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International Conference on Sustainable Animal Resource and Environment IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1020 (2022) 012015 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1020/1/012015

Effect of Supplementation Garlic (Allium sativum) by Various Processing

on Performances of Broiler

Ariyani Tanti1 , Yuli Retnani2 , Iman Rahayu Hidayati Soesanto3

1
Program Study of Nutrition and Feed Science/Faculty of Animal Science,
Postgraduate School of IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
2
Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology/Faculty of Animal Science, IPB
University, Bogor, Indonesia
3
Department of Animal Production and Technology/Faculty of Animal Science, IPB
University, Bogor, Indonesia

E-mail correspondence: ariyanitanti@gmail.com

Email co-authors: YR: yuli_retnani@apps.ipb.ac.id; IRHS: rahayu21@hotmail.com

Abstract. This study evaluated the effect of feeding broiler garlic processing on
performance. In a completely randomized design (CRD), 200 one-day-old broiler
chicks were randomly allocated to four diet treatments, with five replicates of ten birds
each. The treatment diets are as follows; the control T0 (0%), 3% fresh garlic (T1), 3%
garlic powder (T2), and 3% black garlic powder (T3), respectively. Supplementation
of black garlic powder would be more costly than others. Feed and water were
supplied ad libitum. The average temperature and humidity observed were 27±3°C
and 83%. The parameters measured were; feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion
ratio, final body weight, and mortality. The result showed that supplementation of
garlic processing had a significant effect (P<0.05) on performances. T1 had the
highest feed intake (P<0.05). The weight gain differs significantly (P<0.05) between
T1 and T3. T2 had a significant impact on final body weight (P<0.05). Although
tending to have a lower feed conversion ratio in T2, there is no significant effect on
feed conversion ratio and mortality. It was reported that supplementing 3 % garlic
powder (T2) improves broiler growth performance and final body weight.

Keywords: broiler, garlic process, performances, supplementation.

1. Introduction

For many years, antibiotics have been used in broiler diets to promote growth while restricting
or eliminating particular pathogenic organisms [1]. Antibiotic resistance develops as a result of the
unrestricted utilization of antibiotics in response to increased demand for animal products, creating a
global concern for animal and human health [2]. In the poultry industry, the use of antibiotic growth
promoters has been restricted. Antibiotics were employed more regularly due to concerns about
antibiotic-resistant organisms, and substance residue in eggs and meat is growing [3]. The growth of
broilers has been affected as a result of this. Many studies on efficient, eco-friendly, and cost-effective
antibiotic alternatives have been published. Garlic is one of the promising natural herbs that have
received widespread support as a non-antibiotic growth promoter due to its claimed beneficial effects
[4]. Garlic is safe and can sustainably be used with the right processing technology.

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International Conference on Sustainable Animal Resource and Environment IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1020 (2022) 012015 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1020/1/012015

Garlic (Allium sativum) contains biologically active components that are unique. The sulfur
component allicin, an amino acid, appears to be an essential health benefit. Once the garlic is
destroyed or digested, the allin and alliinase enzymes collaborate to produce allicin [5]. Allicin can be
used as a natural antibiotic since it is more effective than penicillin and tetracycline at eliminating
pathogenic bacteria [6]. Garlic has been utilized to promote growth by improving poultry performance
[7].
In previous studies, garlic has improved growth performance, dressed yield, and production
cost. [8] The most significant results were obtained by adding 3% garlic powder to a diet; they
consumed the most feed and converted the most efficiently [9]. Similarly, [10] found that
supplementing broilers with 3% garlic powder improved growth performance. Others found no
difference in the percentage of broiler dressings fed garlic powder [11]. Fresh garlic supplementation
resulted in considerably greater body weight, feed efficiency, and livability in the birds but no
influence on carcass attributes in broilers [12]. The addition of fresh garlic to drinking water did not
affect weight gain or feed conversion ratio, but it did lower mortality and improved immunity,
according to [1]. Recently, garlic processed into black garlic was also evaluated for its effect on
poultry performance. [13] found that black garlic supplementation of 3%/kg diets had the best feed
conversion efficiency, but there are no effects on final body weight, carcass weight, and abdominal fat
percentage [14]. Similarly, [15] reported that black garlic powder supplementation in diets did not
affect feed intake, protein, and fat of breast meat mass of broilers. Garlic in broiler feed has no
negative impact because it does not leave any residue, and its manure does not contaminate the
environment. As a result, products from garlic-consuming animals are safe for consumption.
Although the reported results varied from study to study. According to the studies cited above,
three garlic processes were used in poultry: powder, black garlic, and fresh garlic. Depending on the
manufacturing process, this processed garlic includes various main bioactive components that differ
significantly from intact garlic depending on the manufacturing process. As a result, the goal of this
study was to see how broiler performance would be affected by feeding them various processed garlic.

2. Materials and Methods

Experimental design and chick. A total of 200 one-day-old broiler chicks (Cobb 500) (initial
body weight of 42.02±0.89 g) were randomly allocated to 20 cages with ten birds per cage and five
cages per treatment. A completely randomized design (CRD) with four dietary treatments and five
replicates of ten birds each was used. The birds received the treatment diets as follows; the diet
without supplementation (control), supplementation 3% fresh garlic (T1), supplementation 3% garlic
powder (T2), and supplementation 3% black garlic powder (T3), respectively.
Processing of garlic. This research begins with processing garlic into fresh garlic, garlic
powder, and black garlic powder. The garlic is processed into garlic powder by modifying the method
of [16] in which the garlic is separated into a single clove and instead peeled. After that, the garlic was
thinly sliced (2-3 mm) and dried in an oven at 60ºC for 5 hours (moisture content 14% (SNI, 2000)).
After it has dried, grind with a blender until it represents flour. Garlic was processed into black garlic
by modifying the method of [17] that is, garlic was wrapped in aluminum foil and heated in a rice
cooker warm at a temperature of 60ºC for 17 days. After the garlic became black, the outer skin was
peeled, and it was dried in an oven at 60ºC for three days. After it has dried, grind with a blender until
it represents flour. Fresh garlic was prepared by modifying the method of [1]. The outer skin of the
cloves was peeled off, and the pods were separated from the bulb. After peeling the outer layer, it was
weighed and ground in a food grinder before being added to the diet.

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International Conference on Sustainable Animal Resource and Environment IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1020 (2022) 012015 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1020/1/012015

Feed and water supply: For 28 days, feed and water were provided ad libitum. On day 8,
garlic was introduced to the chow according to the treatment groups. From days 1 to 7, day 8 to 21,
and day 22 to 28, broiler pre-starter (B10), starter (B11), and finisher (B12) feeds were supplied,
respectively. A good feed contains all of the essential components for optimal animal growth [18].
Measurements. Feed intake and weight gain were recorded weekly and used to calculate the
feed conversion ratio. Final body weight was recorded at 28 days of age, daily mortality, and income
over feed cost (IOFC).
Statistical analysis. Parameters were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple
range test (DMRT) to determine the significant difference between the experimental groups' means.
SPSS version 23 was used for all statistical analyses. If the computed P<0.05, the treatment effect was
considered significant.

3. Results and Discussion

Table 1 shows the effect of supplementation garlic processing on broiler performance and
income over feed cost. The obtained data were statistically analyzed, and it was discovered that there
are significant differences between experimental groups. Garlic processing had a significant (P<0.05)
impact on feed intake, weight gain, final body weight, and income over feed cost. There was no
significant difference (P>0.05) in feed conversion ratio and mortality.
Table 1. Effect of supplementation of garlic processing on performances and income over feed cost of
broiler (mean ± SEM)
Treatment groups
Parameters
Control T1 T2 T3
ab a ab
Feed intake (g/bird) 2270.00±46.50 2286.80±18.99 2279.47±71.82 2212.46±4391b
Weight gain (g/bird) 1643.76±34.14ab 1667.38±38.00a 1676.13±67.05a 1587.62±38.86b
Feed conversion ratio 1.38±0.03 1.37±0.03 1.36±0.05 1.39±0.05
Final body weight
1686.10±34.39ab 1709.00±38.39a 1711.00±74.11a 1619.00±56.28b
(g/bird)
Mortality (%) 2.00±4.47 2.00±4.47 4.00±5.48 2.00±4.47
a a b
IOFC (IDR/bird) 15821.15±690.09 14779.74±758.03 12886.76±1508.92 10493.76±1456.46c
Control: Diet without supplementation, T1: Diet + 3% fresh garlic, T2: Diet + 3% garlic powder, and T3: Diet + 3% black
garlic powder; IOFC = Income Over Feed Cost; IDR = Indonesian Rupiah; SEM = Standard error of the mean; P = p-value
analyzed by ANOVA; (a, b) Means in the same row with different superscript are significantly different (p<0.05).

Feed intake. The effects of various garlic processing on feed intake were significant (P<0.05).
Feeding 3% fresh garlic to the animals resulted in the maximum intake (T1). Then some individuals
were provided a basal diet supplemented with a 3% garlic powder/kg diet (T2). These findings are
consistent with those of [19]. Similarly, when comparing the birds-fed garlic powder diets to the
control group, [7] found that feed intake was considerably (P<0.05) more excellent in the
birds-provided garlic powder diets. Garlic powder supplementation enhances feed intake, most likely
due to the associated flavor element. [20] stated that black garlic does not have a strong taste and smell
like fresh garlic; this is due to a change in the allin compound, which is responsible for the smell being
converted into allicin. The taste and flavor of black garlic have affected palatability.Other studies have
found that adding black garlic powder to feed has no effect on feed intake [15].

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International Conference on Sustainable Animal Resource and Environment IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1020 (2022) 012015 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1020/1/012015

Weight gain. Garlic processing had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the weight gain of the
broiler. The highest weight gain was obtained by T2, followed by T1. These results are in agreement
with [19]. Similar to [21], the addition of 3% garlic to broiler feed positively impacts the growth and
feed conversion ratio. Allicin (an antibacterial component found in garlic) [6] may be to blame for the
improved weight gain of the birds fed garlic. Garlic in a broiler meal can improve digestibility and
body weight by increasing the rate of saliva and digestive enzyme secretion [22]. [11] found that
adding 3 % garlic to broiler feed improved their development and performance without causing any
adverse side effects. According to [23], garlic's allicin improves gut flora performance by increasing
energy use and improving digestion, resulting in better health.
Feed conversion ratio. The result found no significant (P>0.05) differences among treatments
on feed conversion ratio. The broiler group obtained the highest FCR (1.39) fed a basal diet
supplemented with a 3% black garlic powder/kg diet (T3), and the lowest FCR (1.36) was obtained by
treatment by adding a 3% garlic powder/kg diet (T2). The results of this experiment matched those of
[24] and [19], who reported that feeding 3 % garlic powder to broiler diets improved FCR. Similarly,
[25] discovered that the garlic-fed chicks had a more excellent feed conversion ratio, implying
increased feed efficiency and utilization. Increased digestibility, which impacts the feed conversion
ratio, could be one of the causes of such favorable digestive tract effects.
Final body weight. Dietary supplementation of 3% fresh garlic (T1) and 3% garlic powder
(T2) significantly (P<0.05) improved final body weight. Similar results were found by [11]. The
observations agreed with those of [26], who realized that garlic supplementation increased the final
body weights of broilers. Studies have shown that garlic powder increases body weight by enhancing
digestibility and maintaining the gut microflora. [27] discovered that garlic-derived compounds
improved nutritional intake and gastric microbial activity in Cobb chickens, indicating that they could
be used instead of antibiotics in a broiler diet. According to [28], broilers proliferate with a weight of
1.5 kg until the age of 30 days, but this study resulted in a higher body weight of 1.7 kg (T2) at 28
days.
Mortality Rate. The mortality rate was highest in T2 (supplementation 3% garlic powder),
which did not significantly differ (P>0.05). The mortality results obtained from the experiment agreed
with [29]. In contrast, other studies found that feeding garlic powder to the broiler diet reduced
mortality by 7% [30]. It means that garlic powder had a more significant impact on bird
immunological responses. While mortality is particularly high in the first phase of development (0–21
days), once the immunity is not really completely operational, garlic's immuno-stimulatory effect has
reduced mortality. Pathogenic bacteria in the feed are exposed to chickens when their digestive and
gastric tracts are not mature.
Income Over Feed Cost. The income over feed cost was significant (P<0.05). The control
group has a higher value of income over feed cost than others because the cost of the control group is
lower than others. Higher-income over-feed cost in the garlic supplemented group (T1 and T2)
compared to the black garlic supplemented group (T3) is attributed to a higher feed conversion ratio
due to garlic's growth-promoting impact. Similar findings were achieved by [31], who found that
supplementing birds with garlic increased feed costs compared to control birds. The lower-income
over-feed cost in the black garlic supplemented group (T3) happens because the income value over
feed cost is influenced by feed intake and feed cost. When broilers get bigger, the growth slows but the
consumption of rations increases, so the conversion of rations will get bigger and longer, resulting in
declining income over feed costs [32]. Although IOFC values differ statistically, T1 and T2 are
considered the best decision by considering the benefits of natural herb administration functions for
broilers, a feed additive for livestock. Natural immune support is formed in animals.

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International Conference on Sustainable Animal Resource and Environment IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1020 (2022) 012015 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1020/1/012015

4. Conclusions

The conclusion was reached that adding broiler feed with garlic processing increases
performance. Supplementation of garlic powder 3% of feed (T2) improves the broiler's weight gain
and final body weight.

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