TRADE PROJECT.

AUTOMATIC MOBILE SENSOR

FOR

SEME TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL COLLEGE

BY

WILLINGTON ODONGO AKACH

INDEX NO :7141020188

SUMITTED TO KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL IN PARTIAL

FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICALS AND
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING.

(POWER OPTION).

EXAMINATION SERIES: JULY,2024.

SUBMISSION DATE: 25th JUNE 2024

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 Table of content

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction .............................................................................................8

1.1 Background information .............................................................................8

1.2 Problem statement .......................................................................................8

1.3 Functional block diagram .............................................................................9

1.4 Project specification .......................... ... .......................................................11

1.5 Specific Objectives ........................................................................................11

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature review ...............................................................................................12

2.1 Operational AMP ..............................................................................................12

2.1.1 Types of OP-AMP ..........................................................................................13

2.2.0 Resistor ...........................................................................................................14

2.2.1 Types of resistors ............................................................................................17

2.3.0 Capacitor .........................................................................................................17

2.3.1 Capacitor type .................................................................................................17

2.3.6 Transistors .......................................................................................................20

2.3.7 Transistors type ................................................................................................21

2.3.8 Transistor symbol ..............................................................................................21

CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Implementation design ......................................................................................28

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3.1.1 Block diagram ................................................................................................28.

3.2 High frequency antenna ......................................................................................29

3.3 Current to voltage converter ...............................................................................30

3 5 Complete detector circuit ....................................................................................35

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................40

4 1 Recommendation ..................................................................................................41

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Dedication

I dedicate this project to almighty god for granting me good life through this time of my project

I thank my family members for their good support that I needed

And lastly, I thank my supervisor Mr. Feddy Omondi for guiding me through my projects

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Declaration

The result of my project shows that the techniques used in the design of my project worked for a
very short time at the range of 2m radius

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Conclusion

Mobile phone detector is a powerful tool easy to deploy and cost-effective device that constantly
scan for mobile phone activities and can immediately alert security staffs to the presence of an
intruder

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 ABSTRACT

The intelligent mobile phone detection project is an advanced device which find various
applications in the modern field of communication and surveillance

This work is very useful for the private meetings, examination halls, military camps, hospitals
etc. Where the use of mobile communication device is prohibited.

My project involves research, development and commercialization efforts to create solutions that
enhance user experiences, collect vulnerable data

It also involves addressing customers’ needs on mobile technology.

Through research, development and collaboration with industry partners, a trade project centered
on mobile sensors can result in the creation of innovative products and services. These can range
from user-oriented applications that deliver personalized experiences to cutting-edge and
industry specific solution that leverage the power of sensor data.

I have expressed my work in theoretical and simulation. I have seen that my theoretical
hypothesis and simulation was matched so this ensures 96% probability for the implementation
of my project.

PROBLEM STATEMENT.

Mobile sensor has forever altered the way we embrace everyday life, providing endless
possibilities for enhanced user and groundbreaking applications.

This project will harness the capabilities of mobile sensor to develop revolutionary products and
services that cater to the evolving demands of customers.

OBJECTIVES

1 To put in place what was done in class.

2. To design and fabricate mobile sensor.

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 CHAPTER ONE.

1.0. INTRODUCTION.

Mobile sensors have become increasing crucial in enhancing user experience and providing a
wide range of functionalities. Therefore, my trade project centers on exploring and capitalizing
on the opportunities presented by mobile sensors.

1.1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION.

Mobile sensors are components that are embedded in mobile devices, such as smartphones and
tablets, to collect data from their surrounding environment. These sensors empower mobile
devices to perceive, interact and respond to external stimuli or physical conditions. The operation
of mobile sensors varies depending on their specific functionalities and underlying technologies
for different types.

The availability of automatic mobile sensors is virtually present and secure various industries
with sensors supported mobile devices regardless of rapid production of sensors and
technological advancements produces android seamlessly between high and diverse applications.
Therefore, there are different types of automatic mobile sensors found in modern smartphones
Accelerometer, Gyroscope, Magnetometer, Global positioning system (GPS), Proximity sensor,
Ambient light sensors, Barometer, Fingerprint. With expanding advancements and innovation in
mobile technology, new sensors technologies are continuously emerging and getting integrated
in modern smartphones to facilitate further possibilities and improvements in mobile devices
overall capabilities.

1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT.

Mobile sensors have forever altered the way we embrace everyday life, providing endless
possibilities for enhanced user experiences, optimized functionalities and groundbreaking
applications. This project will harness the capabilities of mobile sensors to develop revolutionary
products or services that cater to the evolving demands of customers.

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1.3 FUNCTIOAL BLOCK DIAGRAM.

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i)BATTERY/POWER SUPPLY.

Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used in electronic devices due to their high density, light
weight and rechargeable nature. They are suitable for mobile phone detectors that require
portable operation.

ii) IC CA3130.

Its main functions include, amplification, buffering, filtering, signal conditioning and
comparator. Widely used in various analogue signal processing applications due to its high input
impedance, low input bias current.

iii)IC NE555.

Its main functions include comparator, signal conditioning, timer and oscillator. It can be a
crucial component in creating a reliable and efficient automatic mobile detector circuit.

iv)BUZZER/LED.

The main functions include induction of phone detection, status inductor, fault induction and
power induction. It provides visual feedback in the automatic phone detector circuit, enhancing
its usability and functionality.

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 1.4. PROJECT SPECIFICATION.

Power supply of the system shall be used.

The components to be used shall be new and of approved quality.

The operating temperature ranges from around 0 to 50 degrees.

1.5. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES.

To put in place what was done in class.

To design and fabricate a automatic mobile phone detector.

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 CHAPTER TWO.

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW.

-Components to be used in Automatic mobile phone detector.

Operational Amplifier (OP-AMP).

Resistor.

Capacitors.

Transistor.

Light emitted diode (LED).

Antenna.

2.1.0. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS. (OP-AMP).

It is an analogue circuit block that takes a differential voltage input and produces a single-ended
voltage output.

2.1.1 Types of OP-AMP.

Inverting OP-AMP.

Non-inverting OP-AMP.

Voltage follower OP-AMP.

Integrator OP-AMP.

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2.1.2 Symbols of OP-AMP.

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2.1.3. CA3130IC OP-AMP.

OP-AMP are used for amplification purposes and is also used as a voltage regulator comparator
volatilities follower by using exterior components.

The OP-AMP acts as the radio frequency signal detector.

2.1.4. Significance of the OP-AMP to the project.

The OP-AMP part of the circuit acts as the radio frequency signal detector while transistor part
of the circuit acts as the indicator. The capacitors collection along with the antenna are used to
detect radio signals when a call phone makes or receives a phone call or sends/receives a text
message.

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2.2.0. RESISTORS.

A passive electrical component with two terminals that are used for either limiting or regulating
the flow of electric current in electrical circuits.

They are used to reduce the current flow and to lower the voltage in any portion of the circuit.

2.2.1. Types of Resistors.

Thermostats.

Varistor resistor.

Photo resistor or LER (Light emitted resistor).

Surface mount resistor.

2.2.2. Symbols of a resistor.

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Circuit diagram of a resistor.

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 2.2.3. Procedure for measuring resistance using a digital multimeter.

Plug the red or yellow lead into the resistance input Jack.

Select the resistance setting.

Touch the probe tips across the component or portion of the circuit.

View the reading and not the unit of measurement, ohm kilohms or megohms.

2.2.4. Resistor 100,220,1(kilohms).

Is a passive electronic component that limits the flow of Direct current (dc) and Alternating
current (ac).

Used to lower the flow of current undecide voltages, block transmission signals and bias active
elements.

2.3.0. CAPACITORS.

It is a two terminal electrical device that can store energy in the form of an electric charge.

Used for blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass.

2.3.1. Types of capacitors.

Ceramic capacitors.

Film capacitors.

Power film capacitors.

Electrolytic capacitors.

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Paper capacitors.

2.3.1. Symbols of a capacitors.

It is represented by two parallel lines with an arrow indicating the adjustable portion.

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 Circuit diagram of a capacitor.

2.3.1. Procedure for measuring capacitance.

Disconnect the capacitor from the circuit.

Discharge the capacitor.

Read the capacitance value on the capacitor. A

2.3.3. Capacitor 22pF×2, 0.22nF,47pF,100uF.

Used for blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass.

It is used to detect the RF signal from the mobile phone. When the mobile phone radiates energy
in the form of RF signal C1 absorbs it and passes on to the inputs of 1C1.

They are connected in series and parallel connection.

2.4.0. TRANSISTORS.
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A semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and power.

2.4.1. Types of Transistors.

Bipolar transistor. Bipolar Junction Transistor. (BJTs).

Field-effect transistor. (FETs).

Insulated-gate bipolar transistor. (IGBTs).

2.4.2. Procedure for measuring a basic transistor.

Clamp the black probe of a multimeter to the transistors base.

Touch the red probe to the emitter and read the display to see if the resistance is high or low.

Move the red probe to the collector and check that the reading is the same as it was before.

2.4.4. BC 548 NPN Transistor.

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Acts as a switch or gate for electronic signals, opening and closing an electronic gate many times
per second. It ensures the circuit ON if the current is glowing and switched OFF if it isn't.

2.4.3. Symbols of Transistors.

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 2.5.0. LIGHT EMITTED DIODE. (LED).

A semiconductors diode that emits light when conducting current.

2.5.1. Types of LED.

Low current LED.

Standard LED.s

Ultra-high-output LED.

2.5.2. Significance of LED.

A LED is used for an indication of the presence of a cellophane. OP-AMP is configured as

frequency detector and it its output is connected to a LED using NPN transistor.

2.5.3. Procedure for testing.

Adjusting its settings.

Looking for the continuity settings on your multimeter typically represented by a sound wave or
diode symbol.

Once set, proceed to probe the LED drivers’ terminals with the multimeter's probes, ensuring
consistent and firm contact.

As you touch the terminals, listen closely.

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2.5.4. Symbols of LED.

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 2.6.0. ANTENNA.

This is the interface between radio wave propagating through the space and electric currents
moving in metal conductors, used with a transmitter or receiver.

2.6.1. Types of Antennae.

Filiform- Threadlike.

Moniliform-beaded.

Servite- saw-toothed.

Setaceous- bristle-like.

Lamellate-nested plates.

Directional antenna.

Semi-directional antenna.

Omni-directional antenna.

They capture and transmits radio electromagnetic waves.

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 2.6.2. Symbol of an Antenna.

2.6.3. Significance of Antenna in Automatic mobile phone detector.

Launches radio waves into space and these waves are picked up by a receiver in the mobile
phone tower. Antenna radiates and capture the radio signal which is used to communicate.

2.7.0. Strip board.

This is a board intended for permanently assembling one-off circuits, especially prototype.

It is a type of prototyping board characterized by a tenth inch regular grid of holes, with wide
parallel strips or copper cladding running in one direction all the way across one side of the
board.

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 CHAPTER THREE.

METHODOLOGY DESIGN AND ANALYSIS.

.1 Implementation Design

Among the detection techniques described in Section 2.3, the RF spectrum approach was

selected for implementation. The choice of this selection was based on the ease of

implementation due to readily availability of the discrete components required in the local

market. The most effective method is the implementation using voltage-controlled

oscillator

(VCO), frequency down-converter and a band pass filter. However, due to the
unavailability

of the components required in the local market, the method could not be implemented
within

the timeline of this project.

3.1.1 Block Diagram

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The block diagram of the design is shown in figure 3.1 below.

Fig 3.1: Block Diagram

Based on the block diagram of figure 3.1, the circuit design of each block was designed and

the final circuit integrated together. The subsequent sections explain the detail and design
of

each block diagram.

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3.2 High Frequency Loop Antenna

The frequency to be detected is 0.9 Gigahertz to 3 Gigahertz. Passive components suffer

from

parasitic effects at this high frequency. In ordinary radio frequency (RF) antenna design,
LC

components tuned at desired frequency are used. However, at this frequency the
components

behave as lumped R, L and C and as transmission lines and antenna [6]. In the loop
antenna

design at this frequency, the parasitic effects of these elements are used. The inductance

associated with the fixed separation of capacitor leads is observed when the Maxwell’s

equation

is inspected [7].

The loop antenna consists of a 0.22uF ceramic capacitor with it leads fixed at 18mm long
and

8mm wide. These dimensions fixed provide an area sufficient to capture the frequency

required. Hence, it is a loop antenna. When there is no signal detected, the capacitor
charges

and stores energy. When a field created by the presence of a mobile phone is detected, the

energy balance in the capacitor is perturbed. A displacement current is injected into the

capacitor leads generating a magnetic field hence inductance in the leads. The inductance

together with the capacitance acts as a transmission line that transmits the current to the

current to voltage converter.

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3.3 Current to Voltage Converter

The current to voltage converter consists of a CA3130Eoperational amplifier. It has a

MOSFET input stage and a CMOS output stage. The input stage provides as high input

impedance and low input current (typical 5pA at 15V). Since the loop antenna generates
very

small current, this makes this type of operational amplifier suitable for this application.

Furthermore, it is a single power supply operational amplifier. Therefore, it gives no hard

work generating a negative biasing voltage as a dual voltage operational amplifier. The

CMOS stage provides an output swing to about 10mV of the supply voltage.

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The operational amplifier is connected as a current to voltage converter and has a voltage

comparator. The comparator consists of R1 and R3 connected on the non-inverting

terminal.

When.

From fig 3.2, the 0.22uF capacitor which acts as a loop antenna is connected across the non

inverting and inverting terminals of the operational amplifier. The capacitor stores energy
and in the absence of a mobile phone, both the positive and negative terminals receive the
same voltage, that is equal to hence the output of the operational amplifier is low.

When a mobile phone is radiating and its frequency is sensed by capacitor C1, the balance

between the inverting and non-inverting terminals of the operational amplifier is

perturbed.

The current is transmitted to the non-inverting terminal and a voltage is sensed at the
output.

The 100uF electrolytic capacitor (C2) connected to the non-inverting terminal ensures

stability of the terminal and fast output swing. The capacitor charges during operation and
to bring it back to stable condition, the 100Kresistor(R3) provides a discharge path.

The feedback resistor is not for amplification but provides feedback to the inverting
terminal such that when the output goes high, the state is also fed back to the inverting
terminal making it high. However, since the frequency of the radiation from the mobile
phone is pulsating, the sensing capacitorC1(loop antenna) oscillates hence the output.

3.4Amplifier

Since the voltage at the output is small, it needs to be amplified in order to drive the

notification devices (LED or sound buzzer).At standby mode of the cell phone the voltage

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output from the current to voltage converter can be as low as 10mV. Therefore, an
amplifier

that has little or no offsets voltage level is required. The best amplifier is a two stage

transistor based. An op amp based would suffer from offset voltages hence not effective in

this design. With a low voltage of this order, it is hard to eliminate the effects of noise due
to

the sensitive tuning of the amplifier.

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Fig 3.3: Amplifier

The 10uF input coupling capacitor blocks any dc voltages at the input. The biasing used is
the

collector-feedback bias. The advantage of this bias design in RF operation is that it

provides

temperature stabilization such that as the temperature increases, the transistor starts to

conduct more current from emitter to collector. Since the base resistor is directly connected
to

the collector, any rise in Ic will permit more voltage to drop across the collector resistor.
This

will force less voltage to be dropped across the base resistor hence I decrease consequently

Ic.:

The bypass capacitor at the emitter bypasses the RF signal around the emitter resistor to

avoid excessive RF gain degeneration in the circuit [8].

C4 (0.1uF) was connected between the base and emitter of the transistor in the final stage
to

ensure that it provides fast switching of the transistor.

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Bias Analysis

The bias of the circuit was analysis by determining the DC operating points of the circuit.

The requirement in a design is to make

which is satisfied in this circuit. The minimum collector current of the transistor is

10mA. The operating point was set at about 20mA for both amplification stages. Figure 3.

and figure 3. show the BJT analysis for stage one and two respectively.

Fig 3.4: Amplifier DC point analysis

The amplifier was therefore design as stated above with all the operating point as defined.

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The final stage which is the notification stage was integrated with the amplifier. The chosen

notification in the design was an LED. The LED was connected to the emitter of the last

transistor of the final amplification stage. The operating point of the voltage at the emitter

was held at about 3.0V to ensure that a small variation of the voltage due to voltage swing

from the current to voltage converter would make the LED to blink.

3.5 Complete Circuit

The complete circuit for the cell phone detector is given in figure 3. below.

Fig 3.7: Complete detector circuit the complete circuit for the cell phone detector is given in
figure 3. below.
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Fig 3.7: Complete detector circuit

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The22pF capacitors are connected to the antenna side. The antenna is to make sure the

detector receives the optimum level of the signal from the phone

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 CHAPTER FOUR

Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Conclusion

. The detector could detect the signal in the frequency rangeof0.9GHz to 3.0

GHz thus cell phone that is in use. This phone usage was indicated by the blinking of the

LED. When a cell phone is on standby mode, it keeps a radio silence therefore cannot be

detected using this cell phone detector. It can be concluded that the project was successful.

This detector can therefore be used to track the usage of a cell phone in an examination
room where a buzzer usage will be too loud and disturb the examiners.

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5.2 Recommendations and Further work

The following are recommended to improve the functionality of this cell phone detector: -

(i). Increase the range of the detector.

(ii). Incorporate a buzzer to sound an alarm when a cell phone in use is detected.

(iii). Use of microcontroller to improve the detector.

(iv). Make the LED go off until a cell phone is in use.

(v). Improve the detector to be able to detect even cell phones on standby mode

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