PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION FOR A 16-CAPACITY CAR PARKING SPACE AT

SEME TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL COLLEGE.

BY: LONNIE ODUOR OTIENO.

DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

INDEX NUMBER: 7141020196

SUPERVISOR: MR MARTIN OTIENO

PAPER CODE:2707/305B

INSTITUTION: SEME TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL COLLEGE

THIS PROJECT PROPOSAL IS SUBMITTED TO THE KENYA NATIONAL

EXAMINATION COUNCIL FOR PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD
OF DIPLOMA CIVIL ENGINEERING.

JULY 2024

1
 DECLARATION BY STUDENT

I hereby declare that the project is my original work and that it has not been presented for
award of Diploma to any institution.

SIGNATURE: ………………….

DATE: ………………………

DECLARATION BY SUPERVISOR
This report has been submitted for examination with my approval as College Supervisor
SIGNATURE: --------------------------------

DATE: ------------------------------

i
DEDICATION
I hereby dedicate this work to my family for the tremendous financial support.

ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I acknowledge the support offered by Kevin Onyango for her professional guidance when
coming up with this report. I take this opportunity to thank the institution for accessible
resources of books which enabled me to carry out my research.
Special thanks to my fellow students for their assistance and suggestions.
I would also like to thank my supervisor Mr. Martin for his guidance which was highly
required.

iii
ABSTRACT
The introduction entails all what the project is about. The current situation before the
proposal and the justification of the project is explained. The objectives for the proposed
project are also laid out.
The surveying of the project is inclusive of all the necessary original surveying data that is
included in the project. The reduced levels from the temporary benchmark to the proposed
site location are also included in the earthworks.
Soil investigation involves details of samples taken on the proposed site locations and tests
carried out to classify the soils and show the strength analysis to determine the bearing
capacity.
The architectural requirements show a site plan of all the existing features of the proposed
project and the elevations, sections and foundation layouts. Structural requirements involve
the design and details for the proposed project, the type of reinforcement and the calculations
used in structural designing for the work.
The measurement of works involves taking off of quantities for the sub structure works of the
proposed parking area and the bill of quantities for items. Estimating and costing shows the
buildup rates for all the measurement of works and the pricing of all the items required for
the parking area.
Site organization and management consists of a site layout plan for all the works and a
method statement for the substructure works. The detailed programme for works of the
proposed parking area and the plant schedule.
Services involving details for drainage of the parking area and the accessibility to the
completed project is shown.

iv
Contents
DECLARATION BY STUDENT ..................................................................................................................... i
DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................................ ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................................................................ iii
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................. iv
CHAPTER 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 6
Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 6
PROBLEM STATEMENT. ................................................................................................... 6
JUSTIFICATION................................................................................................................... 6
OBJECTIVES. ....................................................................................................................... 7
MAJOR OBJECTIVES.......................................................................................................... 7
MINOR OBJECTIVES. ......................................................................................................... 7
iii. It will also enable us to earn some money when the outsiders tend to park their cars at
night. 7
CHAPTER 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 8
LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER 3 .............................................................................................................................................. 5
SURVEYING......................................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER 3 .............................................................................................................................................. 8
SOIL INVESTIGATION ....................................................................................................... 8
MEASUREMENT ............................................................................................................... 26
ESTIMATION AND COSTING ......................................................................................... 29
CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................................ 36
ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS AND SITE LAYOUT ................................................. 36
ARCHITECTURAL PLAN ............................................................................................. 36
SITE LAYOUT .............................................................................................................. 37
CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................................................ 38
SITE ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT .............................................................. 38
CHAPTER 1
Introduction

Seme technical and vocational college is governmental learning institution in Kisumu County,
Seme sub county central Seme ward along Kisian- Bondo road, 1km from the main road at
Kolenyo market.
The institution since its start in 2019 has admitted many students which has led to the faster
growth of the school population in the span of not more than four years.
However, due to the faster growth rate in population of the students the college finds it difficult
to set a place for parking of vehicles in the school compound.
For this reason, I have come up with the project to reduce this problem that the institution is
facing at the moment to provide a cool and a better place for assembling the vehicles in their
respective areas called a parking space.

PROBLEM STATEMENT.

The institution has a very high population of which some of them own cars and the space of the
car parking bay is very small compared to the people owning cars. The current capacity of the
car parking the institution with holds is twenty which is very small resulting to other people
parking outside the institution. Hence by solving this problem, the proposed project will be of
benefit to the institution since it will help reduce congestion thus enabling free movement of
staff and students.

JUSTIFICATION.

Due to the challenge of overcrowding in the institution and some students who owns cars will

have an ease in coming in school without a problem and doubt of not getting enough space of

parking their cars. The project proposal above will bring solution to the problem in the

institution.
OBJECTIVES.

MAJOR OBJECTIVES.

The purpose of the parking bay is to reduce the congestion of cars in the institution.

MINOR OBJECTIVES.

i. The parking bay will provide enough space for visitors

ii. It will provide an orderly arrangement of cars in the institution hence avoiding
accidents.
iii. It will also enable us to earn some money when the outsiders tend to park their cars at
night.
CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Over the years since the institution started, proposals have been made but no action has been
done concerning the issue of a car park construction.

Through introduction of new tools, practices and methods approaches have been made that
move beyond the traditional methods which have been criticized by new researches. With
proper research, the proposed project of a car park will emerge as one of the best projects that
will help to curb the congestion of the vehicles in the institution.
CHAPTER 3

SURVEYING

Surveying is the process of determining relative positions of different objects on the surface
of the earth by measuring horizontal distances between them.
Purpose for surveying.
• To transfer the datum from the benchmark.

The survey was carried out by the following members

I. Arnold Omondi
II. Michael Dola
III. Dickson Odhiambo

RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
This is the study of the area intended for the construction of the proposed project.
Its main objective is to eliminate routes or sites which are unfeasible to identify more
promising sites. The site for the proposed project is fairly flat.

ACTUAL SURVEY
The actual survey was mainly carried out on 3RD and 4TH JUNE 2024.
The process involved ranging line, Chainage, measuring offset and bookings.
The survey tools and equipment used included automatic level tripod stand, leveling staff,
pegs, ranging roads, 39-line tape.

5
 LEVELING
Levelling is a process of determining the height of one level relative to another.
In levelling calculations, the rise and fall method shall be used where the difference of levels
between consecutive points is found by comparing each point after the first with that
immediately preceding it.
The reduced level (R.L) will be found by adding rise of subtracting fall to the preceding
reduced level.
Tools to be used will be:
• Levelling machine
• Tripod stand
• staff rod
• Tape measure
• chalk (for marking)
The instrument to be used will be a dumpy level.
Advantages of using a dumpy level:
1. Has a high optical power.
2. Easy to use.
3. Adjustments can be made as per the requirement or type of ground.
4. Level readings are accurate.
Disadvantages of using a dumpy level:
1. Is limited to only horizontal angle measurements.

Field process involved:

The machine will be set on the ground ensuring that the necessary adjustments are made. There
will be elimination of parallax where the bubble tube axis is made parallel to the telescope
making the bubble central when the line of site is horizontal.
The telescope is focused using the eyepiece unto the staff. The staff is to be held vertically
on the B.M and readings taken and recorded.
Afterwards, the staff is held and placed at intermediate stations at the required distance from
the first station.
The process will continue and there will be changes until the last reading is taken in which
the reduced level of a temporary B.M is established.

6
Transfer of levels from TBM to site.

7
CHAPTER 3
SOIL INVESTIGATION

Soil investigation is carried out to establish the geological along the parking alignment. Soil
samples are taken to the laboratories for testing. The purpose of testing the soil is to identify
and confirm the characteristics of the soil along the proposed area for the project
construction.
Objectives of soil test
I. Helps in determining the total amount of materials required.

II. Determining the nature and physical properties of the soil used in
design.
III. Helps in foreseeing construction hazard that may be encountered and
the ways of solving them.
Laboratory test
The following tests were carried out on soil sample taken from the site;
I. Grading test
II.Proctor test
III. Atterberg test
The above test on soil samples were carried out in the constitutional laboratory.
Grading test
The grading test was carried out to determine the proportion of different sizes of particulars
present in the soil
Test procedure
I. Break the undistributed dry soil with the mallet.
II. Mix the material thoroughly then sub divide it.
III. Obtained the required sample and weigh its total mass.
IV. Arrange the sieves in the sequences as specified from larger to the
smaller one.
V. Pass the material on 20mm. seize and wash the remaining particles to
remove smaller remaining particles.
VI. Sieve the retained particles on the appropriate larger sieves and record
weight retained in each sieve.
VII. Calculate their percentages.
Total weight of the sample 2123.40g.
8
 Sieve (mm) Weight retained (g) % retained % passing

50.0 0 0.0 100

34.5 20.30 0.5 99.5

28 54.20 2.5 97.8

25 80.60 4.0 96.5

20 150.20 7.1 93.0

14 233.40 10.0 90.0

10 388.70 18.0 82.0

6.3 496.90 24.0 76.8

5.0 600.90 28.5 72.0

3.35 759.8 35.8 64.5

2.0 920.5 40.8 56.8

1.18 1150.9 55.0 45.3

0.60 1340.5 64.0 36.5

0.425 1430.1 67.3 32.8

0.30 1600.4 75.0 25.4

0.15 1650.8 78.4 21.9

0.075 1790.8 84.5 15.5

0.063 1940.5 94.50 8.5

Remarks
The soil was well distributed.
Calculations
Percentage retained = weight on sieve /total weight of sample × 100
Sieve 20 = 150.1/2123.4 ×100
= 7.1%

Percentage passing = 100 ─ % retained on the sample

Sieve 20 = 100% ─ 7.1%

9
 = 92.9%
Grading modulus = sum of cumulative % retained /100
7.1 + 18.3+28.5+43.3+54.74+63.5+74.9+84.5+92.0/100
=4.6
Efficiency of uniformity = D60/D10
Curve
Example from curve D =6.0/D10
=2.5/0.08
=31.25

Proctor test
It was carried out to determine the mass of the soil that can be held per unit volume.

Test procedure
I. Obtained about 6kg of air-dried soil passing sieve 20mm.
II. Weight the mould with base plate and record the weight (ml).

III. Put the soil in a tray and mix thoroughly with water starring
with 20ml ,40ml and so on.
IV. Place the mold and base plate on a solid base and fix the collars
then fill and compact the soil in the mold using T99(2.5kg).
V. Compact for about 25 blows and for about three larger each.

VI. Remove the collars trim the excess soil over the edge and
weight the mold and base and soil.
VII. Place the mould on a tray remove the soil and take small
proctor for mixture content.
VIII. Break the specimen, mix with the remaining materials in the
tray and add again 2ml of water.
IX. Mix the soil thoroughly with water and repeat (IV) and (III)
four times with increment of 20ml of water each time.

10
Calculations
Moisture content = mass of water /mass of dry soil ×100
Bulky density (p) = m2 ─ m2/volume of mold
Dry density (pd) = 100 (bulk density)/100 + mc
MDD and OMC = peak of the curve (MDD) of the corresponding value on the horizontal
scale (OMC)
Bulky density determination
Test NO. 1 2 3 4 5

Weigh of 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000

sample (g)

Water added 120 240 360 480 600

(ml)

Weight of 8610 8982 9298 9256 9011

mould and
sample

Weight of 4475 4475 4475 4475 4475

mould (g)

Weight of 4135 4507 4825 4780 4538

sample (C─D)

Volume of 2124 2124 2124 2124 2124

mould

Wet density 1948 2120 2270 2251 2136

E/F
×100(kg/m-3)

Moisture determination
Container no. A15 A11 A9 A14 A3

Weight of wet soil 256.20 280.54 247.30 259.30 240.05

and
container(g)

Weight of dry soil 236.30 224.22

and
250.65 270.50 244.90
container(g)

11
 Weight of water 5.60 9.58 10.95 14.48 15.82
(g)

Weight of 86.45 86.60 86.55 85.27 85.34

empty
containers(g)

Weight of dry 164.20 183.90 149.50 159.60 138.90

soil

Moisture 3.40 5.20 7.30 9.04 11.40

content %

Dry density 1883 2017 2118 2064 1918

(G×100/100+m)

Atterberg limit test

Container no. 76 74 72 75

Liquid limit cone 177 19 24 26

penetration(mm)

Weight of cone 31.84 33.79 34.69 32.81

and wet soil(g)

Weight of cone 29.69 31.2 21.7 30.34

and dry soil(g)

Weight of 2.15 2.59 2.99 2.47

moisture (g)

Weight of dry 19.81 20.71 21.12 22.51

containers(g)

Weight of dry 9.88 10.49 10.59 9.83

soil(g)

Moisture content 21.8 24.7 28.2 31.5

%

Average 16
California bearing ratio
This is the basic test used to measure strength of sub grade soil. It is conducted by penetrating
a molded soil specimen with 2 cylindrical plungers at a constant rate of 1mm per minute and
the forces corresponding with penetration of 2.5mm and 5.00mm are compacted and compared
with strength of California ratio. The following are applicable in the test.

12
Plunger – cylindrical piston of 1935mm2 fixed to the providing ring of CBR machine, that
penetrates the soil specimen.
Dial gauge – the instrument which indicates the load reading or penetration of plunger as
testing continues.
Surcharge – metal disk placed over soil specimen during soaking and testing to stimulate
weight of pavement layers.
Sweal - expansion of soil caused by water absorption.
Test method
I. British standard methods
Mould size – 152mm dial × 127mm high (volume = 2305cm3)
Specimen 1:2.5kg rammers, 3 layers 62 blows per layer.
Specimen 2: 4.5kg rammers, 5 layers, 30 blows per layer.
Specimen 3: 4.5kg rammers, 5 layers, 62 blows per layer.
II. American standards
Mould size: 152.4mm dial × 116.4mm high (volume = 2124)

Using 2.5kg rammers

Specimen 1 – 3 layer, 10 blows per layer
Specimen 2 – 3 layer, 30 blows per layer.
Specimen 3 – 5 layer, 65 blows per layer.
NB; the method to be used consider (American standard)
Test procedure
CBR compaction
a) Carry out proctor test in order to get the MDD and 0mc of the soil.

b) Prepare about 6kg of air – dried soil passing 20mm sieve for each of the CBR
specimen.
c) Determine the natural moisture contest of the dry soil before adding water.
d) Calculate the amount of water to be added to the soil to get the optimum
moisture content (0mc – pmc) × m
Pmc + 100
e) Weight the mould with its base plate and record.

f) Put the soil in a try and add amount of water.

13
 g) Mix the sample thoroughly and leave a small portion for moisture content.

h) Place the layers according to the specified method and compact each using
proper rammers.
i) Contribute blows uniformly over the surface of each layer.

j) Remove the collars, trim excess soil over the mould and take the weight of the
mould with the base plate and soil(m2)

k) Remove base plate and put files proper on it invest the specimen and tie the
base plates back on the mould.
l) Put perforated swell plate on the specimen, add surcharge weights and put the
specimen in a tank.
m) Place swell gauge on the specimen, record the initial reading (R1) then add
water to approximately 5mm below the top of the collars and leave the
specimen in water for 4 days.

Use the procedure for all the 3 specimens.

Moisture content = mass of water × 100%
Mass of dry soil
Bulk density (p) = m2 – m1
Volume of mould
Dry density (pd) = p+ 100
W + 10
Table
Observation and calculations
Observation and 2.5kg rammers 10 4.5kg rammers, blows, 4.5 kg rammers, 65
blows, 3 layers blows, 5 layers
calculation 5 layers

Bulky density
determination
compaction

14
Number of blows per
layer

Mould no. 4 5 6

Weight of mould 12558 12877 13273

+base plate + soil
m1(g)

Weight of mould + 8864 8837 8888

base plate + m2(g)

Weight of soil m1 – m2 3694 4040 4387

(g)

Volume of mould 2124 2124 2124

v(cm2)

Bulky density 1739 1202 2065

M1- m2 kg/m3
V

Bulky density = weight of mould + base plate + soil – weight of mould +base plate
Volume of mould
= (12555 – 8864)/2124 = 1.739g/cm2

CBR penetration
a) You See After 4 days, place swell gauge on each specimen and record the
final reading
(R2)

b) Remove the specimen from water, allow them to drain for 15 minutes and then
penetrate each one of them.
c) Record the dial gauge reading at each penetration interval i.e. 2.5mm and
5.0mm.

15
 d) Use the ring factor to convert the gauge reading into force (kw)
Formula calculations
CBR value at 2.5mm = force at 2.5mm × 100
13.2kw
CBR value at 5.0mm = force at 5.0mm × 100
20.0
Swell = initial reading (R1) – final reading (R2) × 100
Height of specimen
Table
CBR penetration sheet AASHTO
Ring factor 0.02263
Mould 4: 2.54 g rammers/T99
Penetration of plunger (mm) Dial gauge reading (dr) Force on plunge (kw)

0.00 0 0.00

0.64 53 1.20

1.27 87 1.97

1.91 110 2.49

2.54 135 3.06

5.08 220 4.98

7.62 287 6.49

CBR value at 2.5 mm = force at 2.5mm × 100
13.2 kw
= 3.06 ×100
13.2kw
=23.18
= 23
CBR results
Record the value obtained at penetration of 2.5mm and 5.0 mm and report the height value as
the CBR of the material.
NB
16
British standard specifies CBR value at 2.3mm and require the test to be run. If the value at
5.0 mm is greater than the one at 2.5 mm.
Report the swell value obtained at heavy compaction (i.e. swell obtained at the mould
compacted with the highest number of blows using 4.5 kg rammer

Standard penetration 2.5 mm 50.0 mm

Standard force (kw) 13.2 20.0

10 blows 2.3 25

30 blows 42 40

65 blows 58 57

Summary
Blows Bb (kg/m3) CBR % SWELL %

10 1739 25 0.04

30 1902 42 0.03

2065 58 0.02

Table
Ring factor 0.002263 kw
Mould 6: 4.5 kg rams/T180
65 blows
Penetration of plunger (mm) Dial gauge reading (dr) Force on plunge (kw)

0.00 0 0.00

0.64 116 2.63

1.27 202 4.57

1.91 278 6.27

2.54 340 7.69

5.08 502 11.36

7.62 612 13.85

17
Volume of mould = 2124 cm3 (according to AASHTO specification weight of soil =
(Weight of would + base plate – (weight of mould + base plate). i.e., 12558 g – 8864 g
Table: Moisture content determination

Container no. A36 A37 A38

Weight of wet soil + container 179.58 167.10 189.55

Weight of dry soil + container 167.78 156.16 176.85

Weight of water w2 – w2 (g) 11.80 10.94 12.70

Weight of empty container (g) 42.6 42.4 41.8

Weight of dry soil w2 – (g) 125.56 113.76 133.7

Moisture content (w1 – w2) × 100 9.6 9.6 9.6

W2 – C
Dry density bulk density ×100 kg/cm3 moisture 1590 1735 1886
content + 100

Table
Soaking record

Date of moulding

Soaking days 4 4 4

Date of penetration

Table

Swell value

Initial gauge reading (R1) 9.63 10.95 11.43

Final gauge reading (R2) 9.68 10.99 10.55

Swell (R1 – R2) × 100 Height of 0.04 0.03 0.02

mould
20.0 kw
= 4.98 × 100
20.0
18
= 24.9= 25kw
Table: Ring factor 0.02263 kw
Mould 5: 45 kg rams / T180
30 blows
Penetration of plunger Dial gauge reading (dr) Force on plunge (kw)
(mm)

0.00 0 0.00

0.64 36 1.95

1.91 201 4.55

2.54 245 5.54

5.08 350 7.92

7.62 428 9.69

CBR value at 2.5 mm = force at 2.5 mm × 100

13.2 kw
= 5.54 × 100
13.2 kw
CBR value at 5.0 mm = force at 50 mm × 100
20.0 kw
= 7.92 × 100
20.0
= 39.6

CBR at 2.5 mm = force at 2.5 mm × 100

13.2 kw
= 7.69 × 100
13.2
= 58.26

CBR value at 5.0 mm = force at 50 mm × 100

19
20.0 kw
= 11.36 × 100
20.0 kw
= 56.8

20
STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS
Attached are the detailed drawings and calculation for the project
.
I
MEASUREMENT

Items to measure
1.Site clearance
2.Excavation of top soil
3.Levelling and compacting
4.Hardcore filling
5. Murram blinding
6.laying sand layer

1Site clearance
Clear site of small bushes, shrubs and undergrowth including
24.00 grabbing the roots, burning and cut away
15.00 662.80

Site excavation
L W
24.00 24000 15000
15.00 2/150 2/150
0.15 1850.00 5300 4300

Ditto
Remove top vegetable soil n.e 150 mm

Main excavation
L W Depth
24000 15000 50
50

26
24.00 150
15.00 250
0.25
2000.25
Levelling and compacting
L w
24000 15000

Level & compact the bottom of the trench

24.00
15.00
1850.00

Hardcore filling
Import fillings to make up level 250mm thick to be
compacted
24.00
15.00
0.25
165.455

24.00 Murram blinding

15.00 Add 50mm murram blinding as kerb footing to be levelled
0.05 and compacted
33.09

Placing of road kerbs with lean concrete ratio 1:3:6

24.00
15.00

24.00 Sand layer

15.00 50mm sand blinding laid on a consolidated base course
32.11
0.05
L W Depth
24000 15000 0.05
2/300 2/300
49400 39400

Concrete and topsoil

27
 L W Depth
24000 15000 150
24.00
2/-150 2/-150
15.00
49700 39700 150
0.15
94.56

Placing grasscrete formers size 600x600x150mm and steel

mesh reinforcement with soil coverage. The paving depth
150mm with concrete coverage.

L W D
49.70 39.70 0.15
0.25=128 0.25=78
128*78=9984

(0.15*0.15*0.15) =0.003375
9984*O.003375
33.696
24.00
15.00
0.15
94.56

Ddt
Ditto
60.864
24.00
15.00
0.15
94.56

28
ESTIMATION AND COSTING

SITE CLEARANCE
Assume
5 unskilled labour
1 paid sh.50
Assume
1m-sq=5hrs
5x50x5=1250 (add 20% profit and over heads)
=1500

TOP SOIL EXCAVATION

Assume
Unskilled l m3 =3hrs
0.1=0.3hrs
1hr= 60mins
0.3=18min/m3

Assume

1 skilled =100kshs
2unskilled=50ksh per hour

18x100/60=30.00ksh

18x50/60=15.00

Total=(30+15)
=45ksh (add 20% profits and overheads)
45+9.00=54

MAIN EXCAVATION
DATA
Purchase price of excavator
=900,000.00

Resell value after 5year

=800,00.00
Interest on capital=20%pa
Maintenance and repair 80% of annual depreciation
operator per hour=130.00
Fuel conservation 40 litres/week@250

29
=130S
Oil consumption 40litres @250
Insurance and taxes 9% of purchase price
Hours worked in a week =40hrs
Bucket capacity of excavators =0.5m3
Efficiency of excavators=80%
Unskilled labour 65.00/hr.
Cycle time 4min
Any other information will be assumed

30
1) Owning cost
Hourly depreciation=purchase price -scrap value.
Economically working life × working hrs. per annum
9 000,000- 800,000= 1,640,000sh/h r
5
Interest on capital per year
=20/100(60/100x8000) =96000

Major repairs and replacement per hr. =hourly depreciation ×100%

80/100x164,000
=Ksh 1,312,000

Insurance and taxes

9/100x9000000
=Ksh 810,000

Total owing cost

=1640,000+96,000+1080,00+1312,000+810,00
=Ksh 4,938,000
Hours worked in a year
=1600hrs

Owing cost/hr.
4,938,000/1600
=3,086.25

2)Running cost
Fuel per week working
hrs. per week=150
cost of fuel=ksh 600
OIL 40LT@250 per
week
250\40x40=ksh 250

Operator/skilled laborer
1skilled @130 operator
=Ksh.130.00

Unskilled labour
1@65=ksh.65.00
Total hourly Owning
cost
31
=6000+250+130+65
=6,445

Output of excavator

Bucket capacity=0.5m3

Cycle time =4min

Efficiency=80%
=80/100x60=48 min/hour

No of bucket=48/4=12 buckets
Volume
Excavated/hr. =12x0.5
=6m3/hr.
THE TOTAL COST
6m3=ksh 7060.00
Cost of lm3=7060/6
=1176.67 say 1176.70

Allow 20% OVERHEAD and PROFITS

20/100x1176.70
=235.34

TOTAL COST OF 1m3

1176.70+176.505
= Ksh 1353.205

32
Hardcore
Cost of hardcore=700sh weight=1.75t/m3
Hand operated roller=300sh
Thickness 200mm cost per m3 =
700×1.75=1225sh
(add 20%compaction and 5% waste)
20% of 225= 2750 5% of 1225=61.25
245+ 61.25+1225=1531.25

cost per m3 = 1×1×1=1820sh

1×1×0.25=455sh
Labour
spreading =unskilled Assume
unskilled =50sh per hr.
0.75m3 =50sh
0.25m3= sh15
compaction hourly =250sh
Assume
50m3 hardcore=1hr
cost per m3 = 250 × 2 = 10sh per m2
50
Total cost = 455+15+10= 480sh
Add 25% profits and overhead=600

Murram
50mm per m2
Assume
Unskilled labour =50sh per hr. density of
murram= 1500Kg/m cost of murram=
600per ton
cost per m3= 1500× 600= 900sh
1000
Add 5%waste and 10%compaction= 900sh
1m3 = 1035
0.05= 51.65ksh

Labour for murram

Assume
10 mins to spread cost per hour=
10× 50=8.33

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 60
Compaction
Assume
15 mins to compact once per m3 twice = 15×50×2=25
60 watering per m3 say 5
ksh
Total =43+8+25+5= 81ksh
(Add 25% profits n overheads) = 97.2Ksh

Sand
50 mm per m2
Assume unskilled
labour= 50sh per hr.
cost of sand 700 per
tonne density of sand
=1500kg/m3
cost per m3 = 1500× 700=1050
1000
Add 5%waste and 10% compaction
5%of 1050=52.5 +
10% of 1050= 105 =1207.5ksh
cost of 50 mm sand 1m3
= 1207.5
0.05m3 = 60.375

Labour
Spreading
Assume
10 mins to spread
cost per hour= 10×50=8.33 say 8
60
Compaction
Assume 15 mins to compact once per m3 twice
15×50×2=25
60
Assume watering per m3 say ksh 5
Total cost =60.38+81+25+5=98.38
(Add 25% profits n overheads) = 19.68
19.68+98.38= 122.975ksh

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 Item Description Qty Unit Rate Amount (ksh)
1 Site clearance 662.80 M2 1872 1,240, 761.6
2 Top soil excavation 185.000 M2 94.6 17501
3 Main excavation 165.455 M3 145.2 24,024.066
4 Hardcore 165.500 M2 600 99, 300
5 Murram blinding 33.089 M2 101.3 3, 351.9157
6 Placing sand 32.110 M2 122.98 3,948.8878

Total amount= 1,388, 887.47ksh

(Add 10% contingencies) = Ksh 1, 527, 776.22

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CHAPTER 4
ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS AND SITE LAYOUT

ARCHITECTURAL PLAN

36
SITE LAYOUT

37
CHAPTER 5
SITE ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT

ORGANIZATION
It consists of site administration, field control, field engineering, material control and site
supervision.
It involves a well detailed and safe process throughout the project duration.
Factors to be considered when organizing:

• Storage of materials
• Security of the preferred area
• Accommodation on the site
• Temporary services such as water, drainage and power
• Access to the site.
• Availability of space

SITE LAYOUT

PLANNING
Involves thinking ahead of the operations or activities to be performed.
Steps involved:

• Duration required for the work to be complete

• Durations and quantities
• Extent of aid needed financially
• Classification and the no of labour required
• Objectives of planning of the project

ACTIVITY WORKS DURATION

A Site Clearance 3days

B Excavation of top soil 11days

C Levelling and compacting 4days

D Hardcore filling 6days

F Murram blinding 10days

G Sand laying 8days

H Placing mesh reinforcement 3days

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 I Concrete and top soil coverage 28days

Main objective:
Project to be executed economically within the scheduled period.
One should include:

• Constant and steady flow of funds

• Procurement of the material to be used
• Proper choice of the plant required
• Safety measures

Work planning
After project is planned, it is scheduled. Scheduling is done to ensure the work is done in an
orderly way.
Advantages of work planning

• Gives clear idea about type, quantity and different stages of supply and materials.
• Helps arrange both skilled and unskilled labor
• Money required at different stages will be known from different data. Total time to
complete the project is known
Activity CODE DURATION EARLIEST LATEST FLOAT
E.S E.F L.F L.S T.F F.F
A 1-2 2 0 2 2 0 0 2
B 2-3 3 2 5 15 12 10 3
C 2-4 7 2 9 9 2 0 7
D 3-5 5 5 10 20 15 10 5
E 4-5 2 9 11 20 18 9 3
F 5-7 4 11 14 24 20 10 3
G 3-6 9 5 14 25 16 11 9
H 4-8 4 9 13 13 9 0 4
I 8-10 2 13 15 28 26 13 2
J 8-11 14 13 27 27 13 0 14
K 6-9 2 14 16 27 25 11 2
L 7-9 3 15 18 27 24 9 3
M 9-12 3 18 21 30 27 9 3
N 11-12 3 15 18 30 27 12 3
O 10-12 3 27 30 30 27 0 3

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Activity CODE DESCRIPTION DURATION
A 1-2 Clear the site and 2
bushes
B 2-3 Remove the top 3
vegetable soil
C 2-4 Excavation of the pit 7
D 3-5 Excavation of the 5
wall trench
E 4-5 Pouring of plain 2
concrete
F 5-7 Pouring of mass 4
concrete
G 3-6 Laying of the 9
reinforcement bars
on the slab
H 4-8 Forming benching 4
on the pit
I 8-10 Fixing of steel 2
members
J 8-11 Rendering to the 14
internal wall
K 6-9 Formwork 3
L 7-9 Vibration 3
M 9-12 Back filling 3
N 11-12 Removal of 3
formwork
O 10-12 Compaction 3

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