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UCD Civil Engineering

Stage 2 Hydraulics 1 (CVEN20130) Dr. J O’Sullivan

Tutorial No. 4 2022 – 2023 (Monday 28th November 2022)

1. Oil of density 800kg/m3 and dynamic viscosity 0.1 Ns/m2 is pumped through a horizontal pipe of
length 1km, roughness k=0.03mm and diameter 300mm at a rate of 0.04m 3/s. Determine:
(a) Verify that the flow in the pipe is laminar.
(b) The friction head loss in the pipe.
(c) The friction force on the pipe boundary.
(d) The power output required from the pump.
(e) The maximum flow rate for laminar conditions to prevail.
(f) The minimum flow rate for turbulent conditions to prevail.

2. A reservoir of uniform area A and initial depth, hi = 50 m, discharges to the atmosphere through a
circular pipe as shown in Figure 1. The pipe length, L, is 200 m, has a diameter, D of 1 m and a
Darcy Weisbach friction factor, , of 0.02. The outlet of the pipe is 100 m below the base of the
reservoir.

Surface area of
reservoir = A

L = 200m
50m D = 1m
= 0.02

100m

Figure 1
(i) By assuming that the entire head (150 m) is lost to friction, calculate the initial flow rate in the
pipe.
(ii) Classify the flow in the pipe.
(iii) By applying the Law of Mass Conservation (Continuity Equation) to the system, show that the
time, T, in which the reservoir water level decreases from the initial depth, hi, to some other
depth hT is:

2A(L ) 2
H 
1

T=− − Hi 2
1 1
2

Ap (2gD )
1 T
2

where A and Ap are the reservoir and pipe areas respectively, g is the gravitational acceleration,
Hi is the initial gravitational head and HT is the gravitational head at time T.
(iv) If the reservoir area, A is 200 m x 100 m, calculate the time taken for the reservoir water level to
reach half its original depth.

3. Water is conveyed in the reservoir-pipeline system in Figure 3. The pipe diameter is 0.15 m, its
effective roughness is 0.25 mm and the KL values of the fittings it contains are in Table 1.
 Diameter = 0.15m
ks = 0.25 mm Globe valve
10 m
Q

12 m

Standard elbows

30 m 60 m

Sharp-edged entrance

Figure 3
Fitting KL
Sharp-edged entrance 0.5
Standard elbow 0.9
Globe valve 10.0
Table 1
(a) Sketch the hydraulic and energy grade lines for the system.

(b) Determine the discharge, Q, through the pipeline.

4. An open channel of trapezoidal section, 2.5m wide at the base and having side slopes inclined at 60 o
to the horizontal, has a bed slope of 1:500. It is found that when the flow is 1.24 m 3/s the depth of
water in the channel is 350mm. Assuming the validity of Manning’s formula, calculate the flow when
the depth is 500mm.

5. The cross-section of a trapezoidal channel is shown in Figure 1. Determine the normal depth in the
channel for a flow of 1m3/s and a hydraulic gradient of 1 in 400. The Manning’s resistance
coefficient can be taken as 0.014.

yn
60o

1.638
m 1
Figure

6. (Continuation of example on hydraulically efficient cross-sections completed in lectures)

A hydraulically efficient irrigation channel of bed slope 1 in 2100 and of trapezoidal cross-section
constructed in masonry (n = 0.02) was shown to convey a flow of 13.2m3/s at a depth of 2.158m. The
corresponding bed width for maximum efficiency was shown to be 1.014m.

If there were no restriction on side slope, calculate the dimensions for maximum efficiency.

7. An open channel, having a longitudinal bed slope of 1 in 2000 is to be constructed as hydraulically

efficient as possible, through a stiff clay formation.
Determine whether it is cheaper to construct a concrete lined rectangular channel, or an unlined
trapezoidal channel to convey a design discharge of 60 m3/s. Side slopes in the trapezoidal channel
may be set at 1:1. The cost of 100 mm thick concrete lining per m2 may be assumed to be twice that
of the 1m3 of excavation. Manning’s n for the concrete surface is 0.014 while that for unlined clay
may be taken as 0.025.
8. Water flows steadily at a depth of 3 m in a horizontal rectangular channel 4.5 m wide. At a short
distance downstream, the width of the channel is smoothly reduced to 3.5 m and the bed is smoothly
raised by 45 cm higher than the upstream bed level. These changes, which have been made
downstream, have resulted in a drop of the water surface by 25 cm compared with the level of the
water surface at the upstream section. Assuming the energy losses are negligible, determine the flow
rate in the channel.