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Chapter 10: Nervous System: Nervous Tissue and Brain
Herlihy: The Human Body in Health and Illness, 6th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which branching structures carry information toward the cell body of a neuron?
a. Synapses
b. Axons
c. Dendrites
d. Nodes of Ranvier
ANS: C
3. What is the name of the space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of a
second neuron?
a. Vesicle
b. Cell body
c. Synapse
d. Node of Ranvier
ANS: C
5. What term describes the hopping of the action potential (nerve impulse) along the axon
from one node (of Ranvier) to the next?
a. Myelination
b. Depolarization
c. Saltatory conduction
d. Repolarization
ANS: C
7. The primary somatosensory area and the primary motor area are separated by
a. Broca’s area.
b. the central sulcus.
c. the pia mater.
d. the longitudinal fissure.
ANS: B
8. There are four major areas of the brain: the cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and
a. hypothalamus.
b. medulla oblongata.
c. limbic system.
d. cerebellum.
ANS: D
10. The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are referred to as the
a. diencephalons.
b. brain stem.
c. limbic system.
d. emotional brain.
ANS: B
11. Excessive opioids (narcotics) depress the medulla oblongata and therefore cause
a. Parkinson’s disease.
b. blindness.
c. respiratory depression.
d. hypertension.
ANS: C
20. Which of the following structures is most associated with “wake up”?
a. Broca’s area
b. Cerebellum
c. Reticular activating system
d. Thalamus
ANS: C
25. What is the function of the ependymal cells of the choroid plexus?
a. Synthesize neurotransmitters such as ACh
b. Form cerebrospinal fluid
c. Phagocytose debris
d. Secrete myelin
ANS: B
26. Which of the following is the type of nervous tissue that conducts a nerve impulse?
a. Astrocyte
b. Neuroglia
c. Neuron
d. Ependymal cell
ANS: C
28. What is the name of clusters of cell bodies that are located outside the central nervous
system?
a. Glia
b. Nodes of Ranvier
c. Nuclei
d. Ganglia
ANS: D
29. What is the fatty insulating material that surrounds the axons?
a. Glia
b. Choroid plexus
c. Myelin
d. Sarcolemma
ANS: C
31. Which of the following structures bring information toward the cell body?
a. Dendrites
b. Axons
c. Nodes of Ranvier
d. Axon terminals
ANS: A
33. The inside of the unstimulated neuron is negative; this electrical charge is caused by the
outward leak of potassium and is called
a. depolarization.
b. the action potential.
c. the resting membrane potential.
d. the refractory period.
ANS: C
34. What is the name of the first phase of the action potential that is caused by the inward
movement of sodium?
a. Repolarization
b. Refractory period
c. Depolarization
d. Saltatory conduction
ANS: C
37. Which of the following is the convolution located on the frontal lobe just anterior to the
central sulcus?
a. Broca’s area
b. Primary motor area
c. Somatosensory area
d. Visual cortex
ANS: B
38. What is the name of the motor speech area located in the frontal lobe?
a. The brain stem
b. The pons
c. Broca’s area
d. The diencephalon
ANS: C
39. Which structure is also called the emotional brain?
a. Cerebellum
b. Basal ganglia
c. Medulla oblongata
d. Limbic system
ANS: D
41. This structure is part of the diencephalon; it regulates the anterior pituitary gland, water
balance, appetite, body temperature, and the autonomic nervous system.
a. Cerebellum
b. Pons
c. Medulla oblongata
d. Hypothalamus
ANS: D
42. Which structure plays a key role in personality development and emotional and behavioral
expression and carries out the “executive” functions?
a. Cerebellum
b. Frontal lobe
c. Basal ganglia
d. Medulla oblongata
ANS: B
46. Which of the following is the middle layer of the meninges and looks like a spiderweb?
a. Dura mater
b. Arachnoid mater
c. Pia mater
d. Reticular formation
ANS: B
49. The medulla oblongata descends into the vertebral cavity through the
a. corpus callosum.
b. obturator foramen.
c. central canal.
d. foramen magnum.
ANS: D
62. Which of the following best describes the primary visual cortex and the primary auditory
cortex?
a. Choroid plexus and central canal
b. Infratentorial and supratentorial
c. Occipital and temporal
d. Precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus
ANS: C
65. Neuroglia
a. are confined to the peripheral nervous system.
b. include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, and ependymal cells.
c. fire action potentials when stimulated.
d. All of the above are true.
ANS: B
77. What happens when the resting nerve is stimulated to threshold potential?
a. The efflux of K+ restores the resting membrane potential.
b. An action potential fires.
c. The Na+/K+ pump further depolarizes the cell.
d. The membrane permeability to Na+ decreases.
ANS: B
79. Neurotransmitters
a. are released by the presynaptic axon terminals into the synapse.
b. are stored within the axon terminals.
c. are responsible in part for communication at the synapses.
d. All of the above are true.
ANS: D
82. To which of the following are the words blood–brain barrier and glia most related?
a. Saltatory conduction
b. Nodes of Ranvier
c. Action potentials
d. Astrocytes
ANS: D
84. Which of the following structures contains the precentral gyrus, Broca’s area, and the
primary motor cortex?
a. Frontal lobe
b. Cerebellum
c. Temporal lobe
d. Parietal lobe
ANS: A
85. With which of the following is the parietal lobe most associated?
a. Precentral gyrus
b. Somatosensory area
c. Motor speech area
d. “Executive” functions
ANS: B
88. Which is true of both the occipital and temporal lobes? Both
a. are anterior to the central sulcus.
b. are concerned exclusively with motor activity.
c. are brain stem structures.
d. are cerebral lobes.
ANS: D
98. A person is admitted to the ER following an auto accident. He has suffered a transsection
of the spinal cord at C3. Which statement is true?
a. All sensation below C3 is intact; motor function is lost.
b. All motor function below C3 is lost; sensation is intact.
c. He is ventilator dependent; all sensory and motor activity below C3 is lost.
d. He is hemiplegic.
ANS: C
103. LOC
a. is an important assessment of a patient’s condition.
b. refers to Lack Of Consciousness.
c. cannot be affected by drugs or hypoxemia.
d. is a stage of NREM sleep.
ANS: A
104. Which of the following is true of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
a. Is formed from the blood within the dural sinuses
b. Is formed across the walls of the arachnoid villi and is drained by the choroid plexi
c. Contains water, electrolytes, and blood
d. Circulates within the subarachnoid space and central canal
ANS: D
105. CSF circulates through all of the following structures except the
a. Subarachnoid space
b. Foramen magnum
c. Fourth ventricle
d. Cerebral aqueduct
ANS: B
108. Which of the following best describes the location of arachnoid villi?
a. Sitting within the choroid plexus
b. Lining the central sulcus
c. Protruding into the dural sinuses from the subarachnoid space
d. Protruding from the dural sinuses into the subarachnoid space
ANS: C
109. Which of the following is a consequence of a blocked cerebral aqueduct within the fetal
brain?
a. Meningitis
b. Spina bifida
c. Hydrocephalus
d. Microcephalia
ANS: C
110. A supratentorial brain tumor is
a. always malignant.
b. superior to the cerebral cortex.
c. a brain stem tumor.
d. superior to the tentorium cerebelli.
ANS: D
Coma.
Lethargy.
A pathological variety of sleep, in which the repose of the body is
even more complete than in coma. The victim of coma often
presents a countenance suffused with blood; the pulse beats
vigorously, and respiration may become stertorous. But in lethargy
the abolition of bodily movements is almost total. In the milder forms
of this disorder the patient may be partially roused, so as to attempt
an answer when addressed, appearing like a person in very
profound sleep; but in the majority of cases he remains insensible,
unconscious, and utterly irresponsive to ordinary forms of irritation.
Respiration and circulation are reduced to a minimum, even
becoming for a time imperceptible. Uncomplicated with hysteria, the
disorder is rapidly fatal, but according to Rosenthal32 hysterical
lethargy is never mortal.
32 Real Encyc. der ges. Heilkunde, vol. viii. p. 276.
Apparent Death.
Lucid Lethargy.
Many similar narratives have been duly authenticated, but the limits
of the present article will not permit a discussion which properly
belongs to an investigation of the phenomena of trance. The
important fact for present consideration is the persistence of
conscious life despite the appearance of death. In this preservation
of consciousness, notwithstanding temporary suspension of certain
forms of sensibility, together with loss of the power of voluntary
motion, may be discovered a relationship between the events of
lucid lethargy and various somnambulic modifications of sleep which
have been previously passed in review.
Heat-Exhaustion.
Any one who has been long exposed to a high temperature under
circumstances requiring physical exertion must have noticed the
feeling of general weakness and relaxation which results. Thus far
reaches our every-day experience, but cases in which acute
symptoms are severe enough to cause alarm occur, although
somewhat infrequently. The attack may come on slowly, but may be
as abrupt as that of true sunstroke, and the severest cases may
happen in those who have been in robust health as well as in the
weak and feeble. The mind is usually clear, the pulse rapid and
feeble, the surface cool, the voice very weak, muscular strength
greatly lessened, and the feeling of exhaustion extreme. If this
condition be intensified, syncope may be developed with its usual
symptoms. In all this there is nothing peculiar and little that is
necessary to notice here; but there is a form of heat-exhaustion in
which the heart does not seem to suffer principally, but in which there
is collapse with palsy of the vaso-motor system, great fall of the
bodily temperature, and marked general nervous symptoms. At the
International Exhibition of 1876 a very powerful man, whilst working
in an intensely hot, confined space, fell down without giving warning,
and was brought into the hospital. He was in a state of restless,
delirious unconsciousness, incessantly muttering to himself, and
when shaken and shouted at responding only by a momentary grunt.
The pulse was rapid, fluttering and feeble. The surface was covered
with a very heavy sweat and exceedingly cold. The muscular
relaxation was extreme. The facies was that of collapse, and the
temperature, as taken in the mouth, 95.25° F.
The PATHOLOGY of heat-exhaustion is best discussed in conjunction
with that of thermic fever, and will therefore be for the present
postponed.
Thermic Fever.
SYNONYMS.—Coup de soleil, Sunstroke, Heat apoplexy, Heat
asphyxia, Heat fever, Sun fever, Thermohæmia, Erethismus tropicus,
Insolation.
Until very recently the existence within the United States of this class
of cases has not been recognized. But in a very able article in the
Therapeutic Gazette of March 16, 1885, John Guiteras shows that
the so-called typhoid fever of Key West is the disease described by
Morehead.
Thermic fever in the adult and in this latitude is usually first seen by
the physician after the stage of insensibility has been reached. In
many cases this condition comes on with great suddenness, but in
other instances there are distinct prodromata, such as inaptitude and
disinclination to exertion, vertigo, headache, confusion of ideas,
great oppression or distress at the præcordia or epigastrium, and
disturbances of the special senses. Swift has noticed a peculiar
chromatopsia, the sufferer seeing everything of a uniform color, in
most cases blue or purple, but in others red, green, or even white,
and W. H. Kesteven3 has reported a case in which a man, after
exposure to an excessively hot sun, was seized with severe
headache, saw everything red or green, and had for some days a
distinctly impaired color-sense.
3 Trans. Clin. Soc. of London, 1882, xv. 101.
About 1869, Eulenberg and Vohl9 advanced the theory that death
from sunstroke is the result of the sudden liberation of gases in the
blood; and Weikard affirmed that the death is due to the increase of
the coagulability of the blood and consequent formation of clots in
the vessels, being in this supported by Richardson of London.10
Contrasting with these in its being really an important contribution is
the article of Vallin:11 its chief merit is the conception of the idea of
the local heating of isolated parts of the body, and the devising of a
plan for carrying the idea into effect. The experiments of Vallin did
not themselves prove very much, and led him to the erroneous
conclusion, first, that the death in sunstroke is the result either of a
coagulation of the left ventricle or else of a disturbance of the
innervation of the heart by an action of the heat upon the nerve-
centres in the base of the brain; second, that these two forms of
death correspond to sthenic and asthenic varieties of insolation—
varieties which, I believe, have no proper existence.
9 Virchow's Archiv, t. lxii.
10 St. Bartholomew's Reports, vol. vii.
The above historical sketch shows that by many authors the relation
of sunstroke to fever had been more or less dimly perceived, and
that George B. Wood had very clearly stated the true nature of the
affection, in that it was simply the result of the direct action of heat.
Such statement, however, not resting upon proof, had not been
accepted: it was also wanting in detail, and where such details were
attempted the surmises were not always correct. Under these
circumstances my researches, made in 1870 and 1871, and first
published in 1872, led to the complete understanding of the
affection.
The space allotted to me in the present volume will not allow of any
detailed account of my experiments, but I shall quote from my
summing up of the results obtained by them. It was shown that
sunstroke may be produced in animals as readily as in man either by
natural or artificial heat; that the symptoms are similar to those seen
in man; that death takes place ordinarily by asphyxia; that after death
the characteristic lesions are alteration of the blood and rigidity of the
heart, with immediate or quickly-appearing post-mortem rigidity of
the general muscular system; that this rigidity of the heart comes on
in most cases after, not before, death, and is a result, not cause, of
death; that post-mortem rigidity is dependent upon coagulation of
myosin, and that the rigidity of the heart is of similar origin,
coagulation of the muscle-plasma occurring almost instantaneously
at 115° F., a degree almost attained in sunstroke; that when a
muscle has been in great activity immediately before death, myosin
coagulates at a much lower temperature, and that the cases of
sudden cardiac death occurring in battle among the East Indian
English troops were no doubt due to the coagulation of the heart's
myosin; that heating the brain of a mammal produces sudden
insensibility, with or without convulsions, at a temperature of 108° F.,
and death when a temperature of 113° is reached; that this effect of
the local application of heat is not due to induced congestion, but is
the result of the direct action of the heat upon the cerebrum, and that
consequently the nerve-centres are as perniciously affected by high
temperature as the muscles are; that the nerve-trunks bear a
temperature of 125° F. without their conducting power being
immediately affected; that whilst the general symptoms induced by
heating the brain of a rabbit are very different from those of
sunstroke, the nervous symptoms are exactly similar; that the life of
the blood is not destroyed by any temperature reached in sunstroke,
the amœboid movements of the white blood-cells and the absorption
power of the red disks not being injured; that the amount of oxygen
of the blood is greatly lessened, as the result of gradual asphyxia
combined with abnormal consumption of oxygen; that there is no
reason for believing that capillary thrombi are common in sunstroke;
that there is no specific poison developed in the blood; that the
deterioration of the vital fluid is due to the rapid tissue-changes
induced by the fever and the more or less complete arrest of
excretion; that such deterioration is secondary to the nervous
symptoms, not primary; that if the heat be withdrawn before it has
produced permanent injury to the nervous system, blood, or other
tissues, the convulsions and unconsciousness are immediately
relieved and the animal recovers.
It is of course possible that the external heat causes the fever, simply
by preventing the body from throwing off the caloric which it is
constantly forming. The extreme suddenness of the onset, however,
indicates that in at least many cases there is a sudden outburst, as it
were, in the production of heat in the body. This indication becomes
more important when it is remembered that in cerebral rheumatism,
so called, there is often an equally sudden attack of symptoms
plainly the result of a sudden production of animal heat.