Pimpri Chinchwad Polytechnic EEC (22215)- (2020-2021)

Unit 5. Fractional Horse Power Motor

Marks 14
A fractional-horsepower motor (FHP) is an electric motor with a rated output
power of 746 Watts or less.
The term 'fractional' indicates that the motor often has a power rating less than
one horsepower. i.e. 1H.P. = 746 WATT
Instructional Objectives
• Why there is no starting torque in a single-phase induction motor with one (main)
winding in the stator?
• Various starting methods used in the single-phase induction motors, with the
introduction of additional features, like the addition of another winding in the stator,
and/or capacitor in series with it.

Single Phase Induction Motor

Stator pole

Working Principle of Single Phase Induction Motor

1. When the stator of a single phase motor is fed with single phase supply, it produces
alternating flux in the stator winding.
2. The alternating current flowing through stator winding causes induced current in the rotor
bars (of the squirrel cage rotor ) according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.
3. This induced current in the rotor will also produce alternating flux. Even after both
alternating fluxes are set up, the motor fails to start.

Why induction motor is not self-starting:

a. When the single phase supply is given to the main winding it produces a flux
which is fluctuating in periodic time.
b. This flux cuts the stationary rotor bars and emf is induced in the rotor bars.
c. Thus current starts flowing through the rotor bars as shown in below fig

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One part of the rotor bars will experience a force in one particular direction and other part
of rotor will experience a force in opposite direction.
d. Thus resultant force acting on the rotor bar is zero and thus rotor will not rotate.

Starting of Single Phase Induction Motors

The single phases induction motors are classified based on the method of starting method.
Based on the starting method, single phase induction motors are basically classified into
the following types.

1. Split-phase induction motor

2. Capacitor start induction run motor
3. Capacitor start capacitor run motor
4. Permanent capacitor run motor

Working of single phase split phase induction motor i.e.

1. Split-phase induction motor

2. Capacitor start induction run motor
3. Capacitor start capacitor run motor
4. Permanent capacitor run motor

 A stator of a single phase motor has two windings: (i) Main winding and (ii) Starting
winding (auxiliary winding). These two windings are connected in parallel across a
single phase supply and are spaced 90 electrical degrees apart.
 When single phase supply is given to the motor current Im and Ist will start flowing
through the main winding and starting winding. These two current will produce
their own fluxes 𝝓m and 𝝓st having a phase difference nearly equal to 90ᵒ. Thus
resultant rotating magnetic flux starts rotating around the rotor at synchronous
speed which will cut the stationary rotor bars and emf is induced in the rotor bar.

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 Thus current starts flowing through the rotor bars. These current carryng
conductors will experience the force in one particular direction and thus rotor starts
rotating in that direction.
 Once motor gathers speed, say upto 75 to 80% of its synchronous speed, open the
switch, and the motor runs only on main winding.

1. Split Phase induction motor:

1. In this motor starting winding of much fewer turns of smaller wire is placed at
90o electrical to the main winding
2. With lower inductance and higher resistance, the current will experience less phase
shift than the main winding. About 30o of phase difference may be obtained.
3. These two windings are connected in parallel across the supply. Due to the inductive
nature, current through main winding lags the supply voltage by a large angle while
the current through starting winding is almost in phase with voltage due to resistive
nature.
4. The centrifugal switch is connected in series with the starting winding. When the
motor reaches 75 to 80 percent of synchronous speed, the centrifugal switch is opened
mechanically and thereby starting winding is out of the circuit. Therefore, the motor
runs only with main winding.
5. Split phase motors give poor starting torque due to small phase difference between
main and starting currents. Also, the power factor of these motors is poor.
6. Applications: - blowers, fans, washing machines etc.

2. Capacitor Start Induction Run Motor

Capacitors are used to improve the starting and running performance of the single phase
inductions motors.

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fig.(5-a) Capacitor Start Induction Run Motor

1. In the capacitor start induction run motor, the starting winding has as many turns as
the main winding. Moreover, a capacitor C is connected in series with the starting
winding as shown in figure (5-a)
2. The value of capacitor is so chosen that Ist leads Im by about 90° (Fig.5-b) so that the
starting torque is maximum for certain values of Ist and Im.
3. When the motor attains about 75% of synchronous speed the centrifugal switch is
opened. Thus starting winding goes out of circuit.
4. The motor then operates as a single – phase induction motor and continues to
accelerate till it reaches the normal speed.

Applications
Capacitor start induction motors are used where high starting torque is required and
where high starting period may belong e.g. to drive:
a) Compressors b) large fans c) pumps d) high inertia loads

3. Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motor

Two capacitor, one for starting and one for running, can be used, as shown in fig. below

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1. Theoretically, optimum starting and running performance can be achieved by having two
capacitors.
2. The starting capacitor C1 is larger in value
3. The running capacitor C2 is permanently connected in series with the starting winding, is
of smaller value
4. Motor archives high starting torque with help of parallel combination of C1 and C2
5. Under running condition when the switch is opened, only C2 capacitor helps to have high
running torque and improved power factor.

Characteristic
6. Ability to start heavy loads
7. Extremely quiet operation
8. Higher efficiency and power factor

Applications
These are the most commonly used single phase motors due to high starting torque and
better power factor. These are used in compressors, refrigerators, air conditioners,
conveyors, ceiling fans, air circulators, etc.

4. Permanent capacitor run motor:

1. This motor is also called as a capacitor run motor in which a low capacitor is
connected in series with the starting winding and is not removed from the circuit even in
running condition.
2. Due to this arrangement, centrifugal switch is not required.
Here the capacitor is capable of running continuously. The low value capacitor produces
more leading phase shift bur less total starting current as shown in phasor diagram.
3. Hence, the starting torque produced by these motors will be considerably lower than
that of capacitor start motor.

4. In this, the starting winding and capacitor remains in circuit permanently and produce
high starting motor.

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5. This will result better power factor and efficiency. However, the starting torque is
much lower in these motors, typically about 80 percent of full load torque.
6. Applications: exhaust and intake fans, unit heaters, blowers, etc.

5. Shaded-Pole Motor
Constructional diagram:

Constructional details

• The stator of the shaded pole single phase induction motor has salient or projected poles.
These poles are shaded by copper band or ring which is inductive in nature. The poles are
divided into two unequal part. The smaller portion carries the copper band and is called
as shaded portion of the pole and other part is called as unshaded portion of pole.
Working
• ACTION: When a single phase supply is given to the stator of shaded pole induction
motor an alternating flux is produced. This change of flux induces emf in the shaded coil.
Since this shaded portion is short circuited, the current is produced in it in such a
direction to oppose the main flux. The flux in shaded pole lags behind the flux in the
unshaded pole. The phase difference between these two fluxes produces resultant rotating
flux.
• We know that the stator winding current is alternating in nature and so is the flux
produced by the stator current. In order to clearly understand the working of shaded pole
induction motor consider three regions-
1. When the flux changes its value from zero to nearly maximum positive value.
2. When the flux remains almost constant at its maximum value.
3. When the flux decreases from maximum positive value to zero.

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1. When the flux changes its value from zero to nearly maximum positive value
REGION 1: When the flux changes its value from zero to nearly maximum positive
value – In this region the rate of rise of flux and hence current is very high. According
to Faraday's law whenever there is change in flux emf gets induced. Since the copper
band is short circuit the current starts flowing in the copper band due to this induced
emf. This current in copper band produces its own flux. Now according to Lenz's law
the direction of this current in copper band is such that it opposes its own cause i.e rise
in current. So the shaded ring flux opposes the main flux, which leads to the crowding
of flux in non-shaded part of stator and the flux weaken in shaded part. This non
uniform distribution of flux causes magnetic axis to shift in the middle of the non-
shaded part
2. When the flux remains almost constant at its maximum value.
REGION 2: When the flux remains almost constant at its maximum value – In this
region the rate of rise of current and hence flux remains almost constant. Hence there
is very little induced emf in the shaded portion. The flux produced by this induced emf
has no effect on the main flux and hence distribution of flux remains uniform and the
magnetic axis lies at the center of the pole.
3. When the flux decreases from maximum positive value to zero.
REGION 3: When the flux decreases from maximum positive value to zero - In this
region the rate of decrease in the flux and hence current is very high. According to
Faraday's law whenever there is change in flux emf gets induced. Since the copper
band is short circuit the current starts flowing in the copper band due to this induced

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emf. This current in copper band produces its own flux. Now according to Lenz's law
the direction of the current in copper band is such that it opposes its own cause i.e
decrease in current. So the shaded ring flux aids the main flux, which leads to the
crowding of flux in shaded part of stator and the flux weaken in non-shaded part. This
non uniform distribution of flux causes magnetic axis to shift in the middle of the
shaded part of the pole.

This shifting of magnetic axis continues for negative cycle also and leads to the
production of rotating magnetic field. The direction of this field is from non-shaded part
of the pole to the shaded part of the pole.

The advantages of shaded pole induction motor are

• Very economical and reliable.
• Construction is simple and robust because there is no centrifugal switch.
• The disadvantages of shaded pole induction motor are
• Low power factor.
• The starting torque is very poor.
• The efficiency is very low as, the copper losses are high due to presence of copper
band.
• The speed reversal is also difficult and expensive as it requires another set of
copper rings.
Application
Due to their low starting torques and reasonable cost these motors are mostly
employed in
1. Small instruments
2. Dryers
3. Toys
4. Record players
5. Small fans
6. Electric clocks etc.

5. Universal Motor
Universal motor is the motor which works both on AC and DC supply.
Construction:-

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Construction of a universal motor is very similar to the construction of a DC series motor.

1. It consists of a stator on which field poles are mounted. Field coils are wound on the
field poles.
2. However, the whole magnetic path (stator field circuit and also armature) is laminated
to minimize the eddy currents which induce while operating on AC.
3. The rotary armature is of wound type having straight or skewed slots and commutator
with brushes resting on it.

Working of universal motor

1. A universal motor works on either DC or single phase AC supply.

2. When the universal motor is fed with a DC supply, it works as a DC series motor.
When current flows in the field winding, it produces an electromagnetic field. The
same current also flows from the armature conductors. When a current carrying
conductor is placed in an electromagnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force.
Due to this mechanical force, or torque, the rotor starts to rotate.
3. When fed with AC supply, it still produces unidirectional torque. Because, armature
winding and field winding are connected in series, they are in same phase. Hence, as
polarity of AC changes periodically, the direction of current in armature and field
winding reverses at the same time.
Thus, direction of magnetic field and the direction of armature current reverses in
such a way that the direction of force experienced by armature conductors remains
same. Thus, regardless of AC or DC supply, universal motor works on the same
principle that DC series motor works.

Applications of universal motor

1. vacuum cleaners

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2. food mixers
3. domestic sewing machine
4. portable drills,
5. blenders
6. Electric shavers
7. Food processors
8. Washing machines etc.

6. Stepper Motor:
 A stepper motor or step motor or stepping motor is a brushless DC electric
motor that divides a full rotation into a number of equal steps.
 The Stepper Motors therefore are manufactured with steps per revolution of 12, 24,
72, 144, 180, and 200, resulting in stepping angles of 30, 15, 5, 2.5, 2, and 1.8 degrees
per step.
 Brushed DC motors rotate continuously when DC voltage is applied to their
terminals. The stepper motor is known by its property to convert a train of input
pulses (typically square wave pulses) into a precisely defined increment in the
shaft position.
 Each pulse moves the shaft through a fixed angle.
Types of Stepper Motor:-
There are three main types of stepper motors:
1. Permanent magnet stepper
2. Variable reluctance stepper
3. Hybrid synchronous stepper

1. Permanent magnet stepper motor

 The rotor and stator poles of a permanent magnet stepper are not teethed. Instead
the rotor have alternative north and south poles parallel to the axis of the rotor
shaft.

Working of Permanent Magnet Stepper Motor

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1. When the phase A is energized with a positive with respect to the A’, the windings
establish North and South poles. Due to the force of attraction, the rotor poles align
with stator poles such that the magnetic pole axis of rotor adjusts with that of stator as
shown in figure.
2. When the excitation is switched to B phase and switching off phase A, the rotor
further adjusts to magnetic axis of phase B, and thus rotates through 90 degrees in
clockwise direction.

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2. Variable reluctance stepper motor :

 The variable reluctance stepper has a toothed non-magnetic soft iron rotor. When
the stator coil is energized the rotor moves to have a minimum gap between the
stator and its teeth.
 The teeth of the rotor are designed so that when they are aligned with one stator
they get misaligned with the next stator. Now when the next stator is energized,
the rotor moves to align its teeth with the next stator. This way energizing stators
in a fixed sequence completes the rotation of the step motor

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3. Hybrid stepper motor:

 A hybrid stepper is a combination of both permanent magnet and the variable

reluctance. It has a magnetic teethed rotor which better guides magnetic flux to
preferred location in the air gap.

Working of Hybrid Stepper Motor

1. The figure above shows 2-phase, 4-pole, 6-tooth rotor hybrid stepper motor.
When the phase A-A’ is excited with a DC supply, keeping B-B’ unexcited, the
rotor aligns such that the south pole of the rotor faces north pole of the stator
while north pole of rotor faces south pole of the stator.
2. Now, if the phase B-B’ is excited, keeping A-A’ switched off in such a way that
upper pole becomes north and lower becomes south, then the rotor will align to a
new position by moving through counterclockwise direction. If the phase B-B’ is
oppositely excited such that the upper pole becomes south and lower becomes
north, then the rotor will turn clockwise direction.

Applications:
• floppy disk drives, image scanners, compact disc drives, flatbed scanners,
• computer printers, plotters, slot machines, intelligent lighting,
• camera lenses,
• CNC machines
• 3D printers.

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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS:
1. State the types of single phase induction motor. Explain working of any one with
a neat diagram.
2. Classify single phase induction motor. 2M
3. Write the applications of 1. Capacitor star induction motor 2. Shaded pole motor
3. Universal motor 4. Stepper motor
4. Explain why single phase induction motor is not self starting.
5. With the help of circuit connection diagram explain capacitor start induction run
motor.
6. Draw and explain capacitor start, capacitor run motor.
7. Explain the working of resistance split phase induction motor
8. Explain the working of shaded pole motor
9. What is universal motor ? Where is it used ?
10. What is Stepper Motor ? State its any two applications.
11. Explain the working principle and the operation of universal motors
12. Suggest suitable single phase motors for the following applications: i) washing
machine ii) water pump iii) electric clock iv) grinder
13. Describe the construction of stepper motor (any type) with neat sketch. State two
applications of it.
14. Compare resistance split phase induction motor with capacitor start motor.
15. Write four applications of stepper motor.
16. State the types of stepper motor and explain the working of any one.

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