A PROJECT REPORT

ON
DUAL AXIS SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
BY

RAVOORI VIJAYKUMAR (219L5A0412)

P.V. SUBBA REDDY (209L1A0481)
S.MAHAMMED SHAFI (209L1A04A3)
P.SAMVITH NAIDU (219L5A0415)
Under the esteemed guidance of

Mr. K. SIVAPRASAD, M.Tech.,

(Assistant Professor Department of ECE)

SIDDARTHA EDUCATIONAL ACADEMY GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
AND ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUA, Ananthapuramu)

An ISO 9001:2015 & ISO 14001:2015 Certified Institution

Near C. Gollapalli, Tirupati-517505
MAY-2024
 SIDDARTHA EDUCATIONAL ACADEMY GROUP OF
INSTITUTIONS
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
AND ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUA, Ananthapuramu)

An ISO 9001:2015 & ISO 14001:2015 Certified Institution

Near C. Gollapalli, Tirupati-517505

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “DUAL AXIS SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM” is a
bonafide work carried out by
RAVOORI VIJAYKUMAR (219L5A0412)
P.V. SUBBA REDDY (209L1A0481)
S.MAHAMMED SHAFI (209L1A04A3)
P.SAMVITH NAIDU (219L5A0415)
B. Tech student of Siddartha Educational Academy Group of Institutions, Affiliated to JNTU,
Ananthapuramu in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY with the specialization in ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING during the Academic year 2023-2024.

Project guide Head of the department

Mr. K. SIVA PRASAD. M. Tech. Mr P.SAI PRASAD M.Tech ,(Ph.D)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of ECE, H.O.D, Dept. of ECE,
SEAGI, Tirupati – 517505. SEAGI, Tirupati – 517505.

Viva-voice conducted on

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 SIDDARTHA EDUCATIONAL ACADEMY GROUP OF
INSTITUTIONS
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
AND ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUA, Ananthapuramu)

An ISO 9001:2015 & ISO 14001:2015 Certified Institution

Near C. Gollapalli, Tirupati-517505

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project report work entitled “DUAL AXIS SOLAR TRACKING
SYSTEM” is entirely our original work carried out under the guidance of Mr. K. SIVA
PRASAD, Assistant Professor Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Siddartha Educational Academy Group Of Institutions, C. Gollapalli, Tirupati, Affiliated to
JNTU, Anantapuramu, for the award of the Degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY with
the specialization in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING. The project
report has not been submitted in a part full for the award of any degree or diploma of this or
any other university or institution.
RAVOORI VIJAYKUMAR (219L5A0412)
P.V. SUBBA REDDY (209L1A0481)
S.MAHAMMED SHAFI (209L1A04A3)
P.SAMVITH NAIDU (219L5A0415)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All endeavors over a long period can be successful only with the advice and support of many
well-wishers. I take this opportunity to express our gratitude and appreciation to all of them.

I wish to express a deep sense of gratitude to our beloved and respected guide Mr. K. SIVA
PRASAD, Assistant Professor Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Siddartha
Educational Academy Group of Institutions, Tirupati, for his valuable guidance, given to us for the
successful completion of work.

My sincere thanks to MR P.SAI PRASAD , Head, Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering for his valuable advice, guidance and encouragement given to us for the successful
completion of work.

I extend sincere thanks to Dr. K. RAJASEKHAR, Principal, for his kind cooperation in completing
and making the project a success.

I would like to thank the Management for their kind cooperation and for providing infrastructure
facilities.

I extend our thanks to all the Teaching staff and Non-Teaching staff of the Department of Electronics
and Communication Engineering for their support and encouragement during the course of our project
work.

I also thank our parents for being helpful in many ways in successful completion of our work.
Finally, we thank all those who helped us directly or indirectly in successful completion of this project
work.

RAVOORI VIJAYKUMAR (219L5A0412)

P.V. SUBBA REDDY (209L1A0481)
S.MAHAMMED SHAFI (209L1A04A3)
P.SAMVITH NAIDU (219L5A0415)
 ABSTRACT

The impending scarcity of nonrenewable resources, people are considering using

alternate sources of energy. From all other available resources solar energy is the most
abundant in nature. It is also easily converted into electrical energy. Use of solar panels to
convert the sun's energy to electricity is very popular. Since the transition of sun from
east to west, the fixed solar panels may not be able to generate optimum energy. The
proposed system is able to solve the problem by tracking the sun. The project uses a
dummy solar panel coupled with two servo motors to track the sun with the help of four
LDRs. The movement is achieved by using a programmed microcontroller. The
microcontroller delivers the pulses in periodic form to the motor. The microcontroller
used in this project is from the Atmel family. The servo is driven by an interfacing IC.
Further this project can be enhanced by using RTC(Real Time Clock) to follow the sun.
This will help in maintaining the required position of the panel even if the power is
interrupted for some time.
 INDEX

CHAPTER NAME DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION (1-8)

1.1 General Introduction
1.2 Working Principle
1.3 Basic Circuit Diagram
1.4 Literature Review
1.5 Existing Systems
1.6 Proposed Method

CHAPTER 2 ARDUINO UNO (9-20)

2.1 Introduction to Embedded Systems
2.2 Characteristics of Embedded Systems
2.3 Microcontroller v/s Microprocessor
2.4 Microcontroller for Embedded Systems
2.5 Arduino UNO Microcontroller
2.6 Arduino Pin Description

CHAPTER 3 HARDWARE COMPONENTS (21-34)

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Regulated Power Supply
3.3 LDR Sensor
3.4 Servo Motor
3.5 Solar Panel

CHAPTER 4 SOFTWARE
(35-48)
4.1 Introduction to Arduino IDE
CHAPTER 5 RESULT (48 -51)
CONCLUSION
FUTURE SCOPE

CHAPTER 6 REFERENCES (52-53)

 LIST OF FIGURES
Fig No Name Page
No.

1.1 LDR Circuit 3

1.2 Hardware Model 3

1.3 Basic Circuit 4

1.4 Flow Chart 7

1.5 Block Diagram 8

2.1 Arduino UNO Board 12

3.1 Block Diagram of Power Supply 21

3.2 Circuit Illustration of Bridge Rectifier 22

3.3 Transformer core 22

3.4 Flow current for positive half cycle 23

3.5 Flow current for Negative half cycle 24

3.6 Output of Rectifier 24

3.7 Capacitive to smoothing of Rectifier output 24

3.8 LDR Sensor 26

3.9 Circuit Diagram of LDR Sensor 26

3.10 Servo Motor 28

3.11 Solar Panel 30

4.1 USB Cord 33

4.2 Download Arduino IDE Software 33

4.3 Launch Arduino IDE 34

4.4 Arduino IDE Interface 35

4.5 Open new file 35

4.6 Open Blink 36

4.7 Select the Arduino UNO 37

4.8 Select serial port 37

4.9 Type The Code 38

4.10 Upload the program to your board 45

4.11 Upload Completed 46

5.1 Snapshot of Project 48

 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Name Page

No.

Table 2.1 Arduino UNO 12

Specifications

Table 3.1 Servo Motor 29

Configuration
 LIST OF ACRONYMS

Symbol Name

ACC Accumulator

B B register

PSW Program status word

SP Stack pointer

DPTR Data pointer 2 bytes

DPL Low byte

DPH High byte

P0 Port 0

P1 Port 1

P2 Port 2

LDR Light Dependent Resistor

P3 Port 3

IP Interrupt priority control

IE Interrupt enable control

TMOD Timer/counter mode control

TCON Timer/counter control

T2CON Timer/counter 2 control

T2MOD Timer counter mode 2

control

TH0 Timer/control 0 high byte

TL0 Timer/control 0 low byte

TH1 Timer/control 1 high byte

TL1 Timer/control 1 low byte

TH2 Timer/control 2 high byte

TL2 Timer/control 2 low byte

SCON Serial control

PC Personal computer

RPS Regulated power supply

RMS Root mean square

EEPROM Electrically erasable

programmable ROM

ROM Read only memory

RAM Random access memory

BIOS Basic input output system

SRAM Static RAM

EPROM Erasable programmable ROM

DRAM Dynamic RAM

ISR Interrupt service routine

I2C Inter integrated chip