Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Vapour compression system
Vapour compression system
Vapour compression system
Why Multi stage compression system ? What are limitations of single stage system
The single stage vapour compression systems are adequate for small
temperature lift
However, there are many applications where the temperature lift can be quite
high.
The temperature lift can become large either due to the requirement of very low
evaporator temperatures and/or due to the requirement of very high condensing
temperatures.
For example, in frozen food industries the required evaporator can be as low
as –40 oC, while in chemical industries temperatures as low as –150 oC may
be required for liquefaction of gases, .
On the high temperature side the required condensing temperatures can be
very high if the refrigeration system is used as a heat pump for heating
applications such as process heating, drying etc.
However, as the temperature lift increases the single stage systems become
inefficient and impractical.
steeper isentropic Flatter
isentropic
Tc
P2
Te1
P1
Te2
Te3
Compressor work increases : h2” – h1“ > h2’ –h1 > h2 –h1
Discharge temperature increases: T2’’ > T2’> T2
Quality of the vapour at the inlet to the evaporator increases : X4”> X4’> X4
Pressure ratio (P2/P1) increases : Vol. Efficiency reduces : ɳV1” < ɳV1’ < ɳV1
Specific volume at the inlet to the compressor increases : ϑ1” > ϑ1’> ϑ1
Limitations of Single stage systems
• The slopes of the constant entropy lines on the p-h diagram decreases for the
isentropics away from the saturated vapour line.
• Compressor discharge temperature increases causing additional load on condenser and
compressor.
• Superheat losses increase
• High temperature can cause oil breakdown and can reduces the life of compressor
• Quality of the vapour at the inlet to the evaporator increases – reduces RE
• Pressure ratio increases - High pressure ratio reduce the volumetric efficiency of
reciprocating compressor
• Specific volume at the inlet to the compressor increases – Reduces the volumetric
refrigeration capacity of compressor
• Due to these drawbacks, single stage systems are not recommended in high
temperature lift. In such cases multi-stage systems are used in practice.
• Single stage system is used upto an evaporator temperature of –30 oC. A two-stage
system is used upto –60 oC.
Two stage vapour compression with Flash gas removal
Schematic Diagram of system with flash gas removal Thermodynamic cycle on P-h diagram
The RE can be increased by maintaining the condition of the refrigerant in more liquid state at the entrance to the
evaporator. This can be done by expanding refrigerant very close to the saturated liquid line.
Two stage compression with Flash intercooling flatter
steeper isentropic
isentropic
m2 > m1
P = m (h – h )
Two stage system with flash gas removal , water and flash intercooling
Schematic Diagram of system with flash gas removal, water Thermodynamic cycle on P-h diagram
and flash intercooling