a2e9f4ac-f114-4c3d-9cd7-6b95d507e33f

Infrastructure
● Infrastructure refers to “Economic and Social” overheads. These are the basic
services which facilitate production, consumption, distribution and exchange.
● Infrastructure is the set of basic facilities that help an economy to function &
grow such as energy, irrigation, roads, railway & telecommunication.
● There is a huge relation between infrastructure development and economic growth.
While infrastructure development facilitates economic growth, economic growth,
in turn, increases demand for more infrastructure.
● The National Statistical Commission headed by Dr. C. Rangarajan, attempted to
identify infrastructure based on some characteristics. The Rangarajan Commission
indicated six characteristics of infrastructure sectors.
© EdSarrthi www.edsarrthi.com 1
Energy
● Energy is a critical aspect of the development process of a nation. Beside industrial
uses it is also used on a large scale in agriculture and related areas like production
and transportation of fertilisers, pesticides and farm equipment. To sustain
economic growth one of the important components is energy.
POWER
● Power is an essential constituent
of infrastructure affecting
economic growth and welfare of
the country. In the last two
decades, India's power generation
capacity has increased
considerably. This is mainly due to
the delicensing of power
generation in 2003, which enabled
unlimited participation of private
players.
● As an economy which is energy
import-dependent,
fossil-fuel-based India must
balance between the rising demand for energy and an unhealthily strong linkage
between this demand and environmental pollution.
Coal
● Coal is variously referred to as the ʻblack goldʼ, ʻblack diamondʼ etc. in reference to
its value in driving the economy. Coal is the most important and abundant fossil
fuel in India. It accounts for 55% of country's energy needs. The country's industrial
heritage was built upon indigenous coal.
History of coal sector in India
Oil and Gas sector
● India is a rapidly developing nation with a growing population and a surging
demand for energy. The oil and gas sector is essential for powering industries,
transportation, and households, making it a vital component of the country's
energy security and economic stability.
● It encompasses the exploration, production, refining, distribution, and marketing of
petroleum and natural gas resources.
● The sector is characterized by a mix of public and private players, with the
government of India playing a significant role in its regulation and management.
Renewable Sector
● The renewable energy sector in India has emerged as a critical pillar of the country's
energy transition and sustainability efforts. It encompasses various renewable
energy sources,
including solar,
wind, hydro,
biomass, and
geothermal energy,
which are
harnessed to
generate electricity
and meet the
growing energy
demands of the nation.
● India's commitment to renewable energy has been underpinned by its ambitious
goals and policy frameworks.
The country has set ambitious
targets to increase the share of
renewable energy in its energy
mix, reduce carbon emissions,
and enhance energy security.
The growth of the renewable
sector has been fueled by
government support,
technological advancements,
and private sector participation.
Energy Efficiency
● Energy efficiency in
India refers to the
concerted efforts and
measures taken to
optimize energy
consumption while
maintaining or
enhancing the same
level of output or
service. It involves
reducing energy waste and improving energy utilization across various sectors,
including industry, buildings, transportation, and agriculture.
● Energy efficiency is a crucial
component of India's energy
policy and sustainability goals,
aiming to balance the growing
energy demand with
environmental concerns and
economic development.
Transport Sector
● The transport sector in
India encompasses
various modes of
transportation, including
road, rail, air, and water
transport. It plays a
critical role in facilitating
the movement of goods
and people across the
country and is essential
for economic
development, trade, and
connectivity.
● The sector is known for its diversity, as it includes everything from traditional
bullock carts and bicycles to modern high-speed trains and airplanes.
● The transport sector in India is witnessing continuous growth and transformation
as the country strives to create a more efficient, sustainable, and well-connected
transportation network to support its economic and social development.
Roads
● Road network provides
the arterial network to
facilitate trade, transport,
social integration and
economic development.
It is used for the smooth
conveyance of both
people and goods. The
road sector in India
accounts for the largest
share in the movement of
both passengers and
freight.
● For the purpose of
construction and
maintenance, roads are classified as, National Highways (NH), State Highways (SH),
Major District Roads, and Rural Roads.
Railways
● With a modest beginning in India from 1853, the Indian Railways has emerged today
as the main vehicle for socio-economic development of the country. It is the
backbone of India, and provides low fare transportation to passengers as well as to
agricultural and industrial trade. Apart from an important means of transport the
Indian Railways have been a great integrating force for more than 150 years.
Civil Aviation
● Airways play a vital role as modern means of transportation and is important for the
growth of trade and commerce.The significance of airways multiplies during war
time situation, natural calamities and management. Travel and aviation sectors
contribute significantly to the GDP of most countries and thus, it is critical to ensure
economic growth and development.
Shipping and Ports
● India has a rich maritime history and is strategically located along major
international trade routes, making it an important player in global shipping. The
country's shipping industry operates both domestic and international shipping
services, facilitating the transportation of goods and commodities between Indian
ports and ports around the world. The sector encompasses various aspects,
including ports, shipping lines, logistics, and related services.
INLAND WATERWAYS
● Rivers, lakes, canals, backwaters and reservoirs primarily constitute the source for
inland Waterways.A stretch of water, not part of the sea, over which cra of carrying
capacity not less than 50 tonnes can navigate when normally loaded is called
navigable inland waterways.Inland waterways have been accorded a central role in
maritime development in India. Navigation in rivers, lakes and other water bodies
by smaller vessels connecting places has been the mainstay of our inland
waterways.Especially near ports and coastal areas, this has also evolved to
large-scale, commercial shipping.
Logistics Sector
● Logistics comprises a network of services that supports the physical movement of
goods from point of production to point of consumption.
● It includes: transportation (rail, road, shipping, air services), inventory
management, warehousing & cold storage, integrated facilities (eg. industrial,
multimodal logistic parks), materials handling & packaging, integration of
information etc.
Previous year questions
1. Do you think India will meet 50 percent of its energy needs from 2022
renewable energy by 2030? Justify your answer. How will the shi of
subsidies from fossil fuel to renewable help achieve the above
objective?
2. With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its 2018
nuclear energy programme ? Discuss the facts and fears associated with
nuclear energy
3. Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the 2018

sine qua non to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Comment on the progress made in India in this regard.
4. National urban transport policy emphasizes on moving people 2014

instead of moving vehicles. Discuss critically the success of various
strategies of the government in this regard.
5. What are ʻSmart Cities? Examine their relevance for urban 2016
development in India.Will it increase rural-urban differences? Give
arguments for Smart Villagesʼ in the light of PURA and RURBAN Mission.

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Infrastructure

History of coal sector in India

3. Access to aﬀordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the 2018

4. National urban transport policy emphasizes on moving people 2014

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