
U

A
M
M U D U M B H M P O L F Q H R

I B I B L I O P H O B I A P N

A B L U T O P H O B I A U O O
SA

K K X G O U R Q P M O F A B P

L T D F V D V Z H O H G S R H

O A I B O H P O O Z R T T E O

F R I G O P H O B I A E I V B

A P I O P H O B I A K H D R I

F X W K N J S N A J K W L I A

A I B O H P O T C O O U W F S

Q C V S X F Z E B F U O R L B

10
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1.2 Delve into detail

Challenge
3 Research three phobias from the word search using an etymological dictionary, if
possible. Find out the meaning of each and write its origin. Follow the example below.
Examples: auto phobia ear of being alone
Etymology: Greek autos (self)

a phobia .

E
Etymology: .

b phobia .

c
Etymology:

Etymology:
PL
phobia
.

.
M
4 Phil is a word root meaning ‘love’ in ancient Greek. Choose the right word from
the boxes to complete these sentences and underline the root in each.

philanthro
SA

pists Philharmonic
s
bibliophile philately philosopher

a Aristotle is a famous Ancient Greek and scientist.

b is the collection and study of postage stamps.

c make charitable donations to promote human well-being.

d Many librarians are also .

e The Vienna Orchestra is a world-famous orchestra.

11
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1 Different voices – different times

1.3 Focus on technique

Language focus

A hyphen is a short line that links words together to create one idea –
called a compound word.
Examples: eleven-year-old, sugarfree, twenty-nine, two-thirds, runner-up
Dashes are longer than hyphens. A single dash can signal:

E
• a dramatic pause leading to a climax or anti-climax
• an aside or comment

Focus
1 PL
additional information or contrast: Examples: She paused – then shouted ‘Hooray!’

Choose whether to add a hyphen or a dash in the square brackets.

a The passage was written in first [ ] person narrative.
b There were twenty [ ] three runes on the box.
c I opened the box and heard a sound [ ] an eerie sound like flute music.
M
d My dad bought me an ice [ ] cream cake for my birthday.
e I had so many presents [ ] more than I had ever hoped for.

Practice
SA

2 Rewrite each sentence, adding the additional information in brackets

using one or two dashes.
Examples: My brother took me to school. (the older one)
My brother – the older one – took me to school.
a The box was full of interesting things. (things I had never seen before)

b My school is the largest in the area. (the one on the corner)

12
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1.3 Focus on technique

c Gardening is a relaxing weekend activity. (my favourite hobby)

d We managed to build the model aeroplane before everyone else. (working together)

e I wish my friend would tell me some of the folktales from her region.
(the one from Kuala Lumpur)

E
Challenge
3

PL
Write whether the dash signals a dramatic pause leading to a climax or anti-climax,
an aside or comment, or additional information.

a Elise ran crazily down the road – then screamed for help.

b When I went to the cinema – the Cinema Max on Main Road – I saw my cousin.
M
c While I was playing sport – which as you know is my favourite thing – the
SA

principal came to watch.

d ‘What are we going to do – about the smashed window?’ Lenny asked nervously

e Runes – markings from ancient northern European

alphabets – are often found by archaeologists.

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