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Advanced Mathematics - Unit 03 (English)
Advanced Mathematics - Unit 03 (English)
Definitions:
4 6 2 4 6
Example: A = B =
5 2 7 8 9
The dimension (order) of a matrix is an ordered pair of numbers, the first being the
number of rows and the second the number of columns.
1 2 2 7 4
A = B =
5 2 22 6 3 9 23
7 Order of the matrix
C = 8 D = (4 2 6)13
9
31
Types of Matrices
If a matrix has only one row then it’s called a “Row matrix” or “Row vector”
Examples: (1 6 − 9)13 (3 − 2 5 − 2.5)14
H.P.T.N. SILVA 1
02. Column matrix
If a matrix has only one, column, then it is called a “Column matrix” or “Column
vector”
−2.5
1
2 −0.5
2
Examples: 4
1 21
3 31
18 41
A square matrix is a matrix which has the same number of rows and columns
1 2 − 1
2 − 5
Examples: 5 4 7
0 1 22 6 5 1
33
When all the elements except the diagonal elements of a square matrix are zero it’s
called a “Diagonal matrix”
2 0 0
Examples: 0 3 0 Main Diagonal
0 0 4
32
When all the elements of the matrix are zero it’s called a “Null matrix”
0 0
Examples: (0 0 0 0)14
0 0 22
All the non-zero elements of a diagonal matrix are equal to “1” then it’s called an
“Identity matrix”
H.P.T.N. SILVA 2
1 0 0
1 0
Examples: 0 1 0
0 1 22 0 0 1
33
When all the elements lie below the diagonal of a square matrix are zero then it’s called
an “upper triangular matrix”
1 2 3
Examples: 0 6 2
0 0 4
33
When all the elements lie above the diagonal of a square matrix are zero then it’s called
an “lower triangular matrix”
1 0 0
Examples: 4 2 0
5 6 1
33
For two matrices to be equal, they must be of the same size. Corresponding elements
should be equal
x y a b
A = B =
Examples: z t c d
If A = B then x = a, y = b, z = c, t = d
Following matrices cannot be the same, since they are not the same size
1 2
3 4 x y z
A = B =
5 6 a b c 23
7 8 42
H.P.T.N. SILVA 3
Law of matrix algebra
1. A+B = B+A
2. A+ (B+C) = (A+B) +C
3. A (BC) = (AB) C
4. A (B+C) = AB+AC
5. (B+C) A = BA+CA
6. A (B-C) = AB –AC
7. (B-C) A = BA –CA
8. k (B-C) = kB-kC
9. (k+m) C = kC+mC
10. k (mC) = (km) C
11. (k-m) C = kC-mC
12. k (AB) = (kA) B = AkB
Only matrices of the same order may be added by adding corresponding elements.
2 0 − 1 0 5 1
If A = and B =
1 2 3 23 4 1 − 1 23
Then
2 5 0
A+ B =
5 3 2 23
However
3 6
If C = then
5 0
2 − 5 − 2
A− B =
−3 1 4 23
The scalar multiple of a real number k and a matrix A is another matrix (denoted by
kA). Obtained by multiplying every elements of A by k.
H.P.T.N. SILVA 4
Example:
1 3 5
If A =
2 − 1 0 23
1 3 5 5 15 25
5A =5 =
2 − 1 0 23 10 − 5 0 23
1 3 5 −2 − 6 − 10
−2 A = −2 =
2 −1 0 −4 2 0 23
Exercise - 01
01. A, B, C and D are matrices in order 3 3 and find the following
2 −1 3 −1 2 4 0 7 5 − 6 3 5
A = 0 4 11 B= 3 6 0 C = 9 1 3 D = 0 1 2
6 2 5 8 12 − 7 8 2 1 7 4 3
33 33 33 33
Transpose of a matrix
The transpose of a matrix A is can be denoted by At and the corresponding matrix can
be obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A i.e. the first row of A
becomes the First column of At , while the first column of A becomes the first row of At .
If A is m×n, then At is n×m
1 4
1 2 3
Example: If A = A t
= 2 5
4 5 −1 3 −1
Properties of matrix transposes
01. (A ) t t
= A
02. ( A + B )t = At + B t
( kA) = kAt Where k is a scalar
t
03.
04. ( AB )t = B t At
Symmetric matrix
A symmetric matrix is a square matrix which the transpose of the given matrix is equal
to the first matrix.
t
A= A
H.P.T.N. SILVA 5
1 −1 0 1 −1 0
Example: A = −1 2 3 At = −1 2 3
0 3 4 0 3 4
33 33
Here A = At
Therefore A is a symmetric matrix
Example:
0 − 1 0 1
A = At =
1 0 −1 0
(− 1)A = −
0 1 0 1
=
−1 0 −1 0
− A = At
Matrix multiplication
m n ks n=k
H.P.T.N. SILVA 6
Example:
2 −4 0
A= and B=
3 1 22 2 21
1 2 5
C = 0 1 3
2 1 2 33
c1 c1
r 2 −4 0 r1 2 0 + −4 2 −8
AB = 1 = =
r2 3 1 22 2 21 r2 3 0 + 1 2 2 21
2 −1
3 2 1
Let A= and B = 3 2
4 1 5 23 −1 0
32
11 1
AB =
6 −2 22
Order of matrix is very important when multiplying the two matrices together.
2 −1
3 2 1
BA = 3 2
−1 0 4 1 5 23
32
2 3 −3
BA = 17 8 13
−3 − 2 − 1
33
AB BA
Note: Even when AB and BA have the same dimension, they may still not be equal
Example:
11
If A = and
2 3
3 0
B = then
1 5
45 33
AB = BA =
9 1 5 11 16
H.P.T.N. SILVA 7
Exercise - 02
21
1 2 2 3 −0.5 − 0.5
01. Let A = 3 4 B = C = D=
−2 1 3 2 −5 4 0.75 − 0.75
And from the following matrix products (for those are not possible, state why)
Idempotent Matrix
A square matrix A is called Idempotent If A2 = A
Example:
− 1 1 − 1
A = 3 −3 3
5 −5 5
− 1 1 − 1
A2 = 3 − 3 3
5 −5 5
Here A2 = A
Exercise - 03
1 −1 2
A= B = C = ( 0 1 −2 ) Find the ( ABC )
t
01.
0 1 3
02. If X = (1 2 ) Y = ( 3 − 4 )
0 1 4 2
A = and B = find
− 2 3 7 5
(a) AB (b) At Bt (c) 3 A + 4B (d) 2B − At (e) X ( AB ) Y t
2 − 1
03. A =
3 1