Xii Success Chemistry Tm 24-25

CHEMISTRY IS BASIC FOR OUR LIFE
+2 - Ntjpapay;
NAME :
CLASS :
SCHOOL :
P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER (CHEMISTRY), GBHSS, ANTHIYUR –ERODE -9150550110

myF ghlk; gf;fk;
1 cNyhftpay; 1
2 P njhFjp jdpkq;fs; - I 9
3 P njhFjp jdpkq;fs; - II 18
,ilepiy jdpkq;fs; kw;Wk;

4 cs;,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fs;
27
5 mizT Ntjpapay; 36
6 jpl epiyik 48
7 Ntjptpid Ntftpay; 58
8 madpr; rkepiy 64
9 kpd; Ntjpapay; 71
10 Gwg;gug;G Ntjpapay; 79
i`l;uhf;rp Nrh;kq;fs; kw;Wk;

11 <jh;fs; 87
fhh;gidy; Nrh;kq;fs; kw;Wk;

12 fhh;ghf;rpypf; mkpyq;fs; 95
13 fhpk iel;u[d; Nrh;kq;fs; 105
14 capupay; %yf;$Wfs; 111
15 md;whl tho;tpy; Ntjpapay; 119

1
* cah;thf epidj;jhy; cah;e;jpl KbAk; *

12-Mk; tFg;G Ntjpapay;
1. cNyhftpay;
1. fdpkk; - jhJ NtWgLj;Jf.
fdpkk; jhJ
jdpj;j my;yJ Nrh;k epiyapy;
1. cNyhfj;ij nfhz;Ls;s ,aw;if cNyhfj;ij mjpfk; nfhz;Ls;s fdpkk;
nghUs;
fdpkj;jpypUe;J cNyhfj;ij jhJtpypUe;J cNyhfj;ij gphpg;gJ
2.
gphpg;gJ fbdk; vspJ
3. vy;yh fdpkq;fSk; jhJf;fs; MfhJ vy;yh jhJf;fSk; fdpkq;fs; MFk;
mYkpdpaj;jpd; fdpkq;fs;;
4. mYkpdpaj;jpd; jhJ - ghf;irl;
ghf;irl; kw;Wk; irdhf;fsp
2. J}a cNyhfq;fis mjd; jhJtpypUe;J gphpj;njLf;Fk; gy;NtW gbfs; ahit?

 jhJit mlh;g;gpj;jy;
 gz;glh cNyhfj;ij gphpj;njLj;jy;
 gz;glh cNyhfj;ij J}a;ikahf;Fjy;
3. ,sf;fp vd;why; vd;d? ,Uk;ig Fe2O3 apypUe;J gphpj;njLg;gjpy;
Rz;zhk;Gf;fy;ypd; gad; ahJ?
 jhJtpy; cs;s cUfhj khRf;fis cUf;fp gphpf;f gad;gLk; nghUs;.
 Rz;zhk;Gf;fy; - ,sf;fp
 ,J rpypf;fhit fhy;rpak; rpypNfl; vd;Dk; frlhf khw;WfpwJ.
 CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3
4. vt;tif jhJf;fis mlh;g;gpf;f Eiukpjg;G Kiw kw;Wk; GtpaPh;g;G Kiw
gad;;gLfpwJ. ,U v.fh jUf.
 Eiukpjg;G Kiw - ry;igL jhJf;fs; - fyPdh [PbS], [pq;f; gpshd;l; [ZnS]
 GtpaPh;g;G Kiw - Mf;irL jhJf;fs; - nts;sPaf;fy;, N`kill;
5. epf;fiy J}a;ikahf;f gad;gLk; Kiwapid tpthp.
khz;l; Kiw
 khRs;s epf;fy; + fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;irL 350K epf;fy; nll;uh fhh;gidy;
Ni + 4CO 350K [Ni(CO)4](g)
 epf;fy; nll;uh fhh;gidy; 460K J}a epf;fy;
[Ni(CO)4](g) 460K Ni + 4CO
“KbahJ> ,ayhJ vd; w thh; j ; i jfs;

khzth; f spd; mfuhjpapy; ,Uf; f f; $lhJ”
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6. Gyj;J}a;ikahf;fy; Kiwapid tpthp.

 jj;Jtk; - gpd;d gbfkhf;fy; Kiw.
 khRs;;s cNyhfk; xU jz;L tbtpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
 ,j;jz;L xU efUk; ntg;gg;gLj;jp %yk; ntg;gg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
,jdhy; cNyhfk; cUFfpwJ.
 ntg;gg;gLj;jp cNyhf jz;bd; xUKidapy; ,Ue;J kWKidf;F
efUk;NghJ J}a cNyhfk; gbfkhfpwJ.
 khRf;fs; cUF epiyg; gFjpapy; jq;FfpwJ.
 ,r;nraiy kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; nra;J J}a cNyhfk; ngwg;gLfpwJ.
 cNyhfk; Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; Mtij jLf;f ke;jthA #oypy; elj;jg;gLfpwJ
 v. fh. – fhypak;(Ga), rpypf;fhd;(Si), n[h;khdpak;(Ge).
7. vypq;fk; tiuglj;jpd; tuk;Gfs; ahit?
 tpidapd; Ntfj;ij tpsf;ftpy;iy.
 Jid tpidfs; epfo;tjw;fhd rhj;jpaj;jd;ikia tpsf;ftpy;iy.
 tpidgLnghUl;fs; kw;Wk; tpidtpis nghUl;fs; rkepiyapy; cs;sNghJ
∆G - d; vy;yh epge;jidfSk; cz;ikay;y.
8. Jj;jehfj;jpd; gad;fs; ahit ?
 ,Uk;G JUg;gpbf;fhky; ghJfhf;f Jj;jehfKyhk; G+rg;gLfpwJ.
 kpd; rhjdg; nghUl;fs; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
 Jj;jehf ry;igL - xspUk; ngapd;l,; xspUk; tpsf;Ffs; jahhpf;f,
 Jj;jehfMf;irL - ngapd;l,; ug;gh;, kUe;Jg; nghUl;fs; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
9. gpd;tUtdtw;iw jFe;j cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Ff.
(i) khR my;yJ fdpk fopTfs;
jhJf;fSld; cs;s ghiw kw;Wk; kz; Nghd;wit. v.fh. SiO2
(ii) frL
 ,sf;fpAld; khRf;fis Nrh;f;Fk; NghJ cUthtJ frL.
10. thA epiyikj; J}a;ikahf;fYf;fhd mbg;gilj; Njitfis jUf. v.fh jUf.

 vspjpy; MtpahFk; Nrh;kj;ij jUk; fhuzpAld; cNyhfk; tpidg;gLj;jgLfpwJ.
 Mtpahd Nrh;kj;ij rpijtilar; nra;J J}a cNyhfk; ngwg;gLfpwJ.
 v.fh - epf;fy; - khz;l; Kiw, ill;Nldpak; - thd; Mh;fy; Kiw
11. mYkpdpaj;jpd; kpd;dhw; cNyhftpaiy tpthp.
mYkpdpak; gphpj;njLj;jy; - `hy; nùhy;L Kiw
 Neh;kpd; tha; : fhh;gd; jz;Lfs;
 vjph;kpd; tha; : fhh;gd; g+rg;gl;l ,Uk;Gj; njhl;b
 kpd;gFsp : 20% mYkpdhf; fiury; + fpiuNahiyl; kw;Wk;
10% fhy;rpak;FNshiuL fiury;(fyitapd; cUFepiyia Fiwf;f)
 ntg;gepiy : 1270K-f;F Nky;
 kpd;dhw; gFj;jypd;NghJ Neh;kpd; tha; nkJthf fiufpwJ.
vjph;kpd; thapy; J}a mYkpdpak; tPo;gbthfp fydpd; mbg;gFjpapy; gbfpwJ.
4Al3+(cUfpaepiy) + 6O2- (cUfpaepiy) + 3C 4Al (l) + 3CO2

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12. vypq;fk; tiuglj;ij gad;gLj;jp gpd;tUk; epfo;TfSf;fhd epge;jidfs; ahit?
m) nkf;dPrpahit mYkpdpaj;ijf; nfhz;L xLf;Fjy;
1600K-f;F Nky; nkf;dPrpahit mYkpdpaj;ijf; nfhz;L xLf;fyhk;
M) nkf;dPrpahitf; nfhz;L mYkpdpaj;ij xLf;Fjy;
1600K-f;F fPo; nkf;dPrpahitf; nfhz;L mYkpdpaj;ij xLf;fyhk;
13. gpd;tUk; nray;Kiwfspd; gad;ghl;bid tpthp;
m. fhg;gh; gphpj;njLj;jypy; rpypf;fh
rpypf;fh (,sf;fp) ngh;u]; Mf;iril ngh;u]; rpypf;Nfl; vd;Dk; frlhf khw;Wk;.
M. mYkpdpak; gphpj;njLj;jypy; fpiuNahiyl;

fpiuNahiyl; - kpd;gFsp kw;Wk; mYkpdhtpd; cUFepiyiaf; Fiwf;Fk;.
,. rph;Nfhdpaj;jpid kPJ}a;ikahf;fypy; mNahbd;
rph;Nfhdpaj;jpYs;s khRf;fs; tpidGhpahky; ,Uf;f mNahbd; gad;gLfpwJ.
<. Eiu kpjg;G Kiwapy; Nrhbak; raidL
Nrhbak; raidL Fiwf;Fk; fhuzpahf nray;gLfpwJ.
,J kw;w cNyhf ry;igLfs; vz;nzapy; Eiuj;J tUtij jLf;fpwJ.
14. kpd;dhw; J}a;ikahf;fy; jj;Jtj;jpid; tpsf;Ff.
rpy;thpd; kpd;dhw; J}a;ikahf;fiy tpthp.
 Neh;kpd; tha; : khR fye;j cNyhfk;
 vjph;kpd; tha; : J}a cNyhfk;
 kpd;gFsp : cNyhfj;jpd; cg;Gf;fiury; + ePh;j;j mkpyk;
kpd;dhw; gFj;jypd;NghJ J}a cNyhfk; vjph;kpd; thapy; gbfpwJ.
rpy;thpd; kpd;dhw; J}a;ikahf;fy;
 Neh;kpd; tha; : khR fye;j rpy;th;
 vjph;kpd; tha; : J}a rpy;th;
 kpd;gFsp : rpy;th; iel;Nul; + iel;hpf; mkpyk;
kpd;dhw; gFj;jypd;NghJ J}a rpy;th; vjph;kpd; thapy; gbfpwJ.
Ag Ag+ + 1e- (Neh;kpd; tha;)
Ag+ + 1e- Ag (vjph;kpd; tha;)
15. cNyhftpaypd; kpd;Ntjpj; jj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ff.
mjpf tpidjpwd; nfhz;l cNyhfj;ij xg;gPl;L mstpy; Fiwthd tpidjpwd;
nfhz;l cNyhf madpfisf; nfhz;Ls;s fiurypy; Nrh;j;jhy;,
mjpf tpidjpwd; nfhz;l cNyhfk; fiurYf;Fs; nry;fpwJ.
∆Go = - nFEo
n = vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if F = /ghuNl
Eo = Mf;rp[Ndw;w xLf;f tpidapd; kpd;Kid kpd;dOj;jk;
jd;dpr;irahd nray;Kiw
Eo = Neh;Fwp kjpg;G
∆Go = vjph;Fwp kjpg;G
ePq;fs; kfj;jhd gzpiar; nra;a gpwe;jth;fs; vd;gjpy; ek;gpf;if itAq;fs;..

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16. nfhg;gsf;fhg;gh; vd;why; vd;d?
cNyhf fhg;gh; jpz;kkhf;Fk;NghJ mjpypUe;J SO2 thA ntspNaWtjhy; mjd;
Nky;Njhw;w mikg;gpy; nfhg;gsq;fs; Nghy fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,e;j fhg;gh; nfhg;gsf;fhg;gh; vdg;gLk;.
17. mlh;g;gpj;jy; vd;why; vd;d? mlh;gpj;jypd; gy;NtW Kiwfisf; $W.
jhJf;fSld; cs;s kz; kw;Wk; ghiw Nghd;w khRf;fis ePf;Fk; nray;Kiw
mlh;g;gpj;jy; vdg;gLk;.
1. Eiukpjg;G Kiw 2. GtpaPh;g;G Kiw
3. Ntjpf; fOTjy; 4. fhe;jg; gphpg;G Kiw
18. Gtp <h;g;G Kiw my;yJ XLk; ePhpy; fOTjy; Kiwia tpsf;Ff.
 mjpf Gtp<h;g;G jd;ikAila jhJf;fis, Fiwe;j Gtp<h;g;G jd;ikAila
khRf;fspy; ,Ue;J gphpf;fg; gad;gLk; Kiw.
 Mf;irL jhJf;fis mlh;gpf;f ,k;Kiw gad;gLfpwJ
 ed;F J}s; nra;ag;gl;l jhJ XLk; ePhpy; fOtg;gLfpwJ.
 fdkhd jhJf;fs; mbapy; jq;FfpwJ.
 Nyrhd khRf;fs; XLk; ePhpy; mbj;Jr; nry;yg;gLfpwJ.
 v.fh. - N`kill;, nts;sPaf;fy;.
19. Eiu kpjg;G Kiwia tpsf;Ff.
 fypdh, [pq;f; gpsd;l; Nghd;w ry;igL jhJf;fs;; mlh;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

 vz;nzapy; eidAk; cNyhfj; jhJf;fis fdpk fopTfspy; ,Ue;J gphpf;fyhk;.
 Eiu cz;lhf;Fk; fhuzp - igd; vz;nza;
 Eiu Nrfhpg;ghd; - Nrhbak; <j;ijy; rhe;Njl;
 Fiwf;Fk; fhuzp - Nrhbak; raidL
 J}s; nra;ag;gl;l jhJ ePh; kw;Wk; igd; vz;nzAld; fyf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 fhw;W nrYj;Jk; NghJ mjpfsT Eiu cz;lhfpwJ.
 jhJf;fs; EiuAld; Nrh;j;J Nkw;gug;ig mile;J jdpNa Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 fdkhd khRf;fs; mbapy; jq;FfpwJ.
20. Ntjpf; fOTjy; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gy;NtW Kiwfs; ahit?
 ed;F J}shf;fg;gl;l jhJ xU jFe;j fiug;ghdpy; fiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 jhJtpy; cs;s cNyhfk; mjd; cg;ghf khWfpwJ.
 fiuahj khRf;fs; mbapy; jq;FfpwJ.
 Ntjpf; fOTjypd; gy;NtW Kiwfs;
1. mkpy Ntjpf; fOTjy; 2. fhu Ntjpf; fOTjy;
3. raidL Ntjpf; fOTjy; 4. mk;Nkhdpah Ntjpf; fOTjy;

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21. Ntjpf; fOTjypd; VNjDk; %d;W Kiwfis tpthp.
1. mkpy Ntjpf; fOTjy;
ZnS, PbS Nghd;w ry;igL jhJf;fis #lhd ePh;k fe;jf mkpyj;jpy;
fiuf;Fk;NghJ, fiuahj ry;igL jhJthdJ fiuAk; ry;Ngl;lhfTk;,
cNyhf ry;guhfTk; khWfpwJ.
2. mk;Nkhdpah Ntjpf; fOTjy;

epf;fy;, fhg;gh; Mfpa jdpkq;fis nfhz;l jhJit ePh;k mNkhdpahTld;
Nrh;f;Fk;NghJ mitfs; fiuAk; mizTr; Nrh;kq;fshf [Ni(NH3)6]2+ khWfpwJ.
mYkpNdh rpypNfl; Nghd;w fdpk fopTfs; fiuahky; jq;FfpwJ.
3. raidL Ntjpf; fOTjy;
jq;fj; jhJit ePh;j;j Nrhbak; raidL fiurYld; Nrh;j;J fhw;W nrYj;jp
fOtg;gLfpwJ. jq;fk; fiuaf; $ba raidL mizthf khWfpwJ.
jq;fk;-raidL mizT madpia Jj;jehfj;Jld; tpidg;gLj;Jk;NghJ

jq;fk; mjd; jdpk epiyf;F (g+[;a Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiy) xLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
22. kpd;fhe;j gphpif Kiwia tpsf;Ff.

 jhJ kw;Wk; khRf;fspd; fhe;jg; gz;Gfspy; fhzg;gLk; NtWghl;il
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
 ngu;Nuh fhe;jj; jd;ikAs;s jhJf;fs; mlh;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 cy;g;uikl; khRtpypUe;J nts;sPaf;fy; jhJ gphpj;njLf;fg; gLfpwJ.
 ed;F J}s; nra;ag;gl;l jhJ kpd;fhe;jg; gphpg;ghd; kPJ tpOkhW nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
 kpd;fhe;jg; gphpg;ghd; rf;fuq;fspd; topNa xU efUk; gl;il ,aq;FfpwJ.
 jhJtpy; cs;s fhe;jj; jd;ikAs;s jhJf;fs;; rf;fuq;fSf;F mUfpy; tpOfpwJ.
 fhe;jj; jd;ikaw;w jhJf;fs; kw;Wk; khRf;;fs; rf;fuq;fSf;F mg;ghy; tpOfpwJ.

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23. tWj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?
jhJit xU ciyapy; mjd; cUFepiyia tpl Fiwe;j ntg;gepiyapy;
mjpfsT Mf;rp[d; nrYj;jp Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; milar; nra;jy;.
24. fhw;wpy;yh #oypy; tWj;jiy tpthp;.

jhJit fhw;wpy;yh #oypy; ntg;gg;gLj;Jk;NghJ ePh; kw;Wk; fhpkr;Nrh;kq;fs;
ntspNaWfpwJ.
25. cUf;Fjy; vd;why; vd;d?

jhJit ,sf;fp kw;Wk; mYkpdpak; Nghd;w xLf;Fk; fhuzpfisf; nfhz;L
mjd; cUF epiyia tpl mjpf ntg;g epiyapy; cUf;fg;gLfpwJ.
26. fhh;gid nfhz;L xLf;Fk; Kiwia tpsf;Ff.

cNyhfj;jpd; Mf;irL jhJit fhh;gDld; Nrh;j;J CJ ciyapy;
ntg;gg;gLj;jpdhy; cNyhfk; jdpNa gphpfpwJ.
27. Ra xLf;f tpidia tpthp.

rpy jhJf;fis tWf;Fk;NghJ xLf;Fk; fhuzp ,y;yhkNyNa cNyhfj;ij jUtJ.
28. thd;-Mh;fy; Kiwapy; ill;Nldpak; vt;thW J}a;ikahf;fg;gLfpwJ?

 khRs;s ill;Nldpak; + mNahbd; 550K ill;Nldpak; nll;uh mNahilL
Ti + 2I2 550K TiI4 (g)
 ill;Nldpak; nll;uh mNahilL 1800K J}a ill;Nldpak;
lq;];ld; kpd;dpio
TiI4 (g) 1800K / W Ti + 2I2
29. thiy tbj;jy; Kiwia tpsf;Ff.
 J}a;ikaw;w cNyhfk; ntg;gg;gLj;jp Mtpahf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 Mtpia Fspur;nra;J J}a cNyhfk; ngwg;gLfpwJ.
 Fiwthd nfhjpepiyapy; MtpahFk; Jj;jehfk; Nghd;w cNyhq;fis
J}a;ikahf;f ,k;Kiw gad;;gLfpwJ.
30. cUf;fpg; gphpj;jy; Kiwia tpsf;Ff.
 mjpf nfhjpepiy cila khRf;fis, Fiwe;j nfhjpepiy cila
cNyhfq;fspy; ,Ue;J gphpf;Fk; KiwahFk;.
 khRs;s cNyhfk; vjph; mdy; ciyapy; rha;thd gFjpapy; itf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 fhw;wpy;yh #oypy; cNyhfk; mjpf ntg;gepiyapy; ntg;gg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 J}a cNyhfk; cUfp jdpNa Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 khRf;fs; mg;gbNa jq;fptpLfpd;wd.
 v.fh. - bd;, fhhPak;
Kaw;rpfs; jtwyhk;… Mdhy; Kaw;rpf;f jtwhNj…

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31. vypq;fk; tiuglk; vd;why; vd;d?
ntg;g epiyapidg; nghUj;J cNyhf Mf;irL cUthFk; tpidfspd;
jpl;l fl;byh Mw;wy; (∆G0) kjpg;gpy; Vw;gLk; khWghLfis tiuglkhf
Fwpg;gpLtJ vypq;fk; tiuglk; MFk;.
32. vypq;fk; tiuglj;jpypUe;J czug;gLgit ahit?
 cNyhf Mf;irL cUthFk; tpidf;F Neh;Fwp kjpg;G rha;T fpilf;fpwJ.
∆S vjph;Fwp kjpg;ig ngWfpwJ.
 fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;irL cUthFk; tpidf;F vjph;Fwp kjpg;G rha;T fpilf;fpwJ.
∆S Neh;Fwp kjpg;ig ngWfpwJ. vdNt fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;irL mjpf
ntg;gepiyapYk; mjpf epiyg;Gj; jd;ikAilaJ.
 MgO Nghd;w rpy cNyhf Mf;irLfSf;F xU Fwpg;gpl;l ntg;gepiyapy;
rha;tpy; jpBnud khw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F epiykhw;wk; fhuzkhFk;.
33. vypq;fk; tiuglj;jpd; gad;fs;; ahit?
vypq;fk; tiuglj;jpd; gad;fs;
 vypq;fk; tiuglj;jpy; Ag2O kw;Wk; HgO Mfpait Nkw;gFjpapy; mike;Js;sJ.
vdNt mitfs; kpjkhd ntg;gepiyfspy; $l epiyg; G j; j d; i kaw; w it.
MfNt xLf; F fhuzp gad; g Lj; j hky; mitfis xLf; f yhk; .
 vypq;fk; tiuglj;ij gad;gLj;jp xU cNyhf Mf;iril kw;nwhU
cNyhfj;jhy; xLf;fk; nra;tjw;fhd ntg;g ,af;ftpay; rhj;jpaj; jd;ikia
jPh;khdpf;f ,aYk;. v.fh - mYkpdpak; cNyhfk; Cr2O3 - ia xLf; F k; .
 vypq;fk; tiuglj;jpy; fhh;gdpd; Neh;NfhlhdJ ngUk;ghyhd cNyhf
Mf;irLfspd; Neh;NfhLfis ntl;LfpwJ. vdNt mj;jifa Mf;irLfis
mjpf ntg;gepiyapy; fhh;gdhy; xLf;f ,aYk;.
34. xLf;fp tPo;gbthf;fy; vd;why; vd;d?
jq;fk;-raidL mizT madpia Jj;jehfj;Jld; tpidg;gLj;Jk;NghJ
jq;fk; mjd; jdpk epiyf;F (g+[;a Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiy) xLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,r;nray;Kiw xLf;fp tPo;gbthf;fy; vdg;gLk;
35. Neh;kpd; khRf;fs; my;yJ MNdhL khRf;fs;; vd;why; vd;d?
 kpd;dhw; J}a;ikahf;fypy;, kpd;dhw; gFj;jypd; NghJ Fiwthd
Neh;kpd;RikAila khRf;fs; Neh;kpd; thapd; mbapy; jq;Ffpd;wd.
 mit Neh;kpd; hRf;fs; my;yJ MNdhL khRf;fs; vdg;gLk;.
36. mYkpNdh ntg;g xLf;f Kiwia tpsf;Ff.
 FNuhkpf; Mf;irL - mYkpdpak; J}s; fyit xU jPf;fspkz; Fg;gpapy;
vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
 Nghpak; nguhf;irL - nkf;dPrpak; J}s; fyit mjd; Nky; itf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,e;j fyitia vhpA+l;Lk;NghJ mjpf msT ntg;gk; ntspg;gLfpwJ.
 ,jdhy; mYkpdpak;, FNuhkpf; Mf;iril xLf;FfpwJ.
ntw;wp vDk; cauj;ij mila Vzpahf ,Uf;Fk; MAjk; jd;dk;gpf;if

8
37. fhg;gh; mjd; jhJtpypUe;J vt;thW gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ?
1. jhJ : fhg;gh; igiul;
2. mlh;gpj;jy; : Eiu kpjg;G Kiw
3. tWj;jy; :
4. cUf;fp gphpj;jy; :
5. kpd;dhw; J}a;ikahf;fy; :
Neh;kpd; tha; : khR fye;j fhg;gh;
vjph;kpd; tha; : J}a fhg;gh;;
kpd;gFsp : CuSO4 + ePh;j;j H2 SO4
kpd;dhw; gFj;jypd;NghJ J}a fhg;gh;; vjph;kpd; thapy; gbfpwJ.
38. mYkpdpaj;jpd;; gad;fs; ahit ?
 rikay; fyd;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
 Mfha tpkhdq;fspd; ghfq;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
 kUj;Jt cgfuzq;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
 cah; mOj;j kpd;fk;gpfs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
39. ,Uk;gpd; gad;fs; ahit ?
 ntl;Lk; fUtpfs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
 fhe;jq;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
 Nkhl;lhh; thfd gFjpg; nghUl;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
 fl;blj;njhopypy; gad;gLfpwJ.
40. jhkpuj;jpd; gad;fs; ahit ?
 kpd;fk;gpfs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
 Foha;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
 jhkpuk; - jq;fk; cNyhff; fyit Mguzq;fs;; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
41. jq;fj;jpd;; gad;fs; ahit ?
 ehzaq;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
 jhkpuk; - jq;fk; cNyhff; fyit Mguzq;fs;; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
 iff;fbfhuq;fSf;F jq;f Kyhk; G+rg;gad;gLfpwJ.
 jq;f ehNdh Jfs;fs; - Nrhyhh; nry;fspd; jpwid mjpfhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.

9
2. P njhFjp jdpkq;fs; - I
1. gpd;tUtw;wpw;F cjhuzk; jUf.
 INfhrh[d;fs; - Nghuhd;(B), mYkpdpak;(Al), fhypak;, ,z;bak,; jhypak;.
 nll;uh[d;fs; - fhh;gd;(C), rpypfhd;(Si), n[h;khdpak;, bd;, nyl;.
 epf;Nlh[d;fs; - iel;u[d;(N), gh];gu];(P), Mh;rdpf;, Mz;bkdp, gp];kj;.
 rhy;Nfh[d;fs; - Mf;rp[d;(O), ry;gh;(S), nrypdpak;, nly;Y}hpak,; nghNyhdpak;.
2. P – njhFjp jdpkq;fspy; Kjy; jdpkq;fspd; Kuz;gl;l gz;Gfs; gw;wp $W.
 Kjy; jdpkq;fspd; rpwpa cUtsT
 mjpf madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; kw;Wk; vyf;l;uhd; fth;jpwd;.
 ntspf;$l;by; d Mh;gpl;lhy;fs; ,y;yhik.
3. P-njhFjpapd; cNyhfg; gz;ig tpthp.
 xU jdpkk; vyf;l;uhid ,oe;J mjd; Neh;kpd; madpia cUthf;Fk; jpwd;
cNyhfj; jd;ik vdg;gLk;.
 ,g;gz;G madpahf;Fk; Mw;wiyg; nghWj;J mikfpwJ.
 nghJthf njhFjpapy; madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; FiwfpwJ.
vdNt cNyhfg; gz;G mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
 NkYk; thpirapy; madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
vdNt cNyhfg; gz;G FiwfpwJ.
 vdNt P-njhFjpapy; ,lJGwk; fPo;gFjpapy; cs;sit cNyhfq;fshfTk;,
tyJGwk; Nky;gFjpapy; cs;sit mNyhfq;fshfTk; cs;sd.
4. fhh;gid cjhuzkhff; nfhz;L GwNtw;Wik tbtq;fis tpsf;Ff.
 xNu ,aw;gpay; epiyikapy; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l gbf tbtq;fis nfhz;Ls;s
jdpkq;fs; GwNtw;Wik tbtq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
 fhh;gdpd; GwNtw;Wik tbtq;fs; -
ituk;, fpuhigl,; fpuhg;gpd;;, Gy;yhpd;;, fhh;gd; ehNdh Foha;fs;.
5. rq;fpypj; njhlh; Mf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? fhh;gdpd; rq;fpypj; njhlh; Mf;f gz;gpid
gw;wp Fwpg;G vOJ
xU jdpkj;jpd; mZr;rq;fpyp cUthf;Fk; jpwd; rq;fpypj; njhlh; Mf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
fhh;gd; MdJ C, H, N, S mZf;fSld; Nrh;e;J rq;fpyp gpizg;ig cUthf;Fk;.
epge;jidfs;
 jdpkj;jpd; ,izjpwd; ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;FNky; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
 mNj jdpkj;Jld; Ra gpizg;ig Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
 Ra gpizg;G typikahdjhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
 kw;w %yf;$WfSld; tpidGhptjpy; ke;jj; jd;ikahf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
6. Nghuhf;]pd; gad;fis jUf.
 epwKs;s cNyhf madpfis fz;lwpa gad;gLfpwJ.
 fz;zhb jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
 ,sf;fpahf gad;gLfpwJ.
 czT gjg;gLj;jpahf gad;gLfpwJ.

10
7. rpypNfhdpd; gad;fis $Wf.
 caTg; nghUshf gad;gLfpwJ.
 ePh; xl;lhj Milfs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
 kpd;Nkhl;lhh;fSf;F kpd;fhg;G nghUshf gad;gLfpwJ.
 ntw;wpl gk;Gfs; kw;Wk; vz;nza;j; njhl;bfspy; gad;gLfpwJ.
 #hpa xspapdhy; ghjpf;fg;glhj ngapd;Lfs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
8. NghNul; cWg;ig vt;thW fz;lwptha;? (m) vj;jpy; NghNul; Ma;itf; $W.
 Nghhpf; mkpyk; + vj;jdhy; mlh; fe;jf mkpyk; l;iu-vj;jpy; NghNul;
(gr;ir epwk;)
B(OH)3 + 3C2H5OH mlh; H2SO4 B(OC2H5)3 + 3H2O
9. Nghhpf; mkpyj;ij vt;thW Nghuhd; iel;iulhf khw;Wtha;;?
Nghhpf; mkpyk; + mk;Nkhdpah 800–1200K Nghuhd; iel;iuL
B(OH)3 + NH3 800–1200K BN + 3H2O
10. i`l;Nuh NghNuw;w tpidia vOJ.
ilNghNud; + My;fPd; <jh; l;iu My;ify; NghNud;
11. ilNghNudpd; mikg;ig tpsf;Ff.
 ,uz;L BH2 myFfs; ,uz;L i`l;u[d; ghyq;fshy; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 nkhj;jk; vl;L B-H gpizg;Gfs;, 12 ,izjpwd; vyf;l;uhd;fs; cs;sJ.
 ehd;F vyf;l;uhd;fis nfhz;L ,uz;L B-H-B ghy gpizg;Gfs; cUthfpwJ.
 ehd;F Kida B-H gpizg;Gfs; 2c-2e gpizg;ghFk;.
 ,uz;L B-H-B gpizg;Gfs; 3c-2e gpizg;ghFk.;
 ,jpy; Nghuhd; SP3 ,df;fyg;G cilaJ.
 gpizg;G ghyq;fspy; cs;s i`l;u[d; mZf;fs; xNu jsj;jpy; cs;sd.
 xU Nghuhd; mZtpd; ghjp epuk;gpa ,df;fyg;G Mh;gpl;lhYk; kw;nwhU Nghuhd;
mZtpd; ntw;W ,df;fyg;G Mh;gpl;lhYk;, i`l;u[d; mZtpd; ghjp epuk;gpa
S Mh;gpl;lhYk; Nkw;nghUe;jp B-H-B ghy gpizg;Gfs; cUthfpwJ.
 ,J thiog;go gpizg;G vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
xt;nthUth; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; mtuth; jd;dk;gpf;ifNa fhuzk;…

ek;ik jtpu ek; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij jLf;f ahuhYk; KbahJ…..
11
12. ,uz;lhk; thpir fhu cNyhfk; A-d; i`l; i uL MdJ B vd;w Nghuhdpd;
Nrh;kj;Jld; tpidGhpe;J C vd;w xLf;Fk; fhuzpiaj; jUfpwJ. A, B, C-fz;lwpf.
 ,uz;lhk; thpir fhu cNyhfk; A - Li
A-d; i`l; i uL + Nghuhd; Nrh;kk; (B) xLf;Fk; fhuzp (C)
2LiH + B2H6 2LiBH4
 A - Li,
 B - B2H6 ,
 C - LiBH4 .
13. /gp\;\h; - l;Nuhg;\; njhFg;G tpidia vOJ.
fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;irL + H2 Cu / 50atm i`l;Nuh fhh;gd;
500 K - 700 K
nCO + 2nH2 Cu / 50atm CnH2n + nH2O
500 K - 700 K
14. CO (fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;irL) xU xLf;Fk; fhuzp. ,ij xU vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpthp.
fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;irL Fe2O3 -ia Fe Mf xLf;FfpwJ
15. CO kw;Wk; CO2 -tpd; tbtq;fisj; jUf.

 CO %yf;$W - Neh;Nfhl;L mikg;G;
 CO2 %yf;$W - Neh;Nfhl;L mikg;G
16. [pNahiyl;Lfs; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.

 [pNahiyl;Lfs; vd;git mYkpdpak;, rpypf;fhd; kw;Wk; Mf;rp[idf;
nfhz;l Kg;ghpkhz gbf jpz;kq;fs;.
 rpypf;fhd; kw;Wk; mYkpdpak; mDf;fs; Mf;rp[Dld; ehd;Kfp mikg;gpy;
cs;sd.
 ,it ePNuwpa Nrhbak; mYkpNdh rpypf;Nfl;Lfs;.
 Ez;Jis mikg;Gilait.
 Nrhbak; madpfSk; ePh; %yf;$WfSk; ,j;Jisfspy; jsh;thf
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 ,it $Lfisf; nfhz;l Njd;$l;L gbf mikg;ig ngw;Ws;sd.
 Ez;Jisfs; topNa ePh; %yf;$Wfs; cs;NsAk; ntspNaAk; kpf vspjhf
efh;fpd;wd.
 ,it %yf;$W ry;yil Nghd;W nray;gLfpd;wd.
 ,tw;wpd; nghJ tha;g;ghL NaO. Al2O3. x SiO2. y H2O.

12
17. mYkpdpaj;jpy; ,Ue;J jhypak; tiu madpahf;Fk; vd;jhy;gp vt;thW khWfpwJ?
 kpff; Fiwe;j msNt khWfpwJ.
 fhuzk; - 1. Fiwe;j jpiwkiwT tpisT.
2. mjpf nraYW kpd;Rik.
3. d kw;Wk; f vyf;l;uhd; ,Ug;gJ.
18. Nghuhd; Vd; tof;fj;jpw;F khwhd Gjpa rfg;gpizg;Gfis cUthf;FfpwJ?
 rpwpa cUtsT
 mjpf madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy;
 fhh;gDld; xj;j vyf;l;uhd; fth;jpwd; kjpg;G.
19. Nghuhf;]; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?
Nfhypkidl; + Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; Δ Nghuhf;];
20. Nghuhf;]pd; ntg;g tpidia vOJ. (m) Nghuhf;]; kzpfs; vt;thW cUthfpwJ?
21. Nghhpf; mkpyj;jpd; ntg;g tpidia vOJ.

 Nghhpf; mkpyk; 373K nkl;lh Nghhpf; mkpyk;
 nkl;lh Nghhpf; mkpyk; 413K nll;uh Nghhpf; mkpyk;
 nll;uh Nghhpf; mkpyk; nrQ;#l;L ntg;gepiy Nghhpf; ePhpyp
22. Nghhpf; mkpyj;jpd; fhuj;Jtk; gw;wp tpthp.

 Nghhpf; mkpyk; typik Fiwe;j xU fhuj;Jt mkpyk;.
-
 ,J GNuhl;lhid toq;Ftjw;F gjpyhf OH madpia Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwJ.
23. ilNghNud; mk;NkhdpahTld; GhpAk; tpidia vOJ. (my;yJ)

NghuNrhy; (fdpk ngd;rPd;) jahhpj;jiy vOJf.
ilNghNud; + mk;Nkhdpah cah; ntg;gepiy/%lg;gl;l fyd; NghuNrhy;
(fdpk ngd;rPd;)
24. ilNghNud; cNyhf i`l;iuLfSld; GhpAk; tpidia vOJ.

13
25. Ma;tfj;jpy; Nghuhd; l;iu GSiuL jahhpj;jiy tpthp.
C6H5N2BF4 Δ BF3 + C6H5F + N2
26. Nghuhdpd; gad;fis vOJ.
 uhf;nfl; vhpnghUs; vhpA+l;bahf gad;gLfpwJ.
 mZ ciyfspy; kl;Lg;gLj;jpahf gad;gLfpwJ.
 jhtu nry;Rthpy; Kf;fpa gFjpg;nghUshf cs;sJ.
27. Nghupf; mkpyj;jpd; gad;fis vOJ
 gsgsg;ghd kz;ghz;lq;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
 fz; kUe;jhf gad;gLfpwJ.
 GiujLg;ghdhf gad;gLfpwJ.
 czT ghJfhg;ghdhf gad;gLfpwJ.
28. ilNghNudpd; gad;fis vOJ
 ce;jpfspy; cah; Mw;wy; vhpnghUshf gad;gLfpwJ.
 xLf;Fk; fhuzpahf gad;gLfpwJ.
 cNyhfq;fis xl;l itf;Fk; Rlhpy; gad;gLfpwJ.
29. nkf;f/gp nray;Kiwapy; mYkpdpak; l;iu FNshiuL jahhpj;jiy tpthp.
mYkpdh kw;Wk; fy;fhpAld; FNshhpid ntg;gg;gLj;jp AlCl3 jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
2Al2O3 + 3C + 6Cl2 4AlCl3 + 3CO2
30. mYkpdpak; l;iu FNshiubd; gad;fis vOJ.
 rhaq;fs;, kUe;Jfs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
 fdpk vz;nza;fisr; rpijj;J ngl;Nuhy; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
 ePuw;w AlCl3 g;hPly; fpuh/g;l; tpidfspy; tpidNtf khw;wpahf gad;gLfpwJ.
31. nghl;lh\; gbfhuk; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?
 mYiel; gbfhuf; fy;iy ed;F J}shf;fp, ePh;j;j H2SO4 Nrh;j;J
nfhjpf;f itf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 gpwF Njitahd msT K2SO4 Nrh;j;J gbfkhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
32. vhpf;fg;gl;l gbfhuk; vd;why; vd;d?

 nghl;lh\; gbfhuj;ij 475 K - 500K ntg;gg;gLj;jpdhy; ePh; %yf;$Wfis ,oe;J
cUtj;jpy; nghpjhfpwJ. ,J vhpf;fg;gl;l gbfhuk; vdg;gLk;.
33. nghl;lh\; gbfhuj;jpd; ntg;g tpidia vOJ

14
34. nghl;lh\; gbfhuj;jpd; gad;fis vOJ
 ePiu J}a;ikahf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
 ePh; xl;lhj Milfs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
 fhfpjk; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
 ,uj;j frpit jLf;Fk; kUe;jhf gad;gLfpwJ.
35. fpuh/igl; - ituk; NtWgLj;Jf.
fpuh/igl; ituk;
1. kpUJthdJ fbdkhdJ
2. kpd; flj;Jk; kpd; flj;jhJ
3. jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; cilaJ jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; ,y;iy
4. SP2 ,df;fyg;G SP3 ,df;fyg;G
typik Fiwe;j thz;lh;thy;]; typik kpFe;j
5.
tpirAilaJ. rfg;gpizg;GilaJ.
6. mWq;Nfhd jl;ilahd jhs; mikg;G ehd;Kfp mikg;G
7. caTg; nghUshf gad;gLfpwJ. fz;zhbia ntl;l gad;gLfpwJ.
36. Gy;yhPdpd; mikg;ig tpsf;Ff.

 ,it C50, C60, C70 Nghd;w %yf;$Wfs; nfhz;lJ.
 $z;L tbt mikg;Gilait.
 ,jpy; C60 %yf;$W fhy;ge;J tbt mikg;ig ngw;Ws;sJ.
,J gf;fpghy; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,jpy; 20 MW mZ tisaq;fSk;, 12 Ie;J mZ tisaq;fSk; cs;sd.
 ,jpy; cs;s fhh;gd; SP2 ,df;fyg;GilaJ. mNuhNkl;bf; jd;ik nfhz;lJ.
 ,jpy; C - C gpizg;G ePsk; 1.44 Ao.
37. fpuh/gPdpd; mikg;ig tpsf;Ff.
 ,J xw;iw jhs; tbtKilaJ.
 Njd;$L Nghd;w gbf mikg;ig cilaJ.
 ,jpy; cs;s fhh;gd; SP2 ,df;fyg;GilaJ.
38. fhh;gd; ehNdh Foha;fspd; gad;fis vOJ.
 kUe;Jfs; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
 gygbfs; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
 tpidNtf khw;wpahfg;; gad;gLfpwJ.
39. Mf;Nrh nray;Kiw tpidia vOJ.
fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;irL, i`l;u[d; kw;Wk; vj;jpyPDld; tpidGhpe;J
My;biìlj; jUtJ.

15
40. cw;gj;jp thA vd;why; vd;d?
fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;irL iel;u[d; nfhz;l fyit cw;gj;jp thA vdg;gLk;.
41. Ma;tfj;jpy; fhh;gd; il Mf;irL jahhpj;jiy tpthp.
42. njhopw;rhiyfspy; fhh;gd; il Mf;irL jahhpj;jiy tpthp.

fy;fhpapy; mjpf msT fhw;W nrYj;jp fhh;gd; il Mf;irL jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
43. ePh; thA rkepiy tpidia vOJf.
44. fhh;gd; il Mf;irbd; Mf;rp[Ndw;wg; gz;ig vOJ.
45. fhh;gd; il Mf;irbd; mkpyg; gz;ig vOJ.

fhh;gd; il Mf;irbd; ePh;f;fiury; fhh;ghdpf; mkpyj;ij cz;lhf;Fk;.
46. fhh;gd; il Mf;irbd; gad;fis vOJ.

 jPaizg;ghd;fspy; gad;gLfpwJ.
 Fsph; ghdq;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
 jhtu xspr;Nrh;f;ifapy; gad;gLfpwJ.
47. fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;irbd; gad;fis vOJ.
 rpwe;j xLf;Fk; fhuzp.
 rpwe;j <dp. vdNt cNyhf fhh;gidy; Nrh;kq;fis cUthf;Fk;.
 ePh; thA, cw;gj;jp thA - njhopw;rhiyfspy; vhpnghUshf gad;gLfpwJ.
48. rpypNfhd;fs; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; jahhpj;jy; kw;Wk; tiffis tpsf;Ff.
 rpypNfhd;fs; vd;gJ fhpk rpypf;fhd; gygbahFk;.
 nghJthd tha;g;ghL R2SiO.

16
rpypNfhd;fspd; tiffs;
1. Neh;Nfhl;L rpypNfhd;fs;
 ,it R2SiCl2 ia ePuhw;gFg;gjd; %yk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 rpypNfhd; ,ug;gh; - nkj;jpypd; njhFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ
 rpypNfhd; gprpd;fs; - rpypNfhd;fis fhpk gprpd;fSld; fye;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.
2. tisa rpypNfhd;fs;
,it R2SiCl2 ia ePuhw;gFg;gjd; %yk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
3. FWf;F gpizg;G rpypNfhd;fs;
,it RSiCl3 ia ePuhw;gFg;gjd; %yk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
49. rpypNfhdpd; gz;Gfis $Wf.
 ePh; ntWf;Fk; jd;ikAilaJ.
 ntg;gk; kw;Wk; kpd;rhuj;ij flj;jhJ.
 ke;j Ntjpj; jd;ik nfhz;lit.
50. rpypNfl;Lfs; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffis tpsf;Ff.
4-
rpypf;fhd; kw;Wk; Mf;rp[id nfhz;l ehd;Kfp myFfs; [SiO4] ntt;NtW
tbtq;fspy; gpizf;fg;gl;L fpilf;Fk; fdpkq;fs; rpypNfl;Lfs; vdg;gLk;.
gq;fpl;Lf; nfhs;Sk;
rpypNfl;Lfspd; tiffs; nghJ tha;ghL v.fh.
Mf;rp[d;fs;
[SiO4] 4
1 Mh;j;Njh rpypNfl;Lfs; - ,y;iy gPdirl;
[Si2O7] 6
2 igNuh rpypNfl;Lfs; - 1 jhh;l;tpill;
[SiO3]n2n
3 tisa rpypNfl;Lfs; - 2 ngiuy;
[SiO3]n2n
4 rq;fpyp rpypNfl;Lfs; - 2 ];nghLkpd;
[Si4O11]n6n
5 ,ul;il rpypNfl;Lfs; - 2 fy;ehh;
[Si2O5]n2n
6 jhs; rpypNfl;Lfs; - 3 ikf;fh
7 Kg;ghpkhz rpypNfl;Lfs; [SiO2]n 4 Fthh;l;];

17
51. gpd;tUk; tpidfis G+h;j;jp nra;f.
,yl;rpak; ,y;yhj tho;f;if, JLg;G ,y;yhj glifg; Nghd;wJ...

JLg;G vd;Dk; Kaw;rpia cUthf;fp nfhz;lhy;....
ntw;wp vDk; tho;f;ifg; glifr; rpwg;ghf nrYj;jyhk;!!!
18
3. P njhFjp jdpkq;fs; - II
1. ke;j ,iz tpisT tiuaW.
P njhFjpapy; NkypUe;J fPohfr; nry;Yk;NghJ,
 ns vyf;l;uhd;fs; Ntjpg;gpizg;Gf;F cl;glhJ.
 np vyf;l;uhd;fs; kl;Lk; Ntjpg;gpizg;Gf;F cl;gLk;.
2. rhy;Nfh[d;fs; p - njhFjp jdpkq;fshFk; fhuzk; $W.
 ,j;jdpkq;fspd; filrp vyf;l;uhd; p Mh;gpl;lhypy; epug;gg;gLfpwJ.
 ,j;jdpkq;fspd; nghJthd vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G ns2np4
3. Vd; /g;Shpd;; vg;NghJk; -1 Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyapidg; ngw;Ws;sJ? tpsf;Ff.
 rpwpa cUtsT
 mjpf vyf;l;uhd; fth;jpwd; kjpg;G.
4. /g;Shpd; Vd; mjpf tpidGhpAk; jd;ikiaAilaJ?
 rpwpa cUtsT
 mjpf vyf;l;uhd; fth;jpwd; kjpg;G
 F - F gpizg;G Mw;wy; kpff; FiwT
5. `hy[dpilr; Nrh;kq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
 xU `hy[d; kw;nwhU `hy[Dld; Nrh;e;J cUthFk; Nrh;kq;fs;
 v.fh. BrF, IF5
6. `hy[dpilr; Nrh;kq;fspd; gz;Gfis $Wf.
 ika cNyhf mZ nghpa mZthf mika Ntz;Lk;.
 ,uz;L N`y[d;fSf;fpilNa kl;Lk; ,it cUthFk;.
 ,itfs; typikahd Mf;rp[Ndw;wpfs;
 ,it Ra madpahjYf;F cl;gLk;.
7. `Pypaj;jpd; gad;fs; ahit?
 kpjf;Fk; gYhd;fspy; epug;g gad;gLfpwJ
 Mfha tpkhdq;fspd; lah;fis epug;g gad;gLfpwJ
 He - O2 fyit ePhpy; %o;Fgth;fs; Rthrpf;f gad;gLfpwJ
 He - O2 fyit M];Jkhit Fzg;gLj;j gad;gLfpwJ.
 fpiuNahn[dpf; njhopy; El;gtpaypy; gad;gLfpwJ.
8. Mh;fhdpd; gad;fs; vOJ
 #lhd kpd;dpiofs; Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; miltij jLf;fpwJ.
 kpd; tpsf;Ffspd; MAl;fhyj;ij ePl;bf;fpwJ.
9. fe;jf mkpyj;jpd; gad;fs; ahit?
 cyh;j;Jk; fhuzpahf gad;gLfpwJ.
 ntb nghUl;fs; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
 mNkhdpak; ry;Ngl; Nghd;w cuq;fs; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
 HCl, HNO3 jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
19
10. fe;jf mkpyk; xU ePh; ePf;Fk; fhuzp vd;gij jFe;j v.fh. Tld; tpsf;Ff.
11. Ma;tfj;jpy; vt;thW FNshhpid jahhpg;gha;?
12. FNshhpd; Fsph;e;j kw;Wk; #lhd NaOH cld; GhpAk; tpidia vOJf.
 FNshhpd; + Fsph;e;j NaOH Nrhbak; i`g; N gh FNshiul;
 FNshhpd; + #lhd NaOH Nrhbak; FNshNul;
13. 15-Mk; njhFjp jdpkq;fspd; ,izjpwd; $l;L vyf;l;uhd; mikg;ig tpsf;Ff.

nghJthd vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G - ns2np3
N P As Sb Bi
2s22p3 3s 3p3
2
4s24p3 5s25p3 6s26p3
14. iel;u[dpd; Kuz;gl;l gz;gpw;fhd fhuzk; $W.

 rpwpa cUtsT
 mjpf vyf;l;uhd; fth;jpwd; kjpg;G.
 ilahfhe;jj; jd;ikAilaJ.
 gy;gpizg;Gfis cUthf;Fk;.
15. iel;hpf; mkpyk; kw;Wk; fhu Mf;i]L Mfpatw;wpw;fpilNaahd tpidapid jUf.
16. PCl5 [ ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ epfo;tJ ahJ?
17. gh];igdpd; Ntjpg;gz;Gfis tpsf;Fk; ,U rkd;ghLfisj jUf.

1. gh];igdpd; ntg;gtpidg; gz;G
2. gh];igdpd; xLf;Fk; gz;G
18. i`g;Ngh /GSu]; mkpyj;jpy; (HOF) Mf;rp[dpd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w vz; fhz;lwpf.

HOF -y; Mf;rp[dpd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w vz;
(+1) + X + (-1) = 0
X =0
HOF -y; O-d; Mf;rp[Ndw;w vz; = 0
20
19. gpd;tUk; Nrh;kq;fspd; ,df;fyg;G kw;Wk; mikg;ig vOJf.
Nrh;kk; ,df;fyg;G tbtk;
BrF, ClF sp3 Neh;NfhL
BrF3, ClF3, sp3d T tbtk;
BrF5, IF5 sp3d2 rJu gpukpL
IF7 sp3d3 Iq;Nfhz ,UgpukpL
20. gpd;tUk; Nrh;kq;fspy; N`y[d;fspd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyapidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
a) OF2 -y; F-d; Mf;rp[Ndw;w vz; b) O2F2 -y; F-d; Mf;rp[Ndw;w vz;
(+2) + 2F = 0 (+1x 2) + 2F = 0
F = -2/2 = -1 F = -2/2 = -1
c) Cl2O3 -y; Cl-d; Mf;rp[Ndw;w vz; c) I2O4 -y; I-d; Mf;rp[Ndw;w vz;
2 Cl + (-2x 3) = 0 2 I + (-2x 4) = 0
2 Cl - 6 = 0 2 Cl - 8 = 0
Cl = 6/2 = +3 Cl = 8/2 = +4
21. HF xU typik Fiwe;j mkpyk; kw;wit typik kpf;fJ Vd;?

 HF gpizg;gpy; H kw;Wk; F ,ilNa vyf;l;uhd; fth;jpwd; NtWghL mjpfk;.
 ePh;f;fiurypy; HF gFjpasNt madpahfpwJ.
 HF gpizg;G typik kpf;fJ. mij gpsf;f mjpf Mw;wy; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
22. ryitj; J}s; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?
fhy;rpak; i`l;uhf;irL + FNshhpd; ryitj; J}s;
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 CaOCl2 + H2O
23. N`gh; Kiwapy; mk;Nkhdpah jahhpj;jiy tpthp
iel;u[d; + i`l;u[d; Fe mk;Nkhdpah
mjpf T Fiwe;j P
24. A+hpahtpypUe;J mk;Nkhdpah jahhpj;jiy tpthp

A+hpahit ePuhw; gFj;jhy; mk;Nkhdpah fpilf;fpwJ.
25. mk;Nkhdpahtpd; tbtikg;ig tpthp.

 mk;Nkhdpahtpd; %yf;$W tha;g;ghL NH3
 ,df;fyg;G sp3
 gpukpL tbtk;
 gpizg;G ePsk; 1.016 A0
 gpizg;G Nfhzk; 1070
 xU Kidapy; jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; nfhz;l ehd;Kfp
mikg;GilaJ.
21
26. mk;Nkhdpahtpd; xLf;Fk; gz;ig vOJ.
mk;Nkhdpah cNyhf Mf;iril cNyhfkhf xLf;FfpwJ.
27. M];thy;l; Kiwapy; iel;hpf; mkpyk; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?
28. Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLk; iel;hpf; mkpyk; Vd; kQ;rs; epwkhf khWfpwJ?

iel;hpf; mkpyk; ntg;gj;jpdhy; rpijtile;J iel;u[d;-il-Mf;irL, ePh; kw;Wk;
Mf;rp[dhf khWfpwJ. MfNt kQ;rs; epwkhf khWfpwJ.
29. iel;hpf; mkpyj;jpd; (HNO3) Mf;rp[Ndw;w gz;ig vOJ.
30. iel;hpf; mkpyj;jpd; iel;Nuh Vw;w tpidia vOJ.
31. iel;hpf; mkpyj;jpd; gad;fs; ahit?

 ,uh[ jpuhtfk; jahhpj;jypy; gad;gLfpwJ.
 Mf;rp[Ndw;wpahf gad;gLfpwJ.
 rpy;th; iel;Nul; (AgNO3) Gifg;glj; njhopypy; gad;gLfpwJ.
 Nrhbak;; iel;Nul; (NaNO3) Jg;ghf;fp ntbkUe;Jfspy; gad;gLfpwJ.
32. fe;jf mkpyk; xU ,Ufhuj;Jt mkpyk; vd;gij v.fh. cld; tpthp.
fe;jf mkpyk; fhuj;Jld; tpidGhpe;J ,Utifahd cg;Gf;fis jUfpwJ.
33. gh];gu]pd; GwNtw;Wik tbtq;fs; gw;wp tpthp.

1.ntz; gh];gu]; 2.rptg;G gh];gu]; 3.Cjh gh];gu]; 4.];fhh;nyl; gh];gu];
ntz; gh];gu]; rptg;G gh];gu];
1 tp\j;jd;ik cilaJ tp\j;jd;ik mw;wJ
2 G+z;bd; kzKilaJ kzkw;wJ
3 ,Uspy; xspUk; ,Uspy; xspuhJ
4 miw ntg;gepiyapy; jhdhf miw ntg;gepiyapy; jhdhf

jPg;gw;wp nfhs;Sk; jPg;gw;wp nfhs;shJ
5 vhpA+l;Lk; ntg;gepiy FiwT vhpA+l;Lk; ntg;gepiy mjpfk;

22
34. epd;nwhsph;jy; vd;why; vd;d?
ntz; gh];gu]; Mf;rp[Ndw;wkiltjd; fhuzkhf ,Uspy; xsph;fpwJ.
,e;epfo;r;rp epd;nwhsph;;jy; vdg;gLk;.
35. Ma;tfj;jpy; gh];gPd; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?
36. N`hy;k;]; Kd;dwptpg;ghd;

 Jisaplg;gl;l ngl;bapy; fhy;rpak; gh];igL kw;Wk; fhy;rpak; fhh;;igL
epug;gp flypy; vwpag;gLfpwJ.
 ePh; ngl;bapy;; Eioe;J mtw;Wld;; tpidGhpe;J gh];gPidAk;, mrpl;bypidAk;
jUfpwJ.
 gh];gPd; kw;Wk; mrpl;bypd;; fhw;Wld; vhpe;J cz;lhFk; ngUk;Gif
flypy; cs;s fg;gy;fSf;F top fhl;l gad;gLfpwJ.
37. gh];gu]; mkpyj;jpd; ntg;gtpidia vOJf.
gh];gu]; mkpyj;ij ntg;gg;gLj;jpdhy; gh];gPd; fpilf;fpwJ
38. Mf;rp[dpd;; gad;fs; ahit?

 caphpdq;fs; tho;tjw;F gad;gLfpwJ
 Mf;rp-mrpl;bypd; gw;witg;ghdpy; gad;gLfpwJ
 jput Mf;rp[d; uhf;nfl; vhpnghUshf gad;gLfpwJ.
39. Ma;tfj;jpy; XNrhd; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?
 20,000 V kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; 10% Mf;rp[d; thA XNrhdhf khw;wg;gLfpwJ.
 gpwF gpd;d fha;r;rp tbj;jy; %yk; J}a XNrhd; ngwg;gLfpwJ.
40. XNrhd; vt;thW mse;jwpag;gLfpwJ? (m) XNrhdpd; Mf;rp[Ndw;wg; gz;ig tpthp.

XNrhd; KI -[ mNahbdhf Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; nra;fpwJ.
41. XNrhdpd; tbtikg;ig tpthp.

 XNrhd; %yf;$W tise;j tbtk; kw;Wk;
 Mf;rp[d; mZf;fSf;fpilNa rPh;ikahd cs;slq;fh gpizg;ig ngw;Ws;sJ.

23
42. njhLKiwapy; SO3 vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?
43. fe;jf il Mf;irbd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w gz;ig vOJ.
44. fe;jf il Mf;irbd; xLf;Fk; gz;ig vOJ.
45. fe;jf il Mf;irbd; ntSf;Fk; gz;ig vOJ.
46. fe;jf il Mf;irbd; gad;fs; ahit?

 Kb, gl;L, fk;gsp Mfpatw;iw ntSf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
 jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; gaph;fspy; fhzg;gLk; njhw;Wfis ePf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
47. nlf;fhd; Kiwapy; FNshhpd; ngUkstpy; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?
 400 C -y; Fg;u]; FNshuiL cs;s mLf;Ffs; nfhz;l fydpy; fhw;W
O
kw;Wk; HCl; tpidGhpe;J FNshhpidj; jUfpwJ.
48. FNshhpdpd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w gz;ig vOJf.
49. FNshhpdpd; ntSf;Fk; gz;ig vOJf.

H2O + Cl2 HCl + HOCl
HOCl HCl + (O)
epwKs;s nghUs; + gpwtpepiy Mf;rp[d; epwkw;w tpisg; nghUs;

50. FNshhpdpd;; gad;fs; ahit?
 FbePiuj; J}a;ikahf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
 gUj;jp Jzpfs;, fhfpjk; kw;Wk; Nuahd; Mfpatw;iw ntSf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
 jq;fk; kw;Wk; gpshl;bdk; Mfpatw;iw gphpj;njLj;jypy; gad;gLfpwJ.
51. HF fz;zhb ghl;by;fspy; ghJfhf;fg;gLtjpy;iy Vd;? (my;yJ)
fz;zhbia mhpf;Fk; jd;ik vd;why; vd;d?
 ePh;k HF nkOF jltpa ghl;by;fspy; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 fhuzk; - HF rpypfh kw;Wk; rpypNfl;Lld; tpidGhpAk;.

24
52. ,uh[ jpuhtfk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gad;fis vOJ.
 %d;W gq;F mlh; HCl, xU gq;F mlh; HNO3 fye;j fyit
,uh[ jpuhtfk; vdg;gLk;.
 ,J jq;fk; kw;Wk; gpshl;bdj;ij fiuf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
53. i`l;Nuh FNshhpf; mkpyj;jpd; gad;fs; ahit?
 FNshhpd; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
 vYk;gpypUe;J gir jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
 ];lhh;r;rpypUe;J FSf;Nfh]; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
54. epahdpd; gad;fs; vOJ
 tpsk;gu gyif tpsf;Ffspy; gad;gLfpwJ.
 mjpf kpd;dOj;jj;jpypUe;J kpd;rhjdq;fis ghJfhf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
55. fpupg;lhdpd; gad;fs; vOJ
 xspUk; gy;Gfs; kw;Wk; xsph; tPr;R gy;Gfspy; gad;gLfpwJ.
 tpkhd epiyaq;fspy; mZFk; tpsf;fhf gad;gLfpwJ.
56. nrdhd; kw;Wk; Nulhdpd; gad;fis vOJ
nrdhdpd; gad;fs;
 xspUk; gy;Gfs;, xsph; tPr;R gy;Gfs; kw;Wk; Nyrh;fspy; gad;gLfpwJ.
 Gifg;gl epGdh;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; mjpNtf kpd;gha;r;ry; tpsf;fhf gad;gLfpwJ.
Nulhdpd; gad;fs;
 Gw;W Neha; nry;fis mopf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
57. ke;j thAf;fs; Vd; mjpf madp Mf;Fk; Mw;wy; ngw;Ws;sJ?
 ke;j thAf;fspd; mZf;fU kpd;Rik mjpfk;
 epiyahd vyf;l;uhd; ns2nP6 mikg;ig ngw;Ws;sJ
58. XeF2, XeF4, XeF6 vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?
59. gpd;tUk; Nrh;kq;fspd; ,df;fyg;G kw;Wk; tbikg;ig vOJf.

Nrh;kk; ,df;fyg;G tbikg;G
XeF2 sp3d Neh;NfhL
XeF4 sp3d2 js rJuk;
XeF6 sp3d3 xOq;fw;w vz;Kfp
XeOF2 sp3d T tbtk;
XeOF4 sp3d2 rJu gpukpL
XeO3 sp3d gpukpL

25
60. gpd;tUk; Nrh;kq;fspd; mikg;ig tiuf.
iel;hpf; mkpyk; (HNO3) gh];gPd; ( PH3 )
sp3 - gpukpL tbtk;
iel;u[d; ngd;lhf;irL (N2O5) Mh;j;Njh gh];gu]; mkpyk; ( H3PO3)
fe;jf mkpyk; (H2SO4) Mh;j;Njh gh];ghhpf; mkpyk; ( H3PO4)
khh;\y; mkpyk; (H2S2O8) `g;Ngh gh];gu]; mkpyk; ( H3PO2)
NfNuh]; mkpyk; (H2SO5) i`g;Ngh gh];ghhpf; mkpyk; (H4P2O6 )
gh];;gu]; biu FNshiuL (PCl3 ) igNuh gh];ghhpf; mkpyk; (H4P2O7 )

26
61. gpd;tUk; tpidfis G+h;j;jp nra;f.
NaNO2 + HCl HNO2 + NaCl
Cu + 2H2SO4 CuSO4 + 2H2O + SO2

27
4a. ,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fs;

1. ,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fs; vd;gd vit? cjhuzk; jUf.
 njhFjp 3 Kjy; 12 tiu cs;s jdpkq;fs;.
 KOtJk; epug;gg;glhj d cl;$l;bid ngw;Ws;s jdpkq;fs;.
 s njhFjpf;Fk; - p njhFjpf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l jdpkq;fs;
 ,j;jdpkq;fs; cUthf;Fk; Neh; madpfs; KOtJk; epug;gg;glhj
d cl;$l;bid ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
 v.fh.- ,Uk;G, jq;fk;, rpy;th;...
2. Mth;j;jd ml;ltizapy; d njhFjpapd; ,lk; gw;wp tpthp.
 njhFjp 3 Kjy; 12 tiu cs;s jdpkq;fs; d njhFjp jdpkq;fs;.
 ,jpy; 4 thpirfs; cs;sd.
1. 3d thpir (Sc to Zn) 4 -Mk; thpir.
2. 4d thpir (Y to Cd) 5 -Mk; thpir.
3. 5d thpir (Hf to Hg) 6 -Mk; thpir.
4. 7-Mk; thpir thpirapy; cs;s jdpkq;fs; fjpupaf;f jd;ik nfhz;lit.
 Zn, Cd, Hg Mfpait KOtJk; epug;gg;gl;l Mh;gpl;lhy;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ.
Mdhy; ,tw;wpd; gz;Gfs; ,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fSld; xj;Js;sJ.
3. Kjy; ,ilepiy thpir jdpkq;fspd; madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; kjpg;Gfis xg;gpLf
 Sc apypUe;J Ti tiu mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
 Ti apypUe;J Cr tiu khw;wkpy;iy.
 Cr apypUe;J Fe tiu mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
 Fe apypUe;J Cu tiu rpwpjsT khw;wk; cs;sJ.
 Cu apypUe;J Zn tiu mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
4. 4d tupir jdpkq;fspd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyfis tpsf;Ff.
 ns kw;Wk; (n-1)d -fSf;fpilNaahd Fiwthd Mw;wy; NtWghL.
 vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ, Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyfspd;
vz;zpf;if mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
 ,izahFk; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ, Mf;rp[Ndw;w
epiyfspd; vz;zpf;if FiwfpwJ.
 4d tupir jdpkq;fs; Mf;rp[d;, GShpd; kw;Wk; FNshhpDld; cUthf;Fk;
Nrh;kq;fspy; mjpfgl;r Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiy +8 ia ngw;Ws;sJ. v.fh. RuO4
 Kjy; jdpkk; ,l;hpak; +3 Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyia kl;Lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
 ika jdpkk; Uj;jPdpak; +2 Kjy; +8 tiu ngw;Ws;sJ.
 filrp jdpkk; fhl;kpak; +2 Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyia kl;Lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
 fhg;gh;; kl;Lk; +1 Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyia ngw;Ws;sJ.
fy;tpr; nry;tNk.. mopahj nry;tk;..

28
5. 3d tupir jdpkq;fspd; khWgLk; Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyfis tpsf;Ff.

 ns kw;Wk; (n-1)d -fSf;fpilNaahd Fiwthd Mw;wy; NtWghL.
 vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ, Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyfspd;
vz;zpf;if mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
 ,izahFk; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ, Mf;rp[Ndw;w
epiyfspd; vz;zpf;if FiwfpwJ.
 njhlhpd; Jtf;fj;jpy; +3 Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiy epiyg;Gj; jd;ikAld; cs;sJ.
 njhlhpd; ,Wjpapy; +2 Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiy epiyg;Gj; jd;ikAld; cs;sJ.
 Kjy; jdpkk; Sc +3 Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyiag; ngw;Ws;sJ.
 ika jdpkk; khq;fdPR +2 Kjy; +7 tiu ngw;Ws;sJ.
 filrp jdpkk; fhg;gh; +1 kw;Wk; +2 Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyia kl;Lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
6. 3d tupirapy; vj;jdpkk; +1 Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyia nfhz;Ls;sJ?
 fhg;gh; kl;Lk; +1 Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyia ngw;Ws;sJ.
 Vnddpy; fhg;gh; xU vyf;l;uhid vspjpy; ,oe;J epiyj;j 3d10
Mh;gpl;lhiyf; nfhz;l Cu + madpiaj; jUfpwJ.
7. ,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fs; mjpf cUF epiyiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ Vd;?
 mZf;fSf;fpilNa mjpf fth;r;rp tpir.
 typikahd cNyhf gpizg;G.
8. d - njhFjp jdpkq;fs; cNyhff; fyitia cUthf;f fhuzk; ahJ?
 xNu ,izjpwd; mikg;G kw;Wk; gbf mikg;ig ngw;Ws;sjhy;
 xU cNyhfj;ij kw;nwhU cNyhfk; ,lg;ngah;r;rp nra;J cNyhff; fyitia
cUthf;Fk;
 v.fh. jq;fk; - jhkpuk; cNyhff; fyit.
9. ,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fs; mizTr; Nrh;kq;fis cz;lhf;FtNjd;?
 rpwpa cUtsT
 mjpf Neh;kpd; mlh;j;jp
 vyf;l;uhd;fisg; ngw gy ntw;W (n-1)d Mh;gpl;lhy;fisg; ngw;Ws;sd.
 v.fh - K4[Fe(CN)6]
10. ,ilr;nrUfy; Nrh;kq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
cNyhfq;fspd; mzpf;Nfhitj; jsj;jpy; cs;s ,ilr;nrUfy; Jisfspy;
fhh;gd;, i`l;u[d;, iel;u[d; Nghd;w rpwpa mZf;fs; ,lk;ngWtjhy;
fpilf;Fk; Nrh;kq;fs; ,ilr;nrUfy; Nrh;kq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh. TiC
11. ,ilr;nrUfy; Nrh;kq;fspd; gz;Gfs; ahit?
 fbdkhdit
 ntg;gk; kw;Wk; kpd; flj;Jk;
 mjpf cUFepiy cilait
 ,ilepiy cNyhfq;fspd; i`l;iuLfs; typik kpf;f xLf;fpfs;.
 cNyhf fhh;igLfs; Ntjp ke;jj; jd;ik cilait.

29
12. Ce4+ kw;Wk; Co2+ madpfspd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;ig vOJf.

 Ce4+-d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G - [Xe] 4f0 5d0 6s0
 Co2+-d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G - [Ar] 3d7 4s0
13. Fe 3+ kw;Wk;; Fe 2+ ,jpy; vJ mjpf epiyg;Gj;jd;ik cilaJ. Vd;?
 Fe 3+ mjpf epiyg;Gj;jd;ik cilaJ.
 Fe 3+ - [Ar] 3d5 , Fe 2+ - [Ar] 3d6
 Fe 3+ -ghjp epug;gg;gl;l Mh;gpl;lhy;fisg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
14. Cr3+MdJ typikahd Mf;rp[ndhLf;fp. Mdhy; Mn3+MdJ typikahd
Mf;rp[Ndw;wp tpsf;Ff.
 Cr3+-d; E0 = - 0.41 V Mdhy; Mn3+ -d; E0 = +1.57 V
 xU cNyhfj;jpd; jpl;l kpd; mOj;jk; mjpf vjph;Fwp kjpg;ghf ,Ue;jhy;,
mJ rpwe;j xLf;Fk; fhuzpahf nray;gLk;.
 MfNt Cr3+MdJ typikahd Mf;rp[ndhLf;fp.
15. Cr2+ my;yJ Fe2+ ,tw;Ws; vJ typikahd Mf;rp[ndhLf;fp?
 Cr2+-d; E0 = - 0.91 V Mdhy Fe2+-d; E0 = - 0.44 V
 xU cNyhfj;jpd; jpl;l kpd; mOj;jk; mjpf vjph;Fwp kjpg;ghf ,Ue;jhy;,
mJ rpwe;j xLf;Fk; fhuzpahf nray;gLk;.
 vdNt Cr2+ typikahd Mf;rp[ndhLf;fp.
16. jhkpuj;jpd; E0 kjpg;G Neh;Fwp kjpg;GilaJ fhuzk; $W.
 Cu2+it fhl;bYk; jdpk epiy fhg;gh; mjpf epiyg;Gj;jd;ik cilaJ.
 vdNt Cu2+ vspjpy; jdpk epiy fhg;guhf xLf;fk; milfpwJ.
17. Jj;jehfj;ijf; fhl;bYk; FNuhkpaj;jpd; Kjy; madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; FiwT Vd;?
 Zn -d;; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G [Ar] 4s23d10
 Cr -d;; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G [Ar] 4s13d5
 FNuhkpak; xU vyf;l;uhid vspjpy; ,oe;J 4s03d5 vd;w epiyj;j mikg;ig
ngWfpwJ. MfNt FNuhkpaj;jpd; Kjy; madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; FiwT.
18. 3d tupirapy; EO M3+ / M2+ kjpg;gpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis tpthp.
 M3+ kw;Wk; M2+ madpfSf;fpilNaahd xg;gPl;L epiyg;Gj;jd;ikia jUfpwJ.
 Ti, V, kw;Wk; Cr Mfpatw;wpd; vjph;Fwp kjpg;gpy; ,Ue;J mitfs; cah;
Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyia ngw;Ws;sJ vd mwpayhk;.
 epyg;Gj; jd;ikAila Cr3+ madpia xLf;f mjpf vjph;Fwp EO cila
Jj;jehfk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
 M3+ / M2+ d; mjpf EO kjpg;gpypUe;J M3+ madpiaf; fhl;bYk; M2+madp mjpf
epiyg;Gj; jd;ik cilaJ vd mwpayhk;.
19. rph;Nfhdpak; kw;Wk; `hg;dpak; xj;jg; gz;Gfisg; ngw;Ws;sd. Vd;?
yhe;jidL FWf;fj;jhy; 3d kw;Wk; 4d jdpkq;fs; Vwj;jho xj;j
mZ Muq;fisg; ngw;Ws;sd. vdNt xj;jg; gz;Gfisg; ngw;Ws;sd.
30
20. nghl;lhrpak; -il- FNuhNkl; (K2Cr2O7 ) jahhpj;jiy tpsf;Ff.

 jhJ - FNuhikl;
 mlh;gpj;jy; - GtpaPh;g;G Kiw
 FNuhikl; + Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; O2 Nrhbak; FNuhNkl;
 Nrhbak; FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 Nrhbak; -il- FNuhNkl;
 Nrhbak; -il- FNuhNkl; KCl nghl;lhrpak; -il- FNuhNkl;
21. FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjidia vOJ.

 nghl;lhrpak;-il-FNuhNkl; + nghl;lhrpak; mlh; H2SO4 FNuhiky; FNshiuL
FNshiuL (MuQ;R rptg;Gepw Mtp)
 ,t;tpid gz;gwp gFg;gha;tpy; FNshiuL madpia fz;lwpa gad;gLfpwJ.
22. cNyhff; fyitia cUthf;f `pAk; - Nuhj;jhp tpjpiaf; $W.

 fiunghUs; kw;Wk; fiug;ghd; ,uz;Lk; xNu ,izjpwd; mikg;G kw;Wk;
gbf mikg;ig ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
 mitfspd; mZ Muq;fSf;fpilNaahd NtWghL 15% tpl Fiwthf
,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
 vyf;l;uhd; fth;jpwd; NtWghL G+[;;aj;jpw;F mUfhikapy; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
23. rPf;yh; - ehl;lh tpidNtf khw;wp vd;gJ vJ? mjd; gad; ahJ?
 TiCl4 kw;Wk; l;iu My;ify; mYkpdpak; fye;j fyit rPf;yh; - ehl;lh
tpidNtf khw;wp vdg;gLk;.
 ,J gygbahf;fypy; gad;gLfpwJ.
24. ilah kw;Wk; ghuh fhe;jj; jd;ik NtWgLj;Jf.

ilah fhe;jj; jd;ik ghuh fhe;jj; jd;ik
1 jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; ,y;iy jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; cz;L
2 fhe;jg; Gyj;jhy; tpyf;fg;gLfpd;wd fhe;jg; Gyj;jhy; <h;f;fg;gLfpd;wd
3 Cu +, Zn2+ Ni2+, Fe2+
xU tp\aj;ij cd;dhy; fdT fhz KbAkhdhy; - mjid

cd;dhy; nra;J Kbf;fTk; KbAk;…
31
25. fPo;fz;ltw;Ws; vJ epwKs;sJ?
26. ,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fspd; mZ Muk; vt;thW Mth;j;jd ml;ltizapy; vt;thW

NtWgLfpwJ?
njhFjpapy; thpirapy; (njhlhpy;)

mZ Muk;; mjpfhpf;Fk; FiwAk;
NrUk; vyf;l;uhd;fs; Gjpa NrUk; vyf;l;uhd;fs; xNu $l;by;
fhuzk; $l;by; NrUk;. vdNt cl;fU NrUk;. vdNt cl;fU kpd;Rik
kpd;Rik FiwAk; mjpfhpf;Fk.;
27. Cr kw;Wk; Cu tpd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;ig vOJ.

 Cr –d; vjpu;ghh;f;Fk; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G [Ar] 4s2 3d4
cz;ikahd vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G [Ar] 4s1 3d5
 Cu –d; vjpu;ghh;f;Fk; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G [Ar] 4s2 3d9
cz;ikahd vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G [Ar] 4s1 3d10
28. Mn 4+ia tpl Mn 2+ mjpf epiyg;Gj;jd;ik cilaJ Vd;?
 Mn 4+ -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G – [Ar] 3d3
 Mn 2+ -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G – [Ar] 3d5
 Mn 2+ -ghjp epug;gg;gl;l Mh;gpl;lhy;fisg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
MfNt mjpf epiyg;Gj;jd;ik cilaJ.
29. Cu d; Nrh;kq;fs; epwKs;sJ. Mdhy; Zn2+ d; Nrh;kq;fs; epwkw;wJ. Vd;?
2+
 Cu 2+ -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G – [Ar] 3d9

jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; cz;L. MfNt epwKs;sJ.
 Zn2+ -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G – [Ar] 3d10
jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; ,y;iy. MfNt epwkw;wJ.
30. Sc3+ kw;Wk; Ti4+madpfs; epwkw;wJ Vd;?
 ntw;W do vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G cilaJ.
 jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; ,y;iy.
 d – d ,lg;ngah;r;rp ,y;iy.

32
31. Cu+ kw;Wk; Zn2+madpfs; epwkw;wJ Vd;?

 epiyg;Gj; jd;ikAila d10 vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G cilaJ.
 jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; ,y;iy.
 d – d ,lg;ngah;r;rp ,y;iy.
32. jpl;l kpd;Kid kpd;dOj;j kjpg;G tiuaW.
1 atm mOj;jk; kw;Wk; 273K ntg;g epiyapy; %yf;$W i`l;u[d;,
GNuhl;lhdhf Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; milAk; NghJ kpd;fydpd; jpl;l kpd;dpaf;F
tpirapd; kjpg;G jpl;l kpd;Kid kpd;dOj;j kjpg;G vdg;gLk;.
33. nghl;lhrpak; il FnuhNkl;bd; kPJ ntg;gj;jpd; tpisit vOJ
34. nghl;lhrpak; ngh;khq;fNdl;bd; ntg;g tpidia vOJ
35. nghl;lhrpak; il FNuhNkl;bd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w tpidia vOJ

 mNahilL madpia mNahbdhf Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; nra;fpwJ
 ry;igL madpia ry;guhf Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; nra;fpwJ
36. nghl;lhrpak; ngh;khq;fNdl;bd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w gz;ig tpsf;Ff.

 mkpy Clfk;
 fhu Clfk;
 eLepiy Clfk;
37. nghl;lhrpak; il FnuhNkl;bd; gad;fis vOJ.

 Njhy; gjdpLjypy; gad;gLfpwJ.
 rhakpLjy; kw;Wk; mr;Rj;njhopypy; gad;gLfpwJ.
 Mf;rp[Ndw;wpahfg; gad;gLfpwJ.
38. nghl;lhrpak; ngh;khq;fNdl;bd; gad;fis vOJ.
 Njhy; Neha;f;F kUe;jhf gad;gLfpwJ.
 ePiu J}a;ikahf;Fk; njhopw;rhiyfspy; gad;gLfpwJ.
 Mf;rp[Ndw;wpahfg; gad;gLfpwJ.

33
39. mkpy, fhu kw;Wk; eLepiy Clfq;fspy; KmnO4 d; rkhd epiwiaf; fhz;f.
40. jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; kw;Wk; fhe;ej; jd;ikia fzf;fpLf.

34
4b. cs;-,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fs;

1. cs; ,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf.
 (n-2) f Mh;gpl;lhypy; ,Wjp vyf;l;uhd; te;J NrUk; jdpkq;fs;.
 4f thpir - yhe;jdha;Lfs; - Ce Kjy; Lu tiu cs;s 14 jdpkq;fs;
 5f thpir - Mf;bdha;Lfs; - Th Kjy; Lr tiu cs;s 14 jdpkq;fs;
2. yhe;jdha;Lfs; kw;Wk; Mf;bdha;Lfs; jdpk thpir ml;ltizapy; ngw;Ws;s
,lj;jpid epWTf.
 yhe;jdha;Lfs; kw;Wk; Mf;bdha;Lfs; jdp thpir ml;ltizapd; fPNo
,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
 yhe;jdha;Lfs; - 4f thpir jdpkq;fs;
- njhFjp 3 thpir 6 y; cs;sit
- Ce Kjy; Lu tiu cs;s 14 jdpkq;fs;
 Mf;bdha;Lfs; - 5f thpir jdpkq;fs;
- njhFjp 3 thpir 7 y; cs;sit
- Th Kjy; Lr tiu cs;s 14 jdpkq;fs;
 thpirfspy; cs;s 14 jdpkq;fSk; xNu khjphpahd gz;Gfis ngw;Ws;sd.
3. Mf;bdha;Lfs; vd;why; vd;d? %d;W v.fh jUf.
 Mf;bdha;Lfs; - 5f thpir jdpkq;fs;.
 njhFjp 3 thpir 7 y; cs;sit.
 Th Kjy; Lr tiu cs;s 14 jdpkq;fs;.
 ,it midj;Jk; fjphpaf;f jdpkq;fs;.
 v.fh. – Th, U, Lr.
4. yhe;jdha;Lfs; kw;Wk; Mf;bdha;Lfspd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;ig vOJ.
 yhe;jdha;Lfs; - [Xe] 4f 1-14 5d0-1 6s2
 Mf;bdha;Lfs; - [Rn] 5f0-14 6d0-2 7s2
5. yhe;jidL, Mf;bidLfspd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyfis gw;wp vOJ .
yhe;jidLfs; Mf;bidLfs;
nghJthd Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiy +3 +3
gpw Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyfs; +2, +4 +2, +4, +5, +6, +7
6. rPhpak; (II) itf; fhl;bYk; Anuhg;gpak; (II) mjpf epiyg;Gj; jd;ikAilaJ Vd;?;
 rPhpak; (II) –d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G – [Xe]4f1 5d1 6s0
 Anuhg;gpak; (II) –d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G – [Xe]4f7 5d0 6s0
 Anuhg;gpak; (II) -ghjp epug;gg;gl;l Mh;gpl;lhy;fisg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
MfNt mjpf epiyg;Gj;jd;ik cilaJ.

35
7. Gd 3+ kw;Wk; Lu3+madpfs; epwkw;wJ. Vd;?

 Gd 3+ - ghjp epug;gg;gl;l 4f7 Mh;gpl;lhy;fisg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
 Lu3+ - KotJk; epug;gg;gl;l 4f14 Mh;gpl;lhy;fisg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
 MfNt f – f ghpkhw;wk; epfo;tjpy;iy.
8. yhe;jidL FWf;fj;ij tpl Mf;bidL FWf;fk; mjpfkhf cs;sJ. Vd;?
 4f vyf;l;uhd;fspd; jpiu kiwg;G tpisT mjpfk;
 5f vyf;l;uhd;fspd; jpiu kiwg;G tpisT FiwT.
9. Lu(OH)3 kw;Wk; La(OH)3 –y; mjpf fhuj;jd;ik cilaJ. vJ? Vd;?
 La(OH)3 –y; mjpf fhuj;jd;ik cilaJ.
 fhuzk; - yhe;jidL FWf;fj;jhy; Lu3+madpapd; Muj;ij tpl
La3+madpapd; Muk; mjpfk;.
 madp Muk; mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ fhuj;jd;ik mjpfhpf;Fk;.
10. yhe;jidL FWf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tpisTfs; ahit?
Yhe;jidL FWf;fk;
4f thpirapy; rPhpak; Kjy; Yl;Brpak; tiu yhe;jdha;Lfspd; Muk; kw;Wk; gUkd;
Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl tUtJ.
Fhuzk; - cs; $l;bYs;s 4f vyf;l;uhd;fspd; rPuw;w jpiu kiwg;G.
yhe;jidL FWf;fj;jpd;; tpisTfs;
 madpfspd; Muk; kw;Wk; gUkd; FiwfpwJ.
 fhuj;jd;ik FiwfpwJ.
 xLf;Fk; gz;G FiwfpwJ.
 rfg;gpizg;Gg; gz;G mjpfkhfpwJ.
 ,uz;lhk; kw;Wk; %d;whk; thpirapy; cs;s d – njhFjp jdpkq;fspd;
gz;Gfs;; mjpf mstpy; xj;Js;sd.
11. yhe;jidL – Mf;bidL NtWghLfs; ahit?
Yhe;jidLfs; Mf;bidLfs;
1. epwkw;wit epwKs;sit
2. mizTr; Nrh;kq;fis vspjpy; mizTr; Nrh;kq;fis vspjpy;

cUthf;fhJ cUthf;Fk;
3. Mf;Nrh Neh; madpfis Mf;Nrh Neh; madpfis

cUthf;fhJ. cUthf;Fk;
4. NtWgLj;Jk; vyf;l;uhd;fs; 4f NtWgLj;Jk; vyf;l;uhd;fs; 5f

Mh;gpl;lhypy; Nrh;fpwJ. Mh;gpl;lhypy; Nrh;fpwJ.
5. 4f vyf;l;uhd;fspd; 5f vyf;l;uhd;fspd;
gpizg;G Mw;wy; mjpfk;. gpizg;G Mw;wy; FiwT.
Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiy Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiy
6.
+2, +3, +4 +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7

36
5. mizT Ntjpapay;
1. ,ul;il cg;G – mizTr; Nrh;kk; NtWgLj;Jf.
,ul;il cg;G mizTr; Nrh;kk;
1 fiurypy; vspa madpfshf gphpAk; fiurypy; vspa madpfshf gphpahJ
2 madpfs; mjd; jdpj;jd;ikia madpfs; mjd; jdpj;jd;ikia

,of;fpd;wd ,og;gjpy;iy
,jpy; Neh;kpd; kw;Wk; vjph;kpd; ,jpy; vspa madp kw;Wk; mizT
3
madpfs; cs;sd madpfs; cs;sd
nghl;lh\; gbfhuk;
4 K4[Fe(CN)6]
K2SO4.Al2 (SO4)3. 24H2O
2. mizTr; Nrh;kk; gw;wpa nth;dhpd; nfhs;ifapd; Nfhl;ghLfisf; $Wf.
Xt;nthU cNyhf mZTk; ,Utif ,izjpwd;fisg; ngw;Ws;sd.
Kjd;ik ,izjpwd; ,uz;lhk; epiy ,izjpwd;
ika cNyhf madpapd; Ika cNyhf madpapd; mizT vz;.
Mf;rp[Ndw;w vz;.
Jpirg; gz;G ,y;iy. Jpir gz;G cz;L.
vjph;kpd; madpfshy; kl;Lk; epiwT Neh; (m) vjph;kpd; madpfs; (m) eLepiy
nra;ag;gLk;. %yf;$Wfshy; epiwT nra;ag;gLk;.
Ika cyhf madpiar; Rw;wp ,Utpj <h;g;G tpir Nfhsq;fs; cs;sd.

1. mizTf; Nfhsk; (m) cl;Gwf;Nfhsk;
,jpy; cs;s njhFjpfs; cNyhfj;Jld; typikahf gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
2. madpahFk;; Nfhsk; (m) ntspg;;Gwf;Nfhsk;
,jpy; cs;s njhFjpfs; cNyhfj;Jld; typikaw;W gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
[Co(NH3)6] Cl3 - Nrh;kj;jpd; mikg;G
nth;dhpd; nfhs;ifapd tuk;Gfs;

mizTr;Nrh;kq;fspd; epwk; kw;Wk; fhe;jg;gz;Gfis tpsf;ftpy;iy.
3. ,izjpwd; gpizg;Gf; (VB) nfhs;ifapd; tuk;Gfs; ahit?
 mizTr; Nrh;kq;fspd; epwq;fis tpsf;ftpy;iy.
 fhe;j jpUg;Gj; jpwid tpsf;FfpwJ. Mdhy; mjd; gpw $Wfis tpsf;ftpy;iy
 cs; Mh;gpl;lhy; kw;Wk; ntsp Mh;gpl;lhy; mizTfs; cUthjy; gw;wp vJTk;
tpsf;ftpy;iy.
37
4. gpd;tUk; <dpfis mtw;wpy; cs;s toq;fp mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapd;
mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;Jf.
m) NH3 M) en ,) OX2- <) gphpbd;
toq;fp mZf;fspd;
<dp <dpfspd; tif
vz;zpf;if
NH3 1 (1N) xU Kid <dp
en 2 (2N) ,U Kid <dp
OX2- 2 (2O) ,U Kid <dp
gphpbd; 1 (1N) xU Kid <dp
5. [Ti (H2O)6]3+ epwKilaJ Mdhy; [Sc (H2O)6] 3+ epwkw;wJ Vd;?

 Sc 3+ ntw;W do vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G cilaJ.
Jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; ,y;iy. D – d ,lg;ngah;r;rp ,y;iy. MfNt epwkw;wJ.
 Ti 3+ -y; jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; cz;L. MfNt epwKilaJ
6. fhg;gh; ry;Ngl;bd; ePh;f;fiurYld; jput mk;Nkhdpahitr; Nrh;g;gjhy; cUthFk;
mizT madp ahJ?
CuSO4 + 4NH3 [Cu (NH3)4] SO4
nll;uh mk;ikd; fhg;gh; (II) ry;Ngl;
7. [Ni (H2O)6]2+ gr;ir epwKilaJ Mdhy; [Ni (CN)4] 2- epwkw;wJ tpsf;Ff.
 [Ni (H2O)6]2+ -y; H2O typik Fiwe;j <dp – d vyf;l;uhid ,iz nra;ahJ.
Jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; cz;L. d – d ,lg;ngah;r;rp cz;L.
MfNt gr;ir epwKilaJ.
 [Ni (CN)4] 2- -y; CN- typik kpf;f <dp – d vyf;l;uhid ,iz nra;fpwJ.
Jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; ,y;iy. D – d ,lg;ngah;r;rp ,y;iy.
MfNt epwkw;wJ.
8. ehd;Kfp mizTfs; tbt khw;wpaq;fisg; ngw;wpUg;gjpy;iy. Vd;?
 ehd;Kfp mizTfspy; cs;s ehd;F <dpfspd; ehd;F KidfSk;
rknjhiytpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
 vjpnujph; gf;fq;fs; ,y;iy.
 xNu khjphpahd mikg;ig ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
9. gbfg;Gy gpsg;G Mw;wy; vd;why; vd;d?
gbfg;Gy gpsg;G Mw;wy Δ = h c ῡ
h = gpshq; khwpyp c = xspapd; jpirNtfk; ῡ = miy vz;
10. gbfg;Gy epiyg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy; (CFSE) vd;why; vd;d?
<dpg;Gyk; kw;Wk; rkr;rPh;Gyk; Mfpatw;Wf;fpilNaAs;s Mw;wy; NtWghL
gbfg;Gy epiyg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy; vdg;gLk;.
CFSE (ΔEO) = ( ELF) - ( EISO )
38
11. mizTr;Nrh;kq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fl;likg;G khw;wpaq;fs; gw;wp vOJf.
mizT khw;wpak;
,U mizTf;Nfhsq;fspYk; <dpfspd; gq;fPL NtWgLtjhy; cUthfpwJ.
madp khw;wpak;
xNu %yf;$W tha;g;ghl;ilAk; fiurypy; NtWgl;l madpahFk; jd;ikAk;
nfhz;l Nrh;kq;fs;.
,izg;G khw;wpak;
,U top gpizg;GWk; <dpfs; jd;dplk; cs;s ntt;NtW toq;fp mZf;fspd;
%yk; ika cNyhf madpAld; gpizg;gpid Vw;gLj;JtJ.
[Cr(H2O)5 NO2] Br [Cr(H2O)5 (ONO)] Br
ePNuw;w khw;wpak; ( fiug;ghNdw;w khw;wpak; )
gbf mZf;Nfhitj; jsj;jpy; jdpj;j epiyapy; fhzg;gLk; ePh;, My;f`hy; Nghd;w
fiug;ghd; %yf;$Wfs; <dpfSld; ghpkhw;wk; miltjhy; cUthFk; khw;wpak;.
[Cr(H2O)6] Cl3 [Cr(H2O)5 Cl] Cl2 .H2O [Cr(H2O)4 Cl2] Cl 2H2O
Cjh epwk; ntsph; gr;ir epwk; mlh; gr;ir epwk;
12. K4[Mn(CN)6] mizTr; Nrh;kj;jpw;;F gpd;tUtdtw;iw Fwp.
mizTr; Nrh;kk; K4[Mn(CN)6]
ika cNyhf madp Mn2+
ika cNyhf madpapd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiy +2
mizT vz; 6
<dpapd; ngah; kw;Wk; jd;ik CN – radpNlh - typikkpf;f <dp
fhe;jg; gz;G ghuh fhe;jj; jd;ik
vz;Kfp gbf Gyj;jpy; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G t2g5 ego
13. [Pt(NO2) (H2O) (NH3)2]Br2mizTr; Nrh;kj;jpw;;F gpd;tUtdtw;iw Fwp.
mizTr; Nrh;kk; [Pt(NO2) (H2O) (NH3)2]Br2
ika cNyhf madp Pt
ika cNyhf madpapd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiy +2
mizT vz; 4
NO2- - iel;iul;Nlh (vjph; <dp)
<dpfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; tiffs; H2O - mf;th (eLepiy <dp)
NH3 - mk;ikd; (eLepiy <dp)
mizT cl;nghUs; [Pt(NO2) (H2O) (NH3)2]+
il-mk;ikd; mf;th
IUPAC ngah;
iel;iul;Nlh-κN gpshl;bdk; (II)
39
14. vz;Kfp gbf Gyj;jpy; d-Mh;gpl;lhypd; gbfg;Gy gpsg;ig Fwpg;gpLk; glk; tiuf.
 Mh;gpl;lhy;fspd; ruhrhp Mw;wy; khwpypahf mika dx2 - y2 kw;Wk; dz2

Mh;gpl;lhy;fspd; Mw;wy; 3/5Δo vd;w mstpy; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
 dxy, dyz kw;Wk; dzx Mh;gpl;lhy;fspd; Mw;wy; 2/5Δo vd;w mstpy; FiwfpwJ.
 Δo vd;gJ vz;;Kfp gbfGyg; gpsg;G Mw;wy; vdg;gLk;.
15. ehd;Kfp gbf Gyj;jpy; d-Mh;gpl;lhypd; gbfg;Gy gpsg;ig Fwpg;gpLk; glk; tiuf.
 Mh;gpl;lhy;fspd; ruhrhp Mw;wy; khwpypahf mika dx2 - y2 kw;Wk; dz2

Mh;gpl;lhy;fspd; Mw;wy; 3/5Δt vd;w mstpy; FiwfpwJ.
 dxy, dyz kw;Wk; dzx Mh;gpl;lhy;fspd; Mw;wy; 2/5Δt vd;w mstpy; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
 Δt vd;gJ ehd;Kfp gbfGyg; gpsg;G Mw;wy; vdg;gLk;.
ek;gpf;if vd;gJ xU ehspy; cjph;e;J tpLk; g+thf ,Ue;Jtplf; $lhJ..

NkYk; NkYk; kyiu cUthf;Fk; nrbahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;…

40
16. mizTr; Nrh;kq;fspd; kUj;Jt Jiw kw;Wk; caphpay; Jiw gad;fis tpthp
kUj;Jtj; Jiw
 Ca - EDTA - fhhPak; kw;Wk; fjph;tPr;ir clypy; ,Ue;J ePf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
 rp]; gpshl;bdk; - Gw;W Neha; fl;bfSf;F kUe;jhf gad;gLfpwJ.
caphpay; Jiw
 ,uj;j rptg;gZ - Fe2+ghh;ighpd; mizT - thAf;fis flj;j gad;gLfpwJ.
 FNshNuhgpy; - Mg2+ ghh;ighpd; mizT - jhtu xspr;Nrh;f;ifapy;gad;gLfpwJ
 fhh;ghf;]p ngg;bNl]; - Zn2+ mizT - nrhpj;jYf;F gad;gLfpwJ.
17. mizTr; Nrh;kq;fspd; tpidNtf khw;wpfs; kw;Wk; gpw gad;fis tpthp
tpidNtf khw;wpfs;
 [Rh(PPh3)3Cl] - tpy;fpd;rd; tpidNtf khw;wp My;fPd;fspd; i`l;u[Ndw;w
tpidfspy; gad;gLfpwJ.
 [TiCi4] + Al (C2H5)3 rpf;yh; - el;lh tpidNtf khw;wp <j;jPdpd; gygbahf;fy;
tpidapy; gad;gLfpwJ.
 jhNyh ePyk; - Cu2+ mizTr; Nrh;kk; mr;R ik jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
 EDTA - <dp yhe;jidL gphpj;njLj;jypy; gad;gLfpwJ.
18. mizTr;Nrh;kq;fspd; tiffis vOJ.
<dpfspd; jd;ik mbg;gilapy; 2 tifg;gLk;
 Xhpd <dp mizTr;Nrh;kk;.
ika cNyhf madpAld; xNu xU tif <dpfs; kl;Lk; gpizf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
v.fh. K4[Fe(CN)6]
 gy; <dp mizTr;Nrh;kk;
ikacNyhf madpAld; xd;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l tif <dpfs; gpizf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
v.fh. K4[Fe(CN)3 Br3]
19. gpd;tUk; mizTr; Nrh;kq;fis Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwdpd; VWthpirapy; vOJf.
i) Mg[Cr(NH3) Cl5] ii) [Cr(NH3)5 Cl]3 [CoF6]2 iii) [Cr(NH3)3 Cl3]
[Cr(NH3)3 Cl3]  Mg[Cr(NH3) Cl5]  [Cr(NH3)5 Cl]3 [CoF6]2
20. mizTr; Nrh;kq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; xsp Row;rp khw;wpaq;fis tpsf;Ff.
xsp Row;rp khw;wpaj;jpw;fhd epge;jidfs;
 xU %yf;$wpy; rPh;ikaw;w fhh;gd;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 nghUs; kw;Wk; mjd; Mb gpk;g mikg;G Nkw;nghUe;jhj jd;ikAilajhf
(ifuy; jd;ik) ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
 ,J ,Utifg;gLk;
1. tyQ;Row;wp (d) khw;wpak;
,J jsKidTw;w xspia tyg;Gwkhf Row;Wk;.
2. ,lQ;Row;wp (l) khw;wpak;
,J jsKidTw;w xspia ,lg;Gwkhf Row;Wk;.
+
 v.fh : rp]; [Co (en)2 Cl2 ]

41
+
21. [CoCl2(en)2] fhzg;gLk; tbt khw;wpaq;fis tiuf.
mtw;Ws; xsp Row;rp khw;wpaq;fis fz;lwpf.
+ +
rp]; [Co (en)2 Cl2 ] buhd;]; [Co (en)2 Cl2 ]
xspRow;Wk; jd;ikAilaJ. xspRow;Wk; jd;ikaw;wJ.
22. ika cNyhf madp tiuaW.

 mizT cl;nghUspd; ikag;gFjpapy; mike;jpUf;Fk; madp.
 ,it Y}ap mkpyq;fs;.
 K4[Fe(CN)6] -y; ika cNyhf madp Fe2+
23. <dp tiuaW.
 ika cNyhf madpAld; ,ize;jpUf;Fk; mZf;fs; my;yJ madpfs;
mlq;fpa njhFjp.
 ,it Y}ap fhuq;fs;.
-
 K4[Fe(CN)6] -y; <dp CN
24. mizT vz; tiuaW.
 ika cNyhf madpAld; ,ize;jpUf;Fk; toq;fp mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if
 K4[Fe(CN)6] -y; mizT vz; 6.
25. mizTf; Nfhsk; tiuaW.
 mizT madpapy; cs;s ika cNyhf madp kw;Wk; <dpia xUq;fpizj;jJ.
 ,it rJu milg;Gf;Fs; epfu kpd;RikNahL Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
 K4[Fe(CN)6] -y; mizTf; Nfhsk; [Fe(CN)6]4-
26. mizTg; gz;Kfp tiuaW.
 ika cNyhf madpAld; ,ize;jpUf;Fk; <dpfs; Kg;ghpkhz ntspapy;
Fwpj;j jpirfspy; miktjhy; Vw;gLtJ mizTg; gz;Kfp vdg;gLk;;.
 K4[Fe(CN)6] -y; mizTg; gz;Kfp - vz;Kfp
27. Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiy (vz;) tiuaW.
 ika cNyhf madpapd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w vz;
= epfu kpd;Rik - (<dpfspd; vz;zpf;if X <dpapd; kPjhd kpd;Rik)
 K4[Fe(CN)6] -y; Fe -d; Mf;rp[Ndw;w vz; +2
42
28. gpd;tUk; ngaUila mizTr; Nrh;kq;fSf;F chpa tha;g;ghl;bid jUf.
[ Co (NH3)5 (NO2) ]2+
Na3 [ Cr F4 (OH)2]
nghl;lhrpak; l;iu Mf;rNyl;Nlh mYkpNdl; (III) K3 [ Al (C2O4)3]
29. gpd;tUk; mizTr; Nrh;kq;fSf;F IUPAC ngah; jUf.
[Ag (CN)2]- il-radpNlh mh;n[d;Nll; (I) madp
[Co (en)3] 2 (SO4)3 bhp]; (<j;Njd; 1,2 il-mkPd;) Nfhghy;l; (III) ry;Ngl;
[Co (ONO) (NH3)5]2+ ngd;lh mk;ikd; iel;iul;Nlh-κO Nfhghy;l; (III) madp
[Pt (NH3)2Cl (NO2) ] il-mk;ikd; FNshhpNlh iel;iul;Nlh-κN gpshl;bdk; (II)
Na2 [ Ni (EDTA)] Nrhbak; 2,2’,2’’,2’’’(<j;Njd; - 1,2 ilIy; il-iel;hpNyh)
nll;uh mrpl;Nll;Nlh epf;fNyl; (II)
[Ag (NH3)2]+ il-mk;ikd; rpy;th;; (I) madp
[Ag (NH3)2] Cl il-mk;ikd; rpy;th; (I) FNshiuL
[Co (NH3)5Cl] 2+ ngd;lh mk;ikd; FNshhpNlh Nfhghy;l; (III) madp
[Fe (CN)6]4- n`f;rh radpNlh /ngh;Nul; (II) madp
[Fe F6]4- n`f;rh /GSupNlh /ngh;Nul; (II) madp
[Cu (NH3)4] SO4 nll;uh mk;ikd; fhg;gh; (II) ry;Ngl;
[Cu (NH3)2 Cl2] il-mk;ikd; il-FNshhpNlh fhg;gh; (II)
[Cr (NH3)3 (H2O)3]Cl3 biu mk;ikd; biu mf;th FNuhkpak; (III) FNshiuL
30. ,izjpwd; gpizg;Gf; (VB) nfhs;ifia tpthp

 ika cNyhf madp mjd; mizT vz;Zf;F rkkhd ntw;W
Mh;gpl;lhiyg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
 ,t;ntw;W Mh;gpl;lhy;fs;, <dp Mh;gpl;lhy;fSld; Nkw;nghUe;jp
<jy;-rfg;gpizg;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jk;.
 ,e;j mjpfgl;r Nkw;nghUe;Jjy; cNyhf - <dp σ gpizg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;.
 Mh;gpl;lhy;fspd; Nkw;nghUe;Jjy; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhy; typikahd
rfg;gpizg;G cUthFk;.
 ,df;fyg;G Mh;gpl;lhy;fs; ey;y jpir Nehf;fp mikAk; gz;ig ngw;Ws;sd.
 ika cNyhf madp jdpj;j ,izahfhj vyf;l;uhd;fis nfhz;bUe;jhy;
mr;Nrh;kk; ghuh fhe;jj;jd;ik cilaJ.
 midj;J vyf;l;uhd;fSk; ,ul;ilfshf fhzg;gl;lhy; mr;Nrh;kk; ilah
fhe;jj;jd;ik cilaJ.
 mizT vz; 2 - sp ,df;fyg;G - Neh;NfhL
 mizT vz; 4 - sp3 ,df;fyg;G - ehd;Kfp
43
31. ,izjpwd; gpizg;Gf; nfhs;ifia gad;gLj;jp [Co (C2O4)3]3– d; mikg;G

kw;Wk; fhe;jj;jd;ikia tpsf;Ff.
mizTr; Nrh;kk; [Co(C2O4)3]3–
27Co -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G 3d7 4s2
3d6 4s0 4p
3+
Co -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G
(C2O4)2- <dp gyKs;sJ.

vdNt vyf;l;uhd;fis ,izf;fpwJ.
,df;fyg;G d2sp3
mizT vz; 6
tbtk; vz;Kfp (cs; Mh;gpl;lhy; mizT)
jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd;fs; ,y;iy ilah fhe;jj;jd;ik
fhe;j jpUg;G jpwd;
32. ,izjpwd; gpizg;Gf; nfhs;ifia gad;gLj;jp [Ni(CO)4] d; mikg;G kw;Wk;

fhe;jj;jd;ikia tpsf;Ff.
mizTr; Nrh;kk; [Ni(CO)4]
28Ni -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G 3d8 4s2
3d8 4s2 4p
0
Ni -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G
3d 4s 4p
CO <dp gyKs;sJ.
vdNt vyf;l;uhd;fis ,izf;fpwJ
,df;fyg;G sp3
mizT vz; 4
tbtk; ehd;Kfp
fhe;j jpUg;G jpwd;

44
33. ,izjpwd; gpizg;Gf; nfhs;ifia gad;gLj;jp [Cr(NH3)6]3+ghuh fhe;jj;jd;ik

nfhz;lJ. [Ni(CN)4]2– ilah fhe;jj;jd;ik nfhz;lJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
mizTr; Nrh;kk; [Cr(NH3)6]3+
24Cr -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G 3d4 4s2
3d3 4s0 4p
3+
Cr -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G
NH3 <dp gykw;wJ. vdNt

vyf;l;uhd;fis ,izf;fhJ.
,df;fyg;G d2sp3
mizT vz; 6
jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd;fs; - 3 ghuh fhe;jj;jd;ik
fhe;j jpUg;G jpwd;
mizTr; Nrh;kk; [Ni(CN)4]2–

28Ni -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G 3d8 4s2
3d8 4s0 4p
2+
Ni -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G
CN– <dp gyKs;sJ. vdNt

vyf;l;uhd;fis ,izf;fpwJ.
,df;fyg;G dsp2
mizT vz; 4
tbtk; jsrJuk;
fhe;j jpUg;G jpwd;

45
34. ,izjpwd; gpizg;Gf; nfhs;ifia gad;gLj;jp [Fe(CN)6]3– d; mikg;G

kw;Wk; fhe;jj;jd;ikia tpsf;Ff.
mizTr; Nrh;kk; [Fe(CN)6]3–
26Fe -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G 3d6 4s2
3d5 4s0 4p
3+
Fe -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G
3d 4s 4p
CN– <dp gyKs;sJ. vdNt

vyf;l;uhd;fis ,izf;fpwJ
,df;fyg;G d2sp3
mizT vz; 6
jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd;fs; = 1 ghuh fhe;jj;jd;ik
fhe;j jpUg;G jpwd;
35. ,izjpwd; gpizg;Gf; nfhs;ifia gad;gLj;jp [CoF6]3– d; mikg;G kw;Wk;

fhe;jj;jd;ikia tpsf;Ff.
mizTr; Nrh;kk; [CoF6]3–
27Co -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G 3d7 4s2
3d6 4s0 4p
3+
Co -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G
3d 4s 4p
F- <dp gykw;wJ. vdNt
vyf;l;uhd;fi,izf;fhJ. 3d 4s 4p 4d
,df;fyg;G sp3d2
mizT vz; 6
tbtk; vz;Kfp (ntsp Mh;gpl;lhy; mizT)
jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd;fs; = 4 ghuh fhe;jj;jd;ik
fhe;j jpUg;G jpwd;

46
36. cNyhf fhu;gidy;fs; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffis tpthp.
cNyhf fhu;gidy;fs;
cNyhfk; kw;Wk; fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;irL ,ilapyhd mizTr; Nrh;kq;fs.;
v.fh. [Ni(CO)4]
cNyhf fhu;gidy;; tiffs;
miztpy; cs;s cNyhf mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiag; nghUj;J 2 tifg;gLk;.
1. xw;iw mZf;fU fhh;gidy;
xU cNyhf mZit kl;Lk; nfhz;lit - [Ni(CO)4]
2. gy mZf;fU fhh;gidy;
xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l cNyhf mZit nfhz;lit - [Mn2(CO)10]
tbtikg;gpidg; nghUj;J 2 tifg;gLk;
1. ,izg;G ghyk; ,y;yhj fhh;gidy; - ,J 2 tifg;gLk;.
Kida fhh;gidy; <dpfis kl;Lk; nfhz;lit
v.fh.- [Ni(CO)4]
Kida fhh;gidy; <dp kw;Wk; cNyhfk; - cNyhfk; gpizg;G nfhz;lit
v.fh. - [Mn2 (CO)10]
2. ,izg;G ghyk; cs;s fhh;gidy;
Kida fhh;gidy; <dp, ,izg;G ghy fhh;gidy; <dp kw;Wk;
cNyhfk; - cNyhfk; gpizg;G nfhz;lit - [Fe2 (CO)9]
37. cNyhf fhu;gidy;fspy; fhzg;gLk; gpizg;gpd; jd;ikia tpsf;Ff.
 cNyhf fhu;gidy;fspy; cNyhf mZ kw;Wk; fhu;gidy; <dp Mfpatw;wpw;F
,ilNa fhzg;gLk; gpizg;G ,U $Wfis cs;slf;fpaJ.
 fhh;gidy; <dpapy; cs;s fhh;gd; mZthdJ ika cNyhf madpapd; ntw;W
d Mh;gpl;lhYf;F Xh; vyf;l;uhd; ,izia toq;fp M  CO rpf;kh gpizg;ig
cUthf;Fk;.
 ,jdhy; cNyhf d Mh;gpl;lhy;fspy; vyf;l;uhd; mlh;j;jp mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
 vdNt cNyhfk; d vyf;l;uhd; mlh;j;jpia <L nra;a mij kPz;Lk; <dpapd;
ntw;W Mh;gpl;lhYf;F ghpkhw;wk; nra;fpwJ. ,J -gpd;gpizg;G vdg;gLk;.
 cNyhf fhu;gidy;fspy; <dpfspy; ,Ue;J cNyhf madpf;F rpf;kh gpizg;gpd;
topahfTk; kw;Wk; cNyhf madpapy; ,Ue;J <dpfSf;F -gpd;gpizg;G
topahfTk; vyf;l;uhd; mlh;j;jp efh;fpwJ.
;.
47
38. gbf Gyf; nfhs;ifapd; Nfhl;ghLfisf; $Wf.
 ika cNyhf madp kw;Wk; <dpf;fpilNaahd gpizg;G madpg; gpizg;G.
 ika cNyhf madp kw;Wk; <dp kpd;Rik ngw;wpUg;gpd; mit Gs;sp
kpd;RikahFk;. eLepiyj;jd;ik vdpy; mit kpd; ,UKidfshFk;.
 jdpj;j epiyapy; ika cNyhf madpapd; Ie;J d Mh;gpl;lhy;fSk; rk
Mw;wYilaJ. Muk;gj;jpy; ika cNyhf madpiar; Rw;wp <dpfs; xU Nfhs
tbt vjph;kpd; Gyj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. vdNt cNyhf kw;Wk; <dpfspd;
vyf;l;uhd;fs; ,ilapyhd tpyf;F tpir fhuzkhf Ie;J d Mh;gpl;lhy;fspd;
Mw;wy; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
 ika cNyhf madpia gpizg;gpd; jpirapy; <dpfs; mZFk;. ,jdhy;
mr;Rfspy; mike;jpUf;Fk; dx2 – y2 kw;Wk; dZ2 Mh;gpl;lhy;fspd; Mw;wy; mjpfhpj;J
mit ,U tiffshf gphpfpd;wd. ,r;nray; gbfg;Gy gpsg;G vdg;gLk;.
 ika cNyhf madpia <dpfs; mZFk;NghJ cNyhf kw;Wk; <dpfspd;
vyf;l;uhd;fs; ,ilNa fth;r;rp tpir Vw;gLfpwJ.
,jdhy; epfu Mw;wy; Fiwe;J mizTr; Nrh;kq;fs; cUthfpd;wd.
39. epiyg;Gj; jd;ik khwpyp tiuaW.
 xU mizTr; Nrh;kj;jpy; cs;s xU <dpia kw;nwhU <dp gjpyPL nra;tjw;F
cs;s jil me;j mizTr; Nrh;kj;jpd; epiyg;Gj; jd;ikapd; mstPL MFk;.
 epiyg;Gj; jd;ik khwpyp
 epiyg;Gj; jd;ik khwpyp mjpfhpj;jhy; Nrh;kj;jpd; epiyg;Gj; jd;ik mjpfhpf;Fk;

40. mizTr; Nrh;kq;fspd; epiyg;Gj; jd;ik gw;wp tpthp.
mizTr; Nrh;kq;fspd; epiyg;Gj; jd;ikia ,U topfspy; tpsf;fyhk;.
1. ntg;g ,af;ftpay; epiyg;Gj; jd;ik
mizTr; Nrh;kk; cUthjypd; epfu fl;byh Mw;wy; khw;wj;ij (∆G) Fwpg;gJ.
2. Ntjp tpidNtftpay; epiyg;Gj; jd;ik - <dpfspd; gjpyPl;bid Fwpg;gJ.
mizTr; Nrh;kq;fspy; <dpfs; tpiuthf gjpyPL mile;jhy;,
mit epiyaw;w mizTr; Nrh;kq;fs; MFk;
mizTr; Nrh;kq;fspy; <dpfs; nkJthf gjpyPL mile;jhy;,
mit ke;j mizTr; Nrh;kq;fs; MFk;

48
6. jpl epiyik
1. gbftbtjplg;nghUs; - gbftbtkw;wjplg;nghUs; NtWgLj;Jf.
gbftbt jplg;nghUs; gbftbtkw;w jplg;nghUs;
1 Fwpg;gpl;l tbtk; cz;L Fwpg;gpl;l tbtk; ,y;iy
2 cz;ikahd jplg;nghUs; Nghyp jplg;nghUs;
,jd; mZf;fs; xOq;fhf ,jd; mZf;fs; xOq;fpd;wp
3
mike;Js;sd mike;Js;sd
Jy;ypakhd cUFepiy
4 cilait Jy;ypakhd cUFepiy mw;wit
5 jpirnahg;G gz;gw;wit jpirnahg;G gz;Gilait
6 v.fh. NaCl gbfk; v.fh. fz;zhb
2. madpg; gbfq;fs; Vd; fbdkhfTk; cilAk; jd;ikiaAk; ngw;Ws;sd?

 madpg; gbfq;fs; Neh;kpd; kw;Wk; vjph;kpd; madpfis ngw;Ws;sd.
 ,e;j madpfs; typikahd epiykpd;dpay; fth;r;rptpirahy; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
 v.fh. NaCl gbfk;
3. madpg; gbfq;fspd; gz;Gfs; ahit?
 fbdkhdit.
 ePhpy; fiuAk;.
 cUFepiy mjpfk;.
 jpz;k epiyapy; kpd; flj;jhJ.
 cUfpa epiyapy; kpd; flj;Jk;.
4. gpd;tUk; jpz;kq;fis tifg;gLj;J.
m P4 %yf;$W gbfk;
M gpj;jis cNyhf gbfk;
, ituk; rfg;gpizg;G gbfk;
< NaCl madpg; gbfk;
c mNahbd; %yf;$W gbfk;
5. myFf; $l;bid tiuaW.
xUgbfj;jpy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Njhd;wf;$ba Kg;ghpkhz vspa tbtikg;G.
6. mzpf;Nfhit jsk; tiuaW.
gbfj;jpy; cs;s mZf;fs; gbfk; KOtJk; rPuhd Kg;ghpkhz tbtikg;gpy;
fhzg;gLtJ mzpf;Nfhit jsk; vdg;gLk;.
7. mizT vz; vd;why; vd;d? sc, bcc, fcc mikg;Gfspy; cs;s xU mZtpd;
mizT vz; ahJ?
 gbfj;jpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l Jfisr; #o;e;J fhzg;gLk; mUfhik Jfs;fspd;
vz;zpf;if mj;Jfspd; mizT vz; vdg;gLk;.
 sc - 6, bcc - 8, fcc - 12
8. rJu neUq;fp nghjpe;j ,Ughpkhz mLf;fpy; xU %yf;$wpd; mizT vz; vd;d?
rJu neUq;fp nghjpe;j ,Ughpkhz mLf;fpy; xU %yf;$W mUfhikapy; cs;s
ehd;F mZf;fisj; njhl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. vdNt mizT vz; 4.

49
9. VO tifahd myF $l;bd; tiffis RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
t.vz; myF $l;bd; ngah; tpspk;G ePsk; tpspk;gpilf; Nfhzk;
1 fdrJuk; a=b=c α = β =  = 900
2 rha;rJuk; a=b=c α = β =  ≠ 900
3 ehd;Kf tbtk; a=b≠ c α = β =  = 900
4 mWKf tbtk; a=b≠ c α = β = 900,  = 1200
5 Mh;j;Njh rha;rJuk; a≠ b≠ c α = β =  = 900
6 xw;iwr; rhpT tbtk; a≠ b≠ c α =  = 900, β ≠ 900
7 Kr;rhpT tbtk; a≠ b≠ c α ≠ β ≠  ≠ 900
10. gpuhf; tpjp (m) gpuhf; rkd;ghL
 n - vjpnuhspg;gpd; gb,
 λ - X fjph;fspd; miyePsk; ,
 d - gbf jsq;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l njhiyT,
 Ѳ - vjpnuhspg;Gf; Nfhzk;.
11. fdrJu myF $l;bd; tiffis glk; tiue;J mtw;wpd; mZf;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifia fzf;fpLf.
fdrJu myF $l;bd; tiffs; mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if
vspa fdrJuk; (sc)
nghUs;ika fdrJuk; (bcc)
Kfg;Gika fdrJuk; (fcc)

50
12. Gs;sp FiwghLfs; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tifghl;il tpthp.
Gs;sp FiwghLfs;
,lg;ngah;r;rpahd mZf;fs; (m) mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd mZf;fs; (m)
epug;gg; glhj mZf;fs; Mfpatw;why; Vw;gLk; FiwghLfs;.
13. \hl;fp kw;Wk; g;nuq;fy; FiwghLfis tpsf;Ff. (my;yJ)

Ntjptpidf; $W tpfpj FiwghLfis tpsf;Ff.
\hl;fp FiwghL
 gbfj;jpy; rk vz;zpf;ifapy; Neh; kw;Wk; vjph;kpd; madpfs; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJ.
 v.fh : NaCl
 Neh; kw;Wk; vjph;kpd; madpfspd; cUtsT xNu khjphpahf ,Uf;Fk;.
 gbfj;jpd; mlh;j;jpia Fiwf;Fk;.
 gbfj;jpd; Ntjptpidf; $W tpfpjj;jpy; ve;j khw;wKk; ,Uf;fhJ.
g;nuq;fy; FiwghL
 gbf mzpf;Nfhit jsj;jpy; ,lk;ngw Ntz;ba xU madpahdJ mt;tplj;jpy;
mikahky; kw;nwhU ,ilr;nrUfy; epiyapy; epug;ggLtjhy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
 v.fh : AgBr
 Neh; kw;Wk; vjph;kpd; madpfspd; cUtstpy; mjpf NtWghL ,Uf;Fk;.
 gbfj;jpd; mlh;j;jpia ghjpf;fhJ.

51
14. cNyhfk; mjpfKs;s kw;Wk; cNyhfk; FiwTgLk; FiwghLfis tpsf;Ff.
(my;yJ) Ntjptpidf; $W tpfpjj;jpy; mikahj FiwghLfis tpsf;Ff.
cNyhfk; mjpfKs;s FiwghL

gbfj;jpy; vjph;kpd; madpfspd; vz;zpf;ifia
tpl cNyhf madpfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf
,Ue;jhy; mJ cNyhfk; mjpfKs;s FiwghL.
v.fh : NaCl, KCl, ZnO
cNyhfk; FiwTgLk; FiwghL

gbfj;jpy; vjph;kpd; madpfspd; vz;zpf;ifia
tpl cNyhf madpfspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwthf
,Ue;jhy; mJ cNyhfk; FiwTgLk; FiwghL
v.fh : FeO
15. vz;Kfp kw;Wk; ehd;Kfp ntw;wplq;fis NtWgLj;Jf

vz;Kfp ntw;wplq;fs; ehd;Kfp ntw;wplq;fs;
1 MW Nfhsq;fis nfhz;lJ ehd;F Nfhsq;fis nfhz;lJ
cUthFk; vz;Kfp ntw;wplq;fspd; cUthFk; ehd;Kfp ntw;wplq;fspd;
2
vz;zpf;if n vz;zpf;if 2n
fPoLf;fpy; 3 Nfhsq;fSk;, fPoLf;fpy; 3 Nfhsq;fSk;,
3
NkyLf;fpy; 3 Nfhsq;fSk; cs;sJ. NkyLf;fpy; xU NfhsKk; cs;sJ.
MW Nfhsq;fspd; ikaq;fis ehd;F Nfhsq;fspd; ikaq;fis

4 ,izf;Fk;NghJ xU vz;Kfp ,izf;Fk;NghJ xU ehd;Kfp
cUthtjhy; Vw;gLk; ntw;wplk; cUthtjhy; Vw;gLk; ntw;wplk;
16. mWq;Nfhz neUq;fpg; nghjpe;j mikg;G - fdr;rJu neUq;fpg; nghjpe;j mikg;G

NtWgLj;Jf.
mWq;Nfhz neUq;fpg; nghjpe;j mikg;G fdrJu neUq;fpg; nghjpe;j mikg;G
aba mikg;G abc mikg;G
mWKf tbt fdrJu myFf; $l;bid Kfg;G ika fdrJu myFf;
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. $l;bid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
%d;whk; mLf;fpy; cs;s Nfhsq;fs;
%d;whk; mLf;fpy; cs;s Nfhsq;fs;
Kjy; (m) ,uz;lhk; mLf;if
Kjy; mLf;if xj;jpUf;Fk;.
xj;jpUf;fhJ.
xt;nthU rhjidAk; “Kaw;rp” vd;w xw;iwr; nraypy; njhlq;FfpwJ

52
17. nghUs;ika fdrJu mikg;gpd; (bcc) nghjpTj; jpwidf; fzf;fpLf.

nghUs; ika fdrJu mikg;gpy; Nfhsq;fs; fdrJuj;jpd;
Kjd;ik %iytpl;lj;jpd; (AG) topNa; njhl;Lf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
bcc myFf; $l;by; cs;s Nfhsq;fspd; vz;zpf;if = 2
nghUs;ika fdrJu mikg;gpd; (bcc) nghjpTj; jpwd; = 68 %

53
18. vspa fdrJu mikg;gpd; (sc) nghjpTj; jpwidf; fzf;fpLf
sc myFf; $l;by; cs;s Nfhsq;fspd; vz;zpf;if = 1
vspa fdrJu mikg;gpd; (sc) nghjpTj; jpwd; = 52.38 %

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
19. Kfg;Gika fdrJu mikg;gpd; (fcc) nghjpTj; jpwidf; fzf;fpLf.
fcc myFf; $l;by; cs;s Nfhsq;fspd; vz;zpf;if = 4
Kfg;Gika fdrJu mikg;gpd; (fcc) nghjpTj; jpwd; = 74 %

54
20. nghjpTj; jpwd; tiuaW. sc, bcc, fcc - d; nghjpTj; jpwid vOJf.
Nfhsq;fspd; nkhj;j fd msT
nghjpTj; jpwd; = ----------------------------------------------- X 100
myFf; $l;bd; fd msT
sc - 52.38 %, bcc - 68 %, fcc - 74 %
21. myF $l;bd; mlh;j;jp vt;thW fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ?
22. myF $l;bd; tpspk;G ePsk; 4.3 x 10-8 cm Mf cs;s bcc tbtikg;gpy;
Nrhbak; gbfkhfpwJ. Nrhbak; mZtpd; Mu kjpg;gpidf; fhz;f.
tpspk;G ePsk; a = 4.3 x 10-8 cm
Nrhbak; mZtpd; Muk;
r = 1.86 x 10-8 cm
23. X kw;Wk; Y Mfpa mZf;fs; bcc gbf mikg;gpid cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
fdrJuj;jpd; %iyapy; X mZf;fSk; mjd; ikaj;jpy; Y mZTk;
,lk;ngWfpwJ. mr;Nrh;kj;jpd; tha;g;ghL vd;d?
Nrh;kj;jpd; tha;g;ghL = XY

55
24. a. AAAA b. AB AB AB c. ABC ABC tif Kg;ghpkhz neUq;fp nghjpe;j

mikg;Gfis jFe;j glj;Jld; tpsf;Ff.
a. AAAA nghjpe;j mikg;G - vspa fdrJu mikg;G
 Kg;ghpkhdj;jpy; xt;nthU mLf;Fk; AAAA tif ,Ughpkhd
mikg;ig cUthf;fpdhy; mJ vspa fdrJu mikg;ghFk;.
 ,uz;lhk; mLf;fpy; cs;s Nfhsq;fs; Kjy; mLf;fpy;
cs;s Nfhsq;fSf;F Neuhf Nkw;nghUe;jp mikfpd;wd.
 vdNt midj;J mLf;FfSk; xNu khjphpahf cs;sd.
 midj;J Nfhsq;fSk; midj;J jpirfspYk; xNu
thpirapy; mikfpd;wd.
 xt;nthU Nfhsq;fSk; mUfhikapy; cs;s 4
Nfhsq;fisAk;, NkyLf;fpy; cs;s xU Nfhsj;jpidAk;,
fPoLf;fpy; cs;s xU Nfhsj;jpidAk; njhl;Lf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. vdNt ,jd; mizT vz; 6 MFk;.
b. ABABAB nghjpe;j mikg;G - nghUs;ika fdrJuk; (bcc)

 ,e;j mikg;gpy; Kjy; mLf;fpy; (a) cs;s Nfhsq;fs;
xd;iwnahd;W Neubahf njhl;Lf;nfhz;bUf;fhky; rpwpJ
tpyfp mike;Js;sd.
 Kjy; mLf;fpy; cs;s Nfhsq;fSf;F ,ilNa Vw;gl;Ls;s
,ilntspapy; ,uz;lhk; mLf;F (b) mikf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 %d;whk; mLf;F Kjy; mLf;fpid xj;jpUf;FkhW
mikf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 xt;nthU Nfhsq;fSk; mjd; NkyLf;fpy; cs;s 4
Nfhsq;fisAk;, fPoLf;fpy; cs;s 4 Nfhsq;fisAk;
njhl;Lf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. vdNt ,jd; mizT vz; 8 MFk.;
c. ABCABC nghjpe;j mikg;G - Kfg;G ika fdrJuk; (fcc)
 ,e;j mikg;gpy; Kjy; mLf;fhdJ (a) ,Ughpkhzj;jpy;
ABAB thpir Kiwapy; mikf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 Kjy; mLf;fpy; cs;s Nfhsq;fSf;F ,ilNa Vw;gl;Ls;s
,ilntspapy; ,uz;lhk; mLf;F (b) mikf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 Kjy; mLf;fpy; ,U ntw;wplq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1. ehd;Kfp ntw;wplq;fs; 2. vz;Kfp ntw;wplq;fs;
 ,uz;lhk; mLf;fpd; kPJ vz;Kfp Jisfspy; nghUe;JkhW
%d;whk; mLf;F (c) mikf;fg;gLfpwJ
 %d;whk; mLf;F Kjy; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; mLf;Ffspy;
,Ue;J khWgl;bUf;Fk;.
 xt;nthU Nfhsq;fSk; mUfhikapy; cs;s 6 Nfhsq;fisAk;,
NkyLf;fpy; cs;s 3 Nfhsq;fisAk;, fPoLf;fpy; cs;s 3
Nfhsq;fisAk; njhl;Lf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
vdNt ,jd; mizT vz; 12 MFk;.

56
25. jplg;nghUs;fspd; gz;Gfs; ahit?
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tbtk; kw;Wk; fdmsit ngw;Ws;sd.
 fbdkhdit kw;Wk; mKf;f ,ayhjit.
 jplg;nghUs;fspd; mZf;fSf;fpilNa typikahd tpirfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 jplg;nghUs;fspd; mZf;fSf;fpilNaahd njhiyT FiwT.
26. jplg;nghUl;fspd; tifg;ghl;il tpthp?
I. gbf tbt jplg;nghUl;fs;
1. madpg; gbfq;fs; - NaCl
2. rfg;gpizg;G gbfq;fs; - ituk;
3. %yf;$W gbfq;fs; - FSf;Nfh];
4. cNyhfg; gbfq;fs; - jq;fk;
5. mZ jplg;nghUs; - ciwepiyapy; Mh;fhd;
II. gbf tbtkw;w jplg;nghUl;fs; - fz;zhb, ,ug;gh;
27. jpirnahg;G gz;Gilait kw;Wk; jpirnahg;G gz;gw;wit vd;why; vd;d?
 xU jplg;nghUs; midj;J jpirfspYk; xNu khjphpahd ,aw;gz;Gfisg;
ngw;wpUe;jhy; mit jpirnahg;G gz;Gilait vdg;gLk;.
v.fh. - fz;zhb
 xU jplg;nghUs; midj;J jpirfspYk; ntt;NtW khjphpahd ,aw;gz;Gfisg;
ngw;wpUe;jhy; mit jpirnahg;G gz;gw;wit vdg;gLk;.
v.fh. - NaCl
28. Kjy; epiy kw;Wk; Kjy; epiyaw;w myFf;$Lfs; tiuaW.
 xNu xUtif mzpf;Nfhit Gs;spia kl;Lk; ngw;Ws;s myFf;$L
Kjy; epiy myFf;$L vdg;gLk;. ,J VO tifg;gLk;.
 myFf;$l;bDs; $Ljyhf mzpf;Nfhit Gs;spia ngw;Ws;s myFf;$L
Kjy; epiyaw;w myFf;$L vdg;gLk;.
29. madpg; gbfq;fs; cUfpa my;yJ fiury; epiyapy; kpd;rhuj;ij flj;JfpwJ.
Mdhy; jpz;k epiyapy; kpd;rhuj;ij flj;Jtjpy;iy Vd;?
cUfpa my;yJ fiury; epiyapy; madpfs; vt;tpj fl;LghLfSk; ,d;wp
jd;dpr;irahf ,aq;Ffpd;wd.
30. rfg;gpizg;G gbfq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gz;Gfs; ahit?
 ,g;gbfq;fspy; cs;s mZf;fs; Kg;ghpkhd fl;likg;gpy; rfg;gpizg;Gfshy;
gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. v.fh - ituk;.
 fbdkhdit.
 cUFepiy mjpfk;.
 kpff; Fiwthf ntg;gk; kw;Wk; kpd;rhuj;ij flj;Jk;.
31. cNyhf gbfq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gz;Gfis tpthp.
 cNyhf gbfq;fspy; cs;s mzpf;Nfhit Gs;spfspy; Neh;kpd;RikAila
madpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,itfs; vyf;l;uhd;fs; epuk;gpa ntspapy; tputpAs;sd.
 v.fh. Cu, Fe, Au
cNyhf gbfq;fspd; gz;Gfs;
 fbdkhdit, gsgsg;ghdit.
 mjpf cUFepiy cilait.
 ntg;gk; kw;Wk; kpd;rhuj;ij flj;Jk;.
57
32. %yf;$W gbfq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
 %yf;$W gbfq;fspy; cs;s mZf;fs; eLepiy %yf;$Wfs; MFk;.
 ,k;%yf;$Wfs; typik Fiwe;j thz;lh;thy;]; tpirahy; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 v.fh. FSf;Nfh];
33. %yf;$W gbfq;fspd; tifg;ghl;il tpthp.
1. Kidtw;w %yf;$W gbfq;fs;
 ,g;gbf %yf;$Wfs; typik Fiwe;j yz;ld; tpirahy; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 Fiwe;j cUFepiy cilait.
 v.fh. ehg;jyPd;, Me;jurPd;.
2. KidTw;w %yf;$W gbfq;fs;
 ,g;gbf %yf;$Wfs; typik kpf;f ,UKid - ,UKid fth;r;rp tpirahy;
gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 mjpf cUFepiy cilait.
 v.fh. jpl CO2, jpl NH3
3. i`l;u[d; gpizg;G %yf;$W gbfq;fs;
 ,g;gbfq;fspy; cs;s %yf;$Wfs; i`l;u[d; gpizg;ghy; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 ,it nkd;ikahd jpz;kq;fs;
 v.fh. gdpf;fl;b, FSf;Nfh];.
34. gbf FiwghLfs; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; ed;ikfs; ahit?
 gbfj;jpy; cs;s mZf;fspd; xOq;fikg;gpy; cs;s rpy FiwghLfs;
gbfj;jpd; ,aw;gpay; kw;Wk; Ntjpapay; gz;Gfis ghjpf;fpwJ.
 ,it gbf FiwghLfs; vdg;gLk;.
 gbf FiwghLfs; 4 tifg;gLk;.
1. Gs;spf; FiwghLfs; 2. Nfhl;Lf; FiwghLfs;
3. ,ilr;nrUfy; FiwghLfs; 4. fdmsT FiwghLfs;
gbf Fiwghl;bd; ed;ikfs;
 ngh;Nuhfhe;jg; nghUs;fspd; fhe;jj; jd;ikia ngw my;yJ ,of;fr; nra;ayhk;.
 rpypf;fhd; gbfj;jpy; khRf;fisr; Nrh;j;jhy; mtw;wpd; Fiw kpd;flj;Jjpwd;
mjpfhpf;Fk;.
35. khR FiwghL; vd;why; vd;d?
 gbfj;jpy; khRf;fisr; Nrh;g;gjhy; Vw;gLk; FiwghL khR FiwghL vdg;gLk;.
 v.fh. - AgCl gbfj;jpy; CdI2 khR Nrh;f;Fk;NghJ Cd2+-madp Ag+-madpapd;
,lj;ij ngWfpwJ.
 MfNt gbfj;jpd; eLepiyj; jd;ikia guhkhpf;f Ag+madp mzpf;Nfhit
jsj;jpy; ,Ue;J ntspNaWfpwJ.
36. ZnO it ntg;gg;gLj;Jk;NghJ Vd; kQ;rs; epwkhf khWfpwJ?
 ZnO it ntg;gg;gLj;Jk;NghJ Mf;rp[id ,oe;J Zn2+ madp cUthfpwJ.
 cUthd Zn2+ madp kw;Wk; vyf;l;uhd;fs; gbfj;jpd; ,ilr;nrUfy; epiyapy;
,lk; ngWfpd;wd.
 ,jdhy; cNyhfk; mjpfKs;s FiwghL Vw;gLfpwJ.

58
7. Ntjptpid Ntftpay;
1. tpidNtfk; tiuaW.
XuyF Neuj;jpy; xU Ntjptpidapy; cs;s tpidgL nghUs;fspd; nrwptpy;
Vw;gLk; khw;wk; mt;tpidapd; tpidNtfk; vdg;gLk;.
myF - Nkhy; yp-1 tp-1
2. ruhrhp tpidNtfk; kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; tpidNtfk; tiuaW.
 tpid epfOk; NghJ xU FWfpa ,ilntsp Neuj;jpy; tpidapd; NtfkhdJ
mt;tpidapd; ruhrhp tpidNtfk; vdg;gLk;.
 tpid epfOk; NghJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; tpidapd; NtfkhdJ
mf;fzj;jpy; tpidNtfk;; vdg;gLk;.
3. tpidNtf tpjp tiuaW.
tpidapd; Ntfk;, tpidNtf khwpyp kw;Wk; tpidgL nghUs;fspd; nrwpT
Mfpatw;iw njhlh;GgLj;Jk; rkd;ghL tpidNtf tpjp vdg;gLk;.
A+B tpisnghUs;
tpidNtfk; = k [A] [B] (k= tpidNtf khwpyp)
4. tpidNtf khwpyp tiuaW.
tpidgL nghUs;fspd; nrwpT xU Nkhy; Mf cs;sNghJ tpidapd; NtfkhdJ
tpidNtf khwpypf;Fr; rkk;.
A+B tpisnghUs;
tpidNtfk; = k [A] [B] (k= tpidNtf khwpyp)
[A] = [B] = 1 Nkhy; vdpy;
tpidNtfk; = k
5. tpidNtfk; kw;Wk; tpidNtf khwpyp NtWgLj;Jf.
tpidNtfk; tpidNtf khwpyp
XuyF Neuj;jpy; xU Ntjptpidapy; tpidgL nghUs;fspd; nrwpT 1 Nkhy;
1 cs;s tpidgL nghUs;fspd; Mf cs;sNghJ tpidapd; NtfkhdJ
nrwptpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; tpidNtf khwpypf;Fr; rkk;.
2 tpidgL nghUs;fspd; Jtf;fr; tpidgL nghUs;fspd; Jtf;fr;
nrwpitg; nghWj;J mikAk;. nrwpitg; nghWj;J mikahJ.
tpidgL nghUs;fspd; nrwpT
FiwT my;yJ tpidtpis
3 ,J xU tpfpj khwpyp.
nghUs;fspd; nrwpT mjpfhpg;ghy;
mse;jwpag;gLfpwJ.
6. tpidtif kw;Wk; %yf;$W vz; NtWgLj;Jf.

tpidtif %yf;$W vz;
Nrhjid%yk; fz;lwpag;gl;l xU mbg;gil tpidapy; <LgLk;
1 tpidNtf tpjpapy; cs;s nrwpT tpidgL %yf;$Wfspd; nkhj;j
cWg;Gfspd; mLf;Ffspd; $Ljy;. vz;zpf;if
2 G+[;ak; (m) gpd;dk; (m) KOvz;. KOvz;.
3 xl;L nkhj;j tpidf;Fk; toq;fg;gLk; xt;nthU gb epiyf;Fk; toq;fg;gLk;

59
7. mbg;gil tpidfs; vd;why; vd;d?
 xU tpidtop Kiwapy; mlq;fpAs;s xt;nthU jdpj;j gbepiyAk;
mbg;gil tpidfs; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
 mbg;gil tpidfs; mjd; %yf;$W vz; mbg;gilapy; mwpag;gLfpwJ.
8. Kjy;tif tpidf;F rhd;Wfs; jUf
 N2O5 rpijtiljy;
 SO2Cl2 rpijtiljy;
 H2O2 d; ePh;f;fiury; rpijtiljy;
 tisa Gug;Ngd; Gug;gPdhf khw;wpakhjy;
9. Nghyp Kjy;tif tpidia xU v.fh. Tld; tpsf;Ff.
 xU ,uz;lhk; tif tpidapy; xU tpidgL nghUspd; nrwpit
kw;nwhd;iw tpl mjpfkhf;fpdhy;, mJ Kjy; tif tpidahfpwJ.
,t;tpid Nghyp Kjy;tif tpid vdg;gLk;.
 mkpyj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; v];liu ePuhw;gFj;jy;.
CH3COOCH3 + H2O H+ CH3COOH + CH3OH
10. G+[;atif tpid tiuaW. rhd;Wfs; jUf
 nrwpT vy;iy KOtJk; xU tpidapd; tpidNtfkhdJ tpidgL nghUl;fspd;
nrwpitg; nghWj;J mikatpy;iy vdpy; mt;tpid G+[;atif tpid vdg;gLk;.
 v.fh. 1. H2 kw; W k; Cl2 tpd; xsp Ntjptpid.
2. gpshl;bdk; Kd;dpiyapy; N2O rpijtiljy;.
3. mkpy Clfj;jpy; mrpl;Nlhdpd; mNahbNdw;w tpid.
11. mh;`Pdpa]; rkd;ghl;il vOjp mjpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;stw;iw tpsf;Ff.
K = tpidNtf khwpyp, A = mjph;T fhuzp,

Ea = fpsh;TW Mw;wy, R = thA khwpyp, T = ntg;gepiiy.
12. miu tho;T fhyk; tiuaW.
xU tpidapy; tpidgLnghUspd; Muk;g nrwpT rhpghjpahff; Fiwtjw;F
MFk; fhyk; mt;tpidapd; miu tho;T fhyk; vdg;gLk;.
13. xU Kjy;tif tpidapd; tpidNtf khwpyp 1.54 X 10-3 s-1 vdpy;; miutho;T
fhyj;ij fz;lwpf.
= 450 s
cdf;F Njitahd vy;yh typikAk;, cjtpAk;
cdf;Fs;NsNa cs;sJ…
60
14. fpsh;T nfhs; Mw;wy; tiuaW.
 tpidgL %yf;$Wfs; Fiwe;j gl;r Mw;wiy milar; Nrh;f;fg;gLk; Mw;wy;.
 fpsh;T nfhs; Mw;wy; = Fiwe;j gl;r Mw;wy; – Nkhjypy; <LgLk; %yf;$wpd;
Mw;wy;
15. xU Ntjptpidapd; Ntfj;ij ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; ahit?
1. tpidgL nghUl;fspd; ,iaG 2. tpidgL nghUl;fspd; Gwg;gug;gsT
3. tpidgL nghUl;fspd; nrwpT 4. tpidapd; ntg;gepiy
5. tpidNtf khw;wp
16. xU Ntjptpidapd; Ntfj;ij tpidgL nghUl;fspd; jd;ik vt;thW ghjpf;fpwJ?
 jpl kw;Wk; jput epiyapYs;s tpidgL nghUl;fistpl thA epiy
tpidgL nghUl;fspd; tpidapd; Ntfk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
 v.fh.:- jpl Nrhbak; kw;Wk; jpl mNahbDf;F ,ilNaahd tpidia tpl
jpl Nrhbak; kw;Wk; thA mNahbDf;F ,ilNaahd tpid Ntfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
17. xU Ntjptpidapd; Ntfj;ij tpidgL nghUl;fspd; nrwpT vt;thW ghjpf;fpwJ?
 Nkhjy; nfhs;ifg;gb tpidgL nghUl;fspd; nrwpT mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ
%yf;$WfSf;fpilNa Nkhjy; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
 ,jdhy; tpidapd; Ntfk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
18. xU Ntjptpidapd; Ntfj;ij tpidNtf khw;wp vt;thW ghjpf;fpwJ?
 xU Ntjptpidapd; Ntfj;ij khw;wg; gad;gLk; nghUs; tpidNtf khw;wp.
 tpidNtf khw;wpahdJ tpidapd; fpsh;T Mw;wiyf; Fiwf;fpwJ.
 vdNt tpidgL nghUspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
 ,jdhy; tpidapd; Ntfk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
19. Kjy;tif tpidf;fhd tpidNtfr; rkd;ghl;il tUtp.
A tpisnghUs;;
tpidNtfk; = K[ A]1
(K - tpidNtf
khwpyp)
t=0 [A] = [A0]

t=t [A] = [A]

61
20. Kjy; tif tpidapd; tiugl tpsf;fj;jpid jUf
--------- (1)
--------- (2)
rkd;ghL (2) I y = mx + c vd;w tbtpy; vOjpdhy;
rPuhd Neu ,ilntspapy; tpidgL nghUl;fspd; nrwptpid fz;lwptjd; %yk;

tpidepfo;tijf; fz;fhzpj;J, mk;KbTfspd; mbg;gilapy; tiuag;gLk;
ln[A] Vs t tiuglkhdJ vjph;Fwp rha;Tld; $ba Neh;Nfhl;bidj; jUk;.
,jpypUe;J tpidNtf khwpypapd; kjpg;gpid fz;lwpayhk;.
21. Kjy;tif tpidf;Fk; miutho;T fhyj;jpw;FKs;s njhlh;ig tpsf;Ff. (m)

miu tho;T fhykhdJ Kjy;tif tpidapd; tpidgL nghUl;fspd; Jtf;fr;
nrwpitg; nghWj;J mikatpy;iy vd;gij tpthp.

62
22. A tpisnghUs;; vd;w G+[;atif tpidapd; tpidNtfr; rkd;ghl;il tUtp
A tpisnghUs;;
tpidNtfk; = K [ A] O (K - tpidNtf khwpyp)
t = 0 -y; [A] = [A0] t = t -y; [A] = [A]
23. G+[;atif tpidf;Fk; miutho;T fhyj;jpw;FKs;s njhlh;ig tpsf;Ff.
“ek;gpf;if epiwe;j xUtd; ahhplKk;

kz;bapLtJkpy;iy, ifNae;JtJkpy;iy”

63
24. gpd;tUk; tpidfspy; tpidtifiaf; fz;lwpf.
(i) ,Uk;G JUg;gpbj;jy; - Kjy;tif tpid
(ii) 92U238 -d; fjphpaf;fr; rpijT - Kjy;tif tpid
25. gpd;tUk; tpidfSf;fhd Ntftpjpapidj; jUf.
a) xU tpid x-I nghUj;J 3/2 tpidtif, y-I nghUj;J G+I;a tif.
tpid Ntfk; = k [x] 3/2 [y]0
tpid Ntfk; = k [x] 3/2
b) xU tpid NO -I nghUj;J ,uz;lhk; tif Br2-I nghUj;J Kjy; tif
tpid Ntfk; = k [NO]2 [Br2]1
26. ,U %yf;$W tpidfSf;fhd Nkhjy; nfhs;ifia tpsf;Ff.
 Nkhjy; nfhs;if thAf;fspd; ,af;ftpaw; nfhs;ifia mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lJ.
 ,f;nfhs;ifg;gb tpidgL nghUl;fspd; %yf;$WfSf;fpilNa Nkhjy;
epfo;tjhy; Ntjp tpidfs; epfo;fpd;wd.
 A2 + B2 2AB
 ,t;tpidapd; Ntfk; xU tpdhbapy; mk;%yf;$WfSf;fpilNa eilngWk;
Nkhjy;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F Neh;tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
 xU ypl;lh; fd mstpy; xU tpdhbapy; NkhjYWk; %yf;$Wfspd;
vz;zpf;if Nkhjy; tPjk; MFk;
 Nkhjy;fspd; vz;zpf;if α tpidgL nghUl;fspd; nrwpT
 Nkhjy; tPjk; α [A2] [B2]
 Nkhjy; tPjk; = Z [A2] [B2] ,q;F Z = khwpyp.
 tpid epfo Nkhjypy; tpidgL %yf;$Wfs; Fwpg;gpl;l Fiwe;j gl;r
Mw;wiyg; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J fpsh;T Mw;wy; vdg;gLk;.
 fpsh;T Mw;wiy tpl Fiwthd Mw;wiy cila %yf;$WfSf;fpilNa
Nkhjy; epfOk;NghJ mitfs; vt;tpj khw;wq;fSf;Fk; cl;gLtjpy;iy.
 tpid epfo fhuzkhf mikAk; Nkhjy; fhuzp; f = e – Ea/RT
 tpidgL nghUl;fs; Njitahd Mw;wiyg; ngw;wpUe;jhYk; rhjfkhd
jpirg;Nghf;fpy; Nkhjy;fs; epfo;e;jhy; kl;LNk mit tpidGhpAk;.
 mr;rhjfkhd jpirg;Nghf;fpy; tpid epfo fhuzkhf cs;s Nkhjy;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifia ,l mikT fhuzp (p) jUfpwJ
 tpid Ntfk; = p x f x Nkhjy; tPjk;
 tpid Ntfk; = p e – Ea/RT Z [A2] [B2]
------- 1
 Ntf tpjpg;gb, tpid Ntfk; = k [A2] [B2] ------ 2
 rkd;ghL 1, 2 -I xg;gpl
 tpidNtf khwpyp k= p Z e – Ea/RT
cd;dhy; KbahjJ NtW ahuhy;..? ,g;nghOJ ,y;yhky; NtW vg;nghOJ..?

64
8. madpr;rkepiy
1. Y}ap mkpyq;fs; - Y}ap fhuq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? ,uz;L v.fh jUf.
Y}ap mkpyq;fs; Y}ap fhuq;fs;

vyf;l;uhd; ,ul;ilia Vw;Wf;
1 vyf;l;uhd; ,ul;ilia toq;Fk; Nrh;kk;
nfhs;Sk; Nrh;kk;
2 vyf;l;uhd; Fiw %yf;$Wfs; ,ul;il vyf;l;uhd; nfhz;l %yf;$Wfs;
3 Neh;kpd; madp vjph;kpd; madp
4 v.fh - BF3, AlCl3, CO2, Fe2+ v.fh - NH3, H2O, F-, CH2=CH2
2. mh;`Pdpa]pd; mkpyk; - fhuk; gw;wpa nfhs;if kw;Wk; tuk;Gfisf; $W.

 mkpyq;fs; ePH;f;fiurypy; i`l;u[d; madpiaj; jUk;. v.fh. HCl, H2SO4
 fhuq;fs; ePH;f;fiurypy; i`l;uhf;rpy; madpiaj; jUk;. v.fh. NaOH, KOH
mh;`Pdpa]pd; nfhs;ifapd; tuk;Gfs;
 mrpl;Nlhd;, THF Nghd;w fiug;ghd;fspy; mkpy kw;Wk; fhug;gz;gpid
tpsf;ftpy;iy.
 OH- madp ,y;yhj mk;Nkhdpah Nghd;w Nrh;kq;fspd; fhug;gz;gpid
tpsf;ftpy;iy.
3. nyshp-gpuhd;];ll; mkpyk;, fhuk; gw;wpa nfhs;if kw;Wk; tuk;Gfisf; $W
 mkpyk; - GNuhl;lhd; toq;fp. v.fh. HCl
 fhuk; GNuhl;lhd; Vw;gp. v.fh. NH3
nyshp - gpuhd;];ll; nfhs;ifapd;; tuk;Gfs;

 BF3, AlCl3 Nghd;w GNuhl;lhd;fis toq;f ,ayhj Nrh;kq;fspd;
mkpyg;gz;gpid tpsf;ftpy;iy.
4. ,iz mkpy-fhu ,ul;ilfs; vd;why; vd;d?
xU GNuhl;lhdhy; kl;Lk; NtWgLk; Ntjpf;$Wfs; ,iz mkpy-fhu ,ul;ilfshFk;.
v.fh.
5. mkpyk; - fhuk; NtWgLj;Jf.
mkpyk; fhuk;
1 Gspg;Gr; RitAilait frg;Gr; RitAilait
2 ePy ypl;k]; jhis rptg;ghf;Fk;. rptg;G ypl;k]; jhis ePykhf;Fk;.
ePH;f;fiurypy; i`l;u[d; ePH;f;fiurypy; i`l;uhf;rpy;
3
madpiaj; jUk; madpiaj; jUk;
4 v.fh. HCl, H2SO4 v.fh. NaOH, KOH

65
6. PH tiuaW.
PH vd;gJ xU fiurypy; cs;s i`l;Nuhdpak; madpfspd; Nkhyhh; nrwptpd;
10 I mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l klf;ifapd; vjph; kjpg;G.
PH = - log10 [H3O+]
7. ePhpd; madpg; ngUf;fk; tiuaW. miw ntg;gepiyapy; mjd; kjpg;ig jUf.
J}a ePhpd; i`l;u[d; madpr; nrwpT kw;Wk; i`l;uhf;rpy; madpr; nrwpT
Mfpatw;wpd; ngUf;Fj;njhif ePhpd; madpg; ngUf;fk; MFk;.
250 c -y; ePhpd; madpg; ngUf;fk;,
Kw = 1 X 10-7 X 1 X 10-7 = 1 X 10-14

8. gpd;tUk; ePhpa fiury; tpidfspy; ,iz mkpy-fhu ,ul;ilfis fz;lwpf.
,iz mkpy-fhu ,ul;il ,iz mkpy-fhu ,ul;il
,iz mkpy-fhu ,ul;il

,iz mkpy-fhu ,ul;il
,iz mkpy-fhu ,ul;il

,iz mkpy-fhu ,ul;il
,iz mkpy-fhu ,ul;il

,iz mkpy-fhu ,ul;il

66
9. HClO4 %yf;$wpd; mkpyj;jd;ikf;fhd fhuzk; $W.

nyshp -g;uhd;];ll; nfs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; mjd; ,izfhuj;ij fz;lwpf.
HClO4 H+ + ClO4-
HClO4 - GNuhl;lhid toq;Ftjhy; ,J mkpyk;.
HClO4 + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + ClO4-
H3O+ = ,iz mkpyk; ClO4- = ,iz fhuk;
10. m) 0.001 M HCl M) 0.04 M HNO3 - d; PH fzf;fpL.
0.001M HCl - d; PH 0.04M HNO3 - d; PH
[H3O+] = 0.001 = 1x10-3 Nkhy; yp-1 [H3O+] = 0.04 = 4x10-2 Nkhy; yp-1
PH = - log10 [H3O+] PH = - log10 [H3O+]
= - log10 [1x10-3 ] = - log10 [4x10-2 ]
= - 1 x log10 [1x10-3 ] = - log10 [10-2 ] - log10 4
= -1 x -3
= 2 - 0.6021
PH = 3 P H
= 1.40
-
11. 1.5 x 10 3 M Ba(OH)2 fiurypd; PH fzf;fpL.
i`l;uhf;rpy; madpfspd; nrwpT

2[OH-] = 2 x 1.5 x 10-3 M = 3 x 10-3 M
POH = - log10 [OH-]
-
= - log10 (3 x 10 3 )
= 3 - log 3 = 3 – 0.48 = 2.52
PH = 14 - POH
= 14 - 2.52 = 11.48
12. PH kw;Wk; POH ,ilapyhd njhlh;ig tpthp
PH = - log10 [H3O+]
POH = - log10 [OH-]
PH + POH = - log10 [H3O+] - log10 [OH-]
PH + POH = - log10 [H3O+][OH-]
ePhpd; madpg;ngUf;fk; Kw = [H3O+][OH-]
PH + POH = - log10 Kw (- log10 Kw = p Kw )
PH + POH = pKw
Kw = 1 x 10 -14 vdpy; pKw = - log10 (1 x 10 -14) = 14
PH + POH = 14
67
13. M];thy;bd; ePh;j;jy; tpjpia $W
typik Fiwe;j kpd;gFspapd; gphpif khwpypia, gphpif tPjk; kw;Wk;
mjd; nrwpTld; njhlh;G gLj;Jk; rkd;ghL.
α = gphpif tPjk;, Ka = gphpif khwpyp, C = nrwpT.

14. M];thy;bd; ePh;j;jy; tpjpf;fhd rkd;ghl;il jUtp
CH3COOH ⇌ CH3COO- + H+
CH3COOH H+ CH3COO-
Muk;g Nkhy;fs; 1 - -
CH3COOH d; gphpif tPjk; α - -
rkepiyapy; Nkhy;fs; 1-α α α
rkepiyapy; nrwpT (1-α)C αC αC
mrpl;bf; mkpyj;jpd; gphpif khwpyp
typik Fiwe;j mkpykhdJ kpff; Fiwe;j msNt gphpifailfpwJ.

xd;Wld; xg;gpLk;NghJ α kjpg;G kpfr;rpwpaJ. (1>α)
Ka = α2C (α = gphpif tPjk;, Ka = gphpif khwpyp, C = nrwpT)
15. jhq;fy; fiury; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit?

 typik Fiwe;j mkpyk; kw;Wk; mjd; ,izfhuk; my;yJ
typik Fiwe;j fhuk;; kw;Wk; mjd; ,izmkpyk; Mfpatw;wpd; fyit.
 jhq;fy; fiury; ,U tifg;gLk;
1. mkpy jhq;fy; fiury; - typik Fiwe;j mkpyk; + mjd; cg;G
mrpl;bf; mkpyk; + Nrhbak; mrpl;Nll;
2. fhu jhq;fy; fiury; - typik Fiwe;j fhuk; + mjd; cg;G
NH4OH + NH4Cl
68
16. nghJ madp tpisit xU vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
 typik Fiwe;j kpd;gFspAld; xU nghJ madpia nfhz;Ls;s cg;ig
Nrh;f;Fk;NghJ me;j typik Fiwe;j kpd;gFspapd; gphpif tPjk;; FiwfpwJ.
,J nghJ madp tpisT vdg;gLk;.
 v.fh. Nrhbak; mrpl;Nll;il mrpl;bf; mkpyj;Jld; Nrh;f;Fk; NghJ,
mrpl;bf; mkpyj;jpd; gphpif tPjk; FiwfpwJ.
-
 ,jpy; CH3COOH kw;Wk; CH3COONa Mfpa ,uz;Lk; CH3COO vDk; nghJ
madpia ngw;Ws;sd.
17. jhq;fy;; jpwd; kw;Wk; jhq;fy; vz; gw;wp tpthp.
 jhq;fy; jpwd; vd;gJ xU ypl;lh; jhq;fy; fiurypd; PH kjpg;ig XuyF khw;w
Nrh;f;fg;gLk; mkpyk; my;yJ fhuj;jpd; fpuhk; rkhd epiwfspd; vz;zpf;if.
 jhq;fy; jpwid mstpl gad;gLtJ jhq;fy; vz; (β).
dB = mkpyk; my;yJ fhuj;jpd; fpuhk; rkhd epiwfspd; vz;zpf;if

d(PH) = mkpyk; my;yJ fhuk; Nrh;f;fg;gl;l gpd;dh; PH -y; Vw;gLk; khw;wk;.
18. jhq;fy; nray;Kiw gw;wp tpthp.
jhq;fy; fiurypy; mkpyk; my;yJ fhuk; Nrh;g;gjhy; cz;lhFk; PH khw;wj;ij
jLf;f fiurypy; Vw;gLk; Ntjptpid.
CH3COOH + H2O ⇌ CH3COO- + H3O+ -------- 1
CH3COONa → CH3COO- + Na+
Nrh;f;fg;gl;l mkpyk;, mrpl;Nll; madpAld; tpidGhpe;J mrpl;bf; mkpyj;ij
jUfpwJ. MfNt fiurypd; PH kjpg;G khWtjpy;iy.
CH3COO- + H+ → CH3COOH
Nrh;f;fg;gl;l fhuk; H3O+madpAld; tpidGhpe;J ePiuj; jUfpwJ.
H3O+ + OH- → 2H2O -------- 2
rkd;ghL 1 + 2
CH3COOH + H2O ⇌ CH3COO- + H3O+
H3O+ + OH- → 2H2O
----------------------------------------------------
CH3COOH + OH- → CH3COO- + H2O
------------------------------------------------------------------------

69
19. n`d;lh;rd; - N`ry;ghf; rkd;ghl;il tUtp
HA + H2O ⇌ [H3O+] + [A-]
nghJ madp tpisT fhuzkhf

[mkpyk;]aq = [mkpyk;] ; [fhuk;]aq = [cg;G]
,UGwKk; vjph; klf;if vLf;f
Mdhy; - log10 [H3O+] = pH kw;Wk; - logKa = pKa
fhu jhq;fy; fiurypy;
20. fiujpwd; ngUf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?

fiujpwd; ngUf;fk; vd;gJ rkd;gLj;jg;gl;l rkepiy tpidapy;, Ntjptpidf;$W
Fzfq;fis mLf;Ffshf nfhz;l gFjpf;$W madpfspd; Nkhyhh; nrwpTfspd;
ngUf;Fj;njhifahFk;.
21. fiujpwd; ngUf;fj;jpd; gad;fs; ahit?

xU madpr; Nrh;kj;jpd; gFjpf;$W madpfisf; nfhz;l fiury;fis xd;whf
fyf;Fk;NghJ, me;j madpr; Nrh;kk; tPo;gbthFkh vd;gij jPh;khdpf;f cjTk;.
 madpg;ngUf;fk; = fiujpwd; ngUf;fk; (rkepiy)
 madpg;ngUf;fk; > fiujpwd; ngUf;fk; (tPo;gbthjy; epfOk;)
 madpg;ngUf;fk; < fiujpwd; ngUf;fk; (tPo;gbthjy; epfohJ)

70
22. Ca3(PO4)2 kw;Wk; Hg2Cl2-d; fiujpwd; ngUf;fj;jpw;fhd rkd;ghl;il vOJf.
Hg2Cl2 ⇌ Hg2 + 2Cl

S S 2S
KSp = [Ca2+]3 [PO43 ]2
- -
KSp = [Hg22+] [Cl ]2
KSp = (3S)3 (2S)2 KSp = (S) (2S)2
KSp = 27S3 x 4S2 KSp = 4S3
KSp = 108S5
23. typikkpF mkpyk; kw;Wk; typik Fiwe;j fhuj;jpypUe;J cUthFk; cg;gpd;
ePuhw;gFj;jy; khwpyp kw;Wk; ePuhw;gFj;jy; tPjj;jpw;fhd rkd;ghLfis jUf.
 xU typikkpF mkpyk;, typik Fiwe;j fhuj;Jld; GhpAk; tpid
 ePh;f;fiurypy;
 typik Fiwe;j fhuk; NH4Cl -d;; ,iz mkpyk; NH4+ madpahFk;.

,J OH- madpAld; tpidGhpe;J NH4OH -I cUthf;FfpwJ.
 ,t;tpidapy; H+ madpfs; cUthfpwJ. vdNt [H+]>[OH-]

MfNt fiury; mkpyj;jd;ik ngw;Ws;sJ. mjd; pH 7I tpl FiwT.
 ePuhw;gFj;jy;tpidapy; ePuhw;gFj;jy;khwpyp (Kh) kw;Wk; gphpif khwpypf;Fk; (Kb)
cs;s njhlh;G
Kh . Kb = Kw
 ePuhw;gFj;jy; tPjk; (h) kw;Wk; cg;gpd; nrwpT Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Kh
 PH = - log [H+]

71
9. kpd; Ntjpapay;
1. Neh;kpd;Kid kw;Wk; vjph;kpd;Kid tiuaW.
Neh;kpd; Kid vjph;kpd;Kid
1 Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; eilngWk; Mf;rp[ndhLf;fk; eilngWk;
2 vyf;l;uhd;fis toq;Fk; vyf;l;uhd;fis ngWk;
2. Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwd; tiuaW.
xU Nkhy; kpd;gFsp fiurypd; flj;Jjpwd; Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwd; vdg;gLk;.
3. rkhd flj;Jjpwd; tiuaW.

xU fpuhk; rkhd vil kpd;gFsp fiurypd; flj;Jjpwd; rkhd flj;Jjpwd; MFk.;
4. kpd;gFsp flj;Jjpwid ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs;

 fiurypd; ntg;gepiy mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ flj;Jjpwd; mjpfhpf;Fk;.
 fiurypd; ePh;j;jy; kjpg;G mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ flj;Jjpwd; mjpfhpf;Fk;.
 fiurypd; kpd;fhg;G khwpyp mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ flj;Jjpwd; mjpfhpf;Fk;.
 fiurypd; ghFepiyj;jd;ik; FiwAk; NghJ flj;Jjpwd; mjpfhpf;Fk;.
5. ePh;j;jy; mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ fiurypd; flj;Jjpwd; FiwfpwJ Vd;?
 ePh;j;jy; mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ 1m3 fd mstpy; cs;s kpd;Ndhl;lk; ngw;w
madpfspd; vz;zpf;if FiwfpwJ.
 madpfspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwtjhy; fiurypd; flj;Jjpwd; FiwfpwJ
6. kpd;gFspf; flj;Jjpwd; mstpLjypy; DC kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;F gjpyhf
AC kpd;Ndhl;lk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ Vd;?;
DC kpd;Ndhl;lk; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ fiury; kpddhw;gFj;jYf;F cs;shfpwJ.
vdNt AC kpd;Ndhl;lk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ
7. Nfhy;uh\; tpjpiaf; $W.
mstpy;yh ePh;j;jypy; xU kpd;gFspapd; Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwdpd; kjpg;ghdJ
mjd; gFjpf;$W madpfspd; Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwdpd; $LjYf;Fr; rkk;
8. Nfhy;uh\; tpjpapd; gad;fisf; $W.

 typik Fiwe;j kpd;gFspapd; gphpif tPjj;ij fzf;fplyhk;.
 cg;gpd; fiujpwid fzf;fplyhk;.
 mstpy;yh ePh;j;jypy; typik Fiwe;j kpd;gFspapd; Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwid
fzf;fplyhk;.

72
9. mstpy;yh ePh;j;jypy; typik Fiwe;j kpd;gFspapd; Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwid
fzf;fpl Nfhy;uh\; tpjp vt;thW gad;gLfpwJ?
HCl, NaCl kw;Wk; CH3COONa Nghd;w typik kpFe;j kpd;gFspfspd;
Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwd; kjpg;GfspypUe;J, typik Fiwe;j CH3COOH -d;
Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwid fzf;fplyhk;
rkd;ghLfs; 1+2-3
10. kpd;Ntjpr; rkhd epiw (Z) tiuaW.

 kpd;Ntjpr; rkhd epiw (Z) vd;gJ xU $Y}k; kpd;D}l;lj;jhy; kpd;Kidapy;
tpLtpf;fg;gl;l nghUspd; msT.
 myF - Kg C–1
11. kpd;dhw; gFj;jy; gw;wpa /ghuNl tpjpfisf; $W.
/ghuNl Kjy; tpjp
kpd;dhw; gFj;jypd; NghJ kpd;thapy; gbAk; nghUspd; epiw (m),
kpd;gFspapd; topNa nrYj;jg;gLk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;Jf;F (Q) Neh; tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
/ghuNl ,uz;lhk;; tpjp

xNu msT kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij ntt;NtW kpd;gFspf; fiurypd; topNa nrYj;Jk;NghJ
kpd;Kidfspy; tpLtpf;fg;gLk; nghUspd; msT mtw;wpd; kpd;Ntjpr; rkhd
epiwf;F Neh; tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
12. fhy;thdpf; kpd;fyj;jpy; Neh;kpd;KidahdJ vjph;Fwp nfhz;ljhfTk;,

vjph;kpd;KidahdJ Neh;Fwp nfhz;ljhfTk; fUjg;gLfpwJ. Vd;?
 fhy;thdpf; kpd;fyj;jpy; Neh;kpd;KidahdJ, vyf;l;uhd;fis tpLtpj;J
cNyhf madpahf Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; milfpwJ.
vyf;l;uhd;fis toq;Ftjhy; Neh;kpd;KidahdJ vjph;Fwpia (-ve) ngWfpwJ.
 fiurypy; cs;s madpfs; vyf;l;uhd;fis ngw;W cNyhfkhf xLf;fkile;J
vjph;kpd;Kidapy; gbfpd;wJ.
vyf;l;uhd;fis ngWtjhy; vjph;kpd;KidahdJ Neh;Fwpia (+ve) ngWfpwJ.
ePq;fs; kfj;jhd gzpiar; nra;a gpwe;jth;fs; vd;gjpy; ek;gpf;if itAq;fs;..
73
13. 0.1M HCl kw;Wk; 0.1M KCl ,e;j ,uz;L fiury;fspy; vJ mjpf o
flj;Jjpwidf; nfhz;lJ?
 0.1M HCl mjpf o flj;Jjpwidf; nfhz;lJ.
 fhuzk; : H+ madpapd; epiwahdJ K+ madpapd; epiwia tplf; FiwT.
vdNt H+ madpfs; mjpfkhf efUk; jpwidg; ngw;Ws;sd.
14. gpd;tUk; fiury;fis mtw;wpd; epak flj;Jjpwd;fspd; ,wq;F thpirapy;
thpirg;gLj;Jf.
i) 0.01M KCl ii) 0.005M KCl iii) 0.1M KCl iv) 0.25M KCl v) 0.5M KCl
epak flj;Jjpwd α fiury;fspd; nrwpT
0.5M KCl  0.25M KCl  0.1M KCl  0.01M KCl  0.005M KCl
15. ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F fhg;gh; ry;Ngl;il ,Uk;Gf; fydpy; Nrkpj;J itf;f ,aYkh?
(nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ E0 Cu2+ / Cu = -0.34V & E0 Fe2+ / Fe = -0.44V )
 Nrkpj;J itf;fKbahJ.
 fhuzk; : ,Uk;ghdJ Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; milAk;, fhg;gh; xLf;fkilAk;
vd;gij nfhLf;fg;gl;l Eo kjpg;G Fwpf;fpwJ.
16. M1 kw;Wk; M2 cNyhfq;fspd; xLf;f kpd;dOj;jq;fs; KiwNa –xV kw;Wk;
+yV, vJ H2SO4 ypUe;J H2 thAit tpLtpf;Fk;?
–xV xLf;f kpd;dOj;jk; H2SO4 ypUe;J H2 thAit tpLtpf;Fk;
fhuzk; : mjpf Mf;rp[Ndw;w kpd;dOj;jk; nfhz;l cNyhfq;fs;
H2SO4 ypUe;J H2 thAit tpLtpf;Fk;
17. M1 kw;Wk; M2 cNyhfq;fspd; xLf;f kpd;dOj;jq;fs; EO M12+ / M1 = -2.3V kw;Wk;
EO M12+ / M2 = 0.2V, ,it ,uz;by; vJ ,Uk;gpd; Gwg;gug;gpd; kPJ G+Rtjw;F
rpwe;jJ? (nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ EO Fe2+ / MFe = -0.44V )
 M1 ,Uk;gpd; Gwg;gug;gpd; kPJ G+Rtjw;F rpwe;jJ
 fhuzk; : M1-d; Mf;rp[Ndw;w kpd;dOj;jk; mjpf Neh;FwpAilaJ.
 vdNt ,J ,Uk;G JUg;gpbg;gij jLf;Fk;.
18. mhpkhdk; vd;why; vd;d? cNyhfq;fis mhpj;jypy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;Fk;
Kiwfis $W
 <ug;gjj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy;, Mf;rp[Ndw;w xLf;f nray;Kiwfshy;
cNyhfq;fs; rPh;FiyAk; epfo;T mhpkhdk; vdg;gLk;.
 cNyhfq;fis mhpj;jypy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;Fk; Kiwfs;
1. cNyhfj;jpd; Nky;gug;gpy; tz;zk;;g+Rjy;.
2. [pq;f; Kyhk; g+Rjy;.
3. cNyhf fyitfis cUthf;Fjy.;
19. jd;dpog;G ghJfhg;G Kiwgw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
jd;dpog;G ghJfhg;G Kiw (vjph;kpd;Kid ghJfhg;G)
 jd;dpog;G Neh;kpd;Kid - [pq;f;
 vjph;kpd;Kid - ,Uk;G
,jdhy; ,Uk;G ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ. [pq;f; mhpj;jYf;F cs;shfpwJ.

74
20. neh;d;];l; rkd;ghl;il jUtp
,UGwKk; -n F My; tFf;f
[ R = 8.314 JK-1mol-1, T = 298K, 1F = 96500 Cmol-1 ]
21. fhy;thdpf; kpd;fyj;jpd; kpd;fyf; FwpaPl;il vOJf.

Zn (S) I Zn2+ (aq) II Cu2+ (aq) I Cu (S) E0 = 1.1V
Neh;kpd;Kid vjph;kpd;Kid
xw;iw nrq;Fj;Jf; NfhL (I) - epiyik vy;iy
,ul;il nrq;Fj;Jf; NfhL (II) - cg;G ghyk;
22. nrwpitg; nghWj;J Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwdpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;ij tpthp.
typikkpF kpd;gFspapd; Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwd;
 nrwpT mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ kpd;gFspapd; madpfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
MfNt madpfSf;fpilNa fth;r;rptpir mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwd; FiwfpwJ.
 ePh;j;jy; mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ madpfSf;fpilNa njhiyT mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
vdNt madpfSf;fpilNa fth;r;rptpir FiwfpwJ.
Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwd; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
typikFiwe;j kpd;gFspapd; Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwd;
 mjpf nrwptpy; Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwdpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLtjpy;iy.
ePh;j;jy; mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ typikFiwe;j kpd;gFspapd; gphpifailjy;
mjpfhpf;fpwJ. MfNt Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwd; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.

75
23. kpd;gFsp flj;Jjpwd; kPJ ntg;gepiyapd; ghjpg;ig tpsf;Ff
 ntg;gepiy mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ flj;Jjpwd; mjpfhpf;Fk;.
 fhuzk; - 1. madpfspd; ,af;f Mw;wy; mjpfhpf;Fk;.
2. madpfSf;fpilg;gl;l fth;r;rp tpir FiwAk;.
24. kpd; Ntjpf;fyd; tiuaW. mjd; tiffs; ahit?
 kpd; Ntjpf;fyd; vd;gJ kpd; Mw;wiy Ntjp Mw;wyhfTk;,
Ntjp Mw;wiy kpd; Mw;wyhfTk; khw;Wk; mikg;ghFk;.
 ,J ,Utifg;gLk;.
1. kpd;dhw; gFg;Gf; fyd;: kpd; Mw;wiy Ntjp Mw;wyhf khw;Wk;.
2. fhy;thdpf; (m) Nthy;lh kpd;fyd; : Ntjp Mw;wiy kpd; Mw;wyhf khw;Wk;.
25. kpd;Nrkpg;Gf; fyd; tiuaW. mjd; tiffs; ahit?;
 epiyahd kpd;dOj;jk; nfhz;l Neh;kpd;Ndhl;l %yq;fs; kpd;Nrkpg;Gf; fyd;fs;
vdg;gLk;. mtw;wpd; ,Utiffs;
 Kjd;ik kpd;fyd; - nyf;yhQ;Nr kpd;fyd;
 Jiz kpd;fyd; - nyl; Nrkpg;G kpd;fyd;
26. kpd;Kid kpd;dOj;jk; vt;thW fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ?
kpd;fyj;jpd; kpd;Kid kpd;dOj;jk; vd;gJ Neh;kpd;Kid kw;Wk; vjph;kpd; Kid
kpd;dOj;jq;fspd; $Ljy; MFk;.
Ecell = (Eox)anode + (Ered)cathode
(Eox)anode = Neh;kpd;Kidapd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w kpd;dOj;jk;
(Ered)cathode = vjph;;kpd;Kidapd; xLf;f kpd;dOj;jk;
27. kpd;fyj;jpd; kpd; mOj;jk; (EMF) tiuaW.
Neh;kpd;KidapypUe;J vyf;l;uhd;fis ntspNaw;wTk;, vjph;kpd; Kid Nehf;fp
vyf;l;uhd;fis ,Of;fTk; fhuzkhd tpir kpd;fyj;jpd; kpd; mOj;jk; vdg;gLk;.
28. rkepiy khwpyp kw;Wk; kpd;dOj;jk; (EMF) ,ilapyhd njhlh;ig tUtp.
29. KiwNa 0.5 kw;Wk; 0.25 cm-1 vDk; fykhwpyp kjpg;Gfis ,uz;L ntt;NtW
kpd;fyd;fspy; 0.1MNaCl fiury; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j ,uz;by; vJ mjpf
epakf; flj;Jj;jpwd; kjpg;igf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;?
fykhwpyp α epakf; flj;Jj;jpwd;
vdNt 0.5 cm-1 fykhwpyp kjpg;G nfhz;l kpd;fyd; mjpf epakf; flj;Jj;jpwd;
kjpg;igf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
ve;j xU nraiyAk; Mh;tk; Fiwahky; ek;gpf;ifAld; nra;jhy;
ntw;wp ek;ik Njb tUk;…

76
30. big - `Pf;fy; kw;Wk; Md;rhfh; rkd;ghl;il $W
m - Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwd;, 0m - Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwd;,

A, B - khwpypfs; fiug;ghdpd; jd;ik kw;Wk; ntg;gepiyia rhh;e;J mikfpd;wd.
31. tpidAwh kpd;Kidfisg; gad;gLj;jp cUfpa NaCl -d; kpd;dhw;gFj;jiy tpthp.
 kpd;dhw;gFg;G fydpy; ,uz;L kpd;Kidfs; cUfpa NaCl -y;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,it DC kpd;%yj;Jld; rhtp %yk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 kpd;Gyj;jpd; Neh;kpd; kw;Wk; vjph;kpd;KidAld; kpd;Kidfs;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 Neh;kpd; Kid - Mf;rp[Ndw;wk;
2Cl- Cl2 + 2e- E0 = -1.36v
 vjph;kpd; Kid - xLf;fk;
Na+ + e- Na E0 = -2.71v
 nkhj;j kpd;tpid
2 Na+ + 2Cl- 2Na + Cl2 E0 = -4.07v
 E0 -d; kjpg;G vjph;Fwpahf ,Ug;gjhy; tpid jd;dpr;iraw;wJ.
 vdNt cUfpa NaCl -d; kpd;dhw;gFj;jiy epfo;j;j 4.07v I tpl mjpf
kpd;dOj;jj;ij nrYj;jNtz;Lk;.
32. jpl;l i`l;u[d; kpd;;Kid (SHE) gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
 kpd;fyj;jpd; kpd;Kid kpd;dOj;jk; vd;gJ
Neh;kpd;Kid kw;Wk; vjph;kpd; Kid
kpd;dOj;jq;fspd; $Ljy; MFk;.
Ecell = (Eox)anode + (Ered)cathode
 jpl;l i`l;u[d; kpd;;Kid Nehf;fPl;L
kpd;Kidahfg; gad;gLfpwJ.
 ,jd; emf kjpg;G G+[;[pak; Nthy;l;.
 ,J 1M HCl kw;Wk; 1atm i`l;u[d;
thAs;s gpshl;bd kpd;Kidiaf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 25oc - y; i`l;u[d; thA fiury; topNa
nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 ,J Neh;kpd; kw;Wk; vjph;kpd;KidahfTk;
nray;gLfpwJ.
 Neh;kpd;Kid - Mf;rp[Ndw;wk;
H2 2H + + 2e- Eo = 0 v
 vjph;kpd;Kid - xLf;fk;
2H + + 2e- H2 Eo = 0 v
77
33. Nldpay; kpd;fyj;jpd; fl;likg;ig tpsf;Ff. fytpidia vOJf.
 Nldpay; kpd;fyj;jpy; ,uz;L miu kpd;fyd;fs; cs;sd.

1. Mf;rp[Ndw;w miukpd;fyd;
ePh;j;j [pq;f; ry;Ngl; fiurypy; [pq;f; cNyhfk; %o;f itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2. xLf;f miukpd;fyd;
ePh;j;j fhg;gh;; ry;Ngl; fiurypy; fhg;gh; cNyhfk; %o;f itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,e;j ,uz;L miu kpd;fyd;fSk; xU cg;G ghyk; %yk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 [pq;f; kw;Wk; fhg;gh; gl;ilfs; xU fk;gp kw;Wk; ,izg;gp %yk;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 kpd;gFspf; fiury;fs; jiyfPohf ftpo;j;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;s U tbt Foha;
%yk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 ,e;j U tbt Fohapy; mfhh;-mfhh; n[y;Yld; tpidAwh kpd;gFspfs; (KCl)
fye;j gir itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,izg;gpia %Lk;NghJ vyf;l;uhd;fs; [pq;f; gl;ilapypUe;J fhg;gh; gl;ilf;F
gha;fpwJ.
Zn Zn2+ + 2e-
Cu2+ + 2e- Cu
 nkhj;j kpd;tpid
Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu
34. kpd;Ntjp thpir vd;why; vd;d?
298K ntg;gepiyapy; gy;NtW cNyhfk;-cNyhf madp kpd;Kidfspd;
jpl;l xLf;f kpd;dOj;jq;fspd; ,wq;Fthpir kpd;Ntjp thpir vdg;gLk;.

78
35. H2 - O2 vupnghUs; kpd;fyj;jpd; nray;ghl;il tpsf;Ff.

 vupnghUl;fis vhpg;gjhy; cUthFk; Mw;wiy kpd;dhw;wyhf khw;Wk; kpd;fyd;
vupnghUs; kpd;fyd; MFk;.
vupnghUs; / kpd;Kid / kpd;gFsp / kpd;Kid / Mf;rp[Ndw;wp
vupnghUs; : i`l;u[d;
Mf;rp[Ndw;wp : Mf;rp[d;
kpd;gFsp : ePh;j;j KOH
ntg;gepiy : 200o C
mOj;jk; : 20 - 40 atm
tpidAwh kpd;Kid : Ni kw;Wk; NiO nfhz;l Ez;JisAs;s fpuhigl;
 i`l;u[d; kw;Wk; Mf;rp[d; thAf;fs; KiwNa Neh;kpd;Kid kw;Wk;
vjph;kpd;Kidfspy; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.
2H2 + 4OH - 4H2O + 4e-
2H2O + O2 + 4e- 4OH -
 nkhj;j kpd;tpid : 2H2 + O2 2H2O
36. Fe 3+ madpfs; jpl;l epiyikfspy; GNuhikil GNuhkpdhf Mf;rp[Ndw;wk;

milar; nra;Akh? nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ EO Fe3+ / Fe2+ = 0.771V, EO Br2 / Br- = -1.09V
Eocell = (Eoox) + (Eored)

= -1.09 + 0.771 = - 0.319 V
Eocell = vjph;Fwp kjpg;GilaJ kw;Wk; kpd;fy tpid jd;dpr;irahdJ my;y.
Fe 3+ GNuhikil GNuhkpdhf Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; milar; nra;ahJ.

79
10. Gwg;gug;G Ntjpapay;

1. ,aw;Gwg;gug;G fth;jy; - Ntjpg;Gwg;gug;G fth;jy; NtWghLfs;
,aw;Gwg;gug;G fth;jy; Ntjpg;Gwg;gug;G fth;jy;
fzg;nghOjpy; epfo;fpwJ nkJthf epfo;fpwJ
kPs; jd;ikAilaJ kPs; jd;ikaw;wJ
vyf;l;uhd; ,lkhw;wk; ,y;iy vyf;l;uhd; ,lkhw;wk; cz;L
gy %yf;$W mLf;F cUthfpwJ xw;iw %yf;$W mLf;F cUthfpwJ
gug;Gf; fth;jy; ntg;gk; FiwT gug;Gf; fth;jy; ntg;gk; mjpfk;
mOj;jj;ij mjpfhpj;jhy;
mOj;jj;jpdhy; vj;jifa ghjpg;Gk; ,y;iy
gug;G fth;jy; mjpfkhFk;
ntg;gepiyia mjpfhpj;jhy; ntg;gepiyia mjpfhpj;jhy; gug;G fth;jy;
gug;G fth;jy; FiwAk; Kjypy; mjpfhpj;J gpwF FiwfpwJ
2. ,aw;Gwg;gug;G fth;jypd; rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfis $Wf.

 fzg;nghOjpy; epfo;fpwJ.
 gy %yf;$W mLf;F cUthfpwJ
 kPs; jd;ikAilaJ
3. Ntjpg;Gwg;gug;G fth;jypy; ntg;gepiyia mjpfhpj;jhy; gug;G fth;jy; Kjypy;
mjpfhpj;J gpwF FiwfpwJ. Vd;?
 Kjypy; fpsh;T mizT cUthf Fwpg;gpl;l msT Mw;wy; Njitg;gLtjhy;
gug;G fth;jy; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
 gpwF gug;Gfth; nghUspd; ,af;f Mw;wy; mjpfhpj;J gug;G ePf;fk;
eilngWtjhy; gug;G fth;jy; FiwfpwJ.
4. ,aw;Gwg;gug;G fth;jiyf; fhl;bYk; Ntjpg;Gwg;gug;G fth;jypd; gug;G fth;jy;
ntg;gk; mjpfk; Vd;?
 Ntjpg;Gwg;gug;G fth;jypy; thA %yf;$Wfs; Gwg;gug;Gld; tYthd
Ntjpg;gpizg;Gfis cUthf;Ftjhy; mjd; gug;G fth;jy; ntg;gk; mjpfk;.
 ,aw;Gwg;gug;G fth;jypy; gug;G nghUSf;Fk; gug;G ftug;gLk; nghUSf;Fk;
,ilNa thzlh;thy;]; tpir Nghd;w typik Fiwe;j tpirfs; nray;gLtjhy;
gug;G fth;jy; ntg;gk; FiwT.
5. jpz;kj;jpd; kPJ thA %yf;$Wfs; gug;G ftug;gLjiy ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; ahit?
1. gug;G nghUspd; jd;ik
2. gug;G fth; nghUspd; jd;ik
3. mOj;jk;
4. ntg;gepiy
5. nrwpT
vz;zq;fs; mofhdhy;.. vy;yhNk mofhf khWk;..

80
6. gug;G fth;jypd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; ahit?
 gug;G fth;jy; xU jd;dpr;irahd nray;Kiw.
 gug;G fth;jy; xU ntg;gk; ckpo; nray;Kiw.
 gug;G fth;jy; midj;J tif ,ilg;gug;GfspYk; epfOk;.
7. NH3 my;yJ O2 Mfpa ,uz;by; vJ fhpapd; Gwg;gug;gpy; vspjpy; ftug;gLfpwJ?
 NH3 fhpapd; Gwg;gug;gpy; vspjpy; ftug;gLfpwJ.
 NH3 -d; ;epiykhW ntg;gepiy 406K. O2 -d; epiykhW ntg;gepiy 154K
mjpf epiykhW ntg;gepiy nfhz;l thAf;fs; vspjpy; gug;G ftug;gLk;.
8. xU gbj;jhd tpidNtf khw;wk; kw;Wk; gy gbj;jhd tpidNtf khw;wk; tpthp.
xU gbj;jhd tpidNtf khw;wk;
tpidgL nghUl;fs;, tpidtpis nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; tpidNtf khw;wp Mfpait
xNu epiyikapy; ,Uf;Fk;.
gy gbj;jhd tpidNtf khw;wk;

tpidgL nghUl;fs;, tpidtpis nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; tpidNtf khw;wp Mfpait
ntt;NtW epiyikapy; ,Uf;Fk;.
9. tpidNtf khw;wp vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf.

xU Ntjptpidapd; Ntfj;ij khw;wg; gad;gLk; nghUs;.
Fe - tpidNtf khw;wp
10. tpidNtf khw;wpapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; ahit?
 tpidapd; Ntfj;ij khw;WtJ.
 Fiwe;j msNt Njitg;gLfpwJ.
 Njh;e;J nrayhw;Wk; jd;ikAilaJ.
 tpidapd; rkepiyia ghjpf;fhJ.
 tpis nghUl;fspd; jd;ikia ghjpf;fhJ.
 J}shf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; mjpf jpwDld; nray;GhpAk;.
11. tpidNtf khw;wpapd; nray;ghL kw;Wk; njwpTj;jpwd; gw;wp ePtph; mwptJ vd;d?
 xU tpidapd; Ntfj;ij khw;wp mikf;Fk; jpwd; tpidNtf khw;wpapd;
nray;ghL vdg;gLk;.
 xU Fwpg;gpl;l tpisnghUis cUthf;Fk; tpidNtf khw;wpapd; jpwd;
tpidNtf khw;wpapd; njwpTj;jpwd; vdg;gLk;.
12. xU nghUs; ey;y tpidNtf khw;wpahf jpfo gug;G ePf;fk; mtrpak; Vd;?
tpidNtf khw;wpapd; gug;gpy; Gjpa tpidgLnghUl;fs; gug;G ftug;gl,
Kjypy; cUthfpAs;s tpisnghUl;fs; gug;G ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
81
13. tiuaW. m) Cf;f tpidNtf khw;wp M) jsh;T tpidNtf khw;wp
,) jd; tpidNtf khw;wp
Cf;f tpidNtf khw;wp
 tpidapd; Ntfj;ij mjpfhpf;Fk;.
 N`gh; Kiwapy; mk;Nkhdpah jahhpj;jypy; ,Uk;G Cf;f tpidNtf khw;wp.
jsh;T tpidNtf khw;wp
 tpidapd; Ntfj;ij Fiwf;Fk;.
 H2O2 rpijtilAk; tpidapy; fpspruhy; jsh;T tpidNtf khw;wp.
jd; tpidNtf khw;wp
 tpid tpis nghUs;fspy; xd;W tpidNtf khw;wpahf nray;gLtJ.
 vj;jpy; mrpl;Nll;il ePuhw; gFf;Fk;NghJ cUthFk; mrpl;bf;; mkpyk;
jd; tpidNtf khw;wpahf nray;gLfpwJ.
14. cah;j;jpfs; vd;why; vd;d?
 tpidNtf khw;wpapd; nray;jpwid mjpfhpf;f Nrh;f;fg;gLk; nghUs;.
 N`gh; Kiwapy; mk;Nkhdpah jahhpj;jypy;,
,Uk;G tpidNtf khw;wpf;F Mo - cah;j;jp
15. tpidNtf khw;wp er;Rf;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
 tpidNtf khw;wpapd; nray;jpwid Fiwf;f Nrh;f;fg;gLk; nghUs;.
 N`gh; Kiwapy; mk;Nkhdpah jahhpj;jypy;,
,Uk;G tpidNtf khw;wpf;F H2S - er;R
16. fpsh;T ikaq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
 tpidNtf khw;wpapd; Gwg;gug;G tOtOg;ghf ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
 mjpy; gy jlq;fs;, tpupry;fs; kw;Wk; Kidfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 mjpYs;s mZf;fspy; mjpf fth;r;rp tpir kw;Wk; epiwTwh gpizg;Gfs;
cs;sd. ,it fpsh;T ikaq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
17. tpidNtf khw;wk; gw;wpa ,ilepiyr; Nrh;kf; nfhs;if
xUgbj;jhd tpidNtf khw;wj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
A; + B C AB
gb - I A; + C AC (,ilepiyr; Nrh;kk;)
gb - II AC + B AB + C
(A, B-tpidgL nghUs;, AB-tpidtpis nghUs;, C-tpidNtf khw;wp)
gb - I 2NO + O2 2NO2
gb - II NO2 + SO2 SO3 + NO
cd; <Lghby;yhj ve;e fhhpaj;jpYk; cd;dhy; n[apf;f KbahJ..

eP <Lghl;Lld; nra;Ak; ve;j fhhpaKk; Njhw;f;fhJ…
82
18. tpidNtf khw;wk; gw;wpa gug;G fth;r;rp nfhs;if
gygbj;jhd tpidNtf khw;wj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
v.fh. epf;fy; tpidNtf khw;wp Kd;dpiyapy; vj;jpyPdpd; i`l;u[Ndw;wk;.
A(g) + B(g) tpidNtfkhw;wp C(g) + D(g)
gb epiyfs;
1. tpidgL nghUl;fs; tpidNtf khw;wpapd; Gwg;gug;ig Nehf;fp efh;jy;.
2. tpidgL nghUl;fs; tpidNtf khw;wpapd; gug;Gf; ftug;gLjy;.
3. tpidgL nghUl;fs; fpsh;T mizit cz;lhf;Fjy;.
4. fpsh;Tw;w mizT rpijtile;J tpidtpis nghUl;fs; cUthjy;.
5. tpidtpis nghUl;fs; gug;G ePf;fk; miljy;.
6. tpidtpis nghUl;fs; tpidNtf khw;wpapd; Gwg;gug;ig tpl;L tpyfpr;nry;Yjy;.
19. [pNahiyl; tpidNtf khw;wj;jpd; rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfis tpthp.
 [pNahiyl;Lfs; Ez;Jisfis cila gbftbt ePNuwpa mYkpNdh
rpypNfl;Lfs; MFk;.
 ,it rpypf;fhd; kw;Wk; mYkpdpak; ehd;Kfpfshy; Mdit.
 rpypf;fhd; ehd;F ,izjpwd;fSk;, mYkpdpak; %d;W ,izjpwd;fSk;
nfhz;bUg;gjhy; ,jpy; mjpfsT vjph;kpd;Rik fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 ,e;j vjph;kpd;Rikia eLepiyahf;f H+ my;yJ Na+ Nghd;w madpfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 H+ nfhz;Ls;s [pNahiyl;Lfs; tpidNtf khw;wpfshf gad;gLfpd;wd.
ngl;Nuhypaj;jpypUe;J ngl;Nuhy; kw;Wk; Briyg; gphpj;njLf;fg; gad;gLfpd;wd.
 Na+ nfhz;Ls;s [pNahiyl;Lfs; fhu tpidNtf khw;wpfshf gad;gLfpd;wd.
 [pNahiyl;Lfs; tbt njhpTj; jpwDilaJ.
20. nehjpfs; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfs; kw;Wk;; tpidtopKiwia tpthp.
 nehjpfs; Kg;ghpkhd mikg;ig nfhz;l rpf;fyhd Guj %yf;$Wfs;.
 caphpdq;fspy; epfOk; NtjptpidfSf;F tpidA+f;fpahf nray;gLfpwJ.
 Rf;Nuhi] FSf;Nfh]; kw;Wk; /guf;Nlh]; Mf khw;Wk; nehjp ,d;th;Nl];.
nehjpfspd; rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfs;
 Njh;e;J nrayhw;wf; $bait.
 gaDs;s kw;Wk; jpwDs;s khw;wk;;.
 tpidapd; Ntfj;ij 105 klq;Ffs; Ntfg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
 cfe;j PH kw;Wk; ntg;g epiyapy; mjpf gl;r Ntfj;jpy; epfo;fpwJ.
tpidtopKiw
E = nehjp S = tpidgLnghUs; ES = fpsh;T mizT P = tpisnghUs;

83
21. ehNdh tpidNtf khw;wk; gw;wp tpthp.
 mjpfNtf nray;jpwDilaJ.
 kWRow;rp nra;ayhk;.
 Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l khw;wk; cilaJ.
 fiuAk; gygbj;jhd tpidNtf khw;wpfs;.
 Nkk;gl;l tpisr;riy jUk;.
22. /gpuz;l;ypr; gug;G fth;jy; rkntg;gf; NfhLfspd; tuk;Gfs; ahit?
 ,r;rkd;ghL Kw;wpYk; fw;gpjkhdJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l mOj;j vy;iyf;Fs; kl;Lk;
rhpahf mikfpwJ.
 k kw;Wk; n khwpypfspd; kjpg;Gfs; ntg;gepiyiag; nghUj;J khWtij
,r;rkd;ghL tpsf;ftpy;iy.
$o;kq;fs;
23. $o;kf; fiury; kw;Wk; fsp Mfpatw;wpw;fpilNaAs;s NtWghLfs; ahit?
$o;kf; fiury; fsp

gphpif Clfk; ePh;kk; jpz;kk;
gphpif epiyik jpz;kk; ePh;kk;
v.fh. ,q;f;, ngapz;l; ntz;nza;, ghyhilf; fl;b
24. fiug;ghd; tpUk;Gk; $o;kq;fs;, fiug;ghd; ntWf;Fk; $o;kq;fis tpl mjpf

epiyg;Gj; jd;ik tha;e;jit Vd;?
 fiug;ghd; tpUk;Gk; $o;kq;fspy; - gphpif epiyik kw;Wk; gphpif Clfk;
,ilNa tYthd fth;r;rp tpir fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 fiug;ghd; ntWf;Fk; $o;kq;fspy; - gphpif epiyik kw;Wk; gphpif Clfk;
,ilNa fth;r;rp tpir ,y;iy
25. fiug;ghd; tpUk;Gk; $o;kq;fs;, fiug;ghd; ntWf;Fk; $o;kq;fs; NtWgLj;Jf.
fiug;ghd; tpUk;Gk; $o;kq;fs; fiug;ghd; ntWf;Fk; $o;kq;fs;
1 gphpif epiyik kw;Wk; gphpif gphpif epiyik kw;Wk; gphpif Clfk;
Clfk; ,ilNa tYthd ,ilNa fth;r;rp tpir ,y;iy
fth;r;rp tpir cz;L.
2 epiyg;Gj; jd;ik mjpfk; epiyg;Gj; jd;ik FiwT
3 vspjpy; tPo;gbthfhJ vspjpy; tPo;gbthFk;
26. $w;iw gw;wp fUj;Jiuf;f :- $o;kk; vd;gJ xU Nrh;kk; my;y.

mJ Nrh;kj;jpd; xU epiyahFk;.
 nghUspd; Jfs; msit 1-200nm mstpw;F Fiwj;J mij $o;kkhf khw;wyhk;.
 vdNt $o;kkhdJ Jfs;fspd; cUtsitg; nghUj;J mikfpwJ.
 ,J gphpif epiyik kw;Wk; gphpif Clfk; nfhz;l xUgbj;jhd fyit.
 vdNt $o;kk; vd;gJ xU Nrh;kk; my;y. mJ Nrh;kj;jpd; xU epiyahFk;.
84
27. fPo;f;fz;l $o;kj;Jfs;fspd; tbtq;fis vOJf.
m) As2S3 M) Fe(OH)3 $o;kk; & ePy epw Nfhy;L $o;kk; ,) W3O5 $o;kk;
m) As2S3 - Nfhs tbtk;
M) Fe(OH)3 & ePy epw Nfhy;L $o;kk; - jl;L tbtk;
,) W3O5 - jz;L tbtk;
28. bz;lhy; tpisT vd;why; vd;d?
 $o;kj;Jfs;fs; topNa xspf;fw;iwia nrYj;jpdhy; xspapd; jlk; Gyg;gLk;.
 fhuzk; : $o;kj;Jfs;fspd; xsp rpjwbf;Fk; gz;G.
 ,g;gz;G bz;lhy; tpisT vdg;gLk;.
29. gpnusdpad; ,af;fk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
gphpif Clfj;jpy; $o;kj;Jfs;fs; xOq;fpd;wp jphpAk; nray;.
fhuzk; : gphpif Clf %yf;$Wfspd; kPJ $o;kj;Jfs;fs; xOq;fpd;wp NkhJtJ.
30. gpnusdpad; ,af;fj;jpd; gad;fis vOJf.
 mtNfl;Nuh vz;iz fzf;fplyhk;.
 $o;kq;fspd; epiyg;Gj; jd;ikia mwpayhk;.
 ,af;ftpaw; nfhs;ifia cWjpg;gLj;jyhk;.
31. n`y;k;N`hy;l;]; ,ul;il mLf;F (ghyk;) gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
 $o;kj;Jfspd; gug;gpy; Neh;kpd; madpfs; gug;G ftug;gLtjhy; Neh;kpd;Rik
mLf;F cUthfpwJ.
 ,e;j mLf;F vjph;;kpd;Rik madpfis gug;G fth;tjhy; ,uz;lhk; mLf;F
cUthfpwJ.
 $o;kj;Jfs;fspd; kPJs;s ,j;jifa ,ul;ilkpd;Rik mLf;F n`y;k;N`hy;l;];
,ul;il mLf;F vdg;gLk;.
32. tPo;gbit $o;kf; fiuryhf khw;w $o;kkhf;fp Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ,f;$w;iw tpthp.

(my;yJ) $o;kkhf;fy; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf.
 jFe;j kpd;gFspia Nrh;j;J xU tPo;gbit $o;kkhf khw;Wk; nray;
$o;kkhf;fy; vdg;gLk;.
33. kpd;dhw; rt;T+L guty; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.

 $o;kf; fiury; eLepiyj; jd;ik nfhz;lJ.
 vdNt fiurypy; cs;s gphpif Jfs;fspd; kpd;Rikf;F rkkhd vjph;
kpd;Rikia Clfk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
 $o;kj;Jfs;fspd; ,af;fk; jil nra;ag;gLk;NghJ kpd;Gyj;jpy; $o;kj;Jfs;fs;
efUk; jpirf;F vjph; jpirapy; Clfk; efUk;.
 kpd;Gyj;jpy; gphpif Clfk; efUk; ,r;nray;Kiw kpd;dhw; rt;T+L guty;
vdg;gLk;.
85
34. VNDk; xU jphpjy; Kiwia tpsf;Ff. (m) kpd;Kid fth;r;rp tiuaW
 $o;kj; Jfs;fspd; Jfs; jpul;ly; kw;Wk; mbapy; jq;Fk; epfo;T jphpjy; MFk;.
kpd;Kidf; fth;r;rp xU jphpjy; KiwahFk;.
 kpd;Kid fth;r;rp
kpd;Kid fth;r;rp vd;gJ kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij nrYj;Jk;NghJ $o;kj;Jfs;fs;
vjpuhd kpd;Rik ngw;w kpd;Kidia Nehf;fp efUk; nrayhFk;.
Jfs;fs; kpd;Rikia ,oe;jTld; tPo;gbthf;fg;gLfpd;wd..
35. $o;k epiyapYs;s Fe(OH)3 kw;Wk; As2O3 Mfpatw;iw xd;whf fyf;Fk;NghJ
epfo;tnjd;d?
Fe(OH)3 - Neh;kpd;RikAilaJ. As2O3 - vjph;kpd;RikAilaJ.
MfNt ,tw;iw xd;whf fyf;Fk;NghJ jphpe;J NghFk;.
36. gbfhuq;fs; Nrh;g;gjhy; ePh; Rj;jpfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Vd;?
gbfhuj;jpy; cs;s Al3+ madpfs; ePhpy; cs;s khRf;fis jphpar; nra;tjd;
%yk; ePh; Rj;jpfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
37. eidf;fg;gl;l gbfhuj;ij Nja;f;Fk; NghJ ,uj;jf; frpT epWj;jg;gLtJ Vd;?
gbfhuj;jpy; cs;s Al3+ madpfs; ,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s Gujq;fis eLepiyahf;fp
jphpar; nra;tjhy; ,uj;jf; frpT epWj;jg;gLfpwJ.
38. Neh;kpd;Rik kw;Wk; vjph;kpd;Rik nfhz;l $o;kq;fSf;F v.fh. jUf.
39. ghy;kq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit?

 ghy;kq;fs; ePh;k - ePh;k $o;k mikg;Gfs;.
 ,uz;L ePh;kq;fis fyf;Fk;NghJ xU ePh;kk; kw;nwhU ePh;kj;jpy; gphpifaile;J
fpilf;Fk; $o;kk; ghy;kk; MFk;.
 ghy;kq;fs; ,Utifg;gLk;
1. vz;nza; gphpifaile;Js;s ePh; (O/W tif) - ghy;
2. ePh; gphpifaile;Js;s vz;nza; (W/O tif) - fphPk;
40. ghy;kr; rpijT vd;why; vd;d? mjd; cj;jpfis vOJf.
ghy;kq;fis ,uz;L jdpj;jdp mLf;Ffshf gphpf;Fk; nray;Kiw.
ghy;kr; rpijtpd; cj;jpfs;
 xU gFjpf; $iw kl;Lk; thiytbj;jy;.
 ika tpyf;F tpiria nrYj;Jjy;.
 kPnahyp miyfis gad;gLj;Jjy;.
 cah; mOj;jj;jpy; ntg;gg; gLj;Jjy;
 kpd;gFspiaf; Nrh;j;J kpd;Rikiaj; jfh;j;jy;.
86
41. ghy;kq;fspd; %d;W gad;fis $W.
 ghy;, fphPk,; ntz;nza; - ghy;kq;fs;
 kf;dPrpa ghy;kk; - tapw;W cghijf;F kUe;jhf gad;gLfpwJ.
 Jzpfis ntSf;f gad;gLk; Nrhg;Gfspy; gad;gLfpwJ.
 ,ug;gh; njhopypy; - lah;fs;, bA+g;Gfs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
42. Nfhy;L vz; tiuaW.
 10ml Nfhy;L $o;kj;Jld; 1ml 10% NaCl fiuriy Nrh;f;Fk;NghJ, tPo;gbthjiy
jLf;f Njitg;gLk; ePh;tpUk;Gk; $o;kj;jpd; kpy;ypfpuhk; vz;zpf;if Nfhy;L vz;.
 Nfhy;L vz; kjpg;G FiwT vdpy; ghJfhf;Fk; jpwd; mjpfk;.
43. gphpif Kiwapy; $o;kq;fs; jahhpj;jy;
1. ,ae;jpuj;jpy; rpijj;jy;
 jpz;kj;Jld; ePh;kk; Nrh;j;J $o;k Miyapy; ,lg;gLfpwJ.
 $o;k Miyapy; xd;iwnahd;W njhl;Lf;nfhz;L vjph;vjph; jpirapy;
Royf;$ba ,U v/F jfLfs; cs;sd.
 jpz;kj; Jfs;fs; $o;kj;Jfs; mstpw;F miuf;fg;gl;L gphpif Clfj;jpy;
Nrh;j;J $o;kk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 v. fh - $o;kfpuhigl;, mr;Rik
2. $o;kkhf;fy;
jFe;j kpd;gFspia Nrh;j;J xU tPo;gbit $o;kkhf khw;Wk; nray;
$o;kkhf;fy; vdg;gLk;.
44. Ntjp Kiwapy; (njhFg;G Kiwapy;) $o;kq;fs; jahhpj;jy;

1. ,ul;ilr; rpijT
2. ePuhw;gFj;jy;
3. Mf;rp[Ndw;wk;
4. xLf;fk;
5. rpijj;jy;

87
11. i`l;uhf;rp Nrh;kq;fs; kw;Wk; <jh;fs;

1. khh;fhdpfh/g; ePh; Nrh;f;if tpid (Gug;gpyPdpypUe;J My;f`hy; jahhpj;jy;)
Gug;gpyPd; mlh; H2SO4 2-Gug;gdhy;
2. i`bNuh NghNuw;w tpid (ilNghNudpypUe;J My;f`hy; jahhpj;jy;)

ilNghNud;; + My;fPd; l;iu My;ify; NghNud; H2O2 /NaOH My;f`hy;
3. Ngahpd; fhuzpiag; gadgLj;jp vj;jpyPd; fpisf;fhy; jahhpj;jy;

vj;jpyPd; + H2O Ngahpd; fhuzp vj;jpyPd; fpisf;fhy;
4. Nrhg;ghf;Fjy; tpid (fpspruhy; jahhpj;jy;)

jhtu vz;nza; (m) tpyq;F nfhOg;G NaOH fpspruhy; + Nrhg;G
5. caph; Mf;rp[Ndw;wk;
 caphpdq;fs; cl;nfhs;Sk; czT nehjpf;fg;gLtjhy; My;f`hy; cUthfpwJ.
 Myf`hiy er;R ePf;fk; nra;a fy;yPuy; ADH (My;f`hy; Bi`l;Nuhn[Nd];)
vDk; nehjpia Ruf;fpwJ.
 ADH er;Rj;jd;ik My;f`hiy er;Rj;jd;ikaw;w My;bi`lhf khw;Wk;
tpidNtfkhw;wpahf nray;gLfpwJ.
 tpyq;fpdq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; NAD (epNfhbdikL mbidd; ilepA+f;spNahilL)
Mf;rp[Ndw;wpahf nray;gLfpwJ.
cd; kjpg;ngz;… cd; ifapy;…

88
6. ];th;d; Mf;rp[Ndw;wk;
7. fpisf;fhypd; ePh; ePf;f tpidfs;

1. fpisf;fhy; 773K <g;ghf;iril (Mf;rpNud;)
2. fpisf;fhy; ePuw;w [pq;f; FNshiuL mrpl;lhy;bi`L
3. fpisf;fhiy ilMf;Nrdhf khw;Wjy;

fpisf;fhy; mlh; H2SO4 ilMf;Nrd;
8. fpspruhypd; ePh; ePf;f tpid (m) mf;Nuhypd; jahhpj;jy;

fpspruhy; KHSO4 (m) mlh; H2SO4 mf;Nuhypd;
9. TNG (my;yJ) GTN jahhpj;jy;

fpspruhy; + mlh;HNO3 mlh; H2SO4 TNG (l;iu iel;Nuh fpsprhpd;)

89
10. Xhpiza, <hpiza, %tpiza My; f `hy; f is NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lk;

Y}fh]; M a; T (Y}fh]; f uzp - eP u w; w ZnCl2 / mlh;HCl)
 %tpiza My; f `hy; cldb fyq; f y; j d; i k
 <hpiza My; f `hy; 5-10 epkplq; f spy; fyq; f y; j d; i k
 Xhpiza My; f `hy; ntg; g g; g Lj; j pdhy; kl; L k; fyq; f y; j d; i k
11. Xhpiza, <hpiza, %tpiza My; f `hy; f is NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lk;

tpf; l h; Nkah; Ma; T (1. P/I 2 2. AgNO 2 3. HONO 4. KOH)
Xhpiza My; f `hy; rptg; G epw fiuriy nfhLf; F k;
<hpiza My; f `hy; eP y epw fiuriy nfhLf; F k;
%tpiza My; f `hy; ve; j epw fiuriyAk; nfhLf; f hJ.
Xhpiza My; f `hy; <hpiza My; f `hy; %tpiza My; f `hy;
CH 3 CH 2 - OH (CH 3 ) 2 CH - OH (CH 3 ) 3 C - OH
P/I 2 P/I 2 P/I 2
CH 3 CH 2 - I (CH 3 ) 2 CH - I (CH 3 ) 3 C - I
AgNO 2 AgNO 2 AgNO 2
CH 3 CH 2 - NO 2 (CH 3 ) 2 CH - NO 2 (CH 3 ) 3 C - NO 2
(epwkw; w J)
ONOH HONO
HONO
CH 3 C - NO 2 (CH 3 ) 2 C - NO 2
 
tpid ,y; i y
NOH NO
(eP y epwk; )
KOH
KOH
CH 3 C - NO 2

tpid ,y; i y
NOK
(rptg; G epwk; )

90
12. lt; Kiw (m) FNshNuh ngd;rPdpy; ,Ue;J gPdhy; jahhpj;jy;

FNshNuh ngd;rPd; + NaOH 633K Nrhbak; gPdhf;irL ePh;j;j HCl gPdhy;
13. INrhGug;igy; ngd;rPd; (m) fpAkpdpypUe;J gPdhy; jahhpj;jy;

ngd;rPd; + Gug;gPd; H3PO4 fpAkpd; fhw;W fpAkpd; i`l;Nuh gPdhy;
523K 5% aq Na2CO3 nguhf;irL
14. gPdhypypUe;J ngd;rPd; jahhpj;jy; (gPdhy; [pq;f; cld; GhpAk; tpid)

gPdhiy [pq;f; cld; fha;r;rp tbj;jhy; ngd;rPd; fpilf;Fk;.
C6H5OH + Zn Δ C6H6 + ZnO
15. ];fhl;ld; - ngskd; tpid
gPdhy; + mrpl;ily; FNshiuL NaOH / gphpbd; gpidy; mrpl;Nll;
C6H5OH + CH3COCl NaOH / gphpbd; C6H5COOCH3 + HCl

16. gPdhypypUe;J mdpypd; jahhpj;jy; (gPdhy; mNkhdpahTld;; GhpAk; tpid)
gPdhy; + mNkhdpah ePuw;w [pq;f; FNshiuL mdpypd;
17. Nfhy;gpd; tpid (gPdhypy; ,Ue;J rhyprpypf; mkpyk; jahhpj;jy;)
gPdhy; NaOH Nrhbak; CO2 Nrhbak; H+ / H2O rhyprpypf; mkpyk;

gPdhf;irL 400K rhyprpNyl;
JUg;gpbj;Jj; Nja;tijtpl...! cioj;J Nja;tJ NkyhdJ..!!

91
18. hPkh;- Bkh; tpid (gPdhypy; ,Ue;J rhyprpyhy;bi`L; jahhpj;jy;)

gPdhy; CHCl3 / NaOH rhyprpyhy;bi`L
19. gPdhypy; ,Ue;J gpf;hpf; mkpyk; jahhpj;jy; (gPdhypd; iel;Nuh Vw;w tpid)
gPdhy; mlh; HNO3 / H2SO4 gpf;hpf; mkpyk; (2,4,6 – l;iu iel;Nuh gPdhy;)
;
20. gpdhy;/g;jypd; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ? (m) jhypad; tpidia $W.
gPdhy; + jhypf; mkpy ePhpyp mlh; H2SO4 gpdhy;/g;jypd;
21. ,izg;G tpidia vOJ. (my;yJ) gPdhypd; rha Nrhjidia vOJ. (m)
gPdhiy ilaNrhdpak; FNshiuLld; tpidgLj;j vd;d epfOk;?
gPdhy; + ngd;rPd; ilaNrhdpak; NaOH p-i`l;uhf;rp mNrh ngd;rPd;
FNshiuL (MuQ;R rptg;G epw rhak;)
22. gPdhypd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w tpid (gPdhypy; ,Ue;J ngd;Nrh FapNdhhd; jahhpj;jy;)

92
23. gPdhypd; Mf;rp[ndhLf;f tpid (gPdhypypUe;J irf;Nsh n`f;rdhy; jahhpj;jy;)
24. gPdhiy My;f`hypy; ,Ue;J NtWgLj;jp mwpa cjTk; Nrhjidfs; ahit?

(my;yJ) gPdhYf;fhd Nrhjidfis vOJ.
Nrhjid gPdhy; My;f`hy;
eLepiy FeCl3 fU Cjh epwk; tpid ,y;iy
NaOH Nrhbak; gPdhf;irL tpid ,y;iy
ngd;rPd; ilaNrhdpak; FNshiuL MuQ;R rptg;G epw rhak; tpid ,y;iy
25. ngd;iry; FNshiubypUe;J ngd;iry; My;f`hy; jahhpj;jy;

C6H5CH2Cl dil. NaOH C6H5CH2OH + NaCl
26. ngd;iry; My;f`hypypUe;J ngd;rhapf; mkpyk;; jahhpj;jy;
C6H5CH2OH K2Cr2O7 / H+ C6H5COOH
(O)
27. tpy;ypak;rd; njhFg;G Kiw (il vj;jpy; <jh; jahhpj;jy;)
Nrhbak; <j;jhf;irL + vj;jpy;; GNuhikL My;f`hy; il vj;jpy; <jh;
C2H5ONa + C2H5Br My;f`hy; C2H5-O- C2H5 + NaBr

28. ilvj;jpy; <jhpd; gad;fs; ahit?
 kaf;f kUe;jhfg; gad;gLfpJ.
 Fsp&l;bahfg; gad;gLfpJ.
 fiug;ghdhfg; gad;gLfpJ.
29. <jhpd; C-O-C gpizg;G Nfhzk; ehd;Kfp gpizg;G Nfhzj;ij tpl rw;W
mjpfk; Vd;?
,uz;L nghpa My;ify; njhFjpfSf;fpilNa tpyf;F ,ilaPL ,Ug;gJ.
30. ,iz khw;wpak; (nkl;lh nkhprk;)
 xNu %yf;$W tha;ghl;ilAk;, xNu tpidj; njhFjpiaAk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
 Mf;rp[d; mZTld;, ,Ugf;fKk; ,ize;Js;s My;ify; njhFjp khWgLfpwJ.
 2- kPj;jhf;rp Gug;Ngdpd; khw;wpaq;fs;.

93
31. 1-<j;jhf;rp Gug;-1-<id xU Nkhy; HI cld; tpidg;gLj;Jk; NghJ cUthFk;

Kjd;ik tpis nghUisf; fz;lwpf.
CH3CH=CH-O-C2H5 + HI Δ; CH3CH=CH-OH + C2H5I
32. 1-kPj;jhf;rp Gug;Ngid mjpf msT; HI cld; tpidg;gLj;Jk; NghJ cUthFk;
tpis nghUisf; fz;lwpf.
CH3CH2CH2-O-CH3 + 2HI Δ CH3CH2CH2I + CH3I +H2O
33. <jh;fspd; Ra Mf;rp[Ndw;w tpid (nguhf;irL tpisT)
34. <jhpy; fhzg;gLk; tiffis tpsf;Ff.

94
35. gpd;tUk; tpidfis epiwT nra;f.
3CH3CH2OH PBr2 CH3CH2Br + H3PO3

(A)
CH3CH2Br ePhpaNaOH CH3CH2OH + NaBr

(B)
2CH3CH2OH Na 2CH3CH2ONa + H2
(C)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C6H5OH Zn J}s; C6H6 + Zno

(A)
C6H6 CH3Cl C6H5CH3
ePuw;wAlCl3 (B)
C6H5CH3 mkpyk; fye;j KMnO4 C6H5COOH

(O) (C)
36. gPdhiy Zn JfSld; thiy tbj;J gpd; Gug;igy; FNshiuLld; Nrh;j;J
gphPly;-fpuhg;l; My;ify; Vw;w tpidf;F cl;gLj;Jk; NghJ Nrh;kk; A cUthfpwJ.
A it Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; mile;J B cUthfpwJ. A kw;Wk; B ia fz;lwpf.
C6H5OH + Zn Δ C6H6 + ZnO
(A)
(B)
(C)
A - ngd;rPd; B - fpA+kpd; C - fpA+kpd; i`l;Nuh nguhf;irL

95
12. fhh;gidy; Nrh;kq;fs; kw;Wk; fhh;ghf;rpypf; mkpyq;fs;

My;bi`L kw;Wk; fPl;Nlhd;fs;
1. Nuhrd;kz;l; xLf;f tpidia vOJ. mjpy; Pd kw;Wk; BaSO4-d; gq;F vd;d?
mrpl;ily; FNshiuL + H2 Pd / BaSO4 mrpl;lhy;bi`L
Pd - tpidNtf khw;wp BaSO4 - tpidNtf er;R

2. ];Bgd; tpid
3. <j;ijdpypUe;J mrpl;lhy;bi`L jahhpj;jy;
4. XNrhd; gFg;G tpid

my;fPd; + XNrhd; XNrhidL Zn/ H2O My;bi`L
5. vlhh;l; tpid
+
nlhYtpd; + CrO2Cl2 CS2 / H3O ngd;rhy;bi`L
6. fhl;lh;khd; - $r; tpid
ngd;rPd; ngd;rhy;bi`L
7. mrpl;lhy;bi`L mNkhdpahTld; GhpAk; tpid (my;bkpd; jahhpj;jy;)

96
8. /g;hPly; fpuhg;l;]; mrpl;ilNyw;w tpid

(mrpl;ily; FNshiubypUe;J mrpl;NlhgPNdhd; jahhpj;jy;)
ngd;rPd; + mrpl;ily; FNshiuL ePuw;w AlCl3 mrpl;NlhgPNdhd;
C6H6 + CH3COCl ePuw;w AlCl3 C6H5COCH3 + HCl
9. /g;hPly; fpuhg;l;]; ngd;rhapNyw;w tpid
(ngd;rhapy; FNshiubypUe;J ngd;NrhgPNdhd; jahhpj;jy;)
ngd;rPd; + ngd;rhapy FNshiuL ePuw;w AlCl3 ngd;NrhgPNdhd;
C6H6 + C6H5COCl ePuw;w AlCl3 C6H5COC6H5 + HCl
10. /ghh;kypd; vd;gJ vd;d? mjd; gad; ahJ?
 40% ghh;khy;bi`bd; ePh;f;fiury; /ghh;kypd; vdg;gLk;.
 gad;fs; : 1. caphpay; khjphpfis ghJfhf;f
2. Njhy; gjdpLjypy;
11. My;biìl fPl;NlhdpypUe;J NtWgLj;Jk; Nrhjidfis vOJf.
 My;bi`L - lhyd;]; fhuzpia xLf;Fk; (Ag+ → Ag)
 /ngypq; fiuriy xLf;Fk; (Cu2+ → Cu)
 ngdpbf; fiuriy xLf;Fk;
 \p/g; fhuzpapd; ,sQ;rptg;G epwj;ij jpUk;gg; ngwr;nra;Ak;.
12. A+Nuhl;uhgpd; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ? mjd; gad; ahJ?
/ghh;khy;bi`L + mNkhdpah A+Nuhl;uhgpd; (n`f;rhnkj;jpypd; nll;ukpd;)
6CH2O + 4NH3 (CH2)6N4 + 6H2O
gad; : 1. rpWePuf Giu jLg;ghd;.
2. RDX ntbnghUs; jahhpf;f
13. fpisrd; - ];fpkpl; tpid (ngd;rhy;bi`bypUe;J rpd;dkhy;bi`L jahhpj;jy;)

ngd;rhy;bi`L + mrpl;lhy;bi`L dil. NaOH rpd;dkhy;bi`L
C6H5CHO + CH3CHO dil. NaOH C6H5CH = CH-CHO + H2O
14. ngh;fpd;]; tpid (ngd;rhy;bi`bypUe;J rpd;dkpf; mkpyk; jahhpj;jy;)
ngd;rhy;bi`L + mrpl;bf; ePhpyp CH3COONa rpd;dkpf; mkpyk;
C6H5CHO + CH3COOCOCH3 CH3COONa C6H5CH = CHCOOH + CH3COOH

97
15. Nehte[y; tpid (ngd;rhy;bi`bypUe;J rpd;dkpf; mkpyk; jahhpj;jy;)

ngd;rhy;bi`L + kNyhdpf; mkpyk; gphpbd; / – H2O, – CO2 rpd;dkpf; mkpyk;
16. ngd;rhapd; FWf;f tpid (gpidy; nkj;jdhy; - ngd;rhapd;)

ngd;rhy;bi`L alc. KCN ngd;rhapd;
17. \pg; fhuk; jahupj;jy;

ngd;rhy;bi`L + mdpypd; H+ ngd;rhy; mdpypd; (\pg; fhuk;)
18. khyifl; gr;ir rhak;

ngd;rhy;bi`L + N,N- ilnkj;jpy; mdpypd; mlh; H2SO4 khyifl; gr;ir
19. fpskd;rd; xLf;fk; (mrpl;Nlhid Gug;Ngdhf khw;Wjy;)

mrpl;Nlhd; + 4(H) Zn-Hg / mlh; HCl Gug;Ngd;
20. cy;g; - fp\;dh; xLf;fk;

mrpl;Nlhd; + 4(H) N2H4 / C2H5ONa Gug;Ngd;
21. N`Nyh/ghu;k; tpid
kl;Lk; ,t;tpidapy; <LgLk;.

98
22. mrpl;Nlhid gpdfhyhf khw;Wjy;

fPlN; ;lhd;fis nkf;dPrpak; ,urf;fyit kw;Wk; ePh; nfhz;L xLf;Fk;NghJ
rPh;ikAs;s ilahy;fs; (gpdfhy;fs;) cUthfpd;wd.
CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3
I l Mg – Hg l l
CH 3 -C + C-CH 3 + 2(H) H2O CH 3 -C – C-CH 3
  l l
O O OH OH
23. ghg/g; tpjpia tpthp.
ghg/g; tpjpg;gb rPh;ikaw;w fPl;Nlhd;fis Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; nra;Ak;NghJ,
rpwpa My;ify; njhFjpAld; fPl;Nlh njhFjp ,ize;jpUf;Fk; tifapy;
(C-CO) gpizg;G gpsTWfpwJ.
24. nfhOg;G mkpyq;fspd; fhy;rpak; cg;Gf;fis fha;r;rp tbj;jy;

fhy;rpak; ghh;Nkl; Δ ghh;khy;bi`L (nkj;jdy;)
(fhy;rpak; nkj;jNdhNal;)
Ca(COOH)2 Δ HCHO + CaCO3
fhy;rpak;; ghh;Nkl; + fhy;rpak; mrpNll; Δ mrpl;lhy;bi`L (vj;jdy;)

Ca(COOH)2 + Ca(COOCH3)2 Δ CH3CHO + 2CaCO3
fhy;rpak; ghh;Nkl; + fhy;rpak; ngd;NrNal; Δ ngd;rhy;bi`L

Ca(COOH)2 + Ca(COOC6H5)2 Δ C6H5CHO + 2CaCO3
fhy;rpak; mrpNll; Δ mrpl;Nlhd;

(fhy;rpak; vj;jNdhNal;)
Ca(COOCH3)2 Δ CH3COCH3 + CaCO3
fhy;rpak; ngd;NrNal; Δ ngd;NrhgPNdhd;;

Ca(COOC6H5)2 Δ C6H5COC6H5 + CaCO3
fhy;rpak; mrpNll; + fhy;rpak; ngd;NrNal; Δ mrpl;NlhgPNdhd;

Ca(COOCH3)2 + Ca(COOC6H5)2 Δ C6H5COCH3 + 2CaCO3
xt;nthUth; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; mtuth; jd;dk;gpf;ifNa fhuzk;…

ek;ik jtpu ek; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij jLf;f ahuhYk; KbahJ…
99
25. mrpl;lhy;bi`bd; My;lhy; FWf;f tpid top Kiw

mrpl;lhy;bi`L NaOH My;lhy; (3-i`l;uhf;rp gpA+l;ldy;)
tpid topKiw
gb - I : GNuhl;lhd; ePf;fk; - fhh;gd; vjpuadp cUthjy;
gb - II : My;fhf;irL madp cUthjy;
gb - III : GNuhl;lhd; Vw;wk; - My;lhy; cUthjy;
26. My;lhypy; ,Ue;J FNuhl;ldhy;bi`L jahhpj;jy;
27. FWf;F My;lhy; FWf;f tpid Kiw

ghh;khy;bi`L + mrpl;lhy;bi`L NaOH 3-i`l;uhf;rp Gug;gdy;
28. FWf;F fhd;dprhNuh tpid

100
29. fhd;dprhNuh tpidapd; tpid top Kiw
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fhh;ghf;rpypf; mkpyq;fs;
30. v];luhf;Fjy; tpid
mrpl;bf; mkpyk;; + vj;jdhy; mlh; H2SO4 vj;jpy; mrpl;Nll;
CH3COOH + C2H5OH mlh; H2SO4 CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
v];luhf;Fjy; tpidtopKiw
31. nkj;jpy; mrpl;Nll;bypUe;J vj;jpy; mrpl;Nll; jahhpj;jy; (khw;W v];luhf;Fjy;)

nkj;jpy; mrpl;Nll;; + vj;jdhy; H+ vj;jpy; mrpl;Nll; + nkj;jdhy;
CH3COOCH3 + C2H5OH H+ CH3COOC2H5 + CH3OH
101
32. fhh;ghf;rpypf; mkpyq;fSf;fhd Nrhjidfs;

 ePy ypl;ki] rptg;ghf khw;WfpwJ.
 Na2CO3 cld; Eiuj;Jg; nghq;FfpwJ.
 My;f`hy; cld; mlh; H2SO4 Kd;dpiyapy; v];liuf; nfhLf;fpwJ.
33. ngd;rhapf; mkpyk; /gpuPly; fpuh/g;l; tpidf;F cl;gLtjpy;iy. fhuzk; $W.
 ngd;rhapf; mkpyk; /gpuPly; fpuh/g;l; tpidf;F cl;gLtjpy;iy.
 fhuzk; - fhh;ghf;rpypf; njhFjpapd; fpsh;T ePf;Fk; jd;ik.
34. nlhYtpdpypUe;J ngd;rhapf; mkpyk; jahhpj;jy;
35. vj;jdhypypUe;J yhf;bf; mkpyk; jahhpj;jy;;

CH3CHO + HCN CH3CH-OH H+ / H2O CH3CH-OH
l l
CN COOH
36. ghh;kpf; mkpyj;jpd; xLf;Fk; gz;gpid tpthp (my;yJ)
ghh;kpf; mkpyk; kw;w mkpyq;fspy; ,Ue;J vt;thW NtWgLfpwJ?
 ghh;kpf;mkpyk; My;bi`L kw;Wk; fhh;ghr;rpypf; mkpyj;njhFjpfis ngw;Ws;sJ.
 lhyd;]; fhuzpia xLf;Fk.;
HCOO- + 2Ag+ + 3OH- 2Ag + CO32- + 2H2O

(lhyd;]; fuzp) nts;sp Mb
 ngypq; fiuriy xLf;Fk;.
HCOO- + 2Cu+ + 5OH- Cu2O + CO32- + 3H2O
(ngypq; fiury;) rptg;G epw tPo;gbT
37. fhh;ghf;rpy; ePf;f tpid
Nrhbak; mrpl;Nll; + Nrhlh Rz;zhk;G Δ kPj;Njd;
CH3COONa + NaOH CaO / Δ CH4 + Na2CO3
38. Nrhbak; mrpl;Nll;bypUe;J <j;Njd; jahhpj;jy; (Nfhy;g; kpd;dhw; gFG;G Kiw)
39. mrpl;bf; mkpyj;jpyUe;J mrpl;bf; mkpy ePhpyp jahhpj;jy;

102
40. n`y;-Nthy;`hu;l; - n[ypd;];f; (HVZ) tpid
41. nkj;jpy; raidbypUe;J mrpl;likL jahhpj;jy;
42. gpd;tUk; tpidfspy; cs;s A, B kw;Wk; C If; fz;lwpf.
A CH3COCl mrpl;ily; FNshiuL

B CH3CHO mrpl;lhy;bi`L
C CH3CH(OH)CH2CHO My;lhy;
D CH3CH=CHCHO FNuhl;ldhy;bi`L
43. C2H3N vDk; %yf;$W tha;g;ghL nfhz;l Nrh;kk; (A) mkpy ePuhw;gFg;gpy; (B) I
jUfpwJ. (B) jNahidy; FNshiuLld; tpidgl;L (C) I jUfpwJ. ngd;rPd; ePuw;w
AlCl3 Kd;dpiyapy; (C) cld; tpidgl;L (D) I jUfpwJ. NkYk; (D) MdJ
Zn/Hg kw;Wk; mlh; HCl My; xLf;fkile;J Nrh;kk; (E) I jUfpwJ. A, B, C, D
kw;Wk; E If; fz;lwpf. rkd;ghLfis vOJf.
 CH3CN H+ / H2O CH3COOH
(A) (B)
 CH3COOH SOCl2 CH3COCl + SO2 + HCl
(B) (C)
 C6H6 + CH3COCl ePuw;w AlCl3 C6H5COCH3 + HCl
ngd;rPd; (C) (D)
 C6H5COCH3 + 2H2 Zn/Hg / mlh; HCl C6H5CH2CH3 + H2O
(D) (E)
A CH3CN nkj;jpy; raidL
B CH3COOH mrpl;bf; mkpyk;
C CH3COCl mrpl;ily; FNshiuL
D C6H5COCH3 mrpl;NlhgPNdhd;
E C6H5CH2CH3 vj;jpy; ngd;rPd;
103
My;bi`L, fPl;Nlhd;fs; kw;Wk; fhh;ghf;rpypf; mkpyq;fspd; gad;fs;
/ghh;kpf; mkpyk;
mrpl;bf;; mkpyk;
ngd;rhapf;; mkpyk;

104

105
13. fhpk iel;u[d; Nrh;kq;fs;

1. `hg;Nkd; ,wf;f tpid (mikbypUe;J Xhpiza mkPd; jahhpj;jy;)
mrpl;likL Br2/ KOH nkj;jpy; mkPd;
CH3CONH2 Br2/ KOH CH3NH2 + K2CO3 + KBr + H2O

2. Nfg;hpay; jhypikL njhFg;G Kiw
jhypikL KOH nghl;lhrpak; RX N-My;ify; KOH Xhpiza mkPd;
jhypikL jhypikL
3. FNshNuh gpf;hpd; vd;gJ ahJ? vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ? mjd; gad; ahJ?

FNshNuh gpf;hpd; vd;gJ l;iu FNshNuh iel;Nuh kPj;Njd;.
gad; - Ez;Zaphpf; nfhy;yp

4. iel;Nuh ngd;rPid vt;thW 1,3,5 l;iu iel;Nuh ngd;rPid khw;Wtha;?
5. fLF vz;nza; tpid

nkj;jpy; mkPd; + fhh;gd;il ry;igL HgCl2 nkj;jpy; INrh jNahraNdl;
6. `hg;Nkd; fLF vz;nza; tpid

mdpyPd; + fhh;gd; il ry;igL Δ s-ilgpidy; mlh;HCl gPidy;;
jNahA+hpah INrh jNahraNdl;
7. fhh;igy; mkPd; tpid (Xhpiza mkPid fz;lwpAk; Ma;T)

nkj;jpy; mkPd; + FNshNuhghh;k; KOH nkj;jpy; INrh raidL

106
8. ilaNrh Mf;f tpid

Fsph; epiyapy; cs;s Nrhbak; iel;iul;, HCl y; fiuf;fg;gl;l mdpyPDld;
tpidGhpe;J ngd;rPd; ilaNrhdpak; FNshiuilj; jUtJ.
9. ngd;rPd; ilaNrhdpak; FNshiubypUe;J gPdhy; jahhpj;jy;
10. fhl;lh;Nkd; tpid

ngd;rPd; ilaNrhdpak; FNshiuL Cu / HCl FNshNuh ngd;rPd;
C6H5N2Cl Cu / HCl C6H5Cl + N2 (my;yJ)

ngd;rPd; ilaNrhdpak; FNshiuL CuCN / KCN raNdh ngd;rPd;
C6H5N2Cl CuCN / KCN C6H5CN + N2
11. rhz;l;Nkah; tpid (ngd;rPd; ilaNrhdpak; FNshiubypUe;J FNshNuh ngd;rPd;)
ngd;rPd; ilaNrhdpak; FNshiuL Cu2Cl2 / HCl FNshNuh ngd;rPd;
C6H5N2Cl Cu2Cl2 / HCl C6H5Cl + N2

12. fhk;ngh;f; ngf;Nkd; tpid
ngd;rPd; ilaNrhdpak; FNshiuL + ngd;rPd; NaOH iggpidy;
13. ngd;rPd; ilaNrhdpak; FNshiubd; ,izg;G tpidfs;
14. nkd;ba]; tpid (My;ify; raidLfspy; ,Ue;J mkPd;fs; jahhpj;jy;)
15. nrghl;bah; - nka;y;`p Kiw

107
16. ngd;rPd; ilaNrhdpak; FNshiubd; GShpdhy; gjpyPL

(Baltz-schiemann reaction)
17. Njhu;g; iel;iuy; FWf;f tpid
18. nyitd; kw;Wk; n`sru; mrpl;ilNyw;w tpid (raNdh nkj;jpNyw;w tpid)
19. mdpypd; /g;hPly; fpuhg;l;]; tpidf;F cl;gLtjpy;iy fhuzk; $W.

mdpypd; fhuj;jd;ikAilaJ. vdNt jdpj;j ,ul;il vyf;l;uhid AlCl3 Nghd;w
Y}ap mkpyj;jpw;F toq;fp Nrh;f;if tpisnghUisj; jUfpwJ.
20. mypghl;bf; mkPd;fis tpl mNuhNkl;bf; mkPd;fspd; ilaNrhdpak; cg;Gf;fs;
mjpf epiyg;Gj;jd;ik nfhz;lit fhuzk; $W.
mNuhNkl;bf; mkPd;fspd; cldpirT. mkPd; ilaNrhdpak; madpapd; kPjhd
Neh;kpd;Rik ngd;rPd; tisak; KOikf;Fk; tpuTfpwJ.
21. mdpyPdpd; pKa kjpg;G nkj;jpykPid tpl mjpfk; Vd;?
mdpyPdpd; iel;u[d; kPjhd jdpj;j ,ul;il vyf;l;uhd; ngd;rPd; tisaj;jpDs;
cs;slq;fhj; jd;ikapidg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
vdNt GNuhl;lhNdw;wj;jpw;F jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; fpilf;ff;$ba tha;g;G FiwfpwJ.
MfNt mdpyPdpd; fhuj;jd;ik FiwfpwJ. pKa kjpg;G mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
22. vj;jpykPd; ePhpy; fiuAk;. Mdhy; mdpyPd; fiuahJ fhuzk; $W.
 vj;jpykPd; ePUld; i`l;u[d; gpizg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjhy; ePhpy; fiufpwJ.
 mdpyPdpy; cs;s ngd;rPd; tisak; ePiu ntWf;Fk; gz;GilaJ.
MfNt ePhpy; fiutjpy;iy.
eP Vioahf gpwg;gJ cd; jtwpy;iy....

VioahfNt ,wg;gJ jhd; cd; jtW....
108
23. CH3NO2 tha;g;ghl;bw;F ,uz;L khw;wpaq;fs; cs;sd.

,t;tpuz;ilAk; vt;thW NtWgLj;Jtha;?
 iel;Nuh kPj;Njdpd; (CH3NO2) ,aq;F rkepiy khw;wpak;
 iel;Nuh mikg;G - mrp-mikg;G
iel;Nuh mikg;G mrp mikg;G

mkpyj;jd;ik FiwT mkpyj;jd;ik mjpfk;
kpd;flj;Jjpwd; FiwT kpd;flj;Jjpwd; mjpfk;
NaOH -y; nkJthf fiufpwJ NaOH -y; cldbahf fiufpwJ
24. Xhpiza, <hpiza, %tpiza mkPd;fis NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;L.

%tpiza
Xhpiza mkpd; <hpiza mkpd; mkpd;
iel;u]; My;f`hiy N- iel;uNrh mkpid cg;Gfis
mkpyk; jUfpwJ jUfpwJ jUfpwJ
CHCl3/KOH fhh;igy; mkpd; tpid
tpid ,y;iy
fhh;igy; mkPd; tpid cz;lhfpwJ ,y;iy
CS2 / HgCl2 My;ify; INrhjNah
tpid ,y;iy
tpid
fLF vz;nza; tpid raNdl; cz;lhfpwJ ,y;iy
mrpl;ily; N-My;ify; N,N- il My;ify; tpid

mrpl;likil mrpl;likil ,y;iy
FNshiuL jUfpwJ jUfpwJ
25. Xhpiza, <hpiza, %tpiza mkPd;fis iel;u]; mkpyk; nfhz;L NtWgLj;Jf.

 Xhpiza mkPd; + iel;u]; mkpyk; My;f`hy;
 <hpiza mkPd; + iel;u]; mkpyk; N-iel;uNrh mkPd;

(kQ;rs; epw vz;nza;)
 %tpiza mkPd; + iel;u]; mkpyk; l;iu My;ify; mNkhdpak; cg;G
KbahJ vd;W nrhy;tJ %lek;gpf;if!

KbAkh vd;W Nfl;gJ mtek;gpf;if!
KbAk; vd;W nrhy;tNj jd;dk;gpf;if!
109
26. ntt;NtW Clfq;fspy; iel;Nuh ngd;rPdpd; xLf;fk;

(a) typikahd mkpyf; fiurypy; xLf;fk;
iel;Nuh ngd;rPd; + 6[H] Sn / HCl mdpyPd;
(b) eLepiyf; fiurypy; xLf;fk;

iel;Nuh ngd;rPd; + 4[H] Zn / NH4Cl i`l;uhf;rpy; mkPd;
(c) fhuf;fiurypy; xLf;fk;
C6H5N=O + O=NC6H5 FSf;Nfh]; / NaOH C6H5N=NC6H5

↓ ↓ 6(H) ↓
O O O
iel;Nuh ngd;rPd; mrhf;rp ngd;rPd;
C6H5N=O + O=NC6H5 SnCl2 / NaOH C6H5N=NC6H5

↓ ↓ 8(H) mNrhngd;rPd;
O O
iel;Nuh ngd;rPd;
C6H5N=O + O=NC6H5 Zn / NaOH C6H5NH-HNC6H5

↓ ↓ 10(H) i`l;uNrh ngd;rPd;
O O
iel;Nuh ngd;rPd;
27. C4H9NO2 vd;w %yf;$W tha;g;ghl;by; mikAk; midj;J khw;wpaq;fisAk;

vOjp IUPAC ngahpLf.
CH3 -CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -NO2
1 - iel;Nuh gpA+l;Nld; 2 - iel;Nuh gpA+l;Nld; 2- nkj;jpy;-1-iel;Nuh

Gug;Ngd;
CH3 -CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -O -N = O
gpA+l;ily; iel;iul;
2-nkj;jpy;-2-iel;Nuh Gug;Ngd;

110
28. gpd;tUk; tpidfspy; cs;s A, B kw;Wk; C If; fz;lwpf.
A C6H5NH2 mdpyPd;
B C6H5N2Cl ngd;rPd; ilaNrhdpak; FNshiuL
C p- i`l;uhf;rpmNrhngd;rPd;
A C6H5CN raNdh ngd;rPd;
B C6H5COOH ngd;rhapf; mkpyk;
C C6H5CONH2 ngd;rikL
iel;Nuh My;Nfd;fs;;
iel;Nuh ngd;rPd; (kph;Ngd; vz;nza;)

111
14. caphpay; %yf;$Wfs;

1. fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfis jf;f rhd;Wld; tifg;gLj;J
fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs; tifg;ghL
1. NkhNdh rhf;fiuLfs;
NkYk; vspa rhf;fiuLfshf ePuhw; gFf;f Kbahj fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs;
1. My;NlhRfs; - FSf;Nfh]; 2. fPl;NlhRfs; - /g;uf;Nlh];
2. il rhf;fiuLfs;
,it ePuhw; gFg;gile;J ,uz;L NkhNdh rhf;fiuLfisj; jUgit.
v.fh : Rf;Nuh];, yhf;Nlh];, khy;Nlh];
3. ghyp rhf;fiuLfs; (rh;f;fiu ,y;yhjit)
fpisf;Nfh]pbf; gpizg;Gfshy; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd
NkhNdh rh;f;fiuLfisf; nfhz;lit.
1. Xhpd ghyp rhf;fiuLfs;
xNu xU tif NkhNdh rhf;fiuLfshy; cUthfpd;wd.
v.fh : ];lhu;r;, nry;YNyh];, fpisf;Nfh[d;
2. gy;ypd ghyp rhf;fiuLfs;
xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l tifapyhd NkhNdh rhf;fiuLfshy; cUthfpd;wd.
v.fh : n`ghhpd;, i`Yuhdpf; mkpyk;
2. gpd;tUtdw;iw NkhNdh rhf;fiuLfs;, xypNfh rhf;fiuLfs; kw;Wk;
ghyp rhf;fiuLfs; vd tifg;gLj;J.
1. FSf;Nfh];, /g;uf;Nlh]; - NkhNdh rhf;fiuLfs;
2. Rf;Nuh];, yhf;Nlh];, khy;Nlh]; - xypNfh rhf;fiuLfs;
3. ];lhu;r;, nry;YNyh]; - ghyp rhf;fiuLfs;
3. fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs; nghJthf xspRow;Wk; jd;ikia ngw;Ws;sd. Vd;?
 fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfspy; xd;W my;yJ mjw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l rPh;ikaw;w fhh;gd;fs;
,Ug;gjhy; mit xspRow;Wk; jd;ikia ngw;Ws;sd.
 rPh;ikaw;w fhh;gd;fs; n vdpy; khw;wpaq;fs; 2n
 FSf;Nfh]py; cs;s rPh;ikaw;w fhh;gd;fs; 4 khw;wpaq;fs; 16.
4. fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
 FSf;Nfh]; - cldb Mw;wy; %yk;
 nry;YNyh]; - fhfpjk;, kur;rhkhd;fs; nra;a gad;gLfpwJ.
 jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspd; - Mw;wy; %yq;fs;, fl;likg;G gygbfs;
 kdpj clypy; - fpisNfh[dhf, jhtuq;fspy; - ];lhh;r;rhf Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ
5. xLf;Fk; rh;f;fiufs; kw;Wk; xLf;fh rh;f;fiufs; vd;git ahit?
xLf;Fk; rh;f;fiufs; xLf;fh rh;f;fiufs;
jdpj;j My;bi`L njhFjpiaf;
jdpj;j fPl;Nlhd; njhFjp nfhz;lit.
nfhz;lit.
,it lhyd;]; fuzpia xLf;Fk;. ,it lhyd;]; fuzpia xLf;fhJ.
v.fh. FSf;Nfh];, yhf;Nlh];. v.fh. /g;uf;Nlh];,; Rf;Nuh];.

112
6. FSf;Nfh]; mikg;G
 %yf;$W tha;g;ghL C6H12O6

 P/HI cld; n- n`f;Nrid jUtjhy;, ,jpy; 6 fhh;gd; mZf;fs; cs;sJ.
 ePUld; eLepiyf; fiuriyj; jUtjhy; -COOH njhFjp ,y;iy.
 gphpbd; Kd;dpiyapy; mrpl;bf; mkpy ePhpypAld; ngd;lh mrpNll;il jUtjhy;
5- OH njhFjp ,Uf;fyhk;.
 NH2OH kw;Wk; HCN cld; tpidGuptjhy; fhh;gidy; njhFjp ,Uf;fyhk;.
 lhyd;]; fuzp kw;Wk; /ngypq; fiuriy xLf;Ftjhy; – CHO njhFjp
,Uf;fyhk;.
 GNuhkpd; ePUld; Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; nra;jhy; FSNfhdpf; mkpyk; fpilf;fpwJ.
vdNt – CHO njhFjp %yf;$wpd; xU Kidapy; ,Uf;fyhk;.
 mlh; HNO3 nfhz;L Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; nra;Ak;NghJ rhf;fhpf; mkpyj;ij jUtjhy;
xU Xhpiza My;f`hy; njhFjp cs;sJ.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. /g;uf;Nlh]; mikg;G
 %yf;$W tha;g;ghL C6H12O6

 P/HI cld; n- n`f;Nrid jUtjhy; ,jpy; 6 fhh;gd; mZf;fs; cs;sJ.
 ePUld; eLepiyf; fiuriyj; jUtjhy; -COOH njhFjp ,y;iy.
 gphpbd; Kd;dpiyapy; mrpl;bf; mkpy ePhpypAld; ngd;lh mrpNll;il jUtjhy;
5- OH njhFjp ,Uf;fyhk;.
 NH2OH kw;Wk; HCN cld; tpidGuptjhy; fhh;gidy; njhFjp ,Uf;fyhk;.
 lhyd;]; fuzp kw;Wk; /ngypq; fiuriy xLf;fhJ. vdNt – CHO njhFjp
,y;iy
 Na / Hg /H2O nfhz;L gFjp xLf;fk; nra;jhy; rhh;gpl;lhy;, khdplhy; vgpkh;fspd;
fyit fpilf;fpwJ. vdNt fPl;Nlhd; njhFjp cWjpahfpwJ.
 HNO3 -dhy; Vw;wkile;J fpisf;fhypf; mkpyk; kw;Wk; lhh;lhhpf; mkpyf; fyit
fpilf;fpwJ. vdNt ,jpy; -CO njhFjp C-2 fhh;gdpy; ,Uf;fyhk;.

113
8. FSf;Nfh]; kw;Wk; /g;uf;Nlh]; NtWgLj;Jf
9. α - D kw;Wk; β - D-FSf;NfhiguNdh]pd; mikg;Gfis tiuf.
α - D-FSf;NfhiguNdh]; β - D-FSf;NfhiguNdh];
10. α – D kw;Wk; β – D--gpuf;Nlh/gpA+uNdh]; mikg;Gfis tiuf.
α -D-gpuf;Nlh/gpA+uNdh]; Β -D-gpuf;Nlh/gpA+uNdh];
11. Rf;Nuh]; mikg;ig tiuf

114
12. vgpkh;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

 xNu xU rPh;ikaw;w ikaj;jpy; kl;Lk; khWgl;l njhFjp ,lmikT nfhz;l
ru;f;fiufs; vgpkh;fs; vdg;gLk;.
 xU vgpkh; kw;nwhU vgpkuhf khWk; nray;Kiw vgpkuhf;fy; vdg;gLk;.
 FSf;Nfh]; kw;Wk; fhyf;Nlh]; ehd;fhk;; fhh;gdpy; khWgl;l mikg;igf;
nfhz;lit.
13. gpd;tUk; rh;f;fiu D - rh;f;fiuah my;yJ L - rh;f;fiuah?
L – rh;f;fiu
14. MNdhkh;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
 FSf;Nfh]pd; i`l;uhf;rpy; njhFjpfspy; xd;W My;bi`L njhFjpAld;
tpidgl;L tisa mikg;G cUthfpwJ.
 ,jdhy; rPh;ikAs;s My;bi`L fhh;gd; MdJ rPh;ikaw;w fhh;gdhf
khw;wkiltjhy; ,uz;L khw;wpaq;fs; cUthfpd;wd.
 ,e;j ,uz;L khw;wpaq;fs; C1 fhh;gdpy; kl;Lk; khWgl;l mikg;ig
nfhz;Ls;sd.
 ,k;khw;wpaq;fs; MNdhkh;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 FSf;Nfh]pd; MNdhkh; tbtq;fs; α- kw;Wk; β- tbtq;fs; MFk;.
15. kpAl;lh Row;rp vd;why; vd;d?
α-D FSf;Nfh]; kw;Wk; β-D FSf;Nfh]; Mfpatw;wpd; epak Row;rp kjpg;Gfs;
1120 & 18.70. ,e;j rh;f;fiufspy; xd;iw ePhpy; fiuf;Fk;NghJ epak Row;rp
kjpg;Gfs; +530 nfhz;l rkepiy milAk; tiu, jpwe;j rq;fpyp mikg;gpd;
topahf nkJthf xd;wpypUe;J kw;nwhd;whf khw;wkilfpd;wd.
,e;epfo;T kpAl;lh Row;rp vdg;gLk;.
16. vjph;khW rh;f;fiu vd;why; vd;d?
 Rf;Nuh]; kw;Wk; FSf;Nfh]; Mfpad tyQ;Rop jpUg;Gr; Nrh;kq;fs;.
Mdhy; /gpuf;Nlh]; ,lQ;Rop jpUg;Gr; Nrh;kk;.
 Rf;Nuhi] ePuhw;gFf;Fk;NghJ tpidf;fiurypd; xspRow;Wk; jd;ikahdJ
tyQ;RopapypUe;J ,lQ;Ropahf khWfpwJ.
 vdNt Rf;Nuh]; vjph;khW rh;f;fiu vdg;gLfpwJ.
115
17. rkkpd;Gs;sp vd;why; vd;d?

 mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; fhh;ghf;rpy; njhFjp kw;Wk; mkpNdh njhFjp ,uz;ilAk;
ngw;wpUg;gjhy; rhjhuz fhh;ghf;rpy; mkpyq;fs; kw;Wk; mkPd;fspy; ,Ue;J
NtWgLfpd;wd.
 fiurypd; pH kjpg;igr; rhh;e;J mkpNdh mkpyq;fspd;, fhh;ghf;rpy; njhFjp
xU GNuhl;lhid ,oe;J vjpuadpahfNth my;yJ mkpNdh njhFjp xU
GNuhl;lhid Vw;W NeuadpahfNth khw ,aYk;.
 ve;j xU Fwpg;gpl;l pH kjpg;gpy; mkpNdh mkpyj;jpd; epfu kpd;Rik
eLepiyahf cs;sNjh mJ rkkpd;Gs;sp vdg;gLk;.
18. mydpdpd; Rtpl;lh; madp mikg;ig vOJf.
 ePh;f;fiurypy; xU mkpNdh mkpyj;jpd; fhh;ghf;rpy; njhFjpapYs;s GNuhl;lhid
mkpNdh njhFjpf;F khw;w ,aYk;.
 ,jdhy; ,e;j ,uz;L njhFjpfSk; vjpnujph; kpd;Rikfis ngWfpd;wd.
 ,e;j madpfs; Rtpl;lh; madpfs; vdg;gLk;.
19. ngg;ilL gpizg;G gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf. (my;yJ)

fpisrPd; kw;Wk; mydpd; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J cUthf tha;g;Gs;s midj;J
ilngg;ilL tbtq;fisAk; tiuf.
Kjy; mkpNdh mkpyj;jpd; fhh;ghf;rpy; njhFjp, ,uz;lhk; mkpNdh mkpyj;jpd;
mkpNdh njhFjpAld; tpidgl;L ngg;ilL gpizg;G cUthfpwJ.
20. Gujq;fspd; Kjy;epiy kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy mikg;Gfis NtWgLj;Jf.

Kjy;epiy mikg;G ,uz;lhk; epiy mikg;G
ghypngg;ilL rq;fpypapy; mkpNdh mkpyq;fs;
ghypngg;ilL rq;fpypapy;
fhh;gidy;-Mf;rp[Df;Fk;, mkPd;-
1 mkpNdh mkpyq;fspd;
miktpl thpirahFk;. i`l;u[Df;Fk; ,ilNa i`l;u[d;
gpizg;ig cUthf;FfpwJ.
Gujq;fspd; xl;L nkhj;j α - RUs;, β - RUs; Mfpad Gujq;fshy;
2 mikg;G kw;Wk; nray;ghl;il
cUthf;fg;gLk; Jiz mikg;Gfs;
khw;WfpwJ.
ek;khy; Kbe;jtiu nra;tjy;y Kaw;rp..!!

ehk; epidj;jij Kbf;Fk; tiu nra;tNj cz;ikahd Kaw;rp..!!
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21. Gujq;fspd; tiffis tpsf;Ff. (my;yJ)

GNuhl;Bd;fs; mjd; mikg;ig nghUj;J vt;thW tifg;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wd?
Gujq;fs; ,U tifg;gLk;. 1. ,iog; Gujq;fs; 2. FNshGyh; Gujq;fs;
1. ,iog; Gujq;fs;
 Neh;Nfhl;L mikg;ig ngw;Ws;sd.
 ePhpy; fiuahJ.
 ilry;igL - i`l;u[d; gpizg;ghy; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 v.fh. - nfuhbd;, nfhy;yh[d;.
2. FNshGyh; Gujq;fs;
 Nfhstbt mikg;ig ngw;Ws;sd.
 ePhpy; fiuAk;.
 tpidA+f;fr; nray;ghLfis nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 v.fh. - ,d;Rypd;, nehjpfs;.
22. α - RUs; cUthjy; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
 α - RUs; Gujq;fspd; ,uz;lhk; epiy Jiz mikg;Gfs;
 mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; nrq;Fj;J RUs; mikg;gpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 1-tJ mkpNdh mkpy fhh;gidy; - Mf;rp[Df;Fk;, 5-tJ mkpNdh mkpy
mkpNdh - i`l;u[Df;Fk; ,ilNa i`l;u[d; gpizg;ig cUthf;FfpwJ.
 mkpNdh mkpyq;fspd; gf;fr; rq;fpypfs; RUspd; ntspNa ePl;bf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
 ,jd; xt;nthU Rw;wpYk; Rkhh; 3.6 mkpNdh mkpy $Wfs; cs;sd.
,jd; ePsk; 5.4 Ao
23. Gujq;fspd; ,ay;gpoj;jy; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
 xU Gujk; mjd; Kjy;epiy mikg;G ghjpf;fg;glhky; cah;epiy mikg;ig
kl;Lk; ,of;Fk; epfo;T ,ay;gpoj;jy; vdg;gLk;.
 ,jdhy; caphpay; nray;ghLfs; Kw;wpYk; ,of;fg;gLfpwJ.
 v.fh. ntg;gj;jpd; fhuzkhf Kl;il ntz;fU nfl;bg;gLjy;.
24. Gujq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vOJf.
 %yf;$Wfspd; ,af;fj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
 czh;Ntw;gpfshf nray;gLfpwJ.
 ,Uk;G Nghd;w cNyhfq;fis Nrkpf;fpwJ.
 ,d;Rypd; ,uj;j rh;f;fiu msit fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
 gy;NtW Neha;fspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;fpwJ.
25. nehjpfs; tiuaW.
 nehjpfs; Kg;ghpkhd mikg;ig nfhz;l rpf;fyhd Guj %yf;$Wfs;.
 caphpdq;fspy; epfOk; NtjptpidfSf;F tpidA+f;fpahf nray;gLfpwJ.
 tpidapd; Ntfj;ij 105 klq;Ffs; Ntfg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
 Rf;Nuhi] FSf;Nfh]; kw;Wk; /guf;Nlh]; Mf khw;Wk; nehjp ,d;th;Nl];.
26. caphpdq;fspy; ypgpl;Lfspd; nray;ghLfs; ahit?
 ypg;gpl;Lfs; nry;fspd; xUq;fpize;j Mf;ff;$Wfs;.
 caph; mikg;Gfspd; Mw;wy; %yq;fs;.
 ePh;tho; capupdq;fspd; ghJfhg;G mLf;Ffs;.
 ,izg;G jpRf;fspy; ghJfhg;G mLf;Ffs;.
 nfhOg;G tsh;rpij khw;wj;jpy; ghy;kf;fhuzpfs;.
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27. itl;lkpd;fs; vt;thW tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd?

1. nfhOg;gpy; fiuAk; itl;lkpd;fs;
 ,e;j itl;lkpd;fs; nfhOg;G czTld; cwpQ;rg;gLfpd;wd.
 fy;yPuypy; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,it ePhpy; fiutjpy;iy.
 v.fh- itl;lkpd;fs; A, D, E, K
2. ePhpy; fiuAk; itl;lkpd;fs;
 ,tw;iw Nrkpf;f ,ayhJ.
 v.fh- itl;lkpd;fs; B (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12 ) kw;Wk; C.
28. gpd;tUk; Fiwghl;L Neha;fis cUthf;Fk; itl;lkpd;fspd; ngah;fis vOJf.
Fiwghl;L Neha;fs; itl;lkpd;fs;
khiyf;FUL A
nghpnghp B1
,uj;jNrhif B12
];fh;tp C
upf;fl;]; D
,uj;jk; ciwjy; K
29. `hh;Nkhd;fs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf.

 `hh;Nkhd;fs; jpRtpdhy; Ruf;fg;gl;L ,uj;j Xl;lj;jpy; fyf;fg;gLk; fhpkr;Nrh;kk;
 ,J kw;w nry;fspy; clypay; Jyq;fis J}z;LfpwJ.
 ,J nry;fSf;fpilNa rkpf;iQ %yf;$whFk;.
 v.fh. - ,d;Rypd;, Mz;l;Nuh[d;, <];l;Nuh[d;.
30. `hh;Nkhd;fs; mit nray;gLk; J}uj;jpd; msitg; nghUj;J vt;thW
tifg;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wd? v.fh jUf.
1. Ml;nlhf;iud; - ,z;lh;ypAfpd;-2
2. vz;Nlhf;iud; - ,z;lh;ypAfpd;-1
3. ghuhf;iud; - ,d;Rypd;
31. vt;tif gpizg;Gfs; DNA tpYs;s xw;iw myFfis xd;whf itj;Js;sd?
DNA %yf;$wpy; xU epAf;spNahilbd; 3’ OH kw;Wk; kw;nwhU
epAf;spNahilbd; 5’ OH ,ilNa cUthFk; gh];Ngh ilv];lh; gpizg;G
DNA tpYs;s xw;iw myFfis xd;whf ,Uf;f itj;Js;sd
32. `hh;Nkhd;fs; kw;Wk; itl;lkpd;fSf;fpilNaAs;s NtWghLfs; ahit?
`hh;Nkhd;fs; itl;lkpd;fs;
1 jpRtpdhy; Ruf;fg;gLfpwJ cztpd; %yk; fpilf;fpwJ
Gujq;fshfNth, ];Buha;LfshfNth
2 Jiz nehjpfshf nray;gLfpd;wJ.
nray;gLfpd;wJ.
,J kw;w nry;fspy; clypay; ,J caph; mikg;Gfspy; xU
3
Jyq;fis J}z;LfpwJ. Fwpg;gpl;l nraiyr; nra;fpd;wJ.
4 v.fh. - ,d;Rypd;, Mz;l;Nuh[d;. v.fh. - A, B, C, D, E, K
118
33. epAf;spNahirL, epAf;spNahilL kw;Wk; ghypepAf;spNahilL vd;why; vd;d?

 fhuk; + ru;f;fiu epAf;spNahirL
 epAf;spNahirL + gh];ghhpf; mkpyk; epAf;spNahilL
 n-epAf;spNahilL ghypepAf;spNahilL (epAf;spf; mkpyk;)
34. nry;ypy; fhzg;gLk; RNA tpd; tiffs; ahit?
1. upNghNrhk; RNA (r-RNA)
2. J}J RNA (m-RNA)
3. ,lkhw;W RNA (t-RNA)
35. DNA – RNA NtWgLj;Jf.
DNA RNA
1 ,ul;il ,io %yf;$W xw;iw ,io %yf;$W
2 ,jd; tho;ehs; mjpfk; ,jd; tho;ehs; FiwT
3 epiyg;Gj;jd;ik cilaJ epiyg;Gj;jd;ik mw;wJ
4 jhdhfNt ,ul;bg;gilAk; jhdhfNt ,ul;bg;gilahJ
5 b Mf;Nrh upNgh]; rh;f;fiu upNgh]; rh;f;fiu
6
36. DNA Nuifg; gjpT gw;wp tpthp

 DNA Nuifg; gjpthdJ jdp egh;fSf;fpilNa cs;s nky;ypa fhu thpir
NtWghl;il mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
 ,k;Kiwapy; ,uj;jk;, kaphpio Nghd;w khjphpfspypUe;J ngwg;gl;l %yf;$whdJ
,ioapd; mr;rpy; nehjpfisg; gad;gLj;jp Fwpg;gpl;l Gs;spfspy; ntl;lg;gLfpwJ.
,jdhy; ePskhd DNA Jz;lq;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd.
 ,j;Jz;lq;fs; n[y; kpd;Kidf;fth;r;rp njhopy; El;gj;jpy; Muhag;gLfpd;wd.
 DNA Jz;lq;fis nfhz;Ls;s n[y; xw;Wjy; Kiwapy; ieyhd; fhfpjj;jpw;F
khw;wg;gLfpwJ.
 gpd;dh; ,e;j Jz;lq;fs; rpwpa X-fjpu; jfl;Lf;F mUfpy; itf;fg;gl;L
jw;fjph;tPr;R tiugl Kiwf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 fjphpaf;f ryhif ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s VjhtnjhU Gs;spapy; fUk;Gs;sp
cUthfpwJ. ,g;Gs;spfspd; cUg;gbtkhdJ kw;w khjphpfSld; xg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

119
15. md;whl tho;tpy; Ntjpapay;

1. kUe;J nghUl;fs; vd;why; vd;d? mit vt;thW tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd?
 kUe;J nghUl;fs; vd;gJ mij ngWgthpd; clypay; mikg;ig my;yJ
NehAw;w epiyia khw;wf;$ba Nrh;kq;fs;.
 kUe;Jfspd; tifg;ghL
1. Ntjp mikg;gpd; mbg;gil.
2. kUe;jpay; tpistpd; mikg;gpd; mbg;gil.
3. ,yf;F mikg;gpd; mbg;gil.
4. nray;gL jsj;jpd; mbg;gil
2. kd mikjpg;gLj;jpfs; clypy; vt;thW nray;Ghpfpd;wd?
 euk;G kz;lyj;ij jhf;Fk; kUe;Jfs;
 %isapYs;s Nlhgikd; vDk; euk;Gj; J}z;ly; flj;jpia Klf;Ftjd; %yk;
ika euk;G kz;lyj;jpd;kPJ nray;Ghpfpd;wd.
 kd cisr;ry;, J}f;fkpd;ikf;F rpfpr;ir mspj;jy;
 Kf;fpa kd mikjpg;gLj;jpfs; - FNshrhigd;, N`Nyhnghplhy;.
 rpwpa kd mikjpg;gLj;jpfs; - Ntypak;, My;g;uhNrhyk;.
3. typ epthuzpahfTk;, fha;r;ry; kUe;jhfTk; gad;gLk; Nrh;kq;fs; ahit?
 M];gphpd; (mrpl;ily; rhyprpypf; mkpyk;)
 ghuhrpl;lkhy; (mrpl;lkpNdh/gPd;)
4. M];gphpd;, ghuhrpl;lkhypd; %yf;$W mikg;G tha;ghL jUf.
M];gphpd; ghuhrpl;lkhy;
(mrpl;ily; rhyprpypf; mkpyk;) (mrpl;lkpNdh/gPd;)
5. Nghij jUk;, Nghij juhj kUe;J nghUl;fs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf.
 typepthuzpfs; (Nghij juhjit)
czh;it ghjpf;fhky; typia kl;Lk; Fiwg;git - M];gphpd;
 Xgpaha;Lfs; (Nghij jUgit)
typia ePf;fp J}f;fj;ij nfhLg;git - khh;gpd;, nfhf;ifd; .
kpff; Fiwe;j msT Nfhkh kw;Wk; caphpoj;jiy cUthf;Fk;.
6. mkpy ePf;fpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?
 tapw;W vhpr;riy ePf;fg; gad;gLk; kUe;Jg; nghUl;fs; mkpy ePf;fpfs;.
 v.fh. Nudpbbd;, nrkpbbd;, mYkpdpak; i`l;uhf;irL
7. vjph; caphpfs; (m) Ez;Zaph; vjphpfs; vd;why; vd;d?
 ghf;Bhpah, G+Q;irspy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; rpy Ntjpg;nghUl;fs;
Ez;Zaphpfspd; tsh;rpij khw;wj;ij jLf;fpd;wd.
 v.fh. : ngd;rpypd;
 gad;fs; : epNkhdpah Ruk;, Rthr cWg;G Neha;fis Fzg;gLj;j.
8. xt;thik KwpT kUe;Jfs; gw;wp tpthp.
 xt;thik tpisTfspy; ,Ue;J epthuzk; mspg;git.
 v.fh. nrl;hp[pd;, yPNth nrl;hp[pd;
120
9. Giu jLg;ghd;fs; vt;thW fpUkp ehrpdpfsplkpUe;J NtWgLfpwJ?

Giu jLg;ghd;fs; fpUkp ehrpdpfs;
capUs;s jpRf;fspd; kPJ capuw;w nghUl;fspd; kPJ
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
Ez;Zaph;fspd; tsh;r;rpia jLf;fpwJ. Ez;Zaph;fspd; tsh;r;rpia jLf;fpwJ.
H2O2, NghtpNlhd;-mNahbd; My;f`hy;, FNshhpd; Nrh;kq;fs;
10. fUj;jil kUe;J nghUl;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

 fUj;jhpj;jiy jLf;f cjTk; njhFg;G `hh;Nkhd;fs;.
 ,it fUj;jil khj;jpiufspy; gad;gLfpwJ.
 v.fh. - njhFg;G <];l;Nuh[d;, njhFg;G Gnuh[];l;Nuhd;.
11. czT $l;Lg; nghUl;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
czT $l;Lg; nghUl;fs;
 cztpd; juj;ij mjpfhpf;f czTld; Nrh;f;fg;gLk; Nrh;kq;fs;.
 eWkzg; nghUl;fs;, itl;lkpd;fs;, gjdg; nghUl;fs;.
12. czT $l;Lg; nghUl;fspdhy; cz;lhFk; ed;ikfs; ahit?
 eWkzg; nghUl;fs; - cztpd; eWkzj;ij $l;LfpwJ.
 itl;lkpd;fs; kw;Wk; jhJf;fs; - Cl;lr;rj;J gw;whf;Fiwia Fiwf;fpwJ.
 gjdg; nghUl;fs; - czT nghUl;fs; ePz;l ehl;fs; nflhky; ghJfhf;fpwJ.
13 czT gjdg; nghUl;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
 Ez;Zaph;fspd; tsh;r;rp fhuzkhf nehjpj;jy; kw;Wk; czT nfLk;
nray;Kiwfisj; jLf;Fk; jpwDs;s Ntjpg;nghUl;fs;
 mrpl;bf; mkpyk; - CWfha; jahhpg;gpy;
Nrhbak; nkl;lh igry;igl; - fha;fwpfs;, goq;fis gjg;gLj;j
14. vjph; Mf;rp[Ndw;wpfs; vd;why; vd;d?
czTg; nghUl;fs; Mf;rp[Ndw;wkile;J Crpg;Nghjiyj; jLf;Fk; Nrh;kq;fs;.
v.fh- BHT (gpAl;ily; i`l;uhf;rp nlhYtpd;;)
BHA (gpAl;ily; i`l;uhf;rp mdpNrhy;;)
15. rh;f;fiu gjpypfs; vd;why; vd;d?
 ,dpg;Gr;Rit ngWtjw;fhf ru;f;fiufisg; Nghy gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Nrh;kq;fs;
rh;f;fiu gjpypfs; vdg;gLk;.
 ,it ,d;Rypd; cjtp ,y;yhkNyNa tsh;rpij khw;wj;jpw;F cl;gLfpd;wd.
 v.fh - rhh;gplhy;, Nkdplhy;.
16. nraw;if ,dpg;G RitA+l;bfs; vd;why; vd;d?
 ,dpg;Gr;Rit cila, Cl;lr;rj;J ,y;yhj njhFg;Gr; Nrh;kq;fs;
 v.fh. - rhf;fhpd;, mypNlk;.
17. rh;f;fiu NehahspfSf;fhd ,dpg;Gfs; jahupf;fg;gad;gLk; ,dpg;G RitA+l;b vJ?
rhf;fhpd;, mypNlk;, Rf;uNyh];, M];ghu;Nlk;
18. njhFg;G blh;n[z;l;fs; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
njhFg;G blh;n[z;l;fs; My;ify; i`l;u[d; ry;Ngl;Lfspd; Nrhbak; cg;Gf;fs;.
,jd; 3 tiffs;
1. vjpuadp blh;n[z;l;fs; - Nrhbak; yhiuy; ry;Ngl; (SDS)
2. Neuadp blh;n[z;l;fs; - n-n`f;rh nlf;ify; l;iunkj;jpy; NH4Cl
3. madpj;jd;ikaw;w blh;n[z;l;fs; - ngd;lh vhpj;hpily; ];baNul;
121
19. Nrhg;Gfs; kw;Wk; blh;n[z;l;fspd; mOf;F ePf;Fk; nray;ghl;bid tpthp.
 Nrhg;gpy; cs;s ghy;kpNll; madp ,UKid mikg;ig nfhz;Ls;sJ.

1. Kidtw;w gFjp - i`l;Nuh fhh;gd; gFjp
2. KidTg; gFjp - fhh;ghf;rpy; gFjp
 i`l;Nuh fhh;gd; gFjpahdJ ePiu ntWf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ.
,J vz;nza; kw;Wk; gpRf;fpy; fiufpwJ. Mdhy; ePhpy; fiutjpy;iy.
 fhh;ghf;rpy; gFjpahdJ ePiu tpUk;Gk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ.
 Jzpfspy; Nrhg;ig Nja;f;Fk;NghJ i`l;Nuh fhh;gd; gFjpahdJ vz;nza;
kw;Wk; gpRf;fpy; fiufpwJ.
 fhh;ghf;rpy; gFjpahdJ gpRf;fpd; Nkw;gFjpapy; ntspNa ePl;bf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J
ePhpdhy; tYthf ftug;gLfpwJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf rpwpa Ez;nfhOg;Gg;nghUs;
jptiy cUthfpwJ.
 Jzpfis ePhpy; myRk;NghJ ,e;j Ez;nfhOg;Gg;nghUl;fs; Jzpfspy; ,Ue;J
tpLgl;L ePUld; ntspNaWfpwJ.
20. ,ug;gh; cuD}l;ly; (m) ty;fidahf;fy; vd;why; vd;d?
 ,aw;if ,ug;giu 3–5% ry;gh; Nrh;j;J 100 - 1500C ntg;gg;gLj;JtJ
ty;fidahf;fy; vdg;gLk;.
 1–3 % ry;giu nfhz;Ls;s ,ug;gh; kpUJthdJ, ePSk; jd;ikAilaJ.
 3–10 % ry;giu nfhz;Ls;s ,ug;gh; fbdkhhdJ, nefpOk; jd;ikAilaJ.
21. gy;ypd gygbfs; Fwpj;J Fwpg;G tiuf.
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ntt;NtW tif xw;iwg;gb %yf;$Wfisf;
nfhz;Ls;s gygbahdJ gy;ypd gygbfs; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh - gpA+dh - S
22. kf;Fk; gygbfs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf.
 Rw;Wr;#oypy; fhzg;gLk; Ez;Zaphpfshy; vspjhf rpijf;fg;gLk; nghUl;fs;.
 ,aw;ifg; gygbfs; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpwF jhkhfNt kf;Ffpd;wd.
 Mdhy; nraw;ifg; gygbfs; kf;Ftjpy;iy.
 v.fh. - ghyp yhf;bf;mkpyk; (PLA), ghyp fpisf;fhypf; mkpyk; (PGA).
23. gpd;tUtdtw;iw Neh;Nfhl;L,, FWf;F, gy;ypd gygbfs; vd tifg;gLj;J.
Neh;Nfhl;L gygbfs; FWf;F gygbfs; gy;ypd gygbfs;
LDPE ieyhd; 6,6 gpA+dh - N
HDPE Ngf;fiyl; gpA+dh - S
nl/g;yhd; nlupyPd; epNahg;uPd;
Mh;yhd; (PAN) Nkyikd;

122
24. ntg;gj;jhy; ,sFk; gpsh];bf; - ntg;gj;jhy; ,WFk; gpsh];bf; NtWgLj;Jf.
gygbfs; jahhpg;G kw;Wk; mjd; gad;fs;

25. ghyp vj;jpyPd; gygbfs;
,it <j;jPdpd; Nrh;g;G gygbahFk;. ,uz;L tifahd ghypj;jPd;fd; cs;sd.
1. LDPE - Fiw mlh;j;jp ghyp vj;jpyPd;
gad;fs; : 1. nghk;ikfs; nra;a, 2. kpd;fk;gpfSf;F fhg;Gg; nghUshf

2. HDPE - cah; mlh;j;jp ghyp vj;jpyPd;
vj;jpyPd; rPf;yh;-ehl;lh HDPE
273K / 6-7atm
gad;fs; : ghl;by;fs;, Foha;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
26. nl/g;yhd;
nll;uhg;SNuh vj;jpyPd; O2 / Δ nl/g;yhd;
gad;fs; : 1. nghUl;fspd; kPJ Nky; G+r;rhf G+r,

2. xl;lh rikay; ghj;jpuq;fs; nra;a gad;gLfpwJ.
27. Mh;yhd; (ghyp mf;upNyh iel;iuy; - PAN)
gad;fs; : Nghh;itfs;, ];ntl;lh;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.

28. epNahg;uPd;
FNshNuhg;uPd; jdp cWg;G gygbahf;fy; epNahg;uPd;
gad;fs; : Ntjpg;NghUs; Nrkpg;Gf;fyd;, ,lkhw;W gl;ilfs; jahhpf;fgad;gLfpwJ.

123
29. nlhpyPd; (nlf;uhd;)

vj;jpyPd; fpisf;fhy; + nlhpjhypf; mkpyk; [pq;f; mrpl;Nll;/ Sb2O3 nlhpyPd;
500K
500K [pq;f; mrpl;Nll; / Sb2O3
gad;fs; : 1. nraw;if ,ioahf 2. jiyftr fz;zhbia tYT+l;l

30. ieyhd; - 6,6
n`f;rh nkj;jpypd; il mkPd; + mbg;gpf; mkpyk;; ieyhd; - 6,6
gad;fs; : Jzp nea;a, ml;ilfs;; jahhpf;f.

31. gpA+dh - S
1,3 gpA+l;lhilaPd; + ];ilhpd;; gpA+dh – S
(tpidy; ngd;rPd;)
gad;fs; : lah;fs;, bA+Gfs; jahhpf;f.

32. gpA+dh - N
1,3 gpA+l;lhilaPd; + tpidy; raidL gpA+dh – N
(mf;hpNyh iel;iuy;)
gad;fs; : fiug;ghd;fspd; nfhs;fyd;fs;, ,lkhw;W gl;ilfs; jahhpf;f.

124

+2 ntâÆaš xU kâ¥bg©
kâ¥bg© ò¤jf Édh¡fŸ
1.cnyhfÉaš
1.
) Al2O3 ) Al2O3.nH2O ) Fe2O3.2H2O ) !
2. "# $ % & '() * (A) , -,./, 0 12* '3,. (A) 4567$
!8&. 9: . 0 (A) ;
)CO2 ) SO3 ) SO2 ) H2S
3. >#) ?;62 , A?; ; 6/B ! CDE '8&!(Calcination) (BK>%3,?
) 2Zn + O2 →2ZnO ) 2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2
) MgCO3 → MgO + CO2 ) ( )./') ( )
4. 65; 16Q% 9*!6.6 "%6 !& 9*!6 %
) PbO ) Al2O3 ) ZnO ) FeO
5. T 1T7 1$ U,V >W81&%6K%) 9*!6)
) Al ) Ni ) Cu ) Zn
6. "%6 ?;( 9%8) U;5, $ % &6Z '8&E [/%) \.V;K 1#8
>#) ]/'62 &,; ?
).,CS2 ./') H2S 3 /, 6^) $ ∆Gf0 .bK b6).
0
).$ : '8 $:6 ./') ?;( ∆Gr .bK b5(B0:
).,$ : & $:6 '8& "# $&6.; 1K 6?
.,.,.,1$ U, ().
).,9*!6 $ %6d(, 65 ./') T7e 3 ; &(f& 1#8&.; "%()
.,.,..67g6Z().
7. 6!)-I 9jZ;/, 6!)- II 9jZ;/': 1#8b8 &(f& ?:V;8 1&W 1$k6.
6!) - I 6!) - II A B C D
A $ ;% 1$ U, (i) 68 tk. ; Ge (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
( )
v7 &8& ZnS &
B (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (i)
1$ U, :5>8& ()
C ;/ "%(& (iii) Al >W81&%8& ( ) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
D !8tk. 6 (iv) Au >W81&%8& () (ii) (iii) (i) (v)
(v) Ni y8 tk. (&
8. 9 K7. (worframite) & 1jn 6 E

(tinstone) #f >W81&%() U,
) 9#(& ) 6/B !p CDE '8&
) '8& ) 6f&K >WK U,
9. >#;/'j -6D kK> !& ?; ?
) Zn(s)+Cu2+ (aq) →Cu(s)+Zn2+(aq) ) Cu(s)+Zn2+(aq) →Zn(s)+Cu2+ (aq)
) Cu(s)+2Ag+ (aq) →2Ag(s)+Cu2+(aq) ) Fe(s)+Cu2+ (aq) →Cu(s)+Fe2+(aq)
10. >#;/'j 8&r. >W81&%8&E *b U, %3, ?
10.
) #) ) 1! )*$ ) ) s 5
2 muRnkšÃiy¥gŸË, fhÂahs«g£o,f%®
11.
11. Z3 (flux) >#) )./,8b/( %8&K%3,?
) &6Z sE*6%6Z6 ./,
) 67 & .{6Z 670) .{6Z6 ./,
) 670) .{6Z 67 & .{6Z6 ./,
) *./6Q%jZ ;8)
12. >#;/'j 8&?; :5K>6 v7 &K U, "# s,f& U, () ?
12.
) *.;: ) *T.: ) 6|; ) *6s:7
13. ^;?E#f, ;/ (8&
13. U,V ^r 8b; >W81&%8&E 37* !
*$56K%& 67}).
) ^;? 9#( -!V; (,6 ) ^;?E#f .{6Z 46
) 6:8 b,; (,6 ) "%() *68b; b6W6
14. ZnO ?E#f 8&\6) (Zinc) 1,K%) U,
14.
) 65 "%6) ) 1j2 16Q% "%(& (Ag)
) *b 1$ U, ) ! 6~&
15. s 5,./'),&6).>W81&%8& ,U, ;,$ ;:,16Q%,,6~&!,9jZ:3 .
15.
)U,V >;5 s 5 ZK 1,K%&
) !8& ) !tk. 6
) 8&\68: 9*!6 :K1 5ps ?; ) 45..6
16. E6) 7:8b; 6#8b/ 16j6. >#;/'j
16. ^; "%6 f&
9*!68b;K %8& U0)?
) Fe ) Cu ) Mg ) Zn
17. s5*6r 8b; (Zr) tk. 6E >#) ?;6j %3,;. )U, >#.'
17.
D6K%3,.
523 K 1800 K
Zr( impure) + 2I2 ZrI4 : ZrI4 Zr (pure) + 2I2
) 9#3K>W8& ) 56 U,
) !8tk. 6 ) .QU,
18. 9*!6? E , &6Z :5K>6 %8&K%) U,6dj "'.
18.
) *b6~& ) '8& ) v7&K U, ) ( ) ./') ( )
19. >#;/'j $WV !& ]/' ?
19.
) -6 .Q U,V tk. 6K%3,
) :*:r ) 56 U,K tk. 6K%3,
) >Z (ZnS) v7 &K U,V :5K>6K%3,
).,,&68& >W81&%() 9*!6? E ,9*!6.; 458& *$ )(*Z7%,67$!
.,,.,.16Q% *b6~K%3,
20. ;/K(8&
20. U,V 6K7 tk. (b >#;/'j *\5 6
K%8&K%3,?
) t 6K5 ) tk. /, 6K5 ) 65 &Q% ) >Z;) k
21. >#;/'j f& 7:) ? E6) 7:8b; (BK>%3,
21.
) ∆S.Vs.T ) ∆G0 Vs.T ) ∆G0 Vs 1/T ) ∆G0 Vs T2
22. E6) 7:8b , 65 *.;% 9#&^(
22.
) (∆S0/∆T) b5(B0: ) (∆G0/∆T) *\5(B0:
) (∆G0/∆T) b5(B0:
P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatti,Karur-

Kaniyalampatti,Karur-Dt
) (∆G0/∆T) 7)8b *\5(B0: 7000C ( *. (∆G0/∆T) b5(B0:
23. >#;/'j A?; 1K? 6E $&6.; ?; ! ?
23.
) Cr2O3 +2Al→Al2O3+2Cr ) Al2O3 +2Cr → Cr2O3 +2Al
) 3TiO2 +4Al→2Al2O3+3Ti ) . !
24. E6) 7:8&K 1#8, >#;/'j $W 6
24. !& ]/' ?
).,.6!/, ./,) *\5*6 .fjZ. -!.V ./,) [/%) *
.,.,.,.*\5*6E#f ?!6 [/%3,.
) CO2 9#&^6; 7:.; 6! /, ps/( [,8&D } 6 .9jZ.
)..CO ; b5(B $k .bK>;K 1/'jZ. ;* 1K-! b6W()* CO
.,.,. b6 -!K 8 &. 9: &3,
),,9*!6$%6j *\5(B $5 .bK;, 1K-! b6W()* 62
.,…,-!K 8&. (,& 6%3,.
2. p – bjhFâ jÅk§fŸ-
jÅk§fŸ- I
1. *7 45 67$!;
) \%-!8 &. 9: ) !8 &. 9: .
) 678 &. 9: ) W 8 &. 16Q:.
2. *W !) "# !.(). [1;r & !]'
+
) :K1 5ps :0) &.0: H r 16Q%jZ
) *7:;8 &7 ! ) *7:: }f 45 !]B;8 &#3,.
-
) 45 !]BE#f OH r [/' 16Q%, *7:;8 &#3,.
3. >#;/'j **7 ! ?
) B2H6 ) B3H6 ) B4H10 ) . !
4. >#;/'j ? *.!%3 b6 Z 6}K1') 9*!6) ?
) ^r ) ) 6 s ) ) 1.s ) ) *$ )
5. :**7r ,.Zf&.!.>}K> ,(DKD>}K ) %%jZ !762 Qg6
) ' ) 7Q% ) \( ) '
6. >#) p-1&(b &r.62 ,$3E8 1&:76 Q>;K 1/B#6&&r.) ?
) 65 ) sE6 ) 6 ) ) 1e5.r )
7. C60 , k%: ^r 9jZ 65
) Sp3 ;6!K : ) Sp ;6!K :
2
) Sp ;6!K :
) (b Z SP2 ./') (b Z Sp3 ;6!K : .
8. 65r T7%62 65r se*;/, -!
) +4 ) -4 ) +3 )+2
9. sE*6%62 K: .K !(
2- 2- - 4-
) ( SiO3 ) ) ( SiO4 ) ) (SiO) ) ( SiO4 )
10. sE*662 .Q%).Q%).*&'). !(
10.
R
) SiO2 ) Si O ) R O Si O ) R O Si O
R R R

11. >#;/'j,
11. b6 !]' -,0: sE*6 !V: "# 6 (monomer)
!& ?
) Me3SiCl ) PhSiCl3 ) MeSiCl3 ) Me2SiCl2
2
12. >#;/'j sp
12. ;6!K !& ?
) 37 ) 37 ) ! ) 9!5 r6(dry ice)
13. 78b 9jZ 65 6j "A1') ./,&: >}fjZ& )
13.
) \U3 ) '*6}) ) QU3 ) . !
14. >#;/'j $WV !& ]/' ?
14.
) 17 "# Z sE*6:() ) MgSiO4 "# 58*& sE*6:()
) [SiO4]4-; sE*6%62 K: .K !6()
) 1 5 ; ^*; sE*6 !
15. 6!)-I
15. 9jZ;/, 6!)-II 9jZ;/': 1#8b8 &(f& ?:V;8 1&W 1$k6.
6!) - I 6!) - II A B C D
A *7*$ 1 B(OH)3 ( ) 2 1 4 3
B *W !) 2 B3N3H6 () 1 2 4 3
C (5 3 Na2[B4O5(OH)4]8H2O ( ) 1 2 4 3
D *7 4 SiO2 () [. !
16. %7^r ) >#) f& 9*!662 9*!66!
16.
) Cu,Mn ) Cu,Al,Mg ) Al,Mn ) Al,Cu,Mn,Mg
17. 6# 9!62 6K 6$) ./') 6%K%8) &Q:6 %) *$5.) ?
17.
) 9*!6 *7%6j ) 9*!6 $%6j
) 9*!6 65*;%6j ) 9*!6 65%6j
18. >#;/'j AW$V +1 se*;/, -!V -!K 8 &. b6W3,.
18.
) Al <Ga<In<Tl ) Tl<In<Ga<Al ) In<Tl<Ga<Al ) Ga<In<Al<Tl
3. p – bjhFâ jÅk§fŸ -II
1. >#;/'j,NH3 b %8&? ! ?
) 1\!5 67g ) IV) 1&(b 67!6Z 6Q:B0) (Kk
) III ) 1&(b 67!6Z 6Q:B0) (Kk ) :! ?;1#j
2. \7e;K 1#8 $W ; ?
) (,f& !7 65&. 9: &r.)
) se; 6^) (,; r () /,! 1/'jZ. )d-5>: 6j 9jZ;.
) &: Pπ- Pπ >}K 9#() &. K 1/'jZ.
3. &r. W$ :}V , 15) 1&(b 3) W$V 9jZ "# &r.8b !7 .K
) 1s22s22p4 ) 1s22s22p3 . ) 1s22s22p63s23p2 ) 1s22s22p63s23p3
4. (A) , bQ.) 458& E.( NaOH 67$^: ?; Wf ##68&6 .}U: 0
(B)y8..&#3,.(B) ;..6/B ..&rp$ 6..Wf.. 6..Z 6Z..9#(3,.(A)./')
(B)U,*
) P4.(sK )../').PH3 ) P4.(1Q.)../').PH3
) S8../').H2S ) P4.(1Q.)../').H2S

5. PCl3 47/(K>; 9#
) H3PO3 ) PH3 ) H3PO4 ) POCl3
6. P4O6 ; (25f& 4#: ?; Wf &#.
) H3PO3 ) H4P2O7 ) HPO3 ) H3PO4
7. *77 !8b( H4P2O5 )678)
) 4 ) 2 ) 3 ) 5
8. "# 58*& W ! 67$E *.!W2M. 67$E \5.E
) 6N ) 4N ) 2N ) . !
9. ]/' : (*ZW,0,6^) dWr >}K >Z /, b6).
67}): (*ZW;; dW; 6^) b6 !7 ?!( ?$V; 1/'jZ.
)]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) $W.*.^) 67}.; ]/B/( $W ; ?Z6.()
) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) $W.; 67}.; ]/B/( $W ; ?Z6. !
) ]/'.$W.; .67}).&' ) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) &'.
10. >#;/'j E. ; se*;/B ?
10.
) Cl2 ) F2 ) Br2 ) I2
11. T7e *T!%62 1K -!K 8 &.V $W ; W$ ?
11.
) HI > HBr > HCl > HF ) HF > HCl > HBr > HI
) HCl> HF > HBr > HI ) HI > HCl > HF > HBr
12. >#) *$5.62 9#6 kK> !& *$5.) ?
12.
) XeOF4 ) XeO3 ) XeF2 ) NeF2
13. 6 2&6 b7.6
13. ^) 0 ?
) Ar ) Ne ) He ) Kr
14. XeF6 U~. ; 47/(K>; 9#
14.
) XeOF4 ) XeO2F2 ) XeO3 ) XeO2
15. >#;/'j E. ; !) ?
15.
) HI ) HF ) HBr ) HCl
16. T!e62 >}K >Z & > .bK>;K 1'8 $W ; W$ ?
16.
) Br2>I2>F2>Cl2) F2>Cl2>Br2 >I2 ) I2>Br2>Cl2>F2 ) Cl2>Br2>F2>I2
17. !8&. K 1'8, >#;/'j $W ; W$ ?
17.
) HClO2<HClO<HClO3<HClO4 ) HClO4<HClO2<HClO<HClO3
) HClO3<HClO4<HClO2<HClO ) HClO<HClO2 <HClO3<HClO4
18. &78b; :5 HNO3 9: 1KK%8) * 9#
18.
) Cu(NO3)2, NO ./') NO2 ) Cu(NO3)2 ./') N2O
) Cu(NO3)2 ./') NO2 ) Cu(NO3)2 ./') NO
4.ïilÃiy
ïilÃiy k‰W« cŸ ïilÃiy¤
ïilÃiy¤ jÅk§fŸ
1. Sc (Z=21) "# :-! &r.). ; Zn (Z=30) :-! &r.) !. [1;r
).Sc3+./')Zn2+3 , #, r6d),-,./,,*.^),1Q.,-,,*$5.6Z .9#(3,;.
) d-5>: .,;.Sc. .(b Z.-7KK%jZ.; .Zn- .U~) -7KK%jZ
) Zn- 6:s !7 4s 5>:E -7) &6 6#&K%3,.
) Sc ./') Zn 3 7Q%) .'%) se*;/, -!6ZK 1/B#Kb !.

2. >#;/'j f& d- 1&(b &r.), $Wb -7KK%jZ }b, ]/( U 9jZ
d- 5>:!0), $Wb -7KK: }b, ];0) 1/'jZ.
) Cr ) Pd ) Pt ) . !
3. 3d W$ :-! &r.6dj, f& "# &r..; b6 b5(B (M2+ / M ) b:
U; ~8& .bK>; 1/'jZ.
).Ti ) Cu ) Mn ) Zn
3+
4. V 9jZ } 6& !762 Qg6( $..; } 6& !76Z
1/B#K.
) Ti 3+ ) Fe3+ ) Ni2+ ) Cr3+
5. Mn2+ rV 6f& b#K 8b, .bK .
) 5.92 BM ) 2.80 BM . , ) 8.95 BM ) 3.90 BM
6. :-! &r.6j ./') 6d: *$5.62 ?;*6 ./, Q>/( 67}.6
.
) 62 6f&K ) 62 -7KK:& d 5>: 6j
) 6j .'%) se*;/, -!6Z 1') &.V;K 1/B#K.
) 62 *b?; W0) b,.
7. se*;/B 6 1$ %) Q>; 1#8 $W ; W$ ?
- - - -
) VO2+< Cr2O72 < MnO4 ) Cr2O72 < VO2+< MnO4
- - - -
) Cr2O72 < MnO4 < VO2+ ) MnO4 < Cr2O72 < VO2+
8. ! ¤:68b , 1:s ) 15.6*; ; $E !8& A,6 se*;/,)
: p 1$k3,.
) $*! )65 : $%
) s*: ) s !)
9. >#;/'j $W 6 !& ]/' ?
),, !) 6!f& K2Cr2O7 67$E ¥* H2S 0 1$^8)* *,
.,.,.,.1Q.,-,) 9#3,.
) #.;B (Kk? K2Cr2O7 y6^) Na2Cr2O7 ; %8&K%3,.
) ! ¤:68b K2Cr2O7 7¦{ -,8b; 1/' #().
) pH .bK; 7 y ?: b6W() * K2Cr2O7 67$!; .¦$j -,.3,.
10. ! ¤:68b 15.6*;
10. r ; A' ./,.:3,.
2- 2+ 3+
) MnO4 ) Mn ) Mn ) MnO2
11. 1 *.
11. 1:s ) : (*7*. ; 1:s ) * :%: ?;% 12* /')
* r *. 62 Qg6 ?
) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4
12. 1*. 157 $*!:(FeC2O4) se*;/,)
12. : p 1$k *& ; !) 6!f&
KMnO4 *. 62 Qg6
) 5 ) 3 ) 0.6 ) 1.5
13. !f&;6ZK 1#8 >#) ]/'62 $WV !& ]/' ?
13.
) 0*7K> ) +2 se*;/, -! 1/'jZ.
).Pr E#f Lu *\3p 1$ ^)* r 7) (,& , 678&.0) .,.,.,(,3,.
) ^r 8& ?: ;8 !f&;6d) b6 ?;8b, 6.

4+
+
) #.;B (Kk? Ce 67$ se*;/B 6 7!6 %8&K%3,
14. >#;/'j f& !f&;k%
14. r : 6f&8 &.0: ?
) Eu2+ ) Yb2+ ) Ce2+ ) Sm2+
15. >#) se*;/, -!6dj !f&;k%62 1; se*;/, -! ?
15.
) 4 ) 2 ) 5 ) 3
4+
+
16. ]/' : Ce ; #.;B (Kk? se*;/B 6 %3,.
16.
67}): Ce4++ ; +3 se*;/, -! :0) &.V; 16Q%jZ.
),,,]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) $W,*.^) 67}.; ]/B/( $W ; ?Z6.()
) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) $W,; 67}.; ]/B/( $W ; ?Z6. !
) ]/' $W ; 67}) &' ) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) &'.
17. ;%62 1; se*;/, -!
17.
) +2 ) +3 ) +4 ) +6
18. +7 , b6 $ se*;/, -!V;K 1/'jZ ;k% &r.)
18.
) Np,Pu,Am ) U,Fm,Th ) U,Th,Md ) Es,No,Lr
19. >#;/'j $WV !& ?
19.
) La(OH)3 ; Lu(OH)3 y6^) (,; 678&. 9: .
) !f&;k% W$V Ln3+ r62 r 7 .bK (,3,.
) La ; !f&;k% 1&:W 9jZ &r.) & ?: "# :-! &r.) *& $W.
) !f&;k% ('68b ?Z6 Zr ./') Hf "8& 7 .bK>;K ,1/'jZ;.
5.mizî ntâÆaš
1. [M(en)2(Ox]Cl , }p *$5.8b 9jZ 9*!6 / r M U&. ./') 7Q:)
-! }b, .bK 62 ]%&
) 3 ) 6 ) -3 ) 9
2. 0.01M b,: 100ml 1Q: (*ZW*:(*7 ) (III) (*Z7% 67$^: b6
Z s 5 \*7 67$! *$5()* «¬() AgCl *. 62 Qg6
) 0.02 ) 0.002 ) 0.01 ) 0.2
3. "# }p*$5.) MSO4Cl.6H2O , !]' k;K 1/'jZ. p*$5.8b
4567$!; *W ) (*Z7% 67$^: 1Q. -, «¬K8 &#3,. *.^) s 5
\*7 67$^: *$5()* A?& «¬?;0) &#b !. }p *$5.8b 9jZ
9*!68b 7Q:)-! }b, ' r >#;/'j }p *$5.8b;p
$W 6 (BK>%3,.
) [M(H2O)4Cl]SO4.2H2O ) [M(H2O)6]SO4
) [M(H2O)5Cl]SO4.H2O ) [M(H2O)3 Cl]SO4.3H2O
4. [Fe(H2O)5NO]SO4 }p *$5.8b #)> se*;/, -! ./') r NO &;
{. 3 ; U,*
) U,* +2 ./') 0 ) U,* +3 ./') 0
) U,* +3 ./') -1 ) U,* +1 ./') -1
5. IUPAC ¥U,62 [Co(en)2(ONO)Cl]Cl , }p *$5.8b 1 5
) (*Z*7>8bE: \W*:*6 (III) (*Z7%
) (*ZW*:>(8*&-1,2.: )\*7 -ƙ – O *6 *: (III)(*Z7%
) (*ZW*:>(8*&-1,2.: )\*7 -ƙ – O *6 *: (II) (*Z7%

).,.(*ZW*:>(8*&-1,2.: )\7*: -ƙ–O *6 *: (III) (*Z7%
6. K3[Al(C2O4)3] , }p *$5.8b IUPAC 1 5
) 1:s ) 7$*!*: ^r )(III)
) 1:s ) 7$*!*: ^*; (II)
) 1:s ) W$*!*: ^*; (III)
) 1:s ) 7$*!*: ^*; (III)
7. >#;/'j 1.73 BM 6f& b#K 8b, .bK>;K 1/'jZ ?
4- 2+ 2-
) TiCl4 ) [CoCl6] ) [Cu(NH3)4] ) [Ni(CN)4]
5
8. 9 5{D/s d5 QU3 } "B 6 ! -!K%8) /, ( CFSE) .bK
) – 0.6 ∆0 ) 0 )2(P- ∆0 ) ) 2(P+∆0 )
9. >#;/'j b6$ ∆0 Q .bK 1/'jZ } r ?
3- 3- 3+ 3+
) [Co(CN)6] ) [Co(C2O4)3] ) [Co(H2O)6] ) [Co(NH3)6]
10. >#;/'j
10. ;s* .5 }6Z &7 ! ?
) [Cr(NH3)6][Co(CN)6] ) [Co(en)2Cl2 ]Cl
) [Pt(NH3)4][PtCl4] ) [Co(NH3)4Cl2 ]NO2
11. [Pt(NH3)2Cl2 ] , } *$5.) 1/'jZ ./B )
11.
) } ./B ) ) }K ./B )
) "2{D/s ./B ) ) ./B )
12. [Pt(Py)(NH3)(Br)(Cl)] , }p *$5.8b/( $8b .; ./B 6j
12.
8&; ?
) 3 ) 4 ) 0 ) 15
13. >#;/'j }K ./B 6Z (BK>%) }6j .?
13.
) [Cu(NH3)4][PtCl4] ./') [Pt(NH3)4][CuCl4]
) [Co(NH3)5(NO3)]SO4 ./') [Co(NH3)5(ONO)]
) [Co(NH3)4 (NCS)2]Cl ./') [Co(NH3)4 (SCN)2]Cl
) () ./') ( ) 7Q%)
14. [Co(NH3)4Br2]Cl , }p *$5.8b/( $8b .; ./B )
14.
) ./') r & ./B ) ) ./') "2{D/s ./B )
) "2{D/s ./') r & ./B ) ) ./B ) .%)
15. >#) }p *$5.62 ./B Q>; 1/B#6& ?
15.
2+
) [Ni(NH3)4(H2O)2] ) [Pt(NH3)2Cl2]
3-
) [Co(NH3)5SO4]Cl ) [FeCl6]
16. 9*!6
16. rV se*;/, Q ®¯ .bK>; 1/B#() }p *$5.)
) K4[Fe(CN)6] ) [Fe(CN)3(NH3)3]
) [Fe(CO)5] ) () ./') ( ) 7Q%)
17. W(8*&-1,2 : ) #) II * !]' k%
17.
) [Fe(CH3-CH(NH2)2)3](PO4)3 ) [Fe(H2N-CH2-CH2-NH2)3](PO4)
) [Fe(H2N-CH2-CH2-NH2)3](PO4)2 ) [Fe(H2N-CH2-CH2-NH2)3]3(PO4)2
18. >#;/'j 76f& &. 9: ?
18.
2+ 3+ 2+ 2-
) [Zn(NH3)4] ) [Co(NH3)6] ) [Ni(H2O)6] ) [Ni(CN)4]

19. U6K ./') 1\%7 (fac and mer) ./B 6ZK 1/B#K ?
19.
3+ +
) [Co(en)3] ) [Co(NH3)4(Cl)2]
) [Co(NH3)3(Cl)3] ) [Co(NH3)5Cl]SO4
20. $W ; ]/, *&5 1$k6.
20.
) QU3 }6Z ?: &Z $7 }6j b6 -!K 8&.0:
-
) [Cu(Cl)4]2 {D/s .%) 1#8 6f& b#K 8b,r .bK 1.732 BM .*.^)
.,.,.,&Z $7 .K 9:
- -
) [FeF6]4 6K ! >ZK /, .bK (∆0) ; [Fe(CN)6]4 y ?: b6)
2+ +
).,.[V(H2O)6] 6K ! -!K%8) /, .bK; [Ti(H2O)6]2 6 !
.,.,.-!K%8),/,! ?: b6)
6. âl Ãiyik
1. 37 ./') 7) 3 ; U,*
) $6K>}K ./') !]' 66j ) r ./') $6K>}K 66j
) 7Q%) $6K>}K 66j ) 7Q%) !]' 66j
2. A xB y rK6) fcc .K> 6.3,. B r6j "A1# U6K> . 8b^) A
r ; 6;$78b . 8b^) .fjZ r AxBy $W ; k%
) AB ) AB3 ) A3B ) A8B6
3. 6;$7 1\#3K 1bf& .K> , 1\#3K 1bf& 6d() \U3 Z6d()
:* ; ?3&)
) 1:1 ) 1:2 ) 2:1 ) 1:4
4. bQ. CO2 >#;/'j &/6; "# %86% ?
) $6K>}K bQ.) ) 9*!68 bQ.)
) !]'bQ.) ) r bQ.)
5. ]/': *.*; 32r 6f&6) *.*; 32r 6 6( "# 9&7})
67}): *.*; 32r 6 .K>/( a≠b≠c *.^) α = Y = 90 0 β ≠ 90 0
) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) $W.*.^) 67}.; ]/B/( $W ; ?Z6.()
) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) $W.; 67}.; ]/B/( $W ; ?Z6. !
) ]/' $W ; 67}) &' ) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) &'
2+ -
6. d7 .KK 1/'jZ 6 s ) d7 6}K%) Ca ./')F r62
} Q6j U,*
) 4 ./') 2 ) 6 ./') 6 ) 8 ./') 4 ) 4 ./') 8
7. -, 40 9: 8g Z: X , &r.8b !(]%62 Qg6V;
6Q:B6. 8&r.) bcc .K> 6.3,.
23 22
) 6.023x10 ) 6.023x10
23 23
) 60.23x10 ) [6.023x10 /8x40]
8. "# bQ.8b M , 6j ccp g*6 j262 :) 1'3,;.*.^) (⅓)) (
\U3 1/B:6j N , -7KK%jZ.M ./') N3 6Z 9#()
bQ.)
) MN ) M3N ) MN3 ) M3N2

+ -
9. A ./') B 3 ;/B r 7 .bK 6j U,* 0.98X10-10m ./')1.81.X10-10m ().
AB 9jZ "A1# rV } Q.
) 8 ) 2 ) 6 ) 4
10.. CsCl ; bcc .K>; 9: .
10 & !( ] ?2) 4Z) 400pm ,
6d( :* ; 1&!.
 3
) 400pm ) 800pm ) 3 x 100 pm )   x 400pm
 2 
11. XY , bQ.) NaCl .K 9: .*\5
11. rV 7 .bK 100pm r b5
rV 7 .bK .
 100   0.732   0.414 
)   )   ) 100 x 0.414 )  
 0.414   100   100 
12. bcc !( ] 6}K%) 1/B:8b $&«&).
12.
) 48% ) 23% ) 32% ) 26%
13. "# ? 7.bK 300pm U6K . 6;$7 .K> 6.;
13. !(] ?2)
4Z)
) 488.5pm ) 848.5pm ) 884.5pm ) 484.5pm
14. 2 6;$7 .K> 1.8& 6; Z?
14. 6Z :8 16jZK%) 6; Z?
?3&)
 π  π π  π 
)   )   )   )  
4 2 6 4 3 2 
15. NaCl 68b .¦$j -,8b/( 67})
15.
) F . 8b 9jZ !76j 3Z5'&
-
) ,K7K> 9jZ Cl r6Z "2 b1726K%&
+
) Na r6Z "2 ?!6 :& ) *./6Q%jZ ;8).
16. Sc,bcc ./') fcc 3
16. 6;p$7 .K 62 ?2) 4Z8b; ‘a’ ; (BK>:
A.K 62 6}K%) *6Z62 762 ?3&6j U,* .
1 3 2 
)  a :
2 2
a:
2
a  ) 1a : 3a : 2a ( )
 
1 3 1  1 1 
)  a : a: a  )  a : 3a : a
2 4 2 2  2 2 
17.. "# 6;p$78b ?2) 4Z) ‘a’ r 1#j . 6;p$7
17 .K> . 8b 9jZ
?/() 6;p$78b [*&) "# !V 9jZ "# ?/() :* ; 1&!.
 2   4   3  3
)  a )  a )   a )   a
 3  3  4   2 
18. 1:s ) ( : 39gmol-1) bcc .K 1/'jZ. b 1\#3 .fjZ
18. #
%8&%8& 6d3:* ; 1&! 4.52A0 6 9jZ. & :58b
-3 -3 -3 -3
) 915 kg m ) 2142 kg m ) 452 kg m ) 390 kg m
19. "# 68b
19. ´3 (,% >#) -!V 9}7K%3,.
) $../, Qg6V *\5 ./') b5 r6j g*6V :) 1,b#8& .
) $..; Qg6V b5 r6j g*6V :) 1,b#8&

) "# r & D6.; :8b :) 1,. g*6 :12V , :) 1'& .
) 6 g*6V f& "# r0) :) 1,& -! !b#8&
20. "# 68b *\5
20. r & D6.; :8b :) 1,. 6 g*6
:12V :) 1/' #K> K6 (,% A,6 D6K%3, .
) ´3 (,% ) F- . )
) >76 (,%. ) *b ?;]' ?3&./, (,%.
21. ]/': >76 (, 67}.6 6 bQ.8b :58b (,3,.
21.
67}): >76 (, *\5 ./') b5 r6j 68& ?% 12* '3,;.
) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) $W,*.^) 67}.; ]/B/( $W ; ?Z6.()
) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) $W,; 67}.; ]/B/( $W ; ?Z6. !
) ]/'.$W ; 67}) &' ) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) &'.
22. 9*!6 (,0jZ (,K% 6}K%) 6).
22.
) NaCl ) FeO ) ZnO ) KCl
23. X ./') Y 3
23. # *' 6Z 16Q: "# # W.} 68b .K µ*D
&7K%jZ. 6#K -, $7) ./') 1Q. -, $7) 3 ; U,* X ./') Y 6Z
(B8& , f& !( ]% .K> K:V p*$5.8b 2 k% .
) XY8 ) X4Y9
) XY2 ) XY4
7.ntâÉidntfÉaš
-1
1. A → B , U& 6 ?;V ?; *6 .BE x min . A 6p 1$B 0.01 M
r "# .g *\78b/( >,( A 1$B
) 0.01e-x ) 1X 10-2 (1- e -60x )
-60x
) (1X 10-2 )e ) . !
2. X → ?Z1#j , ®¯ 6 ?;V 6p 1$B 0.02 m *.^) 7 ¬6!)
10 min. 0.04m 6p 1$B: "#5 ?;V; -6¬8b; A?;V 7 ¬6!).
) 10 s ) 5 min ) 20 min
) 16%6K: ?762 #f 38 B !.
3. "# ?;V ?;*6 .BE ./') 1K-!( :* ; 7:) >#.' /'j
1K-! U~.() 5¶r &.V; (BK>%) 7:) ?
) ) ) ) ) ./') ) 3
.,.,......................................................... ................................................................................. 7Q%)
Ink logk Ink
1/T 1/T 1/T

4. A → ?Z1#j , U& 6 ?;V 6p 1$B x molL-1 .*.^) 7¬6!)
x
2.5 hours. *& ?;( 6p 1$B   mol L-1 6 #K> 7 ¬6!) .
2
 2.5 
) (2.5X2)hours )   hours ) 2.5 hours
 2 
),.?;*6...BEV...bK>;..1&W . ..16%6K:..?762 .. #f..t1/2,.bK>;…
,.,.,.6Q:B !.
-dt [ NH 3 ]
d [N2 ] d [H2 ]
5. 2NH3 → N2 + 3H2 , ?;( = k1 [ NH 3 ] ,
= k2 [ NH 3 ] , = k3 [ NH 3 ]
dt dt dt
r , K1 , K2 ./') K3 3 6d( :* ; 1&:5 .
) k1=k2=k3 ) k1=3k2=2k3 ) 1.5k1=3k2=k3 ) 2k1=k2=3k3
6. (,f& ~8&8b :: ,K7K> r (PH3) s& ?; "# U& 6
?; () [1;r
) ?;*6.; 67K: ,K7K>/( *\5 ?3&8b 9jZ.
) ?;*6.; 67K: ,K7K>/( b5 ?3&8b 9jZ
) ?;*6.; 67K: ,K7K>; $5f .b ! .
) s&:& *6) 1.;&().
3/2
7. "# ?;( ?;*6) = K [ s*:] r , ?;*6 .BE ./') ?;*6)
3 /B !(6j U,*
-1 -1 -1/2 1/2 -1 -1/2 1/2 -1 -1 -1
) (mol L s ), (mol L s ) ) (mol L s ), (mol L s )
1/2 1/2 -1 -1 -1 -1 1/2 1/2
) (mol L s ), (mol L s ) ) (mol L s ), (mol L s)
8. "#*b?;V * *$56K%) ?;*6 ./B >#;/'j &; ./B .3, ?
) & > ) 3Z5 /, ) *7> ) 6 /,
9. >#) ]/'6Z 6#6.
(i) ?;% 1#62 1$B b6WK;,®¯ 6 ?;V ?;*68b;
b6W3,.
(ii) Ea = 0 r ?;*6 .BE k ; *.& Q A (p $..3,.
(iii) Ea = )* ?;*6 .BE k ; *.& A Q (p $..3,
(iv) ln (k) vs T 7:) "# *\5*6:().
(v) ln (k) vs (1/T ) 7:) *\5(B $k: ] "# *\5*6:().
$W ; ]/'6Z;
) (ii).%) ) (ii) ./') (iv) ) (ii) ./') (v) ) (i),(ii) ./') (v)
10. "# j ?;V U*;3 ?;V & > ./,) ./') 3Z5 /, 6j U,* –x
10.
kJ mol-1 ./') y kJ mol-1 (). ;* >*;3 ?;V 3Z5 /,
-1 -1 -1 -1
) (y-x)kJmol ) (x+y)Jmol ) (x-y)kJmol ) (x+y) X103 Jmol
11. 1K-! 200 K
11. #f 400 K ( 9 58&K%) * ?;*6) #.:( b6W8& ,
3Z5 /,E .bK ? (R=8.314 JK-1 mol-1 )
) 234.65 kJ mol-1 ) 434.65 kJ mol-1
-1
) 2.305 kJ mol ) 334.65J mol-1

12.
12. A?; U& 6 ?; p $5f&. "# (BK>:
-2 -1
1K-!V ?;*6 .BE 2.303X10 hour Z 7K*r 6p 1$B 0.25 M
r , 1806 -:6d(K> Z 7K*r 1$B ;?(log2=0.3010)
) 0.125 M ) 0.215 M
) 0.25X2.303M ) 0.05 M
13. "# U& 6 ?;(,?;*6 .BE 0.6909 min-1 r 75% ?; -, 1, *& ;
13.
6!) (-:6j)
3 2 3 3 2 4
)   log2 )   log2 )   log   )   log  
2 3 2 4 3 3
14. x → y , U& 6 ?;V
14. K ?;*6 .BE *.^) x 6p 1$B 0.1M
r 7 ¬ 6!)
 log2   0.693   ln2 
)   )   )   ) . !
 k   (0.1)k   k 
15. 2A + B → C+3D , ?;V *6 ?bV; 16%6K%jZ >#) ?762
15. #f
6Q:B6.
[A] [B] 6p
?; Q
(min) (min) 1$B (Ms-1 )
1 0.1 0.1 x
2 0.2 0.1 2x
3 0.1 0.2 4x
4 0.2 0.2 8x
) ?;*6) = k[A]2[B] ) ?;*6) = k [A] [B]2

) ?;*6) = k [A][B] ) ?;*6) = k [A]1/2[B] 3/2
16. ]/': "# ?; U& 6 ?; 6 #f& ,?;% 1#2 1$B #
16. .:6()
* ?; *6U) # .:6() .
67}): ?;*6 .BE0) # .:6().
) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) $W,*.^) 67}.; ]/B/( $W ; ?Z6.()
) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) $W,; 67}.; ]/B/( $W ; ?Z6. !
) ]/' $W ; 67}) &' ) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) &'.
-2 -1 -2 -1
17. "# ?;V ?;*6 .BEV .bK 5.8 X 10 s
17. A?}V ?;6
) U& 6 ) ®¯ 6 ) 7Q:) 6 ) ,) 6
-2 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1
18. N2O5 (g) →2NO2(g) + ½ O2 (g) , ?;( N2O5 .,0) *6.; 6.5X10 molL s
18.
NO2 ./') O2 3 62 9#& *66j U,*
-2 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1
) (3.25 X 10 mol L s ) ./') (1.3 X 10 mol L s )
-2 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1
) (1.3 X 10 mol L s ) ./') (3.25 X 10 mol L s )
1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1
) (1.3 X 10- mol L s ) ./') (3.25 X 10 mol L s ) ) . !
19. H2O2 s&:f O2 8 &#) ?;V
19. "# (BK>: *\78b "# -:8b/( 48g O2
9#; (BK>: *\78b 4W 9#& *6).

-1 -1
) 0.75 mol min ) 1.5 mol min
-1 -1
) 2.25 mol min ) 3.0 mol min
20. ?;% 1#2 6p 1$B
20. # .:6; , ?; b Z -, 1, *& ;
6!U) # .:63, r A?;V 6
) ®¯ ) ) "' ) >;) ) . !
21. A → B+C+D , "# 8&; ?;V
21. 6 ~8&)P0 . ‘t’ *\78b/(K > ’P’.P0 ./')P
3 /, 1#8 ?;*6 .BE
 2.303   2Po   2.303   2Po 
) k=   log   ) k=   log  
 t   3Po - P   t   Po - P 
 2.303   3Po - P   2.303   2Po 

) k=   log   ) k=   log  
 t   2Po   t   3Po - 2P 
22. "# U&
22. 6 ?; ; 60 -:62 75% -, 1'3,. *& ?; *&
..-f&;62 50% -, 1,8 *& ; 6!).
) 20 min ) 30min ) 35min ) 75min
23. "# 6bW 68 &r.8b
23. 7 ¬ 6!) 140 \6j r 560 \6d(K >;5, 1g
&r..; >#.' (,fb#().
1 1 1  1 
)  g )   g )  g )   g
2 4 8  16 
24. U& ./') 7Q:) 6 ?;6d( :* ; $W ; *'%.
24.
)..?;*6 ./BV; U& 6 ?;( %8&!), 7Q:) 6 ?;(
.,..,,.. %8& !.
)..U& 6 ?;V 7 ¬ 6!) [A0] y 1'8 .b !. 7Q:) 6
.,.,.,..?;V 7 ¬ 6!) [A0] y 1'8 .0)
)..U& 6 ?;V ?;*6) ?;% 1#62 1$B?; $5f . .b !.
.,..,.,. 7Q:) 6 ?;V ?;*6) ?;% 1#62 ,1$B?; $5f .0)
).,U& 6 ?;V ?;*6) ?;% 1#62 1$B?; $5f .0).
.,.,.,., 7Q:) 6 ?;V ?;*6) ?;% 1#62 1$B?; $5f
.,.,.,.. . .
 1  th.,.
25. "# 6bW 68 &r..;
25. 7Q% .g *\78b & 7) Z?   .:66
 16 
.,(,3,. & 7 ¬ 6!).
) 60 min ) 120 min ) 30 min ) 15 min
8.maÅ¢
maÅ¢rk
Å¢rkÃ
rkÃiy
1. "# Ag2C2O4 1&? 67$E 9jZ Ag+ r62 1$B 2.24 X 10-4 molL-1 r ,
Ag2C2O4 67b, 1#6 .bK
. 2.42 X 10-8mol3 L-3 ) 2.66 X 10-12mol3 L-3
) 4.5 X 10-11mol3 L-3 ) 5.619X 10-12mol3 L-3

2. 1A*' 1$B6Z 16Q: NaOH ./') HCl 67$ 6Z, 1A*' 6; Z62 6!f
>#) 67$ 6j & W6K:;.
M M M M
i.…60 ml HCl + 40 ml NaOH ii. 55 ml HCl + 45 ml NaOH
10 10 10 10
M M M M
iii. 75 ml HCl + 25 ml NaOH iv. 100 ml HCl + 100 ml NaOH
5 5 10 10
/B f& 67$E pH .bK 1 6 #()?
) iv ) i ) ii ) iii
- -
3. 298K ,4W BaSO4 67b, 2.42 X 10 3 gL 1 r & 67b, 1#6 (Ksp ) .bK .
-1
(BaSO4 *.!5 -, =233g mol )
- - - -
) 1.08 X 10 14mol2 L 2 ) 1.08 X 10 12mol2 L 2
- - - -
) 1.08 X 10 10mol2 L 2 ) 1.08 X 10 8mol2 L 2
4. 1&? Ca(OH)2 67$E pH .bK 9 r , Ca(OH)2 67b, 1#6 (Ksp ) .bK
- - - -
) 0.5 X 10 15 ) 0.25 X 10 10 ) 0.125 X 10 15 ) 0.5 X 10 10
5. H2O ./') HF 3 K7: !62 } 676j
- + + -
) U,* OH ./') H2FH 3 ; ) U,* H3O ./') F 3 ;
- - + +
) U,* OH ./') F 3 ; ) U,* H3O ./') H2F 3 ;
6. 678 &6 67$! 9#()?
) 50 mL of 0.1M NaOH + 25mL of 0.1M CH3COOH
) 100 mL of 0.1M CH3COOH + 100mL of 0.1M NH4OH
) 100 mL of 0.1M HCl + 200mL of 0.1M NH4OH
) 100 mL of 0.1M HCl + 100mL of 0.1M NaOH
7. >#) d*7 *$5.62 ¸V67.6 1$ :] ?
) BF3 ) PF3 ) CF4 ) SiF4
8. >#;/'j ¸V 67.6 1$ :& ?
-
) BF3 ) PF3 ) CO ) F
9. *$ ) 5*., r|r )(*Z7% ./') 1:s ) $ ;% 3 /B 4567$ 6j
U,*
) !), !),67) ) 67), !),67)
) 67),\%-!,67) ) /B [ !
10. 0.10M 1$B:
10. 4W >W 67$E , >Wr ) r (C5H5NH) 9#6]
-
>W(C5H5N) !]'62 $&«&) (Kb for C5H5N = 1.7 X 10 9 )
) 0.006% ) 0.013% ) 0.77% ) 1.6%

11. $. 6; Z: ,1,2 ./') 3 ) pH .bK 6Z 16Q: '
11. ! 67$ 6j "#
+
6!r 6!6K%3,;. 6!V 9jZ H rp 1$B ;?
- -
) 3.7 X 10 2 ) 10 6 ) 0.111 ) . !
12. 0.1M NaCl 67$E , 67b, 1#6 .bK

12. 1.6 X 10-10 16Q: AgCl(s) bQ.8b 67b,
.bK
- -
) 1.26 X 10 5 M ) 1.6 X 10 9 M
-
) 1.6 X 10 11 M ) ®¯ )
-
13. 1!
13. * : 67b, 1#6 .bK 3.2 X 10 8 r , & 67b, .bK
- - - -
) 2 X 10 3M ) 4 X 10 4 M ) 1.6 X 10 5M ) 1.8 X 10 5M
) 16%6K: &6?E#f 6}3: U
14.
14. , 1K-!V MY ./') NY3 3 67 & 9K 6j 6.2 X 10-13 , $..;, Ksp
.bK 6Z 16Q%jZ;.MY ./') NY3 3 /, 1'8&7V f& ]/' 9Q. ; ?
) MY ./') NY33 9K 6j t 47 ?: 0.5MKY 67$E b6) 673,;
) MY ./') NY3 1&6E KY ) 9K *$5K&; /B 67b,62 .A?&
..,..,?Z) 9Q:b !.
) 4W MY ./') NY3 7Q *.!5 67b, .bK 6d) $.)
) 4W MY V *.!5 67b,, NY3 V *.!5 67bb,; ?: (,
15. $. 6;
15. ZjZ 0.1M NaOH ./')0.01M HCl 67$ 6Z ",6 6!() * 3:()
67$E pH .bK ; ?
) 2.0 )3 ) 7.0 ) 12.65
-
16. "# E. (,f&
16. !8b >W6 .BE .bK 1 X 10 3 .
pH=4 ) .bK 16Q: "#
&6 67$! & W6 *& ; [ !)]/[9K ] ?3&)
) 4:3 ) 3:4 ) 10:1 ) 1:10
- -
17. 10 5M KOH 67$E pH .bK
17.
) 9 ) 5 ) 19 ) . !
- -
18. H2PO4
18. } 67)
- -
) PO43 ) P2O5 ) H3PO4 ) HPO42
19. >#;/'j 1!ZW->7:

19. !.6), 67.6) 1$ : U0) ?
2- 2- -
) HCl ) SO4 ) HPO4 ) Br
20. "# 4W
20. 67$E pH .bK ®¯ ), r f& 67$
) sB&Z !8&. 16Q: ) b6 !8&. 16Q:
) \%-!8 &. 16Q: ) 678&. 16Q:

21. "# E. (,f&
21. !) ./') & 9K 6Z 16Q%jZ "# &6 67$E
T7e. rp1$B.(BK>%
Ka [ !)]
) H +  = ) H +  = Ka [9K ]
[9K ]
Ka [9K ]
) H  = Ka [ !)]
+
) H +  =
[ !)]
22. >#;/'j
22. )*.r ) s*: 47/(8& «&8& (BK>%) $W ; 1&:5 ?
Kh Ka Kw K a .K b
) h= ) h = ) h= ) h =
C Kb K a .K b Kw
-
23. NH4OH
23. >W6 .BE .bK 1.8X10 5 r , NH4Cl 47/(8& .BE .bK
- - - -
) 1.8 X 10 19 ) 5.55X 10 10 ) 5.55 X 10 5 ) 1.80 X 10 5
9. Ä‹nt
Ä‹ntâÆ
ntâÆa
âÆaš
1. 1.8&.6 9650 ]^)6j *;:8& 1/'jZ !762 Qg6
-
) 6.22 X 1023 ) 6.022 X 1024 ) 6.022 X 1022 ) 6.022 X 10 34
2. >#) 76! ?;6Z 6#6
2+ - + + -
Mn + 2e Mn, E0=-1.18V Mn2 Mn3 +e E0=-1.51V
+ +
3Mn2 Mn + 2Mn3 , , ?;V E0 .bK ./') U*;( ?;V $8b ]'
U,*
) 2.69V ./') &rp$ ; ) -2.69V ./') &rp$ /,
) 0.33V ./') &rp$ ; ) 4.18V ./') &rp$ /,
3. 666762 %) : *$K 6!6j >#.' 1$ %3,;.
+ -
Zn(s) + Ag2O(s) + H2O (l) 2Ag (s) + Zn2 (aq) +2OH (aq) E0 =0.76V
- -
Ag2O(s)+H2O (l) 2e 2Ag (s)+ 2OH (aq) E0 =0.34V r 6! ;~8&)
) 0.84V ) 1.34V ) 1.10V ) 0.42V
-
4. 298K 1K-!V 0.5moldm 3 1$B: AgNO3 67$E (2 6:8b, .bK 5.76
-3 -1
X10 S cm r , & *.!5 6:8b, .bK
- - - -
) 2.88 Scm2mol 1) 11.52 Scm2mol 1 )0.086 Scm2mol 1 )28.8 Scm2mol 1
5.
(2 KCl KNO3 HCl NaOAC NaCl
^- 149.9 145 426.2 91 126.5

2 -1
(Scm mol )

0
Z?! 458&E 25 C 1K-!V , (262 *.!5 6:8b, .bK 6j *.*!
9jZ :}V 16%6K%jZ;. /BE#f &(f& .bK 6Z %8b Ʌ0HOAC
.bK 6}3%6.
) 517.2 ) 552.7 ) 390.7 ) 217.5
6. 7*: .BE -------- ; 7 '6K%3,.
) 1 !7; {.f 1$ !K%) º:)
) 1 *. !76Z {.f 1$ !K%) º:)
) "# *. 1#Z ?%?6 *&K%) º:)
) 6.22 X 1010 !7; {.f 1$ !K%) º:)
- +
7. >#) ?; -6~) AZ 7*: *;:) *&K%)? MnO4 Mn2
)5F ) 3F ) 1F ) 7F
8. 9#3 6 s ) $% 67$E ¥* ,3.86 A ZjZ *;:.; 41 -:6j ./')
40 ?;6d( 1$^8&K%3,. b5U;V «¬() 6 s 8b -, 37
6}3%6(Ca -, 40 37)/*. ./')1F=96500C)
) 4 ) 2 ) 8 ) 6
9. 9#3 *$ ) (*Z7% ;/(8&E , 3A *;:8& %8b 0.1 * (*ZW
0 9#6 *&K%) *\7)
) 55 -:6j ) 107.2 -:6j ) 220 -:6j ) 330 -:6j
10. 1A *;:8& %8b ;/(()* 60 ?;62 , b5U;V
10.
-
?%?6K%) !762 Qg6 (!7r {.=1.6 X 10 19 C)
) 6.22 X 1023 ) 6.022 X 1020 ) 3.75 X 1020 ) 7.48X 1023
11. >#) (2 67$ 62
11. (,f&$ - . 6:8b,;K 1/'jZ ?
)2N ) 0.002N ) 0.02N ) 0.2N
12. 1! *$K 6!; *;/,)(charging) 1$k0) *
12.
) b5U;V PbSO4 ; Pb 6 "%6.:3,
) *\5U;V PbSO4 ; PbO2 6 se*;/,.:3,
) *\5U;V PbSO4 ; Pb 6 "%6.:3,
) b5 U;V PbSO4 ; Pb 6 se*;/,.:3,
13. >#) 6!62
13. I) 1!!¦*$ 6!) II) -6 -6 ) *$K 6!) III) 1!
*$K 6!) IV) 1.5(W 6!) U&. 6!6j ()
) I ./') IV ) I ./') III ) III ./') IV ) II ./') III
14.
14. #)> 9*!68& ®s U!) ®$K: #) & W6K%3,. & .'&!
$8b ./,, [1;r ?
) #) ?: *!$; ) #) ?: (,f& 9#(-! 1/'jZ
) #) ?: (,f& b5(B U; ;~8& .bKK 1/'jZ

) #) ?: b6 b5(B U; ;~8& .bKK 1/'jZ
15. ]/': t
15. #) 9!5f& 6/B 1KK%8) * #6 .'3,.
67}): #? Fe3O4
) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) $W, *.^) 67}) ]/B/6; $W ; ?Z6.().
) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) $W ; 67}) ]/B/6; $W ; ?Z6. !.
) ]/' $W ; 67}) &' ) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) &'
16. H2-O2 W1#j 6!8b
16. b5U;V -6~) ?;
- -
) O2(g) +2H2O (l) +4e 4OH (aq)
+ -
) H (aq) + OH (aq) H2O(l)
) 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)
+ -
) H + e ½ H2
17. M/36 1$B 16Q: E. (,f&
17. "/, 67 !8b $.; 6:8b, .bK
- -
6.mhocm2equiv 1./') Z?! 458&E & $.; 6:8b, .bK 400 mhocm2equiv 1
r , f& .K> >W6 .BE .bK
- - - -
)1.25 X 10 6 ) 6.25 X 10 6 ) 1.25 X 10 4 ) 6.25 X 10 5
- -
18. - . 6:8b, .bK
18. ĸ=1.25 X 10 3 S cm 1 16Q%jZ 0.01M 1$B: 1:1 (2
67$! 6!8b -7K> "# 6:8 6!;; Z8b#8&) 1$k K%3,. 250 C
1K-!V & Zf&B K: &: 800 Ω r 6!.BE .bK
-1 -1 -1 -1 -
) 10 cm ) 101 cm ) 1 cm ) 5.7 X 10 12
19. 298K 1K-!V ,AB ) 1$/
19. Z 670) 9K> (1:1 (2) 1&? 67$E
-5 -1
6:8b, 1.85 X 10 Sm . 298K 1K-!V , AB 9K> 67b, 1#6 .bK
- -
6}3%6 (Ʌm0 )AB =14 X 10 3 S m2 mol 1
- - - -
) 5.7 X 10 12 ) 1.32 X 10 12 ) 7.5 X 10 12 ) 1.74 X 10 12
20. Zn|ZnSO4 (0.01M) || CuSO4 (1.0M) |Cu ) *b6!; 6#6. f& *:r
20. 6!8b
emf .bK E1 . ZnSO4 1$B 1.0M 6), CuSO4 1$B 0.01M 6) ./') *
& emf E2 6 .'3,. >#;/'j f& "' E1 ./') E2 ( :* 0jZ
1&:56 #()?
) E1 < E2 ) E1 > E2 ) E1 ≥ E2 ) E1 = E2
21. µ*D 16%6K%jZ :8b 60jZ' emf .bK 6Zp $5f
21. *7r se*;/,
-!62 [/%) ./,8& 6#8b/ 16j6.
- 1.82V - 1.5V 1.595V 1.0652V -
BrO 4 BrO 3 HBrO Br2 Br
/B ?3&p s& :0) ]' ?
- -
) Br2 ) BrO 4 ) BrO 3 ) HBrO

22. >#) 6!?;(
22.
+ - +
2Fe3 (aq) + 2I (aq) 2Fe2 (aq) + I2 (aq)
298K 1K-!V E0 6!) =0.24V r , 6!?;V b: 6! /, ./,(∆G0) .bK
- -
) -46.32 KJ mol 1 ) -23.16 KJ mol 1
- -
) 46.32 KJ mol 1 ) 23.16 KJ mol 1
23. "# (BK>: Z *;:.; 2 .g *\78b 0.504 37) T7e; ?%?3,. *&
23.
Z *;:8&, *& Z *\78b/( 6K5 $ * 67$E ¥* 1$^8b;
AZ 37) 6K5 «¬6K%) ?
) 31.75 ) 15.8 ) 7.5 ) 63.5
- -
24. 250C 1K-!V
24. 1MY ./') MZ 3 /, 16Q%jZ 67$E ¥* 1atm
~8&8b X ) 0 (¥6Z6 1$^8&K%3,. /B "%6 ~8&6jZ > Y > X
r ,
) Y; Xy se*;/,) 1$k0) ; Z y se*;/,) 1$k
) Y; Z y se*;/,) 1$k0) ; X y se*;/,) 1$k
) Y; X ./') Z 7Q:0) se*;/,) 1$k0)
) Y; X ./') Z 7Q:0) "%6.: 1$k0)
- +
25. 6!?;: A + 2B
25. A2 + 2B;
+ -
A2 + 2e A E0 = +0.34V ./') 300K 1K-!V f& 6!?;( log10K = 15.6 at
+ -
300K r B + e B ) 6!?;( E0 .bK 6Q6
) 0.80 ) 1.26 ) -0.54 ) -10.94
10. òw¥gu¥ò ntâÆaš

1. Log X/m .bK 6Z log p .bK 6d( b76 16Q% 7:8b >7QEp $. 1K
*6% 7 K%jZ. *6 $k ./') & y- p{ 1%8Q% .bK 6j U,*
(BK>%
) 1/n , k ) log 1/n , k ) 1/n , log k ) log1/n , log k
2. / ,K7K 65ps( >#;/'j &,;?
) j&. 16Q: ) 1K-! b6W()* b6W3,
) 7K 65& 1K) (, ) ,K7K 7KZ b6W()* b6W3,
3. >#) Q 62 7K 65&^: 1&:5 : ?
) ∆G ./') ∆H b5(B .bK0) ; ∆S *\5(B .bK0) 1/'jZ;
) ∆G ./') ∆S b5(B .bK0) ; ∆H *\5(B .bK0) 1/'jZ;
) ∆G b5(B .bK0) ; ∆H ./') ∆S *\5(B .bK0) 1/'jZ;

) ∆G , ∆H ./') ∆S ;8) b5(B .bKK 1/'jZ;
4. %r A6 ]¬.)?
) 0? bQ.) ) 0? 0
) 0? 45.) ) 45.8b 0
5. ]/': Al3+ rV «¬K() b, Na+ r ?: b6).
67}): *$56K: 6jb7% rV }b, b6.6 9jZ * &
.,.,..,.,.,.,.,«¬K() b,) b6).
) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) $W. *.^), 67}) ]/B/6; $W ; ?Z6.()
) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) $W ; 67}) ]/B/6; $W ; ?Z6) !
) ]/' $W ; 67}) &' ) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) &'.
6. ]/': 6 8& 9Q:() 78& 6s8 &%6 15W (*Z7: %8& U0).
]/, - K%8) $W ; ?Z6) ?
) 9Q. !, 15W (*Z7% \p{8&. 16Q:
+
) 9Q., 78&) "# b5 {. 16Q: ]¬.) (). Fe3 r6j .,.,.,
.,.,., 78&8& .bW p 1$k3,;
).. 9Q. !,.15W(*Z7%."# rp *$5.) (). 78& ½:8b 6!3,
-
) 9Q.,Cl r0: *$5f b5 ]¬.) 9#& >W& -6¬3,.
7. &!U ) "#

) 62 ) .) ) bQ. ]¬.) ) ]¬. 67$
8. >#;/'j $W 6 1#fb0jZ?
) .) - 6
) 62 - 1Q1}k
) v7K - r:)
) 6!6K: 3) - ]¬. 67$
9. As2S3 ]¬.8& bW p 1$k 6) jZ (2

) NaCl ) Ba(NO3)2 ) K3[Fe(CN)6] ) Al2(SO4)3
10. >#;/'j f& "' 7K
10. ~?$ (,K> !?
+
) CH3–(CH2)15–N –(CH3)2–CH2Br ) CH3–(CH2)15–NH2
- + - +
) CH3– (CH2)16–CH2–OSO2 Na ) OHC–(CH2)14–CH2–COO Na

11. "# ]¬.67$
11. ¥* "26/, 1$^8)* 6}3:() -6¬
) b5k 1&6!$ ) U;65ps
) bW& ) : ?Z
12. !8b
12. 6K%jZ "# ]¬.-! .K>^jZ 6j6j b5U; *\3
\653,;. *& ]¬.67$E bW& -6¬; (i) K2SO4 (ii) Na3PO4 (iii)K4[Fe(CN)6]
./') (iv) NaCl 3 /, 16Q% k 1$k K%3,. /B «¬K() b,
) II > I > IV > III ) III > II > I > IV
) I > II > III > IV ) /B [ !
13. 16 *! >#;/'j & 6T -&5 6!V
13. 4% 67$ ()?
) \*732$W ) 1$ ^*! s*:
) 3Z6 :\*7 ) \*7 1$ ^*!
14. >#;/'j "#8&; ?;*6 ./,8b/( %86%?
14.
) *T5 U,V )*.r & W8& ) 1&% U,V 6f&6 !) & W8&
) Q1}kV T7e[/,) ) 458& HCl Ur!V {*7 47/(8&
15. >#;/, 1#86.
15.
i) 9 5 :58b A B C D
A) V2O5
E8b| ( ) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii)
B) ¾!5 - \: ii) PAN
() (i) (ii) (iv) (iii)
C) 17$% iii) NH3 ( ) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
D) tZ6K: Fe iv) H2SO4 () (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
16. As2S3,]¬.8&,«¬K(),(262,«¬K(),b,,.bK 6j, E,*. 6j/E:5

16.
!3 ,µ*D,16%6K%jZ;. I) NaCl=52 II) BaCl2=0.69 III) MgSO4=0.22 «¬K()
b,62 $W ; W$
) III > II > I ) I > II > III ) I > III > II ) II > III > I
17. "# 0;, "# bQ. 9*!6 7K> 7K 65&
17. &rp$ ; ./')
1K9¬ -6¬(), [1;r
) ∆H b6W3, ) ∆S b6W3,
) ∆G b6W3, ) ∆S (,3,
18. X 7K
18. 65 1#2 Z, m 7K 65 1#2 Z ; 16Q: ,
>#) 1&:5 62 7K 65& 1$ U,0: 1&:5 !& ?
) .,& T V x /m = f(P) ) .,& P V x /m = f(T)
) .,& x /m V P = f(T) ) x/ m = PT

19. "#
19. rV «¬K() b, >#) Q 62 & $5f .fjZ?
) rV {. Z ./') {.V (B
) rV 9#Z .%) ) rV {. Z .%)
) rV {.V (B .%)
20. 1#86. >#;/'j $W ; kK() ?
20.
A) t \7e - i) (*ZW A B C D
B) *T5 U, - ii) 6f&6 !) ( ) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
C) 1&% U, - iii) )*.r () (ii) (iv) (i) (iii)
iv) *$ ) $% ( ) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
D) 1:6 U, -
! * ) $% () (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
11.iA£uh¡Ì
11.iA£uh¡Ì nrk®§fŸ k‰W« <j®fŸ
1. 273K ./') 1 atm ~8&8b X , "# 6T ?:5 *. 5 *$&;V 4! -,8&8
&#3,. 3.7g X’y 9*!6 *$ 8: ?;K%8)* 560 ml T7e 0
12* '3,. X kK% ;6 #() ?
) CH3–CH(OH)CH2–CH3 ) CH3–CH(OH)–CH3
) CH3–C(OH)(CH3)2 ) CH3–CH2–CH(OH)–CH2–CH3
2. >#;/'j p*$5..; 1.8b 1.s ) *7.%: ?; Wf > 47/(6
?} 6T!8 &#)?
) 1$ T% ) 7K;V !)
) 1.8b 7K>* *; ) s: T%
i) BH3 /THF
3. - X . ʻXʼ
i) H2O2 / OH
OH
CH2 CH2 CH CH2 CH2

) H3C CH2 CH2 ) H3C CH2 CH2 CH3
OH
CH2 CH2
) H2C CH2 CH2 ) b !
OH OH
HOCl X
4.. 8¿ A 8&-1,2-: , 1&:5ps ; ?;V A ./') .X ;
.,.,.,..,.,U,*
) (*Z*7 8*& ./') NaOH ) 8&; ./') H2SO4

) 2- (*Z*78&1- ./') NaHCO3 ) 8&; ./') H2O
5. >#;/'j E. 6 !)?
) 2-\*7 ; ) 4-(*Z*7 ;
) 4-\*7 ; ) 3-\*7 ;
6. CH2-OH , *$5K& :5 H2SO4 9: ?; %8) * 9#() U&.
?Z1#j
) CH2 ) CH3 ) CH3 ) CH3
7. 65E !)

) ; ) >W !)
) 1$V !) ) ; s !)
8. >#;/'j p*$5.) ;^: ?;K% > 47/(6 $Es! T:8
&#3,?
) : (*Z*7 8*& ) 7 (*Z*7 8*&
) 7 (*Z*7 8*& ) CO2
:5 H2SO4
9. (CH3)3–C–CH(OH)–CH3 X ( U&. ?Z1#j )
) (CH3)3–C–CH=CH2 ) (CH3)2C=C(CH3)2
) CH2=C(CH3)–CH2–CH3 ) CH2=C(CH3)–CH2–CH2–CH3
CH3
10.
10. H3C–CH–CH–CH–CH2–OH , *$5.8b $W ; IUPAC 1 5
Cl CH3
) (4-(*Z*7 3,2- : 1.8b 1: -1- )
) (2,3 -: 1.8b 4-(*Z*7 1: -1- )
) (2,3,4 -7 1.8b 4-(*Z*7 >: -1- )
) (4-(*Z*7 2,3,4 –71.8b 1: -1- )
11. ]/' : ; ; 8&;! ?: b6 !8&. 9: .
67}): ;$% r ; -!K 8 &. 1'3,.
).,]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) $W, *.^) 67}.; ]/B/6; $W ; .,.,.,
.,.,.,?Z6.().
).,]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) $W,*.^) 67}.; ]/B/6; $W ; .,.,.,.?Z6. !.
) ]/' $W ; 67}) &'. ) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) &'.

6T 6!f&
PCl5 KOH H2SO4 /H2O
12. 8&; X Y 298K Z. , ?;V ‘Z’
) 8*& ) 8&s 8*& ) 8b $ ) 8&;
CH3
NaH CH3-I
13. OH ONa O , ?;V;
A' 6K%8&!)
) 476/,) ) ? E )$r 6T 1&(K U,
) ? E )$r &5 1&(K U, ) 6TE T7e 46 ?;
14. 458& !62 Ur!V y*$ 7K 1¾ ; 6/B; .,.,.se*;/,)
.,.,. :0) ?;V 9#
) C6H5COOH ) C6H5COCH3 ) C6H5CO C6H5 ) C6H5OH
15. ]/':.,.,!7 651#j b|% ?;V 1¾; 6^) ; b6
..,.,,..,.,..?;8b, 6.
67}):; ?;%)* 9#() ?; :-! r ) r ; b6
.,.,.,.,.,.,.9:r$ -!K 8 &. 1'3,.
) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) $W.*.^) 67}.; ]/'6; $W ; ?Z6.()
) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) $W *.^) 67}.; ]/'6; $W ; ?Z6. !
) ]/' $W ; 67}) &' ) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) &'
16. HO-CH2CH2-OH y 15 * !8: 1KK%8) * 9#
) 1.8&;V !) ) 3Z $
) 1.8&; ) CO2
17. &r 3 fb762 *7* :562 9, b51#Z6 % ?
) 1.8&; ) 8&;
) -* 1: 6T ) 8&-1,2- :
18. OH O
i) NaOH
CH2
OH ii) CH2I2 O
, ?; ; &/( "# %86:().
) 95 ?; ) Z .& ?;
) ? E )$ 1&(K U, ) *6 ?;
19. C3H8O , !]' kK%: "# *. *$5..;, # *. 6j HI 9: U~.6
?; Wf X ./') Y y8 &#3,.Yy 458& 678: 16b6 () * Z 9#3,.Z
; * *:5) ?;( 9%3, r Z , *$5.) ?
) 7K - 2 - ) 7K -1 -

) 8& 8*& ) 8& 8*&
20. >#) &56dj &; C:; HI 9: ?;%8)* 1.8b 6T 9#3,?
) (H3C)3C–O–CH3 ) (CH3)2–CH–CH2–O–CH3
) CH3–(CH2)3–O–CH3 ) CH3–CH2–CH–O–CH3
CH3
21. ? E )$ 1&(K U,V :1.8b &7 9#() ?; "#
) SN1 ?; ) SN2 ?;
) !7 65 1#j *$56 ?; ) !7 65 1#j b|% ?;
22. ; \%-! 15W (*Z7%: ?; Wf &#) -,)
) sK -,) ) ¤& -,)
) :5p$ -,) ) A?& -,U) 9#b !
12.fh®gidš
fh®gidš nrk®§fŸ k‰W« fh®gh¡áÈ¡mÄy§fŸ
1. µ¬6Q ?;V ?ZK1#j ‘A’ $W ; .K

O
H2 ( 0,1atm ) A
Pd/C , 8&;
OH O OH OH
) ) ) )
2. s*:rE#f $ *;TW 9#() ?; >#;/'j &/( $,6 9jZ?

) 6#65 b|% ?; ) !7 65 b|% ?;
) !7 65 *$5K ?; ) 6#65 *$5K ?;
3. >#) "# ?;67g0: s*: 6#65 *$5K ?;V %% & >;5
4546.:3,. f& ?; 67g
) 3W;5% ?;67g ) Sn/HCI
) !67$E^jZ T7¾ ) T*7$ r !)
4. >#) ?;V
H2SO4
HC CH X ?Z1#j ‘X’ ; ----------- *$&; &7.
HgSO4
) :! *$&; ) ?:5 *. 5 *$&;
)* *:5) *$&; ) 1E 67$ *$&;
i)O3 NH3
5. CH2=CH2 X Y . ‘Y’
ii)Zn/H2O
) 5. T% ) : s*: )*.r
) 1T1.8b| 1:7 ) $)

6. >#) ?; W$V ?Z 1#j Z y 6Q:B6.

8&;V !) PCl5 X C6H6 Y i)CH3MgBr Z
47/, AlCl3 +
ii)H3O
) (CH3)2C(OH)C6H5 ) CH3CH(OH)C6H5
) CH3CH(OH)CH2-CH3 ) CH2-OH
7. ]/' : 2,2-:1.8b 7K;V !) HVZ ?; &#b !.
67}):,,2,2-:1.8b 7K;V !) α- T7e 16Q#6? !.
) ]/', 67}) 7Q%) $W, *.^) 67}) ]/'6; $W ; ?Z6.()
) ]/', 67}) 7Q%) $W, ; , 67}) ]/'6; $W ; ?Z6. !.
) ]/' $W ; 67}) &' ) ]/' 67}) 7Q%) &'.
8. >#;/'j 16%6K: *$5.62 !8&.V K:V!; $W ; W$
) F-CH2COOH > CH3COOH > Br-CH2COOH > Cl-CH2COOH
) F-CH2COOH > Cl-CH2COOH > Br-CH2COOH > CH3COOH
) CH3COOH > Cl-CH2COOH > F-CH2COOH > Br-CH2COOH
) Cl-CH2COOH > CH3COOH > Br-CH2COOH > l-CH2COOH
9. 1$V !) i)NH
A3 A NaOBr B NaNO2/HCl C, C
ii) ∆
) g|r ) (*Z7% ) O-\*7 g|

) 1¾ : *$r ) (*Z7% ) m- \*7 1$V !)
10.. 8&;V !) P/Br2
10 2- *7*. 8&;V !) f& ?; ;------------'
D6K%3,
) >6 À ?; ) *T*!5) ?;
) 1T -* T5-1eE3 ?; ) /B [ !
+
KCN H3O PCl5
11. CH3Br
11. (A) (B) (C) ?ZK1#j (C)
) s: (*Z7% ) (*Z*7 s !)
) α-(*Z*7 $ *; 8&;V !) ) /B [ !
12. >#;/'j f& "' :! ?; 67g
12. "%(3,?
) 5 !) ) s !)
) 1*$*; ) /B [ !
i)Mg,&5 H3O +
13.
13. Br A B ‘B’
ii) CO2
COOH COOH
) )

O
) ) C
.O
14.
14. IUPAC 1 5
OH
) >0-3- ;V !) ) >0-1- -4 - V !)
) >0-2- -1 - V !) ) >0-3- -1 – V !)
O
N2H4
15.
15. C f& ?;V 9#() ?Z1#Z 6Q:B6.
C2H5ONa
CH3
O
C
) ) NH2 ) ) O-C2H5 )
16..,,HCN,,9:;;,,?;V ,,>#),,f& *$5.8b ¾5. /, (67 ) 65 9#b !.

.O OH .O .O
) ) ) )
Ph Ph
O OH
17. ]/'
17. .: P-N,N-: 1.8b *; 1$ T%, 1$V ('6?;( .,.,..,,,
.,.,.,.,..,.,.,9%3,.
67}): T%.(-CHO) 1&(b ; 1.: /'K%8) 1&(b ().
)]/', 67}) 7Q%) $W, *.^) 67}) ]/B/6; $W ; ?Z6.().
) ]/', 67}) 7Q%) $W, ; 67}) ]/B/6; $W ; ?Z6. !.
) ]/' $W ; 67}) &' ) ]/', 67}) 7Q%) &'
18. >#;/'j f& "' ?3&]' s& ?;( %86:()
18.
) : ('6) ) 6r$*7 ?;
) 1$V ('6) ) /B [ !
19. >#;/'j f& "' 50% *$ ) T7$% 67$^: ?;%
19. 6T!0),
!8&0) &#3,?
) ; 1.8&; ) 8&;
) 8&; ) 1.8&;

20. s: T% ./') 1$ T: *'%8b B
20. %8&K%) ?;67g
) :! ?;67g ) 1E 67$
) 2,4 -:\*7; T7¾ ) 1$65$%
21. ;
21. 1.8&; , :5 NaOH 9: ?;% X ./') Y ) 7Q% ?Z1#6Z8
&#3,. *$5.) X ; 9*!6 *$ 8: ?;% T7e 0 12* /'3,,
r X ./') Y 3 U,*
) *$ ) 1*$* ./') ; ) *$ ) 1*$* ./') ; 1.8&;
) ; 1.8&; ./') *$ ) 1*$* ) /B [ !
22. >#) ?;62
22. b b 65-65 >}K 9#6? !?
) : ('6) ) >: 37K ?;
) *6 K ?; ) 9 K 3Á;5 ?;
23. (A) ) "# µ O3 ./') Zn –H2O 9: ?;%
23. 7K*; ./') 8&;
3 /, $. *.!5 Z62 9#(3,. µ(A) 9: HCI *$5() * *$5.)
(B) U&. ; ?Z1#Z6 3:3,. ?Z1#j (B) V .K
CH3 CH2Cl
) Cl-CH2-CH2-CH-CH3 ) H3C-CH2-CH-CH3
CH3 CH3
) H3C-CH2-C-CH3 ) H3C-CH2-CH-Cl
Cl
24. "K>:8&6 !]' -,6j
24. 16Q: T%%6j µ*:6j ./') 6T 6Z
"K>%)* 65sE !6j b6 16b-! 1/'jZ;. &/( 67})
) Q:5 65ps ?$V 67}.6 -6~) 65sE ! !]'62
.,.,.,.]:.
) 65s*! r 9#& ) "*7 !]Bj H - >}K 6j 9#&
) !]'6d3:K: H - >}K 6j 9#&
13. fÇk
fÇk ie£u#‹ nrk®§fŸ
1. >#;/'j f& ?; 67g \*7 1¾; r|;6 ./'3,.

) Sn/HCI ) Zn-Hg/NaOH ) LiAIH4 ) ;8)
2. >#) f& U,V r|; & W6 U ?
) Br2/NaOH 9: 1$. ,6 ?;
),,(*Z*7 1¾: 1:s ) &E.: ?;K%8b >,( NaOH 67$^:
.,.,.,47/(K
) \*7 1¾; LiAIH4 9: "%(& .
) \*7 1¾; Sn/HCI 9: "%(& .

3. >#;/'j TK. *7.% ?;( 9:?
) CH3CONHCH3 ) CH3CH2CONH2
) CH3CONH2 ) C6H5CONH2
4. ]/': KOH ./') *7: s:.% ?;K% s !8& ,16%3,.
67}): s:.% 47/(8&E *7 ?;3 6 1$ %3,
) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) $W. *.^) 67}), ]/'6; $W ; ?Z6.().
) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) $W. ; 67}) ]/'6; $W ; ?Z6. !
) ]/' $W ; 67}) &' ) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) &'
+
5. CH3CH2Br aq NaOH A KMnO4/H B NH3 C Br2/NaOH D. ʻDʼ
) *7*. 8*& ) α - *7*.*$ ) s*:

) 1.8&; ) s:.%
6. >#) \*7 *$5.62 \7 !8: ?; W ?
) CH3-CH2-CH2-NO2 ) (CH3)2-CH-CH2NO2
) (CH3)3C-NO2 ) CH3-C-CH-NO2
.O CH3
7. r| + 1*$V (*Z7% NaOH C6H5-NH-CO-C6H5 f& ?; ;
) KW: 37K ?; ) HVZ ?;
) 6: 1Z. ?; ) /B [ !
8. ½W} 6j T%6d: ?; Wf 16%() ?Z 1#j
) 65sE !) ) *7*. !)
) ÂK-67) ) µ*:
9. >#) ?;62 &,; ?
) CH3CH2NH2 HNO2 CH3CH2OH + N2
) (CH3)2 N NaNO2 / HCl (CH3)2N N=NCl
) CH3CONH2 Br2/NaOH CH3NH2 ) /B [ !

10.
10. r|; s ! 4WE0: ?;K% 16%() ?Z 1#j
) o- *; s*:*; ) m- *; s*:*;
) p- *; s*:*; ) s:r!%
11. 1.8b
11. 1&(b b|% 1$k K: 62 4567$E 678&. E. W$
) N(CH3)3 >N(CH3)2H >N(CH3)H2 >NH3 ) N(CH3)H2 >N(CH3)2H >N(CH3)3 >NH3
) NH3 >N(CH3)H2 >N(CH3)2H >N(CH3)3 ) N(CH3)2H >N(CH3)H2 >N(CH3)3 >NH3
NO2 .NO2
12.
12. A ʻAʼ
Br Br
N=N-Cl

+
)H3PO2./')H2O) H / H2O ) HgSO4/ H2SO4 ) Cu2Cl2
Fe/HCl
13. C6H5NO2
13. A NaNO2/HCl B H2O C ʻCʼ
) C6H5-OH ) C6H5-CH2OH ) C6H5-CHO ) C6H5-NH2
14. \*7
14. 1¾ ; :5 HNO3/H2SO4 9: 80-100˚C ?; Wf 16%()
.,?Z1#j ?
) 1,4-:\*7 1¾ ) 2,4,6-7 \*7 1¾
) 1,2-:\*7 1¾ ) 1,3-: \*7 1¾
15. C5H13N
15. , !]' kK%: *$5.) HNO2 9: ?;K% "2{D/')
&.0: .*$5.8& 16%3, r *$5.)
) 1:-1- ) 1:-2-
) N,N-: 1.8b 7K-2- ) : 8b 1.8b
16. W}
16. \*7 *66j \7 !8: ?; Wf 16%K
) sK -, 67$ ) 4! -, 67$
) p$ -, 67$ ) .¦$j-, 67$
17. >#)
17. 62 s:*!/, ?;( 9:& ?
) ?} >:! ) 8b
) : 8b ) 7 8b
18. >#;/'j
18. b6 678&. 9: ?
) 2,4-:(*Z*7 r| ) 2,4-:1.8b r|
) 2,4-:\*7 r| ) 2,4-: *7*. r|
N
19.
19. O O , *$5.) Sn/HCl "%6.:f 16%() ?Z1#6j
),8&; ,T7s!.T*7(*Z7%),8&; , )*.r )T7$%
., ),8&; , NH2OH ) C3H5NH2 , H2O
CH3
20. CH3 N C CH2 CH3

20. , *$5.8b IUPAC 1 5
CH3.C2H5
) 3-: 1.8b *;-3-1.8b 1*:
) 3 (N,N-7 8b )-3- *; 1:
) 3-N,N-7 1.8b 1:
) N,N-: 1.8b -3-1.8b -1:-3-
21.
21. C≡N +
H3O
+ CH3MgBr P ?;V ?Z 1#j (P)
OCH3
) CH2-OH ) CO-CH3 ) CHO ) COOH
OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 OCH3

22. 1$V
22. !8: )*.r ) 9K P2O5 9: \( 1KK%8b 3:() ,?Z
1#Z "%6.: p 1$k &; NaNO2/HCl 9: (,f& ,1K-!V 1KK%8)
* 'bV 3:() ?Z
) 1¾ : *$r ) (*Z7% ) 1$ 6T
) ; ) \7*$ 1¾
23. >#) ?; W$V
23. X 6Q:B6.
NH2
CHCl3 (Y) HCl (X) + 1.8&;V !)
KOH 300K
Cl
) H2N Cl ) C≡N Cl
) N≡C Cl ) CH3-NH Cl
24. >#;/'j !7 65 b|% ?; ().
24.
Cl Cl
- Cu2Cl2
) N2+Cl Cl +N2 ) +Cl2 UV6b56j Cl Cl
Cl Cl
AlCl3
) +Cl Cl+HCl
) CH2OH+HCl CH2Cl + H2O

COOH b6 Z
25. >#) ?;V U&. ?Z1#j + NH3 1KK%8&
.,O COOH
COOH COOH NH2
) ) NH ) )
CONH2 NH2 NH2
O
14.cÆÇaš _y¡TWfŸ
1. >#;/'j f& "' &ZU;/, "2V &Z8& :K ,.6 {D/'3,?
) D(+) (d*6 ) L(+) (d*6 ) D(-) >7*: ) D(+) 6!*:
2. µ*D 16%6K%jZ \( *:62 .K 62 K:V .f&
$W ;.1 5.W$.U,* ,
CHO CHO CHO CHO
H C OH HO C H HO C H H C OH
H C OH H C OH HO C H HO C H
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH

) L- W8*7, L-8W* , L-W8*7, D-8W*
) D-8W* , D-W8*7, L-8W* , L-W8*7
) L-W8*7, L- 8W* , D-W8*7, D-8W*
) D-W8*7, D-8W* , L-W8*7, L-8W*
3. µ*D 16%6K:6dj f& "' "%6p $567?
) (d*6 ) {*7 ) . *: ) !*:
47/(8&
4. (d*6 (HCN)
?Z1#j ?Z1#j HI+∆
A
*$5.) A
) 1TK:;V !) ) 2- * *:*T*$
) 1TK*: ) 1TK:;
5. ]/':..,{*7 4567$ !¦{¥ b#K 8b,; 1/'jZ ; ,sB&Z
.,.,.,.,..,.,T*7 (*ZW !8b Ur!V 47/(()* . :¦{¥ 6 .'3,.
67}):{*7 47/(8&E $../, Z? (d*6 ./') >7*:
.,.,.,..,.,..9#3,;. & 67}.6 {D/sV (BV ./,) 9Q:3,.
) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) $W, *.^) 67}) ]/B/6; $W ; ?Z6.().
) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) $W, ; 67}) ]/B/6; $W ; ?Z6. !
) ]/' $W ; 67}) &'. ) ]/' ./') 67}) 7Q%) &'
6. !]' .7> *6 .7 8 &6 6j >#) f& W$V 6:8&K%3,;?
) *; !6j 7&6j DNA
) DNA 65*T*76j 7&6j
) DNA RNA 7&6j
) DNA RNA 65*T*76j
7. 7&62 , *' *; !6j ________ !) >}6K%jZ;.
) 1K:% >}K ) 16: >}K
) α- 3Z*6s >}K ) β- 3Z*6s >}K
8. >#;/'j ¾5. &.0: *; !)
) 2-8b!!r ) 2- 1.8b 3Z¾
) 2-T71.8b 1$ ) WK*:*
9. RNA ./') DNA K 1#8&7V $W ; ]/'
) RNA?^jZ $67]' 7>*; ./') DNA ?^jZ $67]' W*
).RNA?^jZ $67]' 2’-W* ./') DNA ?^jZ $67]' , 7>*;
) RNA ?^jZ $67]' 7>*; ./') DNA?^jZ $67]' 2’-W*
) RNA ?^jZ $67 ]' W* ./') DNA ?^jZ $67 ]' 2’-W*

10. 458& 67$ 62
10. *; !6j 1#)^) _____ .K> 9jZ;.
-
) NH2-CH(R)-COOH ) NH2-CH(R)-COO
+ + -
) H3N -CH(R)-COOH ) H3N -CH(R)-COO
11. >#;/'j f& "' 9:E
11. & W6K:&?
) DNA ) 1\b6j ) T5*.6j ) :6j
2 2 3
12. >7*:^jZ SP
12. ./') SP ;6!K:f& 65 62 Qg6 U,*
) 1 ./') 4 ) 4 ./,) 2 ) 5 ./') 1 ) 1 ./') 5
13. :6j B2 ; ---------- ;)
13. B K%3,
) W*>Z?) & ) -*6;.% ) >W:
14. DNA ?
14. 6}K%) >W 676j
) $*:s ./') ; ) $*:s ./') (;
) $*:s ./') & ) $*:s ./') 07s
15. >#;/'j.,L-1$.,?
15.
NH2 . O pka 6.04 ..O
pka 12.10
) ) NH
H2N NH OH OH
pka 9.00 pka 2.03 pka 1.70
NH2 HN NH2
pka 9.09
O OH . O
) )
HO OH OH
pka 2.13 pka 8.96 pka 2.20
pka 9.05
NH2 NH2
16. 7&8b
16. 7Q:)-! .K; & (B3,?
) E1K:% U16^)> -! ; $ .K
) 45 1'() :Ä%6j
) α- *; !62 W$ ) α- {#j U16^)
17. >#;/'j 4W
17. 670) : ?
) : E ) : K ) : A ) : B
18. 1$ ^*! U~. 6 47/(()* 3:K
18.
) L-(d*6 ) D->7*: ) D-W* ) D-(d*6
19. >#) ]/'62
19. $W ; !?
) ½ U: 1Q6#? 9jZ ½5 2 9}
), 78& 7&6Z; 87)> ./') >W*;e 3 ; 78&) 9,&E *6/3,;.
) >D8&E; 7&62 ?;8b, b6W3,

) {E .r& 9:E $67V Z 7.W3,
20. (d*6 "# *: (). >#) f& "# ?;( (d*6 9%b !?
20.
) $)6Z 9#(b !
) 3W;5% ?;67g0: ?; Wb !
) ½$*$6Z 9#( ! ) :!Q ?;67g "%(b !
21. DNA ? "#
21. D ; ‘ATGCTTGA’ ) 67 W$ K 1/'jZ r , & -7K
DV 67 W$
) TACGAACT ) TCCGAACT ) TACGTACT ) TACGRAGT
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P. KATHIRVEL, M.Sc., B.Ed.,
PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY,
GOVT. BOYS HR. SEC. SCHOOL
ANTHIYUR – ERODE (Dt). Cell 9150550110

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CHEMISTRY IS BASIC FOR OUR LIFE

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER (CHEMISTRY), GBHSS, ANTHIYUR –ERODE -9150550110

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10. thA epiyikj; J}a;ikahf;fYf;fhd mbg;gilj; Njitfis jUf. v.fh jUf.

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER (CHEMISTRY), GBHSS, ANTHIYUR –ERODE -9150550110

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P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER (CHEMISTRY), GBHSS, ANTHIYUR –ERODE -9150550110

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P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER (CHEMISTRY), GBHSS, ANTHIYUR –ERODE -9150550110

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22. kpd;fhe;j gphpif Kiwia tpsf;Ff.

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER (CHEMISTRY), GBHSS, ANTHIYUR –ERODE -9150550110

24. fhw;wpy;yh #oypy; tWj;jiy tpthp;.

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27. Ra xLf;f tpidia tpthp.

28. thd;-Mh;fy; Kiwapy; ill;Nldpak; vt;thW J}a;ikahf;fg;gLfpwJ?

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P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER (CHEMISTRY), GBHSS, ANTHIYUR –ERODE -9150550110

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER (CHEMISTRY), GBHSS, ANTHIYUR –ERODE -9150550110

11. ilNghNudpd; mikg;ig tpsf;Ff.

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 CO2 %yf;$W - Neh;Nfhl;L mikg;G

16. [pNahiyl;Lfs; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER (CHEMISTRY), GBHSS, ANTHIYUR –ERODE -9150550110

21. Nghhpf; mkpyj;jpd; ntg;g tpidia vOJ.

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22. Nghhpf; mkpyj;jpd; fhuj;Jtk; gw;wp tpthp.

23. ilNghNud; mk;NkhdpahTld; GhpAk; tpidia vOJ. (my;yJ)

24. ilNghNud; cNyhf i`l;iuLfSld; GhpAk; tpidia vOJ.

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER (CHEMISTRY), GBHSS, ANTHIYUR –ERODE -9150550110

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33. nghl;lh\; gbfhuj;jpd; ntg;g tpidia vOJ

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER (CHEMISTRY), GBHSS, ANTHIYUR –ERODE -9150550110

36. Gy;yhPdpd; mikg;ig tpsf;Ff.

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER (CHEMISTRY), GBHSS, ANTHIYUR –ERODE -9150550110

41. Ma;tfj;jpy; fhh;gd; il Mf;irL jahhpj;jiy tpthp.

42. njhopw;rhiyfspy; fhh;gd; il Mf;irL jahhpj;jiy tpthp.

43. ePh; thA rkepiy tpidia vOJf.

44. fhh;gd; il Mf;irbd; Mf;rp[Ndw;wg; gz;ig vOJ.

45. fhh;gd; il Mf;irbd; mkpyg; gz;ig vOJ.

46. fhh;gd; il Mf;irbd; gad;fis vOJ.

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER (CHEMISTRY), GBHSS, ANTHIYUR –ERODE -9150550110

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