2018{JULY}BIOLOGY

1 | Select and write the most appropriate answer from the given alternatives for the

following subquestion:

In an octamer of the nucleosome, core DNA consists of ______ base pairs.

46

146

246

346

ANS In an octamer of the nucleosome, core DNA consists of 146 base pairs.

2 A versatile anther is an adaptation for _______ type of pollination.

1. anemophilous

2. entomophilous

3. hydrophilous

4. ornithophilous

ans: A versatile anther is an adaptation for _anemophilous_type of pollination.

3. _______ is an example of a GM crop developed for its nutritional value by using the soil bacterium
Erwinia.

1. IR8

2. Taichung Native - I

3. Vijaya

4. Golden rice
ans: . _Golden rice_is an example of a GM crop developed for its nutritional value by using the soil
bacterium Erwinia.

4. The energy enters the ecosystem through ______.

1. consumers

2. decomposers

3. omnivores

4. producers

ans: . The energy enters the ecosystem through _producers_.

5.Identify free-living bacterial bio-fertilizer.

1. Rhizobium

2. Azotobacter

3. Nostoc

4. Bacillus thuringiensis

ans: Azotobacter

6. _______ is a soil bacterium which causes crown gall tumours in dicotyledonous plants.

1. Agrobacterium tumefaciens

2. Bacillus thuringiensis

3. Haemophilus influenzae

4. Escherichia coli

ans: __ Agrobacterium tumefaciens__ is a soil bacterium which causes crown gall tumours in
dicotyledonous plants.

7. Which of the following harmful radiation is absorbed by the ozone layer of the stratosphere?
1. X-ray

2. Visible light

3. Ultraviolet rays

4. Gamma rays

ans :Ultraviolet rays

Q2.Answer the following question in ‘One’ sentence only:

1.Define ‘mutation breeding’.

ans:Mutation breeding, sometimes referred to as "variation breeding", is the process of exposing seeds
to chemicals or radiation in order to generate mutants with desirable traits to be bred with other
cultivars.

2.Enlist the histones which form an octamer of nucleosome.

ans: Eight molecules of histones (two each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) get organized to form histone
octamer.

3.Name ‘any one’ therapeutic product of blood proteins made by using rDNA technology.

ans: Factor IX (plasma thromboplastin component) is the therapeutic product of blood protiens made by
using rDNA technology.

4.Name the strain of yeast used in the industrial production of wine.

ans :Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used in industrial production of wine.

5.Identify which one of the following is a test cross.

1. Tt × Tt

2. TT × tt

3. Tt × tt

ans: Tt × tt is a test cross.

A test cross is a cross between F1 hybrid (Tt) and a recessive parent (tt).

6.Define stock and scion.

ans :The cut stem of a plant having roots (and fixed in soil) is called stock and the cut stem of another
plant (without roots) is called scion.

Q2 .B :ONE LINE ANSWER.

1.Sketch and label ‘structure of a pea flower’.

ANS:

Q2.C:Attempt any TWO of the following:

1.The gene for sickle cell anaemia in homozygous condition is lethal and produces sickle cell trait in
heterozygous carrier. Explain.

ANS: Sickle cell trait describes a condition in which a person has one abnormal allellof the hemoglobin
beta gene (is hetrozygous), but does not display the severe symptoms of sickle cell disese that occur in a
person who has two copies of that allele (is hemozygous). Those who are heterozygous for the sickle cell
allele produce both normal and abnormal hemoglobin (the two alleles are condominant with respect to
the actual concentration of hemoglobin in the circulating cells).Sickle cell disease is a blood disorder
wherein there is a single amino acid substitution in the hemoglobin protein of the red blood cells which
causes these cells to assume a sickle shape,especially when under low oxygen tension. Sickling and sickle
cell disease also confer some resistance to malaria parasitization of red blood cells, so that individuals
with sickle-cell trait (heterozygotes) have a selective advantage in environments where malaria is
present.

2.Enlist the applications of tissue culture.

ANS: 1. Rapid Clonal Propagation:A clone is a group of individuals or cells derived from a single parent
individual or cell through asexual reproduction. All the cells in callus or suspension culture are derived
from a single explants by mitotiS division.

2. Soma-clonal Variation:Genetic variation present among plant cells of a culture is called soma-clonal
variation. The term soma-clonal variation is also used for the genetic variation present in plants
regenerated from a single culture. This variation has been used to develop several useful varieties.

3. Transgenic Plants:A gene that is transferred into an organism by genetic engineering is known as
transgene. organism that contains and expresses a transgene is called transgenic organism. The
transgenes can be introduced into individual plant cells.

4. Induction and Selection of Mutations:Mutagens are added to single cell liquid cultures for induction of
mutations. The cells are washed and transferred to solid culture for raising mu ant plants. Useful mutants
are selected for further breeding.

5. Resistance to Weedicides:It is similar to induction of mutations. Weedicides are added to culture

initially in very small concentrations. Dosage is increased in subsequent cultures till die desired level of
resistance is obtained. The resistant cells are then regenerated to form plantlets and plants.

3.Describe ‘any two’ factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis.

ANS: Three main factors affect the rate of photosynthesis:

Light intensity: Increasing light intensity will increase the rate of photosynthesis, until the maximum
amount of light is being absorbed. The main photosynthetic pigment in green plants is chlorophyll,which
absorbs red and blue wavelengths (explaining their green appearance). So it's more efficient to use only
these wavelengths.

Carbon dioxide: The rate of photosynthesis will increase up to an optimal CO2 concentration of ~0.4%
(normal atmospheric levels are ~0.04%). Above 0.4%, stomata begin to close, hindering diffusion into the
leaves.

Temperature: 25°C is the optimal temperature for photosynthesis. Below 10°C, enzymatic activity is very
low - but above 40°C, crucial enzymes begin to denature (e.g. PSI, PSII, ATP synthase and Rubisco).

4.Define the terms ‘codon’ and ‘anticodon’.

ANS:Codon : A specific sequence of three consecutive nucleotides that is part of the genetic code and
that specifies a particular amino acid in a protein or starts or stops protein synthesis.

Anticodon : A triplet of nucleotide bases in transfer RNA that identifies the amino acid carried and binds
to a complementary codon in messenger RNA during protein synthesis at a ribosome.

Q.3 A: Answer in Brief

1.Explain in brief the biogas production process with the help of a labelled figure.

ANS: Biogas is a mixture of gases produced from decomposable organic matter by the activity of various
anaerobic bacteria that can be used as fuel.
Mechanism of biogas production:

1. The biogas plant tank is fed with a mixture of dung or waste materials from the kitchen and night soil
along with water.

2. The biogas tank is covered with a floating lid which keeps on rising as the gas is produced in the slurry
due to the microbial activity of methanogens like Methanobacterium.

3. Methanogens grow anaerobically on cellulosic material in cow dung to produce a large amount of
methane, CO2 and H2.

4. The biogas plant has an outlet, which is connected to a pipe to supply biogas. The leftover slurry is
removed through another outlet and is used as fertiliser.

5. Biogas is used as a fuel for heating and cooking, lighting, power for irrigation and otherpurposes as an
alternative for firewood, kerosene, electricity and LPG. It is considered as an ecofriendly and pollution-
free source of energy.

2.Define ‘deforestation’. Comment on its effects

ANS: Defination:Deforestation means cutting down the trees to a large extent be it forests, any barren
land or trees we see on our way to school every day. Natural forests are being destructed to use the land
for cultivation, building houses, factories, logging, making space for cattle grazing, extraction of
oil,mining, construction of dams or to obtain wood for making furniture and using it as fuel.

Some of the effects of deforestation are:

Greenhouse Gas

Emissions Gases such as methane and carbon dioxide trap heat in Earth’s atmosphere, leading change in
climate.Trees absorb the carbon dioxide and release oxygen and water into the atmosphere and this
contributes to global warming. Cutting carbon dioxide adds to the environment and then this lack of the
tree creates an absorption deficit. Deforestation leads to the emission of greenhouse gas.

Soil Erosion

Cutting down on trees leads to clearance of forests and so soil erosion occurs. Exposure of the soil to the
sun’s heat dries up the moisture inside the soil. Nutrients evaporate and it affects the bacteria that help
to break down organic matter. Due to this, rain washes the soil surfaces and erosion takes place.Large
amounts of soil wash into local streams and rivers and cause damage to hydroelectric structures and
irrigation infrastructure.

Biodiversity Losses

Deforestation alters land and so that many of the plants and animals do not survive. With more
deforestation, the entire species can extinct. This is the ‘biodiversity loss’. Many wonderful speices of
plants and animals have been lost, and many others remain endangered. As each species of an
ecosystem rely upon other species, loss of one species can have far-reaching consequences for other
species. We lose about 50 to 100 species of animals each day due to the destruction of their
habitats.Millions of plants and animal species are on the verge of extinction due to deforestation.

Floods

Deforestation leads to land erosion because the trees maintain the surface of the mountains The water
level of the rivers increases suddenly, causing floods. When it rains, trees absorb and store a large
amount of water with the help of their roots. Chopping down of trees disrupts the flow of water and
leads to floods in some areas.

3.With the help of a suitable example illustrate ‘Palindrome’.

ANS: A palindromic sequence is a sequence made up of nucleic acids within double helix of DNA and/or
RNA that is the same when read from 5’ to 3’ on one strand and 5’ to 3’ on the other,
complementary,strand. It is also known as a palindrome or an inverted-reverse sequence.

The pairing of nucleotides within the DNA double-helix is complementary which consist of Adenine (A)
pairing with either Thymine (T) in DNA or Uracil (U) in RNA, while Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G). So
if a sequence is palindromic, the nucleotide sequence of one strand would be the same as its reverse
complementary strand. An example of a palindromic sequence is 5’-GGATCC-3’, which has a
complementary strand, 3’-CCTAGG-5’. This is the sequence where the restriction endonuclease, BamHI,
binds to and cleaves at a specific cleavage site. When the complementary strand is read backwards,the
sequence is 5’-GGATCC-3’ which is identical to the first one, making it a palindromic sequence.Another
restriction enzyme called EcoR1 recognizes and cleaves the following palindromic sequence:5’ – G A A T
T C – 3’

3’ – C T T A A G – 5’

Q 3 .B:Sketch and label diagrammatic semi-conservative replication of DNA.

ANS:

Q4.What is ‘vegetative reproduction’? Explain ‘any three’natural methods of vegetative reproduction

with the help of suitable diagrams.

ANS:Vegetative reproduction is a kind of asexual reproduction which occurs with the help of vegetative
organs like root, stem, leaf, or bud.

A. Root Tuber: e.g. Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas)

1. It is a modification of the root for vegetative reproduction.

2. These roots develop from the nodes of the stem.

3. They become tuberous and fleshy for the storage of food. In addition to the storage of food,these
roots also develop adventitious buds on their surface which sprout under favourable conditions to
produce ‘leafy shoot’ and adventitious roots.

4. Under suitable environmental conditions, these leafy shoots separate and develop into new plants.

B. Stem tuber: e.g. Solanum tuberosum

1. A stem tuber is a modified stem for vegetative reproduction.

2. In the case of potatoes, some lateral branches are produced from the underground part of the stem
which grows down in the soil.

3. The tip of these branches store food and hence are swollen.

4. A stem tuber has many notches on its surface called ‘eye’.

5. The eyes that are seen on the surface of the tuber represent nodes.

6. Each ‘eye’ is actually a node and is made up of one or more axillary buds subtended by a leaf scar.

7. Under favourable conditions, axillary buds develop into new plants.

C. Vegetative propagation by runner: e.g. Cynodon

1. The runner is a slender, prostrate, subaerial branch with short or long internode and creeps
horizontally on the soil.

2. Runner develops from the axillary bud in the axil of the lowest leaf.

3. After creeping some distance, away from the parent plant, it produces shoots from the upper side and
roots from the lower side of the nodes.

4. Many runners are produced by the parent plant which may get detached from the parent plant to
develop into new plants.
OR

B.What is ‘glycolysis’? Describe various steps involved in glycolysis using schematic representation.

ANS:

Glycolysis consists of two major phases:

a. Preparatory phase and cleavage. b. Oxidative and payoff phase.

a. Preparatory phase and cleavage:

In this step, glucose molecule is activated by phosphorylation and then cleaved into two molecules of
triose phosphates, namely 3-PGAL and DHAP. In the next step, only 3-PGAL participates and hence DHAP
gets converted into 3-PGAL. Thus, 2 molecules of 3-PGAL are formed.It includes the following reactions:

i. Phosphorylation I: A glucose molecule is phosphorylated to glucose 6-phosphate in presence of

enzyme hexokinase. In this reaction, ATP supplies the phosphate and gets converted into ADP.

ii. Isomerisation: Glucose-6-phosphate is isomerised to fructose-6-phosphate in presence of enzyme

phosphoglucoisomerase.

iii. Phosphorylation II: Fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated to fructose-1,6- diphosphate.Phosphate

is supplied by ATP which gets converted to ADP. Reaction is catalyzed by enzyme phosphofructokinase.

iv. Cleavage: Fructose-1,6-diphosphate splits up into two inter-convertible compounds, i.e. Dihydroxy
acetone phosphate (DHAP) and 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (3-PGAL). Reaction occurs in presence of
enzyme aldolase.

v. Isomerization : DHAP is isomerised into 3PGAL with the help of enzyme phosphotriose isomerase,
thus two molecules of PGAL are obtained.
b. Oxidative and payoff phase:

In this phase, oxidation or removal of hydrogen takes place and then there is ATP generation.

i. Oxidative Phosphorylation: 3-PGAL undergoes oxidation and phosphorylation to form 1,3-

diphosphoglyceric acid (1,3-DPGA). Hydrogen released combines with NAD to form NADH2.Phosphate is
supplied for the reaction by phosphoric acid (H3PO4).

ii. ATP generation I / Dephosphorylation I: 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid is dephosphorylated to 3-

phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA). Phosphate released combines with ADP to form ATP.Reaction takes place
in presence of enzyme phosphoglycero-kinase.

iii. Isomerisation: In presence of enzyme phosphoglycero-mutase, 3-Phosphoglyceric acid is isomerised

to 2-phosphoglyceric acid.

iv. Dehydration: 2-Phosphoglyceric acid loses a water molecule to form phosphoenol pyruvic acid. The
enzyme enolase catalyses the reaction.

v. ATP generation II / Dephosphorylation II: Phosphoenol pyruvic acid is dephosphorylated to pyruvic

acid in presence of enzyme pyruvate kinase. Phosphate released combines with ADP to form ATP.
Q.5 Select and write the most appropriate answer from the given alternatives for each sub-

question:

i. The origin of life on the earth is known as _______.

(A) autobiogenesis (B) abiogenesis

(C) protobiogenensis (D) organogenesis

ANS:

ii. Down’s syndrome is represented by _______.

(A) n + 1 (B) 2n + 1

(C) 3n + 1 (D) n – 1

ANS:

iii. _______ is a hormone that regulates amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood.

(A) Angiotensin (B) Insulin

(C) Adrenaline (D) Erythropoietin

ANS:

iv. VNTR is

(A) Variable Number of Tandem Repeats

(B) Various Number of Tandem Repeats

(C) Vulnerable Number of Tandem Repeats

(D) Variable Number of Tandem Reports

ANS:

v. Cocaine alkaloid is obtained from _______ plant.

(A) Marijuana (B) Papaver somniferum

(C) Cannabis sativa (D) Coca

ANS:

vi. The transparent anterior portion of sclera of eye is called _______.

(A) iris (B) lens

(C) ciliary body (D) cornea

ANS:

vii. Mutualism is

(A) two organisms are benefitted from each other.

(B) one organism is benefitted and other is harmed.

(C) both are harmed from each other.

(D) an association in which one is parasite and other is host.

ANS:

Q.6. (A) Answer each question in ‘One’ sentence only:

i. Give the example of connecting link between reptiles and birds.

ANS: Archaeopteryx is a connecting link between reptiles and birds as it possesses characteristics of both
birds and reptiles.

ii. On the basis of origin write the various poultry breeds used in poultry.

ANS:Chickens are grown for their egg and meat. Breeds of meat-type chickens primarily include broilers,
fryers, roasters, and other meat-type chickens. Here broilers and other chickens are raised for their meat.
American plymouth rock, New Hampshire, Rhode Island red, are various poultry breeds used in poultry
on the basis of origin i.e., common American breeds

iii Define ‘linkage’.

ANS:The tendency of the genes on the same chromosome to inherit together is called linkage.

iv. Write benefits of transgenic animals.

ANS:The production of transgenic livestock has the opportunity to significantly improve human health,
enhance nutrition, protect the environment, increase animal welfare, and decrease livestock disease.

v. Give names of cranial nerves VI and VII.

ANS:VI Cranial Nerve - Abducens.

VII Cranial Nerve - Facial.

vi. State the formula to calculate natality.

ANS:Natality is defined as the number of births per unit time, per unit area, per 1000 individuals of a
population.

Natality = Number of births per year / Number of populations per year x 1000.
(B) Sketch and label the conducting system of human heart.

ANS:

(C) Attempt any TWO of the following:

i. Describe the structure of human sperm.

ANS:

1.Head: It the flat oval part of the human sperm that contains the nucleus, containing genetic material,
and acrosome, a small anterior part which is formed from Golgi complex. It secretes hyaluronidase
enzyme which helps in the entry of sperm into the egg.

2.Middle Piece: It is the middle, cylindrical portion of the sperm, which contains numerous
mitochondria. They provide energy (ATP) to the sperm for its movement.

3.Tail: It is the long, tapering structure composed of cytoplasm. It helps in the movement of the sperms
inside the uterus.

2.Explain the concept of ‘struggle for existence’.

ANS:

Stuggle for existence : Struggle for existence is one of the principle in the theory of Natural selection as
proposed by Drawin. Individuals multiply in geometric ratio but the space and food remains constant.
This leads to struggle for existence. The struggle may be intraspecific, inter-specific or environmental.

1. intraspecific struggle: Intraspecific struggle is the competition among the individuals of the same of all
competing organisms is similar e.g., struggle between two herbivore animals for getting grass.

2. Interspecific struggle: Interspecific struggle is the competition between the organisms of different
species living together for food, shelter and breeding places. e.g. struggle between a parasite and host or
a predator and prey.

3. Environmental struggle: Environmental struggle is struggle shown by all living forms against adverse
environmental conditions or against natural calamities like extreme heat or cold, drought, storms
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, etc.

iii. Give economic importance of fishery.

ANS:Economic importance of fishes:

1. Fishes are caught, processed, raised, and marketed under fisheries. It provides good job opportunities
and self-employment.

2. Culturing fishes on a large scale in ponds, lakes, and reservoirs boost the productivity and economy of
the nation.

3. Fishes are a source of nutritious food as they are rich in proteins, vitamins (A, D, and K),carbohydrates,
fats, and minerals.

4. They also yield a number of by-products that hold commercial value.

5. The by-products obtained from fishes include fish oil, fish meal, fertilizers, fish guano, fish glue,and
isinglass, which are widely used in paints, soaps, oils, and medicines.

6. Prawns and lobsters have a market value all over the world.

iv. Name the two types of maps generated HGP.

ANS:The two types of maps generated by H.G.P. are genetic linkage maps and physical maps.
Q.7 (A) Attempt any TWO of the following:

i. A carrier haemophilic female marries a normal male. What will be the phenotype of progeny? Explain
with suitable chart.

ans:

2.Give the causes of water pollution.

ANS:Main causes of water pollution are:

Chemical waste, industrial waste and agricultural processes.

Thermal waste from nuclear and thermal power plants.

Sewage and garbage.

Prevention of water pollution:

Domestic sewage should be treated before being discharged into rivers.

Using of non-biodegradable substances like detergents should be stopped.

Trees and plants must be planted along the banks of rivers.

Purification of water bodies should be carried out.

The waste products of industries should be treated before they are discharged into rivers.

3.Explain in brief the mechanism of antibody-antigen complex formation with a neat, labelled diagram.
i. Each antibody is specific for a particular antigen.

ii. Combining sites of antigen, called antigenic determinants (epitopes) react with the

corresponding antigen-binding sites of antibodies called paratopes.

iii. The antigen-binding sites (paratopes) are located on the variable regions of the antibody.

iv. Small variations in the variable regions make each antibody highly specific for a particular

antigen.

v. The variable region enables the antibody to recognize the specific antigen and bind to a specific

antigen in a lock and key manner forming an antigen-antibody complex.

(B) Sketch and label the lateral view of human brain.

Q.8 Draw a neat labelled diagram of T.S. of ovary and describe various phases of menstrual cycle.
In Human females, at the start of the puberty period, the menstruation is repeated at an average

interval of about 28 / 29 days and the cycle of events starting from one mensuration till the next one

is called mensuration cycle. It is a monthly flow of blood from the uterus it lasts about 25 days.
 PHASES OF MENSTRUATION CYCLE

Changes during the menstrual cycle can be divided into four phases. Menstrual phase b.

Proliferative phase c. Ovulatory phase d. Post ovulatory or secretory phase or luteal phase

a. Menstrual Phase (bleeding or destructive phase):

This phase extends from the 1st to the 4th day of the menstrual cycle. Menstruation occurs in the
absence of fertilization. During this phase, bleeding occurs as the endometrium of the uterus is sloughed
off. The menstrual flow consists of the secretion of endometrial glands, cell debris, and unfertilized ovum
along with 35 to 45 ml of blood.

b. Proliferative phase: This phase extends from the 5th to the 13th day of the menstrual cycle. Changes
in the ovary: During this phase, the primordial follicle of the ovary develops into the Graafian follicle.
Theca internal cells of the follicle secrete female sex hormone estrogen. Only one follicle develops in one
cycle. Changes in the uterus: Oestrogen secreted by follicular cells of ovary stimulate endometrial glands.
This causes the repair of the endometrium. The endometrial cells proliferate and the thickness of
endometrium grows to about 3mm to 5mm.

c. Ovulatory phase: During this phase, ovulation takes place. It usually occurs on the 14th day of the
cycle. Due to LH secreted by the pituitary, the Graafian follicle bursts and releases the ovum in the
abdominal cavity. It passes through the fallopian tube. On its way, if it happens to meet sperms, it is
fertilized. If it remains unfertilized then ovum degenerates.

d. Secretory phase/Luteal phase: This phase extends from the 15th to the 28th day of the menstrual
cycle. Changes in the ovary: After ovulation, the ruptured follicle develops into a yellow body called
corpus luteum. Corpus luteum remains active till the placenta starts the secretion of HCG (Human
chorionic gonadotropin). If the ovum is not fertilized, corpus luteum degenerates and transforms into a
whitish scar called corpus Albicans.

Changes in Uterus: Corpus luteum formed in ovary secretes progesterone. It causes further growth of
endometrial glands. If fertilization occurs, the embryo is implanted in thickened endometrium.

OR

Describe the structure of human excretory system with suitable diagram. Add a note on the

process of urine formation.

ANS:

The human heart is situated between two lungs and behind the sternum. It is a hollow conical organ
which is a narrow apex directed downwards to the left. It rests on the diaphragm near the middle of the
thoracic cavity in the mediastinum. The heart remains surrounded by a conical Three-layered sac called
pericardium A pericardial fluid is present between the two membranes which reduce the friction
between the heart wall and the surrounding tissues. Three layers that form the ball of the heart are the
epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The endocardium is a thin layer of endothelium overlying a
thin layer of connective tissue. The human heart consists of four chambers, two auricles, and two
ventricles. Theatres are thin-walled structures and act primarily as a receiver. The right atrium receives
the oxygenated blood from the general circulation of the body while the left atrium receives oxygenated
blood from the lungs. In between the two arteria lies the interatrial septum which forms the common
wall between the two arteriae. The ventricles are thickly muscular structures, and they have a powerful
force of contraction. The left ventricular wall is at least three times bigger than the wall of the right
ventricle. The right ventricle receives deoxygenated blood from the Right Atrium and the left ventricle
oxygenated blood from the Left Atrium. The two ventricles remain separated from each other by an
interventricular septum and the ventricle of the same side is also separated by a fibrous tissue called the
artrio-ventricular septum. Each of these chapters provided an opening through which two chambers on
the same side are connected.