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LAB Report EXP 2 DC

Industrial Physics (Universiti Teknologi MARA)

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FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

LABORATORY REPORT
PHY443

SESSION 2 2021/2022

Experiment No.
& Topic : 2 ( DIRECT CURRENT) - SERIES AND
PARALLEL CIRCUITS

Name of Student
& Student No. : 1) HUMAIRA BINTI ZAINUN BAKRI
(2021823472)
2) NOOR AFRINA BINTI MOHD FAZRUL
(2021458818)
3) NUR LUTFIYAH MELYNA BINTI MOHD
JAMIL ( 2021627736)

Program : AS251

Group : AS2512M1

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1.0 OBJECTIVE

● To study the concepts of potential difference, electric current and resistance.

● To study Ohm’s Law and its application in series and parallel circuits.

2.0 THEORY

The work per unit charge required to transport a charge between two sites is called the
electric potential difference or voltage, V. Volts are commonly used to express voltage. The
joule / coulomb is equal to a volt.

It is the charge that flows per unit time in an electric current. It's commonly expressed in
amperes. A coulomb / second is equal to an ampere. The current is commonly referred to as
the flow of positive charge in a circuit.

V = IR………………..(1)

R stands for resistance and is expressed in ohms. A volt / ampere is measured in ohms. (We'll
assume resistance as constant, despite the fact that resistance varies slightly with temperature)

FIGURE 1 : Resistances connected in series

The same current runs through each part in this circuit,

Iₜ = I¡ = I¢ = I£…………(2)

Kirchoff’s Laws also state that:

Vₜ = V¡ + V¢ + V£…………(3)

The resistance of the circuit (or the resistance equivalent to Rₜ = R¡, R¢ , R£ in series) can be
calculated using equations 1, 2, and 3.

Rₜ = R¡ + R¢ + R£ ………(4)

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When two resistors are linked in parallel (Figure 2), the current is equal to the total of the
currents flowing through each resistor. Across the board, the voltage is the same.

Figure 2 : Resistance connected in parallel

Each element in such a circuit experiences the same voltage drop.
Vₜ = V¡ = V¢ = V£…………(5)

Kirchoff’s Laws also state that

Iₜ = I¡ + I¢ + I£…………(6)

Total resistance of the circuit in parallel,

1 1 1 1
�㕅ₜ
= �㕅¡
+ �㕅¢
+ �㕅£
………(7)

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3.0 APPARATUS

● Circuit board
● DC power supply
● Digital multimeter / Voltmeter
● Digital multimeter / Ammeter
● Connecting wires
● Three resistors (R¡, R¢ and R£)
● Graph paper

4.0 PROCEDURE

PART I : For Series Circuit

1) Current and voltage on the resistor were measured simultaneously is one of the
requirements for this experiment. DC power supply, resistor R¡, R¢ and R£ and
ammeter are connected in series.
2) Power supply was turned on and the voltage of the supply at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 V
were varied. The current and corresponding voltage were measured for each setting of
the power supply. The value was recorded on a table.
3) A plot of V against I was made and the best straight line representing the data was
drawn. Total resistance was determined from the graph.
4) The current through each resistor and the voltage dropped across resistor as V¡ ,V¢ ,V£
were measured and recorded with the resistance still in series and power supply is set
at 2 V. Calculations for R¡, R¢ and R£ were made from these data. The values were
recorded.
5) Rт for this series circuit were calculated by using equation (4) and calculated value of
R¡, R¢ and R£ from step 4.
6) The calculated values from step 5 and step 3 were compared.
7) Error calculations were used to show the comparison.

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PART II : For Parallel Circuit

1) Resistor R¡, R¢ and R£ were connected in parallel and ammeter were connected to
measure the total current. Voltmeter was connected across the resistors in parallel.
2) Power supply was turned on and the voltage of the supply at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 V
were varied. The current and corresponding voltage were measured for each setting of
the power supply. The value was recorded on the table.
3) A plot of V against I was made and the best straight line representing the data was
drawn. Total resistance was determined from the graph.
4) Power supply was leave at 2 V ,the individual current through each resistor was
measured and the values along with V¡ ,V¢ ,V£ were recorded. R¡, R¢ and R£ were
calculated from these data.
5) Rт for this parallel circuit were calculated by using equation (7) and calculated value
of R¡, R¢ and R£ from step 4.
6) The calculated values from step 5 and step 3 were compared.
7) Error calculations were used to show the comparison.

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5.0 RESULT

PART I: SERIES CIRCUIT

Voltage, V (±0.1 V) Current, I (± 2 mA) Corresponding voltage, V(±0.0001 V)

0.0 0.00 0.0884

2.0 0.07 3.2300

4.0 0.12 4.8900

6.0 0.18 6.5400

8.0 0.25 8.5100

10.0 0.31 10.5000

12.0 0.38 12.4900

R¡ = 100.8 Ω V¡ = 0.741 V I¡ = 0.01 A

R¢ = 100.6 Ω V¢ = 0.732 V I¢ = 0.01 A

R£ = 100.2 Ω V£ = 0.724 V I£ = 0.01 A

Rт = 306.1 Ω Vт = 3.238 V Iт = 0.02 A

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PART II: PARALLEL CIRCUIT

Voltage, V Current, I Corresponding voltage, V

(±0.1 V) (± 2 mA) (±0.0001 V)

0.0 0.00 0.000

2.0 1.12 2.053

4.0 3.40 3.711

6.0 5.65 5.220

8.0 8.47 7.310

10.0 11.03 9.100

12.0 13.51 11.060

R¡ = 100.7 Ω V¡ = 2.002 V I¡ = 1.03 A

R¢ = 102.1 Ω V¢ = 2.047 V I¢ = 1.11 A

R£ = 101.6 Ω V£ = 2.077 V I£ = 1.13 A

Rт= 34.0 Ω Vт = 2.052 V Iт = 1.07 A

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6.0 ANALYSIS

GRAPH PART 1

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PART I:

Rт = R¡ + R¢ + R£
= 100.8 + 100.6 +100.2
= 301.6 Ω

From the graph,

þ¢ −þ¡
gradient, m = ý¢ − ý¡

(12−3) �㕉
= (0.37−0.10) þ�㔴

= 33.33 Ω

�㕡ℎ�㕒Ā�㕟þ − �㕒ýā�㕒�㕟�㕖þ�㕒ÿ�㕡�㕎ý |
Percentage error = || �㕡ℎ�㕒Ā�㕟þ | x 100%

301.6 − 33.33 |
=|| 301.6 | x 100%

= 88.95 %

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GRAPH PART II

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PART II:

1 1 1 1
�㕅т
= �㕅¡
+ �㕅¢
+ �㕅£

1 1 1
= 100.7
+ 102.1
+ 101.6

= 33.82 Ω

From the graph,

þ¢ − þ¡
gradient, m = ý¢ − ý¡

(12 − 3) �㕉
= (13 −2.8) þ�㔴

1
�㕅т
= 0.88235

= 1.13

�㕡ℎ�㕒Ā�㕟þ − �㕒ýā�㕒�㕟�㕖þ�㕒ÿ�㕡�㕎ý |
Percentage error = || �㕡ℎ�㕒Ā�㕟þ | x 100%

33.82 − 1.13
=|| 33.82
| x 100%
|

= 96.66%

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7.0 DISCUSSION

PART I:
After calculating the gradient, m based on the graph V against I, the value of RT obtained is
33.33Ω while the theoretical value of RT obtained using the formula RT = R1+R2+R3 is
301.6 Ω. The value of percentage error calculated is 88.95%

PART II:
After calculating the gradient, m based on the graph V against I, the value of RT obtained is
1 1 1 1
33.82 Ω while the theoretical value of RT obtained using the formula �㕅т
= �㕅¡
+ �㕅¢
+ �㕅£
is

1.13 Ω. The value of percentage error is 96.66%.

ERROR & PRECAUTION

There are several mistakes in this experiment. Firstly, It is a random error that occurs when
recording data. Taking more readings will help avoid errors in data analysis. Secondly, due to
the rounding off of significant numbers when doing the calculations, the final value for each
method differs.

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8.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion,the concepts of potential difference,electric current,resistance and Ohm’s Law

and its application in series and parallel circuits has been studied.

REFERENCE

● Direct Current Circuits - Physics. (n.d.). Cliffs Notes. Retrieved May 11, 2022, from
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/physics/electricity-and-magnetism/direct-cu
rrent-circuits
● Electric Current & Circuits Explained, Ohm's Law, Charge, Power, Physics Problems,
Basic Electricity. (2017, February 21). YouTube. Retrieved May 11, 2022, from
https://youtu.be/r-SCyD7f_zI

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