TRADE PROJECT

AUTOMATIC SECURITY ALARM SYSTEM

FOR

SEME TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL COLLEGE

BY
OMWARE MARTIN
INDEX NUMBER: 7141020173
SUBMITTED TO THE KENYA NATIONAL
EXAMINATION COUNCIL (KNEC)
IN PARTIARL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF
DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL ENGINERING (POWER OPTION)
EXAMINATION SERIES: JULY 2024
SUBMISSION DATE: 20/06/2024

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 DECLARATION

I Omware Martin declare that this is my original accademic work undertaken personally presented
to the Kenya National Examination Council ( KNEC)

Sigature..................................................................................

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE.

1.0 INTRODUCTION........................6

1.1 Background Information.............7

1.2 Problem Statement......................8

1.3 Function block diagram...............9

1.4 Specification................................9

1.5 Specific objectives.......................10

CHAPTER TWO.

2.0 LITREATURE REVIEW..............11

2.1 Introduction.....................................11

2.2 Transducers.....................................12

2.3 PIR Sensors……...........................15

CHAPTER THREE.

3.0 Methodology.............................27

3.1 Power supply.............................30

3.2 Soldering…...............................41

3.3 Designing..................................44

CHAPTER FOUR.

4.0 Results and Discussion..............46

4.1 Conclusion....................................46

4.2 Prototype.....................................47

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ABSTRACT.

Security systems are gaining importance in recent times to protect lives and valuable resources,
many advanced methods of providing security have been developed and are in use in the few
decades.

However, with recent progress in technology, growing needs increased security in civil and
other applications. In this field of security alarm system using modern approaches have become a
major means of providing security in all applications.

The ideal security system is to be designed so far, in this project many attempts have been made
to come up with a cheap but effective security for smell offices.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

In Kenya, most security solutions are provided by the security firms, however this system have
been operating for sometime which mostly is foreign developed. This translates that they tend to
be expensive and hard to maintain because suppliers keep on producing new product and not
supporting the older versions.

However, the ideal security system is yet to be designed to come up with a cheap but effective
security for both domestic and residential homes.

OBJECTIVES

1.To design and implement a cost effective and reliable automatic security alarm system.

2.To practically apply the knowledge acquired during study course period.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

It is with great pleasure and sincere appreciation in presenting this research project to recognize
wornderful contribution through encouragement and assistance from supervisor Mr
Omondi Ferdinand who led and guided the project to the conlusion . Also not to forget
concrete effort from my parents and colleagues their support and position critism in
what lead to the realization of other features

May God bless them all.

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This project is an attempt to monitor and alert people in case of any presence of unauthorized
entry in offices, firms, institutions, hospitals, domestic and residential homes.

Technology is used as part of the solution.

Due to high state of insecurity being experienced in the whole world, the need to keep occupants
of the offices aware of any intrusions, their premises forms part of the project.

The project entails sensors and contacts that detect movements upon a loud alarm is produced to
alert those nearby of unauthorized entry.

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1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

First security alarm system was invented in 1953 by Augustus pope, it uses electromagnets to
ring a ball with hammer when door or window is opened.

In its operation, this my project entails an active informed motion sensor which permits infrared
lights from the end to the receiver on the other end receivers. It triggers the alarms and receives
the signal.

The most common types of such alarms are: wireless alarms, wired burglar alarms, remote
monitored alarms, audible alarms and many more.

This project is an attempt to monitor and defend resources in both domestic and residential
homes, this requires technology in that information and transparency are only useful if translated
into action.

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1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

In Kenya, most security solutions are provided by security firms. this have been operating for
sometimes which mostly is foreign development. This translates, they tend to be expensive and
hard to maintain because suppliers keep on producing new product and not supporting older
versions.

However, this project is general to develop a simple and system that will meet the same needs as
commercially available system.

Lots of property have also become most common in firms and institutions, this project will help
to alert in case there is unauthorized entry in such places.

In the final product of this project will be cheaper, easy to maintain and foolproof.

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1.3 FUNCTION BLOCK DIAGRAM

Converts the alternating current to a low direct current voltage necessary for the processor and
the circuit in the input and the output module. My alarm sensor control panel should run from
12V supply, and when the alarm output has to be activated, a supply of 12V should be supplied.

Control unit module

This is the decision-making center that interprets various inputs from the sensor and makes the
appropriate logic decision.

Arm and disarm module

This is for arming and disarming the system.

Alarm module

This is for warning and detecting the intrudes.

1.5 PROJECT SPECIFICATION

Automatic security alarm system using the ultrasonic sensors is designed in a way that it will be
detecting movement or an approach towards a building or a structure to be designed at a certain
distance, sensors will be located at angles where they can easily detect somebody or an object

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approaching the house. Once it detects the buzzer will be initiated whereby it will buzz to notify
the person in charge or on shift.
The distance of the body will be displayed on the LED, thus this person in charge will be
able to see the sensor recorded the shortest distance for affective capture.
Moreover, this project will create job opportunity in the society because experts will be
required to program the system. Engineering designer will be required to design the circuit of the
whole system not to forget the installation and operation of the system.

1.6 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

This project is to design a cost effective and reliable automatic security alarm system and also it
will help the designer to practically apply the knowledge acquired during study course period.

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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0.1 Introduction

This document has been created to outline system design for new automatic security alarm system. The
system is intended to replace the manpower currently used mostly in guarding and monitoring homes.

By designing testing and developing, it will improve its capability and alarm sensing.

System Components

The main components of this project consist of:

Infrared motion sensors

Passive infrared sensor

Pyroelectors sensor

Buzzer

Sound sensor

Light emitting diode (LED)

Resistor

LED

Phototransistor

Transistor

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2.0.2 TRANDUCERS

This section deals with various possible sensor designs and how they function and which could be
appropriate for particular case.

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2.0.3 Infrared motion detector

Passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor)

In this project, passive infrared sensor is applied to measure infrared (IR) light radiating from object in
its field of view. They are often used in the construction of PIR- based motion detectors.
Apparent motion is detected when an infrared source with another temperature such as a wall.
In this detector, a sensor containing an infrared sensitive phototransistor is placed in the area to be
protected. Circuitry within the sensor detects the infrared radiation omitted by the intruder`s body triggers
the alarm.

Pryoelectric sensors
Is made of a crystalline material that generates a surface electric charge when exposed to heat in the form
of infrared radiation, when the amount of radiation striking the crystal changes the amount of charge also
changes and can then be measured with a sensitive FET device build into the sensor.
Typically, the FET source terminal 2 connects through a pull-down resistor of about 100k to ground
and feeds into two amplifiers having signal conditioning circuits.

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Typical configuration of infrared

Motion sensor

DIAGRAM

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2.0.4 PIR SENSOR

The PIR sensor has two sensing elements connected in a voltage backing configuration. This
arrangements controls signals caused by vibration, temperature changes and sunlight.

A body passing in front of the sensor will activate first one and then the other elements whereas other
sources will affect both elements simultaneously and be cancelled.

DIAGRAM

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FLG5 Fresnel lens is made of infrared transmitting material that has an IR transition range 8-14cm which
is most sensitive to human body radiation.

It is designed to have its grooves facing IR sensing elements so that smooth surface is presented to the
subject side of the lens which is usually the outside on an enclosure that houses sensor.
The FLG5 has a focal length of 0.65 inches from the lens to the sensing element.

DIAGRAM

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2.0.5 Active infrared motion detector

In the active system each sensor consists of two housing, one housing contains an infrared emitting diode
and an infrared sensitive phototransistor.

The other housing contains an infrared reflector when positioned in front of an entrance to a protected
area the two housings establish an invisible beam.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

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2.0.6 Resistor

It will be used to provide resistance of electrical in the circuit, it will predominantly lower the flow of
circuit block transition signal system and bias active elements.

This will help in energy absorption in the process where it acts hindrance to the flow of electricity by
reducing the voltage.

Types

Variable resistor

Fixed resistor

The project shall involve potentiometer and the types of variable resistor

Specification and termination.

Consist of two pins, the short pin which is negative port and the long pin which is positive port. The 10k
type of resistor shall be used

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Measurement and testing

The project shall apply the following tests to the resistor.

Continuity tests shall be done by use of multimeter to test the continuity of electrical power flow.

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2.0.7 Light Emitting Diode

It emits light when current flows through it.

Electrons in two semi conductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy inform of protons.

The color of the light corresponding to the energy of the protons is determined by the energy required for
electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor.

LED Identification

It has two pins: Positive terminal called Anode

: Negative terminal called cathode

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Features of LED used in this project

UV Resistant Epoxy

Forward current (IF) : 30Ma

Forward voltage (VF) 1:8V to 2.4V

Reverse voltage 5V

Operating temperature -30°C to +85C

Storage temperature -40°C to 100°C

Luminous intensity 20mcd

DIAGRAM

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2.0.8 Ultrasonic motion detector

They have two transducers: one omits an ultrasonic wave and another picks up reflections from the
different objects in the area. The reflected waves arrive at the receiver in constant phase to none of the
objects in the area are moving. If something moves, the received signal is shifted in phase. A phase
comparator detects the shifted phase and sends a triggering pulse alarm. Their main advantage is that
they are very sensitive and extremely fast acting

Features of motion detector

Continuously variable gain for beam control and side lobe suppression.

Object detection includes zero range objects

2.5V to 5.5V supply with 2Ma typical current draw.

Readings can occur up to every 50ms. (20 Hz rate)

Sensor operators at 42 KHz guy

Triggered operation provide the range reading as desired.

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2.0.9 BUZZER

An audio signaling device that is electromechanical.

Typically is used in this project to alarm and beep. It is used by tone transducers and passive beepers as
an external signal source to make a sound.

Pin Pin Description

Number
Name

Positive Identified by (+) symbol or

longer terminal lead

2 Negative It is powered by 6V DC.

Identified by short terminal lead.
Typically connected to the
ground of the ground of the
circuit

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Features and specification
Rated voltage 6V DC
OPERATING VOLTAGE 4-8V DC
Rated current 430Ma
Sound type: continuous beep
Resonant frequency -2300Hz
Small an neat package
Strip board and porf board friendly

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 2.1.0 Sound sensor LM393
They are used to receive a caustic and display the vibration image of sound.
It has a built-in capacitive electrets microphone the is sensitive to sound. The electrets film microphone
vibrates with acoustic waves resulting in the change of capacitance and the subsequent micro-voltage.
Then the micro voltage is sent to LM 393 comparator on the modules before being compared with the
threshold sent by blue pofontiometer. When the sound intensify in the surrounding doesn’t reach the
threshold, OUT interface outputs high level signals otherwise, output low level signals.
Sound detection sensor module pin configuration
Pin Name Description
VCC The VCC powers the module ,typically with +5V
GND Power supply ground
DO Digital output pin, directly connected to digital pin of microcontroller
AO Analogue output pin

Features and specification

Operating voltage -5/3.3V

Can detect sound/ noise
Sensing element is a condenser mic
Has a on board
Has a on board amplifier and gain adjustment
Digital output

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3.0 CHAPTER THREE

3.0.1 METHODOLOGY DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

3.0.2 METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The circuit design was conducted using measuring instrument at the circuit was constructed on
the strip board a 9v DC supply was fed to the circuit and result LED and sound produced.

Switch is used to put the circuit ON and OFF.

Different tools were conducted construction of automatic alarm system by measuring instrument
called Multimeter. The voltage ND the current rating at the transistor used in circuit are as
follows Q1, Q2, Q3=45V,100mA (BC557) type NPN and Q4=45, 100mA (BC 547) type PNP.

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 3.1.1 DESIGNING

To design this project, the main decision I need to make is what approach I will take for the main
alarm processing in this chapter discussion of these designs’ dolls with and the reason why one
design was chosen

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3.1.2 TRANSDUCERS DESIGN

In this section, I will enumerate the sensor I used to connect the alarm

Indoor masoned sensor will be used.

The block diagram showing components intrusion warning system this assumed that the number
of rooms were two. However, if there are more rooms, the circuit and the codes may have to be
adjusted.

3.1.3. Block diagram used to design a project

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3.1.4 POWER SUPPLY UNIT

This automate security alarm system run from a fixed 12v power supply, this is also the standard
operating supply voltage for usual sub systems such as any ultrasonic PIR heat, pressure or
magnetic sensors etc., also most of the strobe flashing lights and sensors available also run from
12v.

Any system in this project should run from 12v Supply and when an alarm output must be
activated this supply should be supplied.

In many projects I need to use secondary rechargeable batteries since can be discharged and
recharged multiple times. This original composition of the electrons can be returned by reverse
current, they include lead batteries. They come in many shapes and sizes from miniature cells
used to power hearing aids and wrist watches to battery bank the size of the room that provides
standby power for telephones exchange and computer data control.

IR (Infrared LED) sensors

IR (INFRARED LED) SENSORS
Infrared technology addresses a wide variety of wireless applications. The main areas are sensing
and remote controls. In the electromagnetic spectrum, the infrared portion is divided into three
regions: near infrared region, mid infrared region and far infrared region. The wavelengths of these
regions and their applications are shown below:

1. Near infrared region — 700 nm to 1400 nm — IR sensors, fibre optic

2. Mid infrared region — 1400 nm to 3000 nm — Heat sensing
3. Far infrared region — 3000 nm to 1 mm — Thermal imaging

The frequency range of infrared is higher than microwave and lesser than visible light.

An IR sensor is an electronic device that emits the light in order to sense some object of the
surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion.

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Usually, in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiation. These
types of radiations are invisible to the eye but detectable by infrared radiation.

Figure 1. IR Sensor

The emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) as emitter and detector is simply an IR
photodiode. The photodiode is sensitive to infrared light of the same wavelength which is emitted
by the IR LED. By combining these two, a photo-coupler is formed otherwise optocoupler.

Three laws are applied in Infrared LED Sensor include:

1.0 Plank’s Radiation Law- states that the smallest amount of energy that can be emitted or
absorbed in the form of electromagnetic radiation is known as quantum. This law explains
the spectral energy distribution of radiation emitted by a blackbody.
2.0 Stefan Boltzmann Law- states that the total radiant heat emitted from a surface is
proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.
3.0 Wein’s Displacement Law- states that the intensity of radiation emitted by a blackbody per
unit wavelength, at that wavelength which this intensity reaches a maximum, is
proportional to the fifth power of the temperature.
When infrared light falls on the photodiode, the resistances and the output voltages will change in
proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.

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Below are circuit diagrams of IR receiver and IR transmitter:

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3.1.5 TRIGGER UNIT

Transistor

Transistor has many functions such as defecting rectifying amplifying switching, voltage
stabilizing signal modulation and as discussed in my previous chapter.

As a variable current switch, I prefer to use BC 547 type of transistor to control the output
current based on input power.

Working

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When the press switch S2 in the case of my project the situation occurs. Transistor T1 and T2 in
the working state receives power from D2 and triggers the circuit through diode connected to the
switch S2. As a result the speaker produces sound attached to it, but in this case then is high
pitched tone indicating that an intruder is present near the door or entrance.

This only way to the turn or silence the dart sound from the speaker is to turn off the electric
power or power supply used.

Transistor symbols volts and power

Transistor NPN Q1, Q2, Q3 BC547,45V,100mA

Transistor PNP Q4 BC557 45V, 100mA

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 Transistor

3.1.6 Timer 555 Laser

Laser light goes through long distance without scattering effects it's also visible only at source
and incident point otherwise invisible these two properties help us to build up a modern security
system which is called laser security when any person or object crossover the line of laser the
alarm will ring and focus light will on to focus the entrance of unauthorized person. In this
project I will make a security boundary of single laser light by using mirror at every corner for
reflection.

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Backwards scattering is also peaked at small angles but bellow the intensity due to isotopic
scattering early isotopic scattering in more drink’s concentration of water vapor such as fogs than
under the conditions of hazes and clouds condensed by demand gain, for our problem a=10miles

We do calculation for f (0) =1 and

P= 1watt

Giving this power entering the collector to be of the order of 10 watts which is greater by a factor
of 10 than the quantum noise limit.

3.1.7 IC555 TIMER

In this project the timer is used to generates a variety of pulse timer and oscillator application
which will be used to provide accurate time delays as an oscillator and as a flip flop elements
derivative provide two (556) or four (558) timing circuit in one package.

In bistable modes the 555 timer acts as SR flip flop the trigger and reset inputs (pins 2 and 4
respectively on a 555) are held by high via pull up resistors, while the threshold input pin 6 is
grounded. This configured pulling the trigger momentarily to reset input to ground acts as reset
and transitions the output pin to ground (low state)

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IC 555 TIMER PIN CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

IC LM 358 PIN DIAGRAM

Merits of using LCLM358 in this project.

a) Two of amplifier compensated internally.

b) Removes the necessity of dual supplies.

c) Permits direct sensing close to GNO and Vought

d) Well situated with all methods of logic.

e) Power drains appropriate for the operation of the battery.

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3.1.8 Laser circuit design

First, the LDR and 10k 52 resistors are connected in series with the voltage divide and its output

(Common point) is connected to the pin and (non- inverting) of op-Amp IC LM358

For the inverting (pin 2) terminal connected the wiper of 10 kilo ohm potentiometer other two
terminal of the POT a connected to VCC and GND.

The 8th and 4th pin of OP-Amp ICLM358 are connected to the voltage divider and GND
respectively.

The only disadvantage is that to secure a larger area we need to connect more lasers and
compounding sensors.

Absolute maximum ratings (TA=25°C)

When the output is high the supply current is typically 1mA less than at VCC=5V.

This will determine the maximum Total value of RA+RB for 15V operation, the maximum Total
R=20Mohm and for 5V operation this maximum Total R=6.7Mohm

These parameters although guaranteed are not 100% tested in production.

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3.0.9 POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGES

PARAMETERS

Parameters Symbol Values Unit

Supply Voltage VCC 16 V

0
Lead temperature TLEAD 300 C
(soldering 10sec)

Power dissipation PD 600 Mw

0
Operating TOPR On + 70 C
temperature range
(LM555)

0
Storage temperature TSTG -654+150 C
range

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 COMPONENTS CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Components block diagram.

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3.1.0 PROCEDURE OF SOLDERING

Soldering is a process in which two or more items like metals are joined together by melting
them flowing a filter metal into a joint the filter metal having in relatively low melting point.

Material used in the project for soldering the circuit

A soldering iron

Used to heat this connection to be soldered we used a 25 to 40 watts soldering iron.

Rosin core solder

It has lower melting points then metals that are being connected to. Acts as Hux prevents
oxidation of the metals being connected hence enhance ability of the solder to wet the surface
that aim being joined.

Soldering braid

Is used to remove solder used to extract an electronic component that is soldered onto a board .it
is used to reduce this amount of solder on a connection.

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3.1.2 SAFETY AND PRECAUTIONS WHILE SOLDERING

1. Unplug the iron when it is not in use.

2. Keeping power core away from points when it can be tripped over.

3. Taking care to avoid touching the tip of soldering iron on a power line.

4. Always return the solder iron to acts stand when is not in use.

5. Work in well-ventilated areas.

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PROCEDURE

1. Identify all the parts that were to be soldered.

2. Attached all parts to a piece of paper and indicate by writing the names and values.

3. Components such as LEDs are placed this correct way around to function.

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3.1.3 ORDER OF INSTALLATION OF COMPONENTS

i. Solid wire connection between components on the board.

ii. Solid wired is rigid so it will stay in placed nice attached.

iii. Stranded wire to parts that are connected by wire to the circuit.

Stranded wire is more flexible than solid wire.

iv. IR reciever

v. IR LED

vi.LED

vii.Battery 9v

viii.Buzzer

ix. Resistor.

x.Capacitor

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3.1.4 FILTER

CAPACITAR

The effect of capacitor is capacitance which is the ratio of elective charge Q to the voltage V,
and it is expressed as C=Q/V

In this project I used ceramic capacitor

Symbol

it is used to withstand voltage in the range of 12kv up to 100kw

Class 1 NPO/COG ceramic capacitor

Code a tolerance is 0.05%

The normal value for the capacitor used 1000Pf plus or minus 10%

Rated voltage

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4.0 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0.1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction

After carried out the project appropriately in accondance with required standard , the aim
and objectives of the project was successfully achieved.

4.0.2 CONCLUSION

Automatic security alarm provides us with security against any crime and theft in our
day to day life. People are installing it in order to stay safe , secure and sound. It is great
opportunity and source of saving man power contributing no waste of electricity .

By using this system , robbery , theft and crime can be avoided to large extent, this
results in safety of our financial assets and thereby this system provides us with
protection agaisnt all.

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Circuit daigrams and prototype.

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