PGT202E

BASIC EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT &

EVALUATION

MEASUREMENT SCALE, CENTRAL OF TENDENCY &

VARIABILITY

Ahmad Zamri Khairani

School of educational studies

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 OVERVIEW

Types of Statistics

Data

Measure of Central Tendency

Measure of Variability

Measurement scales
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 Types of statistics

Descriptive Inferential
Make inference about
the population based on
Given information that
information about the
describe the data
sample drawn from
population

Based on the data from

methods for the morbidity survey,
organizing, displaying 12% of Malaysian
and describing data students experiencing
mental health problem

Average height of
students in this class is Sampling issues
170 cm

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 Data/SCORE/MARKS

A set of information used to make

decisions

The following data shows Jamal’s

scores in Mathematics 45, 63, 67, 82,
91

The data shows that Jamal has

progressed well in his study

But what if 44, 61, 50, 45, 87…?

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 Data/SCORE/MARKS

Normal?

Skewed
left
(negative)

Skewed
right
(positive)

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 Nominal

(Measurement Scales)
Types of Data
Ordinal

Interval

Ratio

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 Male/Female,
Nominal Malay/Chinese/Indian
Urban/Rural

Grade A/B/C
Ordinal
BPL ranking
Types of Data
(Measurement Scales)
Interval Exam’s score

Weight
Ratio
Distance

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11/16/2020
Measure of Central Tendency
(Sukatan Kecenderungan Memusat)
Median

Mean (min)
Mode (mod)
Data representative

8
 mode

The most
frequent score

45, 47, 48, 47,

47, 50

Mode = 47
Note* Mode  3

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 Mode?

77, 67,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
77,67, 85

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 Mode?

77, 67,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
77,67, 85
Mode = 67 and 77 No mode

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 MEDIAN

Score in the middle when the data

is organised ascendingly

If the number of score is even,

then median is addition of both
middle scores divide by 2

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 MEDIAN?

33, 30, 42, 22, 18, 31

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 MEDIAN

18, 22, 30, 31, 33, 42

(30 + 31)/2 = 61/2 = 30.5

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 MeaN

Add all
Most Also scores and X
frequently known as divide by
use MCT average the number N
of scores

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 MeaN

24, 38, 45, 66, 89, 51

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 MeaN

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 exercise

 Calculate measures of central tendency

for the following data
61, 65, 90, 90, 92, 93, 94, 97, 97, 98
Ans: mode =? Median =? Mean = 87.7

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 Mct & Data distributions

Skewed to the left Normally distributed Skewed to the right

= Negatively skewed = positively skewed

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 Mode?median?mean?

 Mean is the most frequently used because it is

stable since it takes into account ALL scores
 Median – when the presence of extreme
score(s) 22, 25, 21, 26, 67
 Mode – for nominal dan ordinal data
 Nominal – male, female
 Ordinal – Grade A, B, C, D
 For example, if we have 23 male and 15 female
students, then calculation of mean and median
do not make sense

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 Mode?median?mean?

30, 30, 35, 37, 42, 47, 115

Mode = 30
Median = 37
Mean = 48

The above data has an extreme score of 115. In view of this,

the calculated mean is poorly used to represent and
describe the data since almost all the scores are below
mean except 115. The extreme score causes the mean
value to go towards the extreme score. On the contrary, the
median (39) is seen to be more likely to represent the data
better.
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 Measure of variability

Measures of variability is a
number that describe diversity or
variability in the distribution of
data

Another way of summarizing

a data is that describes how
much variation and diversity
there is in the distribution

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 Measure of Variability (Sukatan
Range (julat)
Serakan)
Variance (varians)

Standard Deviation
(sisihan piawai)

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 range

the difference
between the
highest and
lowest scores

45, 47, 48,

47, 50

Range:
50-45 = 5

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 Range: disadvantage

 Although the range is simple and quick to

calculate, it is a rather crude measure
because it is based on only the lowest and
highest scores
 These two scores (highest & lowest) might
be extreme and rather atypical, which
might make the range a misleading
indicator of the variation in the distribution

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 QUARTILE (Q) AND INTER QUARTILE RANGE

 Quartiles in statistics are values that divide your data into quarters
 We have Q1, Q2 (= median) and Q3
 Inter quartile range (IQR) = Q3 – Q1
 Example: Find IQR for the following data:
1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 15, 18, 19, 27.
•Step 1: Put the numbers in order: 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 15, 18, 19, 27.
•Step 2: Find the median. 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 15, 18, 19, 27.
•Step 3: Place parentheses around the numbers above and below the
median. (1, 2, 5, 6, 7), 9, (12, 15, 18, 19, 27).
•Step 4: Find Q1 and Q3
Think of Q1 as a median in the lower half of the data and think of Q3 as a
median for the upper half of data.
(1, 2, 5, 6, 7), 9, ( 12, 15, 18, 19, 27). Q1 = 5 and Q3 = 18.
•Step 5: Subtract Q1 from Q3 to find the interquartile range.
18 – 5 = 13.

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 Variance &
standard deviation
 The variance and the standard deviation
are two closely related measures of
variation that increase or decrease based
on how closely the scores cluster around
the mean
 If the scores clustered closely around the
mean, then the variance & standard
deviation is small and vice versa.
 Better estimates of measure of variability

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 Variance &
standard deviation
Variance is the average of
the squared deviations from the mean

Standard deviation is
equal to the square root of the
variance

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 Variance &
standard deviation

e.g #1: 4, 6, 9, 3, 5, 12, 10

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 Variance &
standard deviation

e.g #2: 4, 6, 9, 3, 5, 12, 10

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 why
standard deviation?

 Look at the following data: 61, 65, 90, 90, 92, 93, 94, 97, 97,
98 Variance of this data is calculated as 178.23 [please check
this]
 It seems that the value is too big and it seems impossible to
image the distribution of the scores.
 As such as more appropriate measure of distribution is
standard deviation. Which is calculated as the square root of
variance
 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑆𝐷 = 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 178.23 =13.35
which is more reasonable

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 Statistics for
Types of data
Types of Data Statistics
Nominal Frequency, Percentage
Ordinal Frequency, Percentage
Interval MCT, MV
Ratio MCT, MV

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 PROBABILITY & STATISTICS… NEW TOPIC

 Statistics and probability are sections of mathematics that

deal with data collection and analysis.
 Probability is the study of chance and is a very fundamental
subject that we apply in everyday living
 Statistics is more concerned with how we handle data using
different analysis techniques and collection methods.
 Probability and statistics are closely linked because
statistical data are frequently analyzed to see whether
conclusions can be drawn legitimately about a particular
phenomenon and also to make predictions about future
events.
 For instance, Covid-19 data are analyzed to see if they
conform to predictions and also to predict the final outcome
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of the pandemic 33
 PROBABILITY & STATISTICS… NEW TOPIC

 A probability is a number that reflects the chance or likelihood

that a particular event will occur.
 Probabilities can be expressed as proportions that range from 0
to 1, and they can also be expressed as percentages ranging
from 0% to 100%.
 A probability of 0 indicates that there is no chance that a
particular event will occur, whereas a probability of 1 indicates
that an event is certain to occur.
 A probability of 0.45 (45%) indicates that there are 45 chances
out of 100 of the event occurring.

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 CALCULATING PROBABILITY

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑛(𝐴)

 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑃(𝐴) = =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑛(𝑆)
 Example: A bag contains 9 blue marbles, 6 red marbles , and 5 orange
marbles. A marble is selected at random from the bag. Find the probability of
selecting (1) an orange marble, and (2) a blue or red marble
 Answer:
𝑛(𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒) 5 1
 (i) P(Orange marble) = = =
𝑛(𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠) 20 4
9 6 15 3
 (ii) P(Blue or Red) = P(Bluee) + P(Red) = + = =
20 20 20 4
 Exercise: Hana keeps 15 blue scarfs and 7 red scarfs in a drawer. Later she
adds 3 blue scarfs and 5 red scarfs in the same drawer. A scarf is chosen at
random from the drawer. Find the probability of choosing a red scarf
2
 Answer =
5

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 sampling

https://www.questionpro.com/blog/types-of-sampling-for-social-research/

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 SAmPLIng… example

Simple Random Sampling: One of the best probability

sampling techniques that helps in saving time and resources.
Every single member of a population is chosen randomly, merely
by chance and each individual has the exact same probability of
being chosen to be a part of a sample. Example: A lecturer ask
any one in the lecture hall to answer her question.

Convenience sampling: This method is dependent on the ease

of access to subjects. It is usually termed as it’s carried out on
the basis of how easy is it for a researcher to get in touch with
the subjects. Example: A lecturer asks who sits in a front row in
the lecture hall to answer her question

You can find more about sampling here:

https://www.questionpro.com/blog/types-of-sampling-for-social-research/

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 EXERCISE [Tutorial]
Bestari Group and Wawasan Group obtained the oral test scores as
the following:
Bestari Group: 85, 90, 90, 92, 94, 94, 96, 97, 97, 98
Wawasan Group: 61, 65, 90, 90, 92, 93, 94, 97, 97, 97

a. For each group, calculate the mean, median and mode.

b. Why is there so much difference in mean between the two
groups?
c. Which measure of central tendency should be used to describe
the score distribution in each group? Give reasons to support your
answer.

Why is there so much difference in mean between the two groups?

Which measure of central tendency should be used to describe the

score distribution in each group? Give reasons to support your
answer.

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 EXERCISE [Tutorial]
Mean
Bestari = (85+90+90+92+94+94+96+97+97+98)  10 =
Wawasan = (61+65+90+90+92+93+94+97+97+97)  10 =

Median
Bestari = 85, 90, 90, 92,94, 94, 96, 97, 97 98
Wawasan = 61,65, 90, 90, 92, 93, 94, 97, 97,97

Mode

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 MORE EXERCISE
The data below shows scores for History quiz of students in 2 Alpha.
9, 4, 12, 3, 8, 10, 9, 7, 8, 14, 9, 6, 4, 5
Calculate:
i. The measure of central tendency.
ii. The interquartile range, variance and standard deviation.
iii. Measures of central tendency that are most appropriate to
describe the class quiz scores? Why

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 MORE EXERCISE
Math test scores for the groups of Sigma and Theta are given as
follows:
Sigma: 32, 37, 40, 47, 48, 50, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 55, 56, 57, 57,
58, 59, 60, 60
Theta: 18, 50, 51, 54, 54, 56, 56, 58, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 64, 64, 65,
67, 85, 85
 Calculate measures of central tendency and dispersion measures
for each group.
 Which measure of central tendency is the most suitable to explain
the respective scores of each group? Why?
 Which group has the better score? Explain your answer.
 A teacher wants to choose a group to contest the regional level
Mathematics. If the group selection is based on the consistency of
scores among its members, which group will be selected? Explain.

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 Thank You

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