Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

ENGM030: Bridge Loading and Analysis

Integral, Skew and Curved bridges

Dr Stergios A Mitoulis

University of Surrey
Contents
• Skew & Curved Bridges
• Introduction
• Behaviour of slab - Plate theory
• Use of influence surfaces
• Grillage analysis
• Reinforcement design
• Reactions
• Integral Bridges
• Introduction
• Loading on integral bridges
• Analysis
ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Overview 2
Integral, Rigid, Jointless
• Integral abutment bridges
• Semi-integral bridges
• Rigid piers to deck connections
• European practice vs practice in the USA

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Integral 3

Integral bridges

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Integral 4

Integral bridges

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Integral 5

Seat-type Abutments vs Integral Abutments
Integral bridges
• Insert text

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Integral 7

Integral bridges

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Integral 8

Bridges: important structures-impact on economies

“Infrastructure woes take toll on US economy”

Failing infrastructure (roads, bridges) will cost the United States billions of
dollars in lost productivity, income and trade in coming decades, according to a
civil engineering report (Transportation for America) the impact on gross
domestic product could reach $2.7 trillion.

ASCE Report Card Shows U.S. Infrastructure

Near Failing
Deficient and deteriorating transportation systems (including bridges) drained
$90 billion from the U.S. economy in 2010 alone.
“It’s time to stop duct-taping this problem” - LIUNA General President Terry
O’Sullivan
“get in, get out, stay out” philosophy – (Stanton et al., 2011)
Drawbacks of bridge isolation, bearings, exp joints
• increased displacements

• bridge shall remain elastic (EC8-2, Caltrans)

• statically determinate bridges

deteriorated bearing failure
collapse
larger cross sections of the piers

• expensive devices (dampers)

• technology went further than theory (codes)

replacement

• require replacement (Australian code 20

years)

• traffic disruption (additional cost)

maintenance
Integral bridges
• Insert text

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Integral 11

Integral bridges

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Integral 12

Integral bridges

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Integral 13

Abutment under horizontal actions (AASHTO-CALTRANS)
• semi-integral abutments
semi-integral abutment
• integral backwall abutments
deck • pinned base abutments
wall • embedded wall abutments
 h 
hinge
connector horizontal stiffness: Κ abut = Ki ⋅ w ⋅  
 1.7m 
pile cap elastomeric pad

pile

integral abutment
Integral piers
(rigid pier-deck connections)

Lai Chi, Hong Kong

 Shear in Deck Slab
Integral piers
(rigid •pier-deck
Insert text connections)

exp. joint

T3 Viaduct, Sha Tin, Hong Kong

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Integral 16
Integral bridges

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Integral 17

Practical Details

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Details 18

Practical Details
Piled abutments (stub-type)

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Details 19

Practical Details
Semi-integral abutments

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Details 20

Practical Details

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Details 21

Practical Details

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Details 22

Integral bridges-Design codes

Euro codes for this are still at draft stage and is prone to
changes.

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Codes 23

Integral bridges-Design codes

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Codes 24

Integral bridges-Design problems

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Codes 25

Integral bridges-Design problems
Ratcheting effect

constraint movements

gap due to creep & shrinkge

subsidence due to
ratcheting effect
flow of the
non-reversible
soil
part of the gap is filled by
the flowing backfill soil
Integral bridges-Design problems
Additional stresses to the deck

,c M=F,c *d σ,Μ σ,N σ,M+N

F,c

σ,Μ σ,N σ,M+N f ctd

Bank seat abutments
Loading

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Abutments 28

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Abutments 29
Design of full-height abutments

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Abutments 30

Design of embedded and piled abutments

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Abutments 31

Integral bridges – Design problems

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Abutments 32

Integral bridges – Loading

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Integral 33

 Integral bridges
Practical Details
• Insert text

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Integral 34

Integral bridges

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Integral 35

Integral bridges

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Integral 36

Analysis of Integral bridges

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Integral 37

Integral bridges

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Integral 38

Integral bridges
Embedded abutments

Sextos et al.

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Integral 39

Integral bridges
• Insert text

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Integral 40

Backfills

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Backfills 41

Integral bridges

Taciroglu et al.

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Backfills 42

Bump at the end of the bridge- Plastic deformations of the fill should
be avoided

1st stage: The abutment pushes the backfill soil 2nd stage: The abutment is drawn away

rubfill?
Poor Bridge Rideability
3rd stage: The abutment pushes the plastically deformed backfill and increases pressures
Bump at the end of the bridge
The fully-contained, flooded backfill concept began with the combined efforts of the
Iowa Department of Transportation and Iowa State University. IDOT and ISU
conducted research looking into the settlement problems occurring at bridge
approaches. This area is commonly felt by motorists as a dip or roughness in
pavement just before driving across the bridge.

Video
Construction of the fully-contained,
flooded backfill
Use of rubber compressible inclusions
1
3 2
UK: 55million tyres annually
4
EU: 250 million annually
(500000t)
USA: over 270 million annually

tire shreds

rubfill

Bridges with rubcrete components and rubberised backfills

 7

abutment height (m)

7

abutment height (m)

Compressible Inclusions 6 4
6 2,4
2
1m 5
Deck 5
3
4
1 4
1
Concrete 3
3 3
C30/37 7m
2 2
abutment
1 without CI 1
with CI
0 0
1m foundation 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 10 20 30 40 50
1m 3m effective pressures (kN/m2) effective pressures (kN/m2)

Reference (i.e. typical full-height abutment) distance from abutment (m)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0
-5 CI with CI
-10
settlement (mm)

-15
without CI
-20
-25 settlements
-30
Introduction
Skew overpass

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Overview 47

Skew bridges

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Skew 48

The Jack Tone Road On-Ramp Overcrossing

Soil Structure Interaction effects: (backfill-bridge-interaction effects)

3-D abutment-backfill model of a skew bridge
Concentration of stresses at oblique angles

stress trajectories
under horizontal loads

Taciroglu et al.
obtuse

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Abutment 49

Introduction
• Bridge Geometry - Square bridge

Line of Support
Plan view
Direction of
90o Traffic flow
(Longitudinal Direction)

Perpendicular to traffic
(Transverse Direction)

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Overview 50

Bridge Geometry
bridge
Plan view
road
bridge
Square bridge
road
90o
90o
Square bridge
bridge

road
oblique >90o (obtuse)
Skew bridge

The bridges can be simply supported or continuous

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Overview 51

Skew Bridges
•A skew bridge is one whose longitudinal axis is not
perpendicular to the line of support (abutment, pier cap
or both).
•The angle of skew is normally measured between the
longitudinal centre-line of the deck (i.e. the
direction of the carriageway) and line drawn Angle of
Skew Direction of
perpendicular to the support.
Traffic flow

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Example 52

Skew Bridge Geometry
Line of Support

Direction of
Angle of Traffic flow
Skew

Transverse Direction

http://www.triadeng.com

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Example 53

Skew Bridge Geometry
line of support direction of Traffic flow
direction of Traffic flow
line of support
1 skew
square
2
Standard skew Half skew
(constant skew angle) (skew and square support)

line of support direction of Traffic flow

skew
skew
3
Trapezoidal skew
(variable skew angle)

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Cases 54

Curved Bridges

Hakozaki Junction, part of the Metropolitan Expressway in Tokyo

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Overview 55
Curved Bridges
• Horizontal curved (in plan) bridges are a standard feature of highway
interchanges and rail infrastructure
• Characterised by horizontally curved alignment and are used to
allow for radial displacements to “absorb” thermal, creep shrinkage
effects
• Smooth bridge alignment for road / rail traffic
• Avoid obstructions
• Optimise bridge arrangement over local topography
• Optimise foundation conditions
• Optimise against serviceability
movements of the deck
• Aesthetics
Octavio Frias de Oliveira Bridge, Sao
Paulo, Brazil
ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Curved 56
Curved Bridges
• Curvature introduces considerable complexity into bridge analysis
• Can be analysed by grillage analysis or finite element analysis using
straight grillage members (triangular elements would be also used)
• Radius of 40m is common on highway and 200m on railways bridges

www.lusas.com
http://www.ce.berkeley.edu

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Curved bridge models 57

Curved Bridge Geometry

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Curved bridge 58

 Effects of skew and curvature on bridges

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Effects 59

Skew and Curved Bridges
• Skew bridges reduce the lengths of spans (i.e. cost of deck and
supports)-see example next slide
• Increased deck area will increase cost of deck
• Irregular and complicated analysis, behaviour and design (coupled
long. and transv. response)
• Hazard to drivers / users- Driving convenience is reduced (depending
upon the superelevation)
• A bridge with 0ο skew is called ‘right’ or ‘square’ bridge
• A bridge with horizontal curvature > 2000m can usually be treated
as a ‘straight’ deck
• Skewness and curvature in plan introduce torsional effects of the
deck, hence additional shear stresses, bearing failures (unseating
mechanisms) and additional centrifugal forces
ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Effects 60
Effect of Skew

In longer bridges skewness does not reduce effectively the total length
ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Effects 61
Effect of Skew
Effect on
analysis:

Effect on the
loading of
deck/piers:

Effect on analytical
methods:

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Effects 62

Effects of Curvature
• Lengthen effective span of deck
• Curvature causes twisting and torsion within the deck
• Curvature redistributes loads on bearings (increases/decreases axial
stresses on bearings)
• May cause distortion of the deck, causing additional stresses
• May cause warping and related stresses in the deck

Okeil et al. ASCE, 2004

• Causes uneven loading

on sub-structure.
ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Effects 63
Contents
• Skew & Curved Bridges
• Introduction
• Behaviour of slab / plate theory
• Use of influence surfaces
• Grillage analysis
• Reinforcement design
• Reactions
• Integral Bridges
• Introduction
• Loading on integral bridges
• Analysis
ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Overview 64
Plate model of a Bridge Deck
Plate Theory (Established in 1811 by Lagrange)
- A slab may be considered as plate, or a continuum
- Capable to resist lateral load through bi-axial bending,
shear and torsion

Assumptions
- Deflections are small
- Plate thickness is small (not so thin that membrane forces
control, not so thick that shear forces control)

- Plate is homogeneous, elastic and isotropic

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Plate theory 65

Plate Theory

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Plate theory 66

Plate Theory

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Plate theory 67

Behaviour of Skew Slab

stress trajectory is a line

showing the continuous
change in the stress trajectories
orientation of a principal under vertical UDL’s
stress throughout a
body.

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Plate theory 68

Behaviour of Skew Slab

BM<0
and high twisting moments

BM<0
and high twisting moments

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Plate theory 69

Behaviour of Skew Slab

BM<0
Distribution along O-A:
BM>0

For live loads, the distribution of moments can be much more

complicated
ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Plate theory 70
Behaviour of Skew Slab

Find critical bending

moments due to loads at
critical points:

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Plate theory 71

Contents
• Skew & Curved Bridges
• Introduction
• Behaviour of slab / plate theory
• Use of influence surfaces
• Grillage analysis
• Reinforcement design
• Reactions
• Integral Bridges
• Introduction
• Loading on integral bridges
• Analysis
ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Overview 72
Skew Slabs
Support line

Support line

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Skew Slabs 73

Influence surface for g=UDL on skew slab
Rusch and Hergenroder

Bending moments:

Twisting moments:
ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Skew Slabs 74
Influence surface for UDL on skew slab
Rusch and Hergenroder

Bending moments:

Twisting moments:

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Skew Slabs 75

Example

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Example 77

Influence surface for Point Loads
•Point load distribution is complex, hence the influence surfaces for such
loads are invaluable for determining the moments due to live load, e.g. SV or
SOV vehicle.
•Generally, contact area of patch load has a negligible effect and can be
considered as point loads.
•Contact area becomes significant when width of patch load is greater than
0,15 times the span
Influence surface for Point Load
General Procedure
• Chose the correct influence surface (point load, aspect ratio, skew) for
the critical point being considered.
• Determine the scale of the slab in relation to the influence surface.
Sketch the kerb lines of the deck.
• Draw the vehicle to the same scale on a transparent sheet.
• Position the transparent sheet on the influence surface and read off the
ordinates.
• Form a table of the results.
• Using trial and error, position the sheet to maximise the sum of the
ordinates.
• Determine the total moment from

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Point Load 79

Point Load
• Insert text

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Point Load 80

Contents
• Skew & Curved Bridges
• Introduction
• Behaviour of slab / plate theory
• Use of influence surfaces
• Grillage analysis
• Reinforcement design
• Reactions
• Integral Bridges
• Introduction
• Loading on integral bridges
• Analysis
ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Overview 81
Grillage Analysis

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Grillage 82

Contents
• Skew & Curved Bridges
• Introduction
• Behaviour of slab / plate theory
• Use of influence surfaces
• Grillage analysis
• Reinforcement design
• Reactions
• Integral Bridges
• Introduction
• Loading on integral bridges
• Analysis
ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Overview 83
Slab Reinforcement Design

curved

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Design 84

Slab Reinforcement Design

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Design 85

Slab Reinforcement Design
Commonly used reinforcement design

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Design 86

Wood Armer Equations
Principle moments

(neglect)

(neglect)

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Design 87

Wood Armer
Principle moments
Equations
(neglect)

(neglect)

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Design 88

Wood Armer Equations

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Design 89

Example Application

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Design 90

Example Application

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Design 91

Practical Details-Free edges

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Details 92

Practical
Details

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Details 93

Practical Details-Free edges

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Details 94

Contents
• Skew & Curved Bridges
• Introduction
• Behaviour of slab / plate theory
• Use of influence surfaces
• Grillage analysis
• Reinforcement design
• Reactions
• Integral Bridges
• Introduction
• Loading on integral bridges
• Analysis
ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Overview 95
Reactions

max
reactions

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Reactions 96

Reactions

max
reactions

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Reactions 97

Reactions

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Reactions 98

Reactions

critical
bearings

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Reactions 99

Reactions
Reactions

Bearings under
compression only

Vertical load
increased

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Reactions 101

Summary: Design Principles for Skew Slabs

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Design 102

General Design Principals for Skew Slabs

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Design 103

Example: Autumn 2001 exam paper

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Example 104

Example: Autumn 2001 exam paper

(HA and HB are the SV vehicles of BS)

[b=7sqrt(2)=10+2.5+2.5=15m and lφ=12sqrt(2) =16m]

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Example 105

 Example: Autumn 2001 exam paper
• Insert text

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Example 106

Example: Autumn 2001 exam paper

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Example 107

Example: Autumn 2001 exam paper

Can easily replace this vehicle with SV or SOV of Eurocode

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Example 108

Example: Autumn 2001 exam paper

12/sin45

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Example 109

Example: Autumn 2001 exam paper
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ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Example 110

Example: Autumn 2001 exam paper

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Example 111

Example: Autumn 2001 exam paper
Example: Autumn 2001 exam paper
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ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Example 112

Example: Autumn 2001 exam paper

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Example 113

 • Insert text

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Example 114

Example: Autumn 2001 exam paper

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Example 115

Example: Autumn 2001 exam paper

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Example 116

Example: Autumn 2001 exam paper
Example: Autumn 2001 exam paper
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ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Example 117

Example: Autumn 2001 exam paper
Mu • Insert text

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Example 118

Example: Autumn 2001 exam paper

• Insert text

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Example 119

Example: Autumn 2001 exam paper
Example: Autumn 2001 exam paper
Muv• Insert text

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Example 120

Example: Autumn 2001 exam paper
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ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Example 121

Example: Autumn 2001 exam paper
• Insert text

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Example 122

Shear in Deck Slab
Applicable to skew or square slabs

max shear
@ d from supports

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Shear 123

Shear in Deck Slab
Applicable to skew or square slabs

ENGM030 Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis Shear 124