REFERRAL CODE : MCSIR Logarithm

LOGARITHM
1. DEFINITION :
The logarithm of a number N to a base 'a' is an exponent indicating the power to which the base
'a' must be raised to obtain the number N. This number is designated as log a N. (Read it "Log N
on base a") . Here N is usually called argument of the Logarithm and 'a' is called base of the Logarithm.
Hence: logaN = x <=> ax = N , a > 0 , a * 1 and N> 0
By the definition of logarithm, lo!½ 16 is the exponent indicating the power to which 2 must be raised in
order to obtain 16.
As 24 = 16, hence log2 16 =4.
Siniilarly
Exponential Form Logarithmic Form
3 5 = 243 log3 243 = 5
54 = 625 log5 625 = 4

1
2-3 = -
8

7° = 1
Note that the expressions log3 (-27), log1 16, lo�5 and log20 has no sense in real numbers since the equations
3x =-27, 1x =16, OX =5, 2x =0 are absurd for any real x, the reason being obvious that no such exponent
x in real number could be found.

In general, the expression log. N is meaningful if and only if, a> 0, a * 1 and N> 0.
The existence and uniqueness of the number loga N follows from the properties of exponential
functions.

Illustration 1: If log4m = 1.5, then find the value of 111.

Solution: log4111 = 1 • 5 ⇒ 111 = 4312 ⇒ 111 = 8

p 4q 4 2a-1
Illustration 2: If log5 p = a and log?q
- = a, then prove that 100 = 100

Solution: log5 p = a ⇒ p = 5 °
log2q = a ⇒ q =2"

P_4 q_4 5 4 "_2 4a (10) 4 " (100) 2 "

⇒_ = = = =100 2 a-1
100 100 100 100

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Illustration 3 : The value of N, satisfying logJ 1 +logb { 1 +log/1 +logPN)}] =0 is -

(A)4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1

Solution: 1 +logb { 1 + log (1 + logpN)} = a0 = 1

C

⇒logb { 1 +log (1 +logpN)} =0

C
⇒ 1 + logC ( 1 +logpN)= 1
⇒log (1 +log N)=0
C p
⇒ 1 + logpN = 1
⇒logpN=0 ⇒ N= 1 Ans. (D)

DPP-1:
1 Express the following in logarithmic fonn :
(a) 81 = 34 (b ) 0.001 = 10-3 (c) 2 = 128 117
2. Express the following in exponential fonn :

(b) log,rz 4 = 4

3. If log 2 ✓3 1728 = x , then find x.

4. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the base 2

(i) 1 (ii) 2 (iii) 4 (iv) 8

1 1 1
( v) (vi) (vi i) (viii) ✓2
2 32 16

1 1
( i x) ¼ (x) 2✓
2
(xi) ifi_ (xii) J./8
1
5. Find the logaritluns of the following numbers to tl1e base
2:
1 1
(i) 1 (ii) (iii) (iv) 16
2 8

1 1
( v) ✓2 ( v i)
✓2 (vii) 2✓2 (viii )
4 efi_
6. Find tl1e logarithms of tl1e following numbers to tl1e base 3
(i) 1 (ii) 3 (iii) 9 (iv) 81

1 3 1 3
( v)
3
(vi) ✓ (vii )
3✓
3 (viii ) 27✓

( i x) J./9
4 E
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JEE-Mathematics REFERRAL CODE : MCSIR

3. THE PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS :

If m,n are arbitrary positive numbers where a >0, a* 1and xis any real number, then

m
(a) logamn=logam + logp (b) loga -=loga m-log a n (c) logamx =xlogam
11

2 25 625
Illustration 4 : Find the value of 2 log-+3 log--log-
5 8 128
2 25 128
Solution: 2 log-+3log-+log-
5 8 625

22 52 27
=log 2 + log � +logs4
5 ( ]3
2 2 56 27
=log-1 .-9 .-4 =logl =0
5- 2 5

Illustration 5 : If logex- logs = a , logey - logez = b & logez - logex = c, then find the value of

X X
Solution logex- logey = a ⇒ loge - =a ⇒ -=e"
y y

y b
logey - logez = b ⇒ loge I= b ⇒ =e
z z

z Z
logez - logex = c ⇒ loge - = C ⇒ - =e C

X X

.. ( e" r-
c
x( e b ra x( e c r-b

=e a( b-c )+ b(c - a )+ c( a -b ) =e O = l

(a+b) 1
Illustration 6 : If a2 + b2 = 23ab, then prove that log = (loga+log b).
5 2
2 2
Solution: a + b = (a + b/ -2ab = 23ab

⇒ (a + b/ = 25ab ⇒ a+b = 5,✓ab ....(i)

Using (i)

(a+b) 5,✓ab 1 1
L.H.S. = log- - =log- - =-logab =-(loga+logb)= R.H.S.
5 5 2 2
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REFERRAL CODE : MCSIR Logarithm

Illustration 7: If logax= p and logbx2 = q, then logx � is e qual to ( where a, b, x E R+ - { 1} )-

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) -+- (B) -+- (C) -+­ (D) -+-
p q 2p q p 2q 2p 2q

Solution: logax = p ⇒aP = x ⇒a = x11P _

similarly b q= x2 ⇒b= x21q

✓
I 2 I
( -+-) ·:,
- =-1 1
ao =log X x x- q =log X x
Now , log X "�
I/ P ?/
P q +-
2p q

DPP-2:
1 Find the value of the following :

43
(a) log1.43
30

2. If 4 log, 2x =36 ' then find X.

1 1
3. Show that -log9+2log 6+-log81-log 12=3 log 3
2 4

4. Find the value of following

500 4
(i) (ii) log - - log -
5 3 5 3

15 13 5
(iii) log 39 -+ log 39 - - log 39 - (iv)
7 3 21
4. BASE CHANGING THEOREM :
Can be stated as "quotient of the logarithm of two numbers is inde pendent of their common base."
. log m
Symbolically, log b m= " , where a> 0, a* 1, b > 0, b * 1
log. b
Note:

log a log b 1
(i) logba. log •b = -- .--= 1; hence log b a=--.
log b log a log. b

(ii)

1
(iii) Base power formula : • m=-log.
log.
k
,m

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Manoj Chauhan Sir (MCSir)

REFERRAL CODE : MCSIR Logarithm

Illustration 13: Solve the equation 2 log 2 (log2 x) +log 112 ( %+log 2 x) = 1 .

Solution:

t
⇒ log 2 [ -- =1

2t 2
3
-+t
2

J
⇒ --=2
3+2t

⇒ t2 -2t-3 = 0
⇒ (t + 1) (t- 3) = 0
⇒ t = 3 ·: t > 0

Illustration 14: Solve the equation log x 2 -log (2x) = 3 log 3-log 6.
Solution: logx2 - log2x = 3 log3-log6, x > 0
⇒2logx -log2 -logx =3 log 3 -log2 -log 3 ⇒logx = 2log3 ⇒logx =log9
⇒x=9

2 7
Illustration 15: Solve the equation (logs x) +logs x + 1=
logs x-1

7
Put logsx=t' we get r- +t+1=-
?
Solution:
t-1

(t- l)(t2 + t + 1) = 7 ⇒t3 + t2 + t-t2 -t- 1 =7 ⇒t3 - 8 =0

⇒(t-2)(t2 + 2t + 4)=0 ⇒t-2=O; t2 + 2t + 4;t: 0 ⇒t=2
Now, t=logsx, so logsx=2
X= 5 2 ⇒ X= 25
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'- g, = ( x-1 )
10g2 2 10 4 7
Illustration 16: Solve the equation lx-11
x

Solution: Obviously x = 2 is a solution. Since, left side is positive, x-1 > 0.

The equation reduces log2x2 - 2log 4=7 x

4
⇒ 2t--= 7, t = log-? x
t

1
⇒ 2t-- 7t- 4=0⇒t=4 , -­
?

2
But t> 0 since x> 1. :. t=4
⇒ X= 24=16
.'. X=2, 16

Illustration 17: Solve the equation x 10g3 '+(log3 ) -to =--;.

x
2 x

x-
Solution : Taking log3 on both sides, we get
(2t + t2 - lO)t=-2t, t= log3 x
⇒t(t2 + 2t- 8) = 0⇒t = 0, 2,-4

1
⇒ x=l,9-
,
81

Illustration 18: Solve the equation 4 10g' (n = .Cnx-( Cnx ) +1

x
2

4log, (nx = 2 g,(!n ) = iog,{(nx)' = ( Cnx )2

210
Solution: x

2 2 2
⇒( Cn x) =Cn x- ( Cn x) +1 ⇒ 2( Cn x) - Cn x-1 =0⇒Cn x=1, _ _!_
2
But Cnx> 0
:. Cnx = 1 ⇒ x = e.
Illustration 19: Solve the equation x: log + 1 (x2 + x-6)2= 4
x

Solution: We have,
log +/x2 + x-6)2 = 4 ⇒(x2 + x -6)2= (x + 1)4 = (x2 + 2x + 1)2
x

⇒ (x2 + x -6- x2- 2x- 1) (x2 + x-6 + x2 + 2x + 1)= 0

⇒ (-x- 7) (2x2 + 3x- 5)=0 ⇒ (x + 7) (x- 1) (2x + 5)= 0 ⇒ x=-7, -5/2, 1
The values x =-7 and x =-5/2 are rejected because they make the base x + 1 negative
Hence, x=1 is the only solution of the given equation.

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Manoj Chauhan Sir (MCSir)

REFERRAL CODE : MCSIR Logarithm

Illustration 21 : Solve for x: logi2x+ 1)<log3 5.

Solution: Checking existance

1
2x + 1 > 0 ⇒ X > - -
2

Now solving inequality we have 2x+ 1 <5

⇒ 2x<4
⇒ x<2
⇒ XE (-1/2,2)
Illustration 22: Solve forx: (log10 100x)2+ (log1010x)2+ log 10x::; 14.
Solution: Checking existance
x>O
Now solving inequality,
Let u = log10 x
(2+ u)2+ (1+ u)2+ u :s 14⇒u2+ 4u+ 4+ u2+ 2u + 1 + u :s 14
⇒ 2u2+ 7u - 9< 0 ⇒ 2u2+ 9u - 2u - 9<0
⇒ u(2u+ 9)- 1(2u+ 9) .:s O ⇒ (2u+ 9) (u- 1) :s 0

1
Illustration 23: Solve forx: log/(x+ 2) (x+ 4))+ log 113(x+ 2)<
2 log✓3 7 .
Solution: Checking existance,
(x+ 2)(x+ 4) > 0 and (x+ 2) > 0

x<-4 or x > -2 and x > -2

Now solving inequality.

1
log/(x+ 2) (x+ 4))+ log 113 (x+ 2)< log 7.
2 ✓3

⇒log/x+2) (x+ 4) - log 3(x+ 2)<log37

⇒ log/x+4)<log37
⇒x+4<7⇒x<3
⇒-2< X<3 ⇒ XE (-2,3)
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Manoj Chauhan Sir (MCSir)

REFERRAL CODE : MCSIR Logarithm

Illustration 29: Solve for x: log x ( 2x- !) >2

Solution: For existanc of logarithm

3
2x -- > 0 and x > 0 and x 1
4
*

To find the value of x satisfying the inequality logX[2x-(3/4)] > 2

Case I. Let O < x < 1

Then, logX[2x-(3/4)] > 2 ⇒ [2x-(3/4)] < x2

⇒ x2-2x + (3/4) > 0 ⇒ 4x2 - 8x + 3 > 0 ⇒ (2x-1) (2x-3) > 0

⇒ ( x-�) [ x-( 3 / 2)] > O ⇒ x > 3/2 or x < 1/2

⇒ x < 1/2 because we have O < x < 1.

:. Butfor log[2x-(3/4)] to be meaningful, we must have
2x-(3/4) > 0 ⇒ X > 3/8
Therefore, if O<x <1, the values of x satisfying the given inequality are given by:
3/8 < X < 1/2
Case II. Let x > 1
Then, logJ2x-(3/4)] > 2 ⇒ [2x-(3/4)] > x2
⇒ x2 -2x + (3/4) < O ⇒ 4x2 - 8x + 3 < 0 ⇒ (2x-1) (2x-3) < 0

⇒ (X -½}x - (3/2)] < 0 ⇒ 1/2 < X < 3/2

Butwe have x> 1

. ·. We must have 1 <x < 3/2 and obviously these values of x make 2x - (3/4) > 0
Thereofre, if x> 1, the values of x satisfying the given inequality are given by, 1 <x <3/2

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Manoj Chauhan Sir (MCSir)

 REFERRAL CODE : MCSIR Logarithm

Taking logarithms of both members of the original to the base 10, we get

or

We now have to solve this quadratic equation. This can be done using a familiar formula,
but we will try to simplify the solution by an ingenious device, since we have already
seen, by trial and error, that x 1= 1 is a root of the original equation and, consequently,
satisfies the equivalent quadratic equation. For this reason, by Viete' s theorem the second
root of the quadratic equation is x2=(- 2log 10 6)/log 10 3=- 2log3 6 and so the original
equation has two roots;

Thus, it is useful to be able to guess a root, but never consider the guessing as the whole
solution.

2 y -x (x+y)=l,
Illustration 35: {
(x+yr-y =2.

Solution: The domain of definition is x + y > 0.

{x+y=--=2
1 2y-x
X y
,

(x + y)'-y = 2.

From the first equation we find x + y=2x - y and substitute it into the second equation.

{-
The solution of the given system is the solution of the collection of systems

X y=1,
{X - y=-1,
or 1
x+y=2, x+y=
2.

Answer:

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Illustration 36: Solve for x : 2 x+2 >( ¾ y

Solution: We have 2x +2 >2-21x. Since the base 2 > 1, we have x + 2 >-3_

X

(the sign of the inequality is retained).

2 x2 +2x+2
Now x+2+->0 ⇒ ---- >0
X

(x+1) 2 +1
⇒ ---->0 ⇒ xe( 0 ,oo)
X

Illustration 37: Solve for x : (1.25) 1- x < (0. 64) 2 < 1 +.Jxl

✓X )
5 16
l-x 2(l+

Solution: We have ( - ) < (-) or

4 25

Since the base 0 < i5 < 1 , the inequality is equivalent to the inequality x - 1 > 4 (1 + ✓x_)

x-5 ,
⇒ -->'\IX
4

Now, R.H.S. is positive

x-5
⇒ -->0 ⇒ x>5 ........ (i)
4

x-5
we have -->'\/c
x
4

both sides are positive, so squaring both sides

2
(x-5) (x-5) 2
⇒ --->x or ----x>0
16 16

or x2 - 26x + 25 > 0 or (x- 25) (x- 1) > 0

⇒ X E (-oo, 1) U (25, 00) ........ (ii)

intersection (i) & (ii) gives x E (25,oo)

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Manoj Chauhan Sir (MCSir)

REFERRAL CODE : MCSIR Logarithm

Abhyas-1
Straight Objective Type
1. If a4 - b5 = 1 then the value of loga(a5b4) equals

v��-- - - efp ,
(A) 9/5 (B)4 (C) 5 (D) 8/5

2. The expression log p where p 2 2, p EN; 11 EN when simplified is

n radical sign

(A) independent of p (B) independent of p and of n

(C) dependent on both p and n (D) positive
3. The number log2 7 is
(A) an integer (B) a rational number
(C) an irrational number (D) a prime number

If a, b, c are positive real numbers such that a g 3 = 27; b g7 = 49 and c g11 =.JTT _ The value of
10 7 10 11 10 25
4.

a (log3 7) + b(log711) + c(logll25)

2 2 2
( ) equals

(A) 489 (B) 469 (C) 464 (D) 400

11 b
5. If 2 = 3 and 9 = 4 then value of (ab) is -
(A) 1 (B)2 (C)3 (D)4

6. log10 (log23) + log10 (log 3 4) + log10 (log45) + ___ + log10 (log1023 1024) simplifies to
(A) a composite (B) a prime number
(C) rational which is not an integer (D) an integer
7. 2 2 2 2
* 2
If logz(x + 1) + log 13 (x + 1) = logz(x + 1) log 13 (x + 1), (x 0), then loglx + 24) 1s equal to
-

(A)l (B)2 (C)3 (D)4

a b3
8. Given log3 a = p = logbc and logb9 = ; . If log 9 ( : ) = ap3 + pp2 + yp + 8 ('v' p E R- { 0 }), then

( a + p + y + 8) equals
(A) 1 (B)2 (C)3 (D)4

9. The greatest value of ( 4log 10x- log/.0001)) for 0 < x < 1 is -

(A)4 (B)-4 (C) 8 (D)-8

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Manoj Chauhan Sir (MCSir)

REFERRAL CODE : MCSIR Logarithm

s]
✓3 has
[(log3 x) 2 _ _'.l.log3 x +
9. The equation x 2
=3

(A) exactly three real solution (B) at least one real solution
(C) exactly one irrational solution (D) complex roots
10. Let a and b be real numbers greater than 1 for which there exists a positive real number c, different from 1,
such that 2(logac +lo�c) = 9logabc, then the possible value of logab.
(A) 1/2 (B) 3 (C) 1/3 (D) 2

11. If x 1, Xi are the value(s) of x satisfying the equation log� (x - 2) + log2 (x - 2) log 2 ( � )- 2 log� ( �) = 0 , then

x 1 + x 2 is equal to
(A) x 1 +x2 = 9 (D) x/ +x/ = 45

12. The solution set of the system of equations log3 x + log3 y = 2 + log3 2 and log27 (x + y) =
3 is:
(A){6, 3} (B){3, 6} (C){6,12} (D){ 12, 6}
13. If 2x+ y = 6Y and 3x - 1 = 2Y + 1, then the value of (log 3 -log 2)/(x -y) is
(A) 1 (C) log(3/2) (D) log 3 - log 2

14. The inequality - 1 � ( � J < 2 is satisfied by

(A) x E [O, 1] (D) x <-1

15. Which of the following statements are true

(A) log2 3 < log 12 10 (B) log6 5 < log7 8
(C) log3 26 < log29 (D) log 16 15 >log 10 1 1 >log76

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Manoj Chauhan Sir (MCSir)

REFERRAL CODE : MCSIR Logarithm

Abhyas-4
Numerical Grid Type

ab+,J(ab)2 -4(a+b) ab-,J(ab/-4(a+b)

1. Let A denotes t11e va1 ue of log 10 (-�------J+1og 10 ( J
2 2

when a= 43 and b = 57 and B denotes the value of the expression ( i g•

0 18
).( 310g• ).
3

Find the value of (A.B).

2. Let y = ,Jlog 2 3.log 2 12.log 2 48.log 2 192+16 -log 2 12.log 2 48+10. Find y EN.

3. There exist positive integers A, B and C with no common factor greater than 1 such that
Alog 2005 + Blog 2002 = C, then the value of A + B + C is

4. If a= log 12 18 & b = log 2454 then find the value of ab + 5(a- b).

5. Number of solutions of log(l+ x) (

l-x
l+x
J- 2log(l-x) (1 + x) = 0 is

6. The minimum possible real x which satisfy the equation, 2log2 log2 x + log 112 Iog2 (2-Jzx) = 1.

7. Find the square of the sum of the solution of the equation

log3x.log4x.log5x = log 3x.log4x+log4x.log 5x+log5x .log 3x.

y+x
If 'x' and 'y' are real numbers such that 2log(2y -3x) = logx +logy, find -- .
y-x
8.

9. If 4A +9 8 = 10c , where A= log 16 4, B= log 3 9 & C= logx83, then find x.

10. Find the number of positive integers not satisfying the inequality log/ 4x-2.2x + 17) > 5.

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JEE Advanced
1. Number ofsolutions oflog4(x-1) = logi(x -3) is [JEE 2001 (Screening)]

(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D)O

2. Let(�, y0) be the solution of the following equations [JEE 2011, 3 (-1)]

( 2x t 2 = (3yt 3

3
1nx = iny

Then x 0 is

1 1 1
(A) - ( B) - (C) - (D) 6
6 3 2

3. The value of 6 + log 3

1
2 3v2
[ 1
3v2V
1
3v2V 3v2
1
� 4- � /4 _ � {4 _ � ...... J is [JEE 2012, 4M]

[JEE-Advanced 2013, 4, (-1)]

1
(C)

l l
5. The value of ( (log 2 9) 2 ) 10g2(log2 9) x ( ✓7 )tog4 7 1s ___ [JEE(Advanced)-2018]

6. The product ofall positive real values of x satisfying the equation x<16 0og, x)'- 681% x) = S-16 is__
[JEE(Advanced)-2022]

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Manoj Chauhan Sir (MCSir)

REFERRAL CODE : MCSIR Logarithm

EXERCISE # 0-1
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. A A C B A D B C D A
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. B D C C D A A B D A
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. D D A C C B A A C B

EXERCISE # 0-2
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. A,B,C,D A ,B,D A,B,C,D B ,C B,C A,C A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,D
Que. 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. A,B,C,D A,B C,D A,B B,C

EXERCISE # 0-3
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ans. B B A,B A,D 12.00 18.00 D A
A B C D A B C D
Q.9 Q.10
R P, S s Q,S s p q

EXERCISE # 0-4
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 12 6 6 1 0 8.00 3721.00 2.60 10.00 2.00

EXERCISE # JEE-ADVANCED

I A�.c
Que. 1 2 3 5 6
Ans. B C 4 8 1

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