COMSATS University Islamabad

WAH Campus

Department of Civil Engineering

Matrix Analysis of Structures (CEE305)

Course Teacher: Hafiz Waheed Iqbal
Lecture# 21 and 22
Topic: Stiffness Method For Beams and Frames
 PRINCIPLES OF STIFFNESS METHOD FOR BEAMS AND PLANE
FRAMES
INTRODUCTION:
In this lecture application of stiffness method will be extended to
beams and plane frames. The procedure for application of this method
is the same as that of the trusses but the difference is only in member
stiffness matrix and deformation transformation matrix, which will be
developed in the subsequent section.

MEMBER OR ELEMENT STIFFNESS MATRIX (FLEXURAL

ELEMENT):
As a frame element is subjected not only to axial forces but also to
shear forces and bending moments, therefore three degrees of freedom
per joint of a frame element are present. A degree of freedom is an
independent deformation of a joint or a node. These are:
i Axial deformation.
ii) End rotations.
iii) Normal translations.
Out of these three, axial deformation is normally neglected, so element or
member stiffness matrix for an element subjected to shear force and
bending moment will only be developed at this stage.
 Consider a member/element shown in figure. There are two forces (shear
force w3 and a moment w1) acting at near end of the joint and
correspondingly there are two deformations (vertical translations δ3, and
rotation δ1).Similarly there are two forces (shear force w4 and a moment w2)
acting at the far end of the joint and correspondingly two deformations
(vertical translation δ4 and rotation δ2).

SIGN CONVENTION
Moments (w1, w2) and rotations (δ1 and δ2) are positive when clockwise and
negative when counter clockwise.
Translation δ3, δ4 are positive when upward and negative when downward.
DERIVATION
The load-stiffness-deformation relationship for this element is the same as that
for a truss element as expressed in equation
[w]m = [k]m [δ]m-
As there are four forces and four corresponding deformations then the equation
can be expanded in the following form:
 Where each element of the stiffness matrix is called stiffness coefficient as
discussed in previous lectures. It represents the place occupied by it with
respect to row and columns. Any stiffness coefficient may be represented by
kij; where i and j are number of rows and columns. The above mentioned
element stiffness matrix [k]m is formed by applying a unit value of each end
deformation in turn and the corresponding column of the matrix of equation
gives the various end forces developed at the member ends while other
deformations are restrained. This procedure is as follows:

Apply unit positive deformation (clockwise rotation) δ1 = 1 and equating all

other deformations to zero (δ2 = δ3 = δ4 = 0). The element would be
deformed as shown in figure. From the definition of stiffness, the forces
induced at both ends due to unit clockwise rotation of near end are as under.
w1 = k11 = Moment produced at ‘1’ due to unit clockwise rotation at 1.
w2 = k21 = Moment produced at ‘2’ due to unit clockwise rotation at 1.
w3 = k31 = Vertical reaction produced at ‘3’ due to unit clockwise rotation
at 1.
w4 = k41 = Vertical reaction produced at ‘4’ due to unit clockwise rotation
at 1.
The values of k11, k21, k31 and k41 can be obtained by using the
moment area theorems.
As according to moment area theorem no.1 change in slope between two
points on an elastic curve is equal to area of the M/EI diagram between
these two points. Looking at figure 4.2’a’ change in slope between two
ends is equal to unity. Adding the areas of figure 4.2 (b) and figure 4.2
(c).

------------------------------- (.4.2)
According to theorem no.2 of moment area method tangential deviation of a certain
point with respect to the tangent at another point is equal to the moment of M/EI
diagram between the two points calculated about the point where the deviation is to
be determined. From the above definition the moment of M/EI diagram (figures 4.2
(b) and 4.2 (c) ) about the left of the member is equal to zero.

----------------------- (4.3)

Following values of k11 and k21 are obtained by solving equations 4.2 and 4.3.

---------------------------------- (4.4)

Reaction k41 and k31 can be obtained using equation of equilibrium.

Summation of moments about the right end is equal to zero (see figure
4.2 (d).
ΣMB=0
k31 L - k11 - k22 = 0---------------------------------- (4.5)
- --------------------- (4.6)

---------------------------------- (4.7)
k31 =

Applying force equation of equilibrium to figure 4.2 (d)

∑Fy = 0
k41 - k31 = 0
k41 = k31 ------------------------------
(4.8)

k41 = ----------------------------- (4.9)

 These are the forces and moments as shown in figure 4.2 a, b, c, d. On
comparison with figure 4.1 the correct signs are obtained and these are defined by the
following equations.

k11 = k21 =
------------(4.10)
k31 = k41 =

This gives the first column of the element stiffness matrix. As this matrix
is symmetric so it also provides the first row. To obtain 2nd column of
stiffness matrix deformation (rotation) δ2 = 1 is imposed on the far end
equating all other deformations to zero δ1 = δ3 = δ4 = 0. The element would
be deformed as shown in figure 4.3 (a). From the definition of stiffness as
mentioned in chapter 2, the forces induced at both ends due to unit rotation
at far end can be defined as
w1 = k12 = Moment produced at
‘1’ due to unit clockwise rotation
at 2.
w2 = k22 = Moment produced at
‘2’ due to unit clockwise rotation
at 2.
w3 = k32 = Vertical reaction
produced at ‘3’ due to unit
clockwise rotation at 2.
w4 = k42 = Vertical reaction
produced at ‘4’ due to unit
clockwise rotation at 2.

The values of k12, k22, k32 and

k42 can be obtained by using the
moment area theorems.
 Applying moment area theorem no. 1 and using bending moment diagram
of figure 4.3 (b,c). For this case change in slope between both ends is equal
to unity so
------------------------------ (4.11)

However according to moment area theorem no.2 the moment of M/EI

diagram about the right end of the member is equal to zero.

------------------------ (4.12)

Solving equations 4.11 and 4.12

--------------------------- (4.13)
،

Reaction k42 and k32 can be obtained using equation of equilibrium. Summation
of moments about the left end is equal to zero (see figure 4.3 (d)).
Applying equation of force equilibrium to figure 4.5(d)
Fy = 0
 ---------------------------
(4.34)

Correct signs can be obtained by comparing these values with figure

4.1. These are defined as

--------- (4.35)

On combining the calculation given in equation 4.10, 4.17, 4.27 and 4.35,
following element stiffness matrix is obtained.
And the force, stiffness and deformation relationship is as under:-
MEMBER OR ELEMENT STIFFNESS MATRIX FOR A BEAM /
FRAME ELEMENT SUBJECTED TO MOMENTS ONLY:
The element stiffness matrix for members whose ends cannot translate but
can rotate is obtained by removing third and fourth row corresponding to
δ3, δ4 and third and fourth columns corresponding to w3 and w4 from the
above mentioned element stiffness matrix of equation as shown below:-

The resulting stiffness matrix for a beam element is as follows:

And the force stiffness deformation relationship for a beam element is as
fallows:-

MEMBER OR ELEMENT STIFFNESS MATRIX OF A FRAME ELEMENT

SUBJECTED TO AXIAL LOADING IN ADDITION TO SHEARING FORCES
AND BENDING MOMENTS.
The final element that is capable of axial loading in addition to shear
forces and bending moments is now considered.
The stiffness matrix for this element can be formed by superposition of
the element stiffness matrix of truss element and frame element formed as given
in the equations.
The following element stiffness matrix for six element forces and
deformations is obtained.
And the force, stiffness and deformation relationship is as under: